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420604 | Ed Belfour | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ed%20Belfour | Ed Belfour
an accomplished tri-athlete in his spare time, collects and rebuilds classic cars, and holds a private pilot's license.
Early in the 2000–01 season, on October 20, Belfour plead guilty to a misdemeanor charge in which Belfour was subdued by police after a woman he was with became frightened by an intoxicated Belfour in a Dallas hotel room. While under arrest and being transported to the local division, he allegedly offered Dallas police officers $1 billion for his release without charges. He apologized to the Dallas Stars organization and police officers involved and was fined $3000 for resisting arrest.
Late in the 2006–07 season, Belfour, along with Panthers teammate Ville Peltonen, was | 21,000 |
420604 | Ed Belfour | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ed%20Belfour | Ed Belfour
nization and police officers involved and was fined $3000 for resisting arrest.
Late in the 2006–07 season, Belfour, along with Panthers teammate Ville Peltonen, was arrested on April 9 outside of a South Florida nightclub and was charged with disorderly intoxication and resisting an officer without violence. He was released the same day from Miami-Dade County jail on $1,500 bond.
In his post-playing career he was inducted as a member of Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame The Manitoba Junior Hockey League also awards a trophy named after Belfour to its top goaltender each season.
# See also.
- List of NHL goaltenders with 300 wins
# External links.
- Ed Belfour biography at HockeyGoalies.org | 21,001 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
Alan Johnson
Alan Arthur Johnson (born 17 May 1950) is a British Labour Party politician who served as Home Secretary from June 2009 to May 2010. Before that, he filled a wide variety of cabinet positions in both the Blair and Brown governments, including Health Secretary and Education Secretary. Until 20 January 2011 he was Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer. Johnson was the Member of Parliament for Hull West and Hessle from the 1997 general election. On 18 April 2017, following the announcement of the 2017 general election, Johnson said he would not be a candidate.
# Early life.
Born in London on 17 May 1950, the son of Stephen and Lillian Johnson, he was "orphaned" at the age of 13 when | 21,002 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
his mother died, his father having previously abandoned the family. Johnson was then in effect brought up by his older sister Linda when the two were assigned a council flat by their child welfare officer. Linda, then herself only 16, has since been recognised as the hero of Johnson's poignant 2013 memoir "This Boy: A Memoir of a Childhood". He passed the eleven-plus exam and attended Sloane Grammar school in Chelsea, now part of Pimlico Academy, and left school at the age of 15. He then worked at Tesco before becoming a postman at 18. He was interested in music and joined two pop music bands. Johnson joined the Union of Communication Workers, becoming a branch official. He joined the Labour | 21,003 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
Party in 1971, although he considered himself a Marxist ideologically aligned with the Communist Party of Great Britain. A full-time union official from 1987, he became General Secretary of the union in 1992. By this time, however, as his memoir makes clear, he was more inclined towards the right wing of the Labour Party.
Before entering parliament Johnson was a member of Labour's National Executive Committee. During this time he was the only major union leader to support the abolition of Clause IV.
# Parliamentary career.
Just three weeks before the 1997 general election, Johnson was selected to stand for parliament in the safe Labour seat of Hull West and Hessle when the previous incumbent, | 21,004 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
Stuart Randall, stood down suddenly. Randall subsequently became a member of the House of Lords.
## In government.
He was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Dawn Primarolo in 1997 and achieved his first ministerial post at the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) in 1999. He was moved to the Department for Education and Skills in 2003 as Minister for Higher Education although he had left school at 15.
Johnson, along with other ministers in Tony Blair's government, and many other MPs, attracted much criticism for voting on 18 March 2003 for the Iraq war: "to use all means necessary to ensure the disarmament of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction" leading to the UK joining the US | 21,005 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
invasion of Iraq two days later. He responded to such criticism on 21 February 2007 by saying "The whole cabinet believed the intelligence we were presented [with] and we made our case to the British people based on it in good faith. As we all now know, that intelligence was wholly wrong. We will be judged historically as to whether getting rid of Saddam Hussein, despite all the consequences, was a positive thing or that the consequences outweigh the positives of getting rid of a brutal tyrant."
In September 2004, Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed Johnson to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions after the resignation of Andrew Smith. Following the 2005 election, Johnson | 21,006 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
was initially announced on 6 May 2005 as being "Secretary of State for Productivity, Energy and Industry", but after just a week, on 13 May, it was declared that the new title would not be used, after widespread derision of the new name, because the abbreviation for Johnson's title, Productivity, Energy and Industry Secretary, would have been "PENIS". The department's old name was kept and Johnson served as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. On 5 May 2006, one day after the 2006 local elections, his brief was changed to that of Secretary of State for Education and Skills, replacing Ruth Kelly.
## Education Secretary.
During his time as education secretary, Johnson brought in new ideas | 21,007 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
and proposals, including encouraging parents to spend more time with their children in a bid to help them progress with their literacy and numeracy skills. Johnson has also previously expressed some concerns over diplomas, and has opened up debate in parliament on the subject of what parental situation is best. He stated that in his view, it is the parents themselves who make the difference, not their marital situation. Johnson looked at improving pay and working conditions for teachers during his tenure as Education Secretary.
## Health Secretary.
Johnson became Secretary of State for Health on 28 June 2007, succeeding Patricia Hewitt in Prime Minister Gordon Brown's first Cabinet. He later | 21,008 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
criticised breast cancer patient Debbie Hirst because she attempted to buy the cancer drug Avastin, which the NHS had denied her. Johnson told Parliament, patients "cannot, in one episode of treatment, be treated on the NHS and then allowed, as part of the same episode and the same treatment, to pay money for more drugs. That way lies the end of the founding principles of the NHS".
When there was a problem with "C.difficile" at hospitals managed by the Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, they dismissed their "blameless" chief executive "both unlawfully ... and unfairly" and agreed to pay her £250,000, much less than the sum that they were told that defending a case for unfair dismissal would | 21,009 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
cost. When the proposed payment became known, Johnson intervened and the Department of Health ordered the trust to withhold more than two-thirds of the severance payment, although its director general of finance, performance and operations said that "it was 'not unfair'" that she should receive the money. When the case came to the Court of Appeal, the payment was restored in a judgement that was highly critical of the Department, including quoting her complaint that Johnson had made "personal comments made about me ... without any reference to the Trust, or informing me, ... regarding my severance value and its non-payment".
## Home Secretary.
On 5 June 2009, Johnson was appointed to the position | 21,010 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
of Home Secretary during a reshuffle, replacing the first female holder of the post, Jacqui Smith.
In October 2009, Alan Johnson sacked the Chairman of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD), Professor David Nutt. Nutt had accused the government of "distorting" and "devaluing" research evidence in the debate over illicit drugs, criticising it for making political decisions with regard to drug classifications in rejecting the scientific advice to downgrade MDMA (Ecstasy) from a class A drug, and rejecting the scientific advice not to reclassify cannabis from class C to class B drug. Alan Johnson wrote to the professor: "It is important that the government's messages on drugs are | 21,011 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
clear and as an advisor you do nothing to undermine public understanding of them. I cannot have public confusion between scientific advice and policy and have therefore lost confidence in your ability to advise me as Chair of the ACMD".
In January 2010, Professor Nutt established the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs, with the aim of publishing honest drug information. By 2 April 2010, seven members of the ACMD had resigned.
In February 2010, it came out in court that MI5 had known that Binyam Mohamed, a former Guantanamo Bay detainee, had been tortured or mistreated by the American services, despite earlier statements to the contrary. In response, Johnson insisted that the media coverage | 21,012 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
of the torture had been "baseless, groundless accusations". He also claimed that Government lawyers had not forced the judiciary to water down criticism of MI5, despite an earlier, draft ruling by Lord Neuberger, the Master of the Rolls that the Security Service had failed to respect human rights, deliberately misled parliament, and had a "culture of suppression" that undermined government assurances about its conduct.
## Deputy leadership candidate and potential leader.
Johnson publicly stated in May 2006 he expected to stand for the post of Deputy Leader of the Labour Party when John Prescott stepped down. Johnson told the BBC in an interview on 9 November 2006 that he would in fact be supporting | 21,013 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
Brown and standing as deputy leader. He was successfully nominated onto the ballot paper for Labour Deputy leader with most number of nominations. On 24 June 2007, Johnson was narrowly beaten for the deputy leadership by Harriet Harman. He led in rounds 2 to 4 of the voting, until he was overtaken by Harman in the last round, eventually finishing with 49.56% of the vote.
Having been touted in the media as a possible successor to outgoing Labour leader Gordon Brown, Johnson officially announced to the BBC on 12 May 2010 that he would not be standing in the forthcoming leadership contest, and would instead be backing David Miliband.
In November 2014, amid criticism within the party of its leader | 21,014 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
Ed Miliband, Johnson again denied speculation that he was a potential leadership candidate.
## Potential London Mayoral candidate.
In 2010, there was much speculation that Johnson was going to stand as a candidate for the London Mayoral election after announcing that he was not going to contest the leadership. Many of Johnson's close allies encouraged him to stand for the Mayoralty and he was thought to have been considering it. However, Johnson decided not to stand for the Labour Party selection for Mayor and instead backed Oona King for the candidacy, but she lost to Ken Livingstone. In 2011, there was speculation that Livingstone could be deselected as the Labour candidate in favour of | 21,015 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
Johnson but that did not happen. In 2012, after Livingstone's defeat by Boris Johnson, many Labour members said that Johnson should have been the Labour candidate. Johnson then revealed that he did consider standing for Mayor of London but he felt that his allegiance was to Hull. However, he said that he would not stand for Mayor of London in the 2016 elections as he wants to stay on as an MP.
## Views on electoral reform.
Johnson is a strong supporter of electoral reform, advocating the Alternative Vote Plus (AV+) system as recommended by the Jenkins Commission. He indicated that he would seek support within the Labour Party for an amendment to the government's Bill on Electoral Reform, to | 21,016 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
add AV+ as an additional choice in the referendum. In 2010, it was rumoured that he would step down as an MP to trigger a by-election in Hull, to stand on a Proportional representation ticket. He supported the Yes! to Fairer Votes campaign in the referendum on 5 May 2011. He appeared as one of the main Labour supporters of the Yes! campaign at a London event on 3 May 2011, at which Ed Miliband also appeared.
## Views on trade unionism.
Writing for the Blairite "Progress" magazine in 2013, Johnson described trade union officials as "fat, white, finger-jabbing blokes on rostrums shouting and screaming" and said in 2014 that "A perception that Labour is in the pocket of the unions is damaging | 21,017 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
to the party ... The precious link between Labour and the unions becomes a liability rather than an advantage when it is allowed to look like a transaction."
## Shadow Chancellor.
Johnson was chosen as Shadow Chancellor in Ed Miliband's first shadow cabinet, appointed on 8 October 2010. His first major speech was the Opposition response to the comprehensive spending review. The BBC reported that he had made several "gaffes" in his role as Shadow Chancellor and "in an interview he appeared not to know the rate of National Insurance paid by employers, and he was also reported to have clashed with his party leader over the policy of introducing a graduate tax to replace university tuition fees. | 21,018 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
He resigned as Shadow Chancellor on 20 January 2011 after three and a half months in the job, citing personal reasons. He was replaced by Ed Balls.
## Since 2015.
Johnson campaigned for Britain to remain in the European Union in the 2016 referendum, and was chair of the Labour Party's 'Labour In For Britain' campaign.
A critic of Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, just before Corbyn was elected leader in 2016 for the second time, Johnson told Rachel Sylvester and Alice Thomson of "The Times": "He is totally incompetent and incapable of being the leader of a political party and he knows it". Corbyn was "useless" in the EU referendum campaign. Concerning moderates like himself: "We’ve got to recapture | 21,019 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
this party again otherwise it’s dead and finished and gone". Johnson stood down at the 2017 general election. He was succeeded as MP by Emma Hardy.
# Personal life.
Johnson has been married three times. His first marriage was to Judith Elizabeth Cox, with whom he has one son and two daughters. After their divorce, he married Laura Jane Patient in 1991; the couple had a son born in 2000. The couple divorced in February 2014. In December 2015, Johnson married his third wife, businesswoman Carolyn Burgess.
His hobbies include music, tennis, reading, cooking, football, and radio. He supports Queens Park Rangers.
## Memoirs.
His memoir of childhood, "This Boy: A Memoir of a Childhood", was published | 21,020 |
420600 | Alan Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan%20Johnson | Alan Johnson
"This Boy: A Memoir of a Childhood", was published in 2013. It won the Royal Society of Literature Ondaatje Prize (2014), and the Orwell Prize, Britain's top political writing award.
His second volume of memoirs, "Please, Mister Postman", was published in September 2014. It won the Specsavers National Book Awards "Autobiography of the Year".
His third and final volume of memoirs, "The Long and Winding Road", was published in September 2016.
The titles of all three of his books are names of songs written by, or performed by, The Beatles.
# External links.
- NS Profile: Alan Johnson, Paul Routledge, "New Statesman", 29 November 2004
- Profile: Alan Johnson MP, "BBC News", 22 October 2002 | 21,021 |
420656 | New Zealand pea crab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20pea%20crab | New Zealand pea crab
New Zealand pea crab
The New Zealand pea crab, "Pinnotheres novaezelandiae", is a small, parasitic crab that lives most commonly inside New Zealand green-lipped mussels. Adult females are about the size and shape of a pea, while adult males are smaller and flatter. Adult New Zealand pea crabs are completely reliant on their host mussel for shelter and food, which it steals from the mussel's gills. The New Zealand pea crab is found throughout New Zealand and can infect up to 70% of natural populations. These crabs are of concern to green-lipped mussel aquaculture because they reduce the size and growth of mussels, although infected mussels can be harvested and consumed.
# Description.
Adult | 21,022 |
420656 | New Zealand pea crab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20pea%20crab | New Zealand pea crab
female New Zealand pea crabs have a soft-shelled exoskeleton. Their carapace is oval in shape, ranging in size from wide. Sexually mature adult females almost always have eggs that are tucked under their abdomens, giving them a more spherical appearance. Adult females are opaque white in colour. Developing eggs change colour from red to orange to yellow before they hatch, giving the brooding mother a different tint at each stage. Adult male New Zealand pea crabs have a hard, chitinous exoskeleton. Their carapace is smaller and more dorso-ventrally flattened than that of the female, ranging in size from wide. Adult males are a creamy white colour with distinctive orange markings.
# Ecology.
Female | 21,023 |
420656 | New Zealand pea crab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20pea%20crab | New Zealand pea crab
New Zealand pea crabs spend their entire adult lives within a single host. Adult males will only leave their host in order to find a mate. The hard exoskeleton and flattened body shape of the male New Zealand pea crab helps with this endeavour. New Zealand pea crabs are completely reliant on their host for food, shelter and a place to mate. The New Zealand pea crab collects food by sitting on the gills of the green-lipped mussel and stealing food strands from the mussel. The relationship between the New Zealand pea crab and the green-lipped mussel is one of parasitism because the crab damages the mussel's gills when taking food. Infected mussels are also smaller and slower growing than uninfected | 21,024 |
420656 | New Zealand pea crab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20pea%20crab | New Zealand pea crab
mussels.
The New Zealand pea crab is endemic to New Zealand and is common throughout the country, inhabiting the North Island, South Island, Stewart Island and the Chatham Islands. The New Zealand pea crab lives most commonly in green-lipped mussels ("Perna canaliculus"), but can also be found in many other bivalve molluscs including the blue mussel ("Mytilus edulis aoteanus"), the Pacific oyster ("Crassostrea gigas") and a species of clam ("Chione stutchburyi"). The infection rate in wild green-lipped mussel populations can range from 0 to 70%.
# Behaviour.
In a 2015 study, the mate location behaviour of male New Zealand pea crabs was observed when dwelling in the commercially important | 21,025 |
420656 | New Zealand pea crab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20pea%20crab | New Zealand pea crab
green-lipped mussel, "Perna canaliculus". Given the cryptic behaviour of the male crabs, a novel trapping system was developed to determine whether male crabs would exit their mussel hosts in response to an upstream female crab. Observations of the nocturnal mate-finding behaviour of male crabs were made in darkness using infrared video recordings. The presence of receptive female crabs placed upstream successfully attracted 60% of male crabs from their host over 24 h. Males spent on average 49 min on empty hosts and never left a mussel containing a female conspecific once found, spending 200 min on average to gain entry to the mussel. Male crabs were often observed stroking the mantle edge | 21,026 |
420656 | New Zealand pea crab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20pea%20crab | New Zealand pea crab
erage 49 min on empty hosts and never left a mussel containing a female conspecific once found, spending 200 min on average to gain entry to the mussel. Male crabs were often observed stroking the mantle edge of the mussel whilst attempting to gain entry, successfully increasing mussel valve gape during entry from 3.7 to 5.5 mm. The authors concluded that a pheromone-based mate location system is likely used by this crab to greatly reduce the risks associated with the location of females.
# Edibility.
Pea crabs are edible and were once a delicacy in the United States. George Washington used to love having pea crabs floating in his oyster soup. Mussels infected by pea crabs are also edible. | 21,027 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
Battle of Mühlberg
The Battle of Mühlberg took place near Mühlberg in the Electorate of Saxony in 1547, during the Schmalkaldic War. The Catholic princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V decisively defeated the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes under the command of Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and Landgrave Philip I of Hesse.
The battle ended the Schmalkaldic war and led to the dissolution of the Schmalkaldic League.
# Background.
The spread of the Protestant Reformation in Germany after 1517 represented a major obstacle to the universalistic projects of Charles V, the Habsburg emperor. Attempts at reconciliation between Lutherans and | 21,028 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
Catholics at the diets of Speyer of 1526 and 1529 had failed, sharpening the mutual opposition between the two opposing sides.
The Reformation offered to most independent German states the pretext to affirm their autonomy not only on the religious level, but also on the political one. For some of these small states, belonging to the Holy Roman Empire (a political reality that had been fragmented for centuries) was indeed considered not much more than a mere formal act.
In 1531 some princes (most notably Philip I of Hesse and John Frederick, Elector of Saxony) were opposed to the Emperor's attempt to restore religious and political unity in the German lands through the re-proposal of the Worms | 21,029 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
Edict. This led to the formation of the Schmalkaldic League (named after the town of Schmalkalden in Thuringia where the pact was stipulated), a militarily defensive alliance with a markedly anti-Habsburg and anti-Catholic stance.
Although the birth of a Protestant coalition inside the Empire imperilled his power, Charles V did not initially attack the League. The League meanwhile received support from several free cities (Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck, Ulm and Strasbourg), wishing to affirm their independence from the central power. The Protestant princes could also count on the support of the Kingdom of France, Charles' main foreign enemy. In need of the military support of the German states in | 21,030 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
his war against the Ottoman Turks in the eastern regions of his lands, the Emperor choose not to oppose the League and to grant wide autonomy to it. The Protestant leaders were therefore left free to support the Reformation and to fight the power of the Catholic bishops in the lands they controlled.
The conditions that forced Charles V to accept the actions of the League changed after a few years. In 1544 the signing of the Treaty of Crépy ended after decades the conflicts between the Emperor and Francis I of France for the control of the Italian peninsula. After the treaty the League lost the support of the French. Martin Luther's death in 1546 and the temporary cessation of the Turkish threat | 21,031 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
from the east also put Charles in the best possible condition to focus on the internal enemy that endangered the religious and territorial unity of Imperial Germany.
The opportunity to begin the conflict was given by the rivalry between the elector of Saxony John Frederick I and his cousin Maurice, both belonging to the House of Wettin. Despite his Protestant faith, Maurice had in 1542 refused to join the Schmalkaldic League. In 1546, with the assistance of Ferdinand I, the younger brother of Charles V, Maurice invaded the territory of John Frederick. When the attack begun John Frederick's armies were in Württemberg, but they managed to move to the occupied lands and repel Maurice's forces.
The | 21,032 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
Emperor decided to take advantage of the divisions between the Protestant armies, and he joined the war in 1547. He occupied Ulm and Württemberg and defeated the Palatine Elector, forcing him to surrender and to leave the League. With the beginning of spring Charles then marched toward Saxony to help Maurice's army and to end his clash with John Frederick, the last Protestant prince still opposing him.
# Battle.
Charles was suffering from gout at that time and his army had to face the desertion of the Papal soldiers that had helped him in the first part of the campaign. In addition the Saxon Elector's army was larger than Charles' forces. However, hoping to encourage a Protestant and anti-imperial | 21,033 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
uprising in Bohemia, John Frederick took the decision to split his forces and he deployed a large portion of his troops there.
He had also left some small detachments to protect the most vulnerable Saxon cities in order to prevent the entry of Charles' army from the south. With the intention of reaching the well defended stronghold of Wittemberg, the Elector then marched northwards, abandoning his position in Meissen and camping at the end of April at the town of Mühlberg, leaving only a few troops as guards on the bank of the Elbe river, that he considered too wide to be easily crossed by the imperial forces.
At the head of his army, Charles V arrived at the Elbe on the evening of 23 April. | 21,034 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
Despite the contrary opinion of his generals, he decided to attack the enemy forces, resting just a few miles away. At dawn on 24 April the first avant-gardes of the imperial army advanced, looking for a way for all the army to cross the river. Helped by the surprise and by the dense fog that had risen from the river, small groups of Spanish and Italian veteran soldiers managed to swim across the river and eliminate the few Saxon troops that were guarding the other side.
Meanwhile, some troops of the "tercios" of Lombardy and Naples, that were the most experienced soldiers in Charles' army, followed a plan set by Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba and commander-in-chief of the Imperial | 21,035 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
troops in Germany and with the help of a local farmer, they managed to spot a ford to use that would allow all the army to cross the Elbe. In addition to this, some veteran soldiers were able to prevent the demolition of a pontoon bridge built by the Saxons, that was immediately used by the Imperial cavalry to pass safely to the other shore.
According to some sources John Frederick had considered an attack from Charles so unlikely that he would have ordered several commanders of his army to go to Mass just when the enemy army was about to complete the crossing of the Elbe. The Saxon forces were completely taken by surprise. As soon as he became aware of the fact, the Elector's first thought | 21,036 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
was to retreat towards Wittemberg. He soon realized though that his army would be too slow to be prepared to march in a short while; moreover he was convinced that only a vanguard of the main imperial army was attacking. So he ordered his troops to prepare for battle.
John Frederick chose to deploy his troops along the edge of a forest, in order to prevent a possible encirclement by the imperial cavalry and to have a safer escape route in case of retreat. The emperor Charles V also reached the battlefield and exhorted his troops to fight the Protestants. Due to gout, he was carried to the battle in a litter, rather than mounted in armour on the great warhorse as depicted by his court painter, | 21,037 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
Titian and assisted to the battle from the rear. The imperial army was made up of about 16-20,000 men. Among them there were the "tercio" of Lombardy, that of Naples, and that of Hungary, led by Álvaro de Sande.
The battle began in the evening; the Saxon army, mainly made up of peasants, succeeded in repelling the first assaults of the Hungarian cavalry, but the greater number and better preparedness of Charles' soldiers, among the best in the world at that time, decided the fate of the clash. The emperor had placed his cavalry on the two wings of his army. The right wing, under the direct command of the Duke of Alba, was heavier than the left one, led by Maurice of Saxony.
Once the fragile | 21,038 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
wings of the Saxon army were defeated, the infantry "tercios", placed at the center, had a good game in breaking enemy resistance, forcing the Protestants to retreat through the adjacent forest. The Elector of Saxony showed great courage on the battlefield but was wounded in the face and captured by the imperial troops. The main part of his soldiers were chased and killed or captured.
Some sources report that Emperor Charles V commented on the victory with the sentence "Vine, vi y venció Dios" (in Spanish "I came, I saw, and God won"), a paraphrase of the famous exclamation pronounced by Julius Caesar.
# Aftermath.
The battle ended with a complete defeat of the Saxon army which suffered severe | 21,039 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
losses, estimated at around 2000-3000 men. In addition the Protestants suffered the almost complete capture of their artillery, ammunition, and banners; many soldiers also ended up prisoners. On the imperial side around fifty soldiers were killed.
John Frederick was responsible for not preparing an adequate defense on the river Elbe, that could have prevented the imperial troops crossing it. His surrender symbolically sanctioned the end of the Schmalkaldic League. Charles decided to spare his life but he had to exchange it with the capitulation of the stronghold of Wittemberg. He was condemned as a heretic and imprisoned, and was forced to leave the electoral privilege to his cousin Maurice, | 21,040 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
who for his help in the imperial victory was given the control of the Electorate of Saxony. John Frederick was later released in 1552, two years before his death.
The surrender of Philip of Hesse soon afterwards ended the Schmalkaldic War, but the Protestant problem remained unsolved. Many of the princes and key reformers, such as Martin Bucer, fled to England, where they directly influenced the English Reformation. The peace reached between Catholic and Protestants in Germany (Augsburg Interim, 1548) was not enough to bring peace inside the Empire and only in 1555 the Peace of Augsburg stated the end of the wars of religion in the Empire, allowing each ruler to choose between Catholicism and | 21,041 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
Lutheranism. That principle ended the project to reunite Germany under a single religious confession.
The town of Mühlberg hosts a small museum dedicated to the battle.
# See also.
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
- Spanish Empire
- Electorate of Saxony
- Schmalkaldic League
- Equestrian Portrait of Charles V
# References.
- History of Hungary. Book-Series (10): "History of Hungary (1526–1686), First Book". Editor in chief: Pál Zsigmond Pach; Editor: Ágnes Várkonyi R. Akadémia Kiadó. Budapest (1985)
- Blockmans, Wim. "Emperor Charles V (1500–1558)." Translated by Isola van den Hoven-Vardon. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. .
- Oman, Charles. "A History of the Art of War in | 21,042 |
420616 | Battle of Mühlberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Mühlberg | Battle of Mühlberg
unite Germany under a single religious confession.
The town of Mühlberg hosts a small museum dedicated to the battle.
# See also.
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
- Spanish Empire
- Electorate of Saxony
- Schmalkaldic League
- Equestrian Portrait of Charles V
# References.
- History of Hungary. Book-Series (10): "History of Hungary (1526–1686), First Book". Editor in chief: Pál Zsigmond Pach; Editor: Ágnes Várkonyi R. Akadémia Kiadó. Budapest (1985)
- Blockmans, Wim. "Emperor Charles V (1500–1558)." Translated by Isola van den Hoven-Vardon. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. .
- Oman, Charles. "A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century." London: Methuen & Co. 1937. | 21,043 |
420648 | Alice Thomas Ellis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice%20Thomas%20Ellis | Alice Thomas Ellis
Alice Thomas Ellis
Alice Thomas Ellis (born Ann Margaret Lindholm, 9 September 1932 – 8 March 2005) was a British writer and essayist. She was the author of numerous novels and of some non-fiction, including cookery books. Although her married name was Anna Haycraft, she is best known by her nom-de-plume. Ellis was born in Liverpool. Her father was half Finnish, and her mother Welsh. She spent some of her childhood as an evacuee in North Wales, a period she later wrote about in "A Welsh Childhood". She later moved to Camden in North London.
# Life.
Ellis' parents belonged to the positivist and atheist Church of Humanity founded by Auguste Comte, but she left to become a Roman Catholic at the | 21,044 |
420648 | Alice Thomas Ellis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice%20Thomas%20Ellis | Alice Thomas Ellis
age of 19. Shortly afterwards, she entered a convent as a postulant, but had to leave due to a health condition.
In 1956, she married Colin Haycraft, owner of the publishing company, Duckworth. They were happily married until his death in 1995. The couple had seven children (William being the oldest, and an enthusiastic player of Avalon Hill war games), raised in Anna's religion, but they were also struck by tragedy: their daughter Mary died in infancy at the age of two days, and their son Joshua spent ten months in a coma after an accident and died at the age of nineteen in 1978. To him is dedicated "The Birds of the Air", with the following inscription:
She published her first novel, "The | 21,045 |
420648 | Alice Thomas Ellis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice%20Thomas%20Ellis | Alice Thomas Ellis
Sin Eater", in 1977 under the pen name Alice Thomas Ellis, which she used in all her subsequent writing.
She was well known as a hostess; her skill at cooking and entertaining was a considerable asset to the Duckworth company. Her cookery books include "All-natural Baby Food" (published Fontana/Collins, 1977) and "Darling, you shouldn't have gone to so much trouble", co-written with Caroline Blackwood. Caroline Blackwood and her husband, the American poet Robert Lowell, were frequent visitors to the Haycraft home. She was also a close friend of Beryl Bainbridge.
Her best-known novel was probably "Unexplained Laughter" (1985), which was adapted for British television, as was her "Summerhouse | 21,046 |
420648 | Alice Thomas Ellis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice%20Thomas%20Ellis | Alice Thomas Ellis
Trilogy". Her novel "The 27th Kingdom" (1982) was shortlisted for the Booker Prize. Her "Home Life" column in "The Spectator" was published in four volumes. All her work was livened by a dry, dark sense of humour. One of her most famous witticisms is: "There is no reciprocity. Men love women. Women love children. Children love hamsters. Hamsters don't love anyone".
As a conservative Roman Catholic who was unhappy with the changes in the Church triggered by the Second Vatican Council, she became a sharp polemicist in the press against what she believed were abuses of liturgy and practice that, she believed, led to a watering-down of the faith. Though her fiction often seems feminist, with women | 21,047 |
420648 | Alice Thomas Ellis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice%20Thomas%20Ellis | Alice Thomas Ellis
usually the leads, she opposed radical feminists' activism in the Church, and claimed that since the change from the Tridentine Mass she could barely bring herself to attend on Sundays. A regular columnist of the "Catholic Herald" newspaper, she criticised Derek Worlock, the former Archbishop of Liverpool, shortly after his death in 1996, accusing him of being responsible for a strong fall in Mass attendance in the previous decade. Cardinal Hume demanded and achieved her sacking. Thereafter she was the Catholic Herald's cookery columnist.
Ellis was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1999.
She survived a bout of lung cancer but later developed secondary complications and | 21,048 |
420648 | Alice Thomas Ellis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice%20Thomas%20Ellis | Alice Thomas Ellis
died a year later, on 8 March 2005, at the age of 72.
# Fiction.
- "The Sin Eater" (1977)
- "The Birds of the Air" (1980)
- "The 27th Kingdom" (1982)
- "The Other Side of the Fire" (1983)
- "Unexplained Laughter" (1985)
- "The Clothes in the Wardrobe" (1987) ("Summerhouse Trilogy I.")
- "The Skeleton in the Cupboard" (1988) ("Summerhouse Trilogy II.")
- "The Fly in the Ointment" (1990) ("Summerhouse Trilogy III.")
- "The Inn at the Edge of the World" (1990)
- "Pillars of Gold" (1992)
- "The Evening of Adam" (1994) (stories)
- "Fairy Tale" (1996)
- "Hotel Lucifer" (1999)
# External links.
- List of her publications, University of South Carolina website
- Alice Thomas Ellis: obituary | 21,049 |
420648 | Alice Thomas Ellis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice%20Thomas%20Ellis | Alice Thomas Ellis
The Other Side of the Fire" (1983)
- "Unexplained Laughter" (1985)
- "The Clothes in the Wardrobe" (1987) ("Summerhouse Trilogy I.")
- "The Skeleton in the Cupboard" (1988) ("Summerhouse Trilogy II.")
- "The Fly in the Ointment" (1990) ("Summerhouse Trilogy III.")
- "The Inn at the Edge of the World" (1990)
- "Pillars of Gold" (1992)
- "The Evening of Adam" (1994) (stories)
- "Fairy Tale" (1996)
- "Hotel Lucifer" (1999)
# External links.
- List of her publications, University of South Carolina website
- Alice Thomas Ellis: obituary by Clare Colvin at The Guardian, 10 March 2005/a
- "Alice Thomas Ellis Dies at 72; Writer About Spiritual and Mundane," New York Times, 12 March 2005 | 21,050 |
420670 | Frontier Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier%20Conference | Frontier Conference
Frontier Conference
The Frontier Conference is a college athletic conference, founded in 1935 and affiliated with the NAIA. Member institutions are located in the northwestern United States, in the states of Idaho, Montana, and Oregon.
# History.
The Montana Collegiate Conference (MCC) was established in 1920 by the four smaller schools (Billings Poly, Carroll, Montana School of Mines, Western Montana) in the state, with Eastern Montana and Northern Montana joining once they had established athletics. The conference reestablished itself under its current moniker in November 1966, containing the same six schools until 1974. Great Falls joined that year, however would only stay for a decade. | 21,051 |
420670 | Frontier Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier%20Conference | Frontier Conference
Eastern Montana (now MSU-Billings) left for the first incarnation of the Great Northwest Athletic Conference in 1988, leaving the Frontier at five members for another decade. The conference opened up outside of Montana for the first time in 1998, with schools from Idaho (Lewis-Clark State) and Utah (Westminster) joining. Great Falls rejoined in 1999.
# Member schools.
The Frontier Conference has 5 full members with football, 2 full members without football, and 3 football-only affiliate members. Lewis–Clark State College and Great Falls do not play football. College of Idaho, Eastern Oregon and Southern Oregon are the football-only affiliates.
## Current members.
- 1. Played as an Independent | 21,052 |
420670 | Frontier Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier%20Conference | Frontier Conference
1984-99. Known as University of Great Falls until 2017.
## Former members.
- Eastern Montana College — school name reflects that used during conference membership, now known as Montana State University Billings.
# Sports.
The Frontier Conference sponsors athletic competition in men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, men's football, men's and women's indoor and outdoor track and women's volleyball.
# National Championships.
- Basketball
Montana Western won the NAIA national title in Division I Women's basketball, in 2019.
Rocky Mountain won the national title in men's basketball, NAIA Division I, in 2009.
Montana State-Northern won the national title in women's | 21,053 |
420670 | Frontier Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier%20Conference | Frontier Conference
basketball, NAIA Division II, in 1993.
Carroll reached the semi-finals in men's basketball in 2005, as did Lewis-Clark State in women's basketball in 2001.
- Football
Carroll has won the NAIA national championship six times: four straight, from 2002–05, also in 2007 and 2010, and has been runner-up twice.
Southern Oregon won the NAIA national championship in the 2014 season.
Montana Tech was the national runner-up in 1996.
- Wrestling
Montana State-Northern has won six wrestling titles: 1991, 1992, 1998-2000, 2004, and was runner-up in 1990,1993, and 2002.
Montana Western was co-champion in 1994.
In 2014, the University of Great Falls was second and Montana State-Northern took third | 21,054 |
420670 | Frontier Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier%20Conference | Frontier Conference
s did Lewis-Clark State in women's basketball in 2001.
- Football
Carroll has won the NAIA national championship six times: four straight, from 2002–05, also in 2007 and 2010, and has been runner-up twice.
Southern Oregon won the NAIA national championship in the 2014 season.
Montana Tech was the national runner-up in 1996.
- Wrestling
Montana State-Northern has won six wrestling titles: 1991, 1992, 1998-2000, 2004, and was runner-up in 1990,1993, and 2002.
Montana Western was co-champion in 1994.
In 2014, the University of Great Falls was second and Montana State-Northern took third at the NAIA national wrestling championship.
# See also.
- 2012 Frontier Conference football season | 21,055 |
420667 | Sunningdale | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunningdale | Sunningdale
Sunningdale
Sunningdale is a populous village with a retail area and a civil parish in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead. It takes up the extreme south-east corner of Berkshire, England. It has a railway station on the (London) Waterloo to Reading Line and is adjoined by green buffers including Sunningdale Golf Club and Wentworth Golf Club. Its northern peripheral estates adjoin Virginia Water Lake.
# Location.
Sunningdale adjoins Surrey, and lies across Sunninghill (from which it takes its name) from Ascot. It is south of Virginia Water Lake. It is centred west south-west of Charing Cross, London. Major nearest towns are spread 5.5 to 6.5 miles away: Bracknell, Camberley, Staines | 21,056 |
420667 | Sunningdale | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunningdale | Sunningdale
upon Thames and Woking. It is connected to two of these by the A30 old trunk road, via which Camberley benefits from a flyover over the main intersecting road (the A322) at Bagshot. Sunningdale has a railway station on the Waterloo to Reading line. The A30, here bypassed by the M3 motorway a few miles distant, has one level crossing which was in the 19th century built near to the middle of the settlement.
# History.
The present-day civil parish of Sunningdale came into existence in 1894 under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1894; the village had previously been part of Old Windsor. It was, until 1995, partly in Berkshire and partly in Surrey. The Surrey area of the village, known | 21,057 |
420667 | Sunningdale | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunningdale | Sunningdale
as Broomhall, was also split between the boroughs of Surrey Heath and Runnymede. This original arrangement caused problems and was resolved after much consultation locally between the two county councils, three borough councils and four parish councils. As a result its former Surrey neighbourhoods merged with the rest in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, in the Royal County of Berkshire (which became a non-administrative county in 1995). The area is popular with professional golfers due to its adjoining green buffers including Sunningdale Golf Club and Wentworth Golf Club.
# Mansions.
## Charters.
Charters is a Grade-2 listed art deco mansion, built in 1938 for the industrialist | 21,058 |
420667 | Sunningdale | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunningdale | Sunningdale
Frank Parkinson by the architects Adie, Button and Partners. It was built on the site of an earlier house built in the late 1860s by William Terrick Hamilton. Parkinson’s guests included Winston Churchill and the Duke and Duchess of Windsor. In 1949, the house was bought by Sir Montague Burton. It later became a corporate headquarters and has since been redeveloped as an apartment complex and spa.
## Coworth House.
Now the Coworth Park Hotel, this is a late 18th-century country house. It was the home of Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby, the early 20th century Secretary of State for War and British Ambassador to France.
## Sunningdale Park.
The Sunningdale Agreement was signed at Sunningdale | 21,059 |
420667 | Sunningdale | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunningdale | Sunningdale
Park, at the Civil Service Staff College (now the National School of Government) on 9 December 1973, a precursor of the Northern Ireland peace process.
# Notable people.
- Joseph Dalton Hooker lived and died in Sunningdale.
- Agatha Christie lived at Styles in Sunningdale in the early 1920s.
- Darren Clarke
- Paul McGinley
- 20th century famous residents have included Richard Beckinsale, Cliff Richard, former footballer Gary Lineker, Music Business Executive Marcus Österdahl, British pop group Five Star who resided at the Stone Court estate, London Road, between 1987 and 1990, Chesney Hawkes, Brian Blessed, Diana Dors, Nanette Newman and her daughter Emma Forbes and Billy Ocean.
# External | 21,060 |
420667 | Sunningdale | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunningdale | Sunningdale
ational School of Government) on 9 December 1973, a precursor of the Northern Ireland peace process.
# Notable people.
- Joseph Dalton Hooker lived and died in Sunningdale.
- Agatha Christie lived at Styles in Sunningdale in the early 1920s.
- Darren Clarke
- Paul McGinley
- 20th century famous residents have included Richard Beckinsale, Cliff Richard, former footballer Gary Lineker, Music Business Executive Marcus Österdahl, British pop group Five Star who resided at the Stone Court estate, London Road, between 1987 and 1990, Chesney Hawkes, Brian Blessed, Diana Dors, Nanette Newman and her daughter Emma Forbes and Billy Ocean.
# External links.
- Sunningdale Parish Council Web Site | 21,061 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
George MacDonald Fraser
George MacDonald Fraser OBE FRSL (2 April 1925 – 2 January 2008) was an English-Scottish author who wrote historical novels, non-fiction books and several screenplays. He is best known for a series of works that featured the character Flashman.
# Biography.
Fraser was born to Scottish parents in Carlisle, England, on 2 April 1925. His father was a doctor and his mother a nurse. It was his father who passed on to Fraser his love of reading, and a passion for his Scottish heritage.
Fraser was educated at Carlisle Grammar School and Glasgow Academy; he later described himself as a poor student due to "sheer laziness". This meant that he was unable to follow his father's | 21,062 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
wishes and study medicine.
## War service.
In 1943, during World War II, Fraser enlisted in the Border Regiment and served in the Burma Campaign, as recounted in his memoir "Quartered Safe Out Here" (1993). After completing his OCTU (Officer Cadet Training Unit) course, Fraser was granted a commission into the Gordon Highlanders. He served with them in the Middle East and North Africa immediately after the war, notably in Tripoli. In 1947, Fraser decided against remaining with the army and took up his demobilisation. He has written semi-autobiographical stories and anecdotes of his time with the Gordon Highlanders in the "McAuslan" series.
## Journalism.
After his discharge, Fraser returned | 21,063 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
to the United Kingdom. Through his father he got a job as a trainee reporter on the "Carlisle Journal" and married another journalist, Kathleen Hetherington. They travelled to Canada, working on newspapers there, before returning to Scotland. Starting in 1953, Fraser worked for many years as a journalist at the "Glasgow Herald" newspaper, where he was deputy editor from 1964 until 1969. He briefly held the title of acting editor.
## Novelist.
In 1966, Fraser got the idea to turn Flashman, a fictional coward and bully originally created by Thomas Hughes in "Tom Brown's School Days" (1857), into a hero, and he wrote a novel around the character's exploits. The book proved popular and sale of | 21,064 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
the film rights enabled Fraser to become a full-time writer. He moved to the Isle of Man where he could pay less tax.
There were a series of further Flashman novels, presented as packets of memoirs written by the nonagenarian Flashman looking back on his days as a hero of the British Army during the 19th century. The series is notable for the accuracy of its historical settings and praise it received from critics. For example, P. G. Wodehouse said of "Flashman," "If ever there was a time when I felt that 'watcher-of-the-skies-when-a-new-planet' stuff, it was when I read the first Flashman."
The first "Flashman" sequel was "Royal Flash". It was published in 1970, the same year that Fraser published | 21,065 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
"The General Danced at Dawn", a series of short stories which fictionalised his post-war military experience as the adventures of "Dand" MacNeill in a Scottish Highland regiment.
The following year Fraser published a third Flashman, "Flash for Freedom!", as well as a non fiction work, "The Steel Bonnets" (1971), a history of the Border Reivers of the Anglo-Scottish Border.
## Screenwriter.
The film rights to "Flashman" were bought by Richard Lester, who was unable to get the film funded but hired Fraser to write the screenplay for "The Three Musketeers" in Christmas 1972. This would be turned into two films, "The Three Musketeers" and "The Four Musketeers", both popular at the box office, | 21,066 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
and it launched Fraser as a screenwriter.
Following "Flashman at the Charge" (1973), Fraser wrote the screenplay for the movie "Royal Flash" (1975), also directed by Richard Lester. It was not a success at the box office.
There was another collection of Dand McNeill stories, "McAuslan in the Rough" (1974), then "Flashman in the Great Game" (1975) and "Flashman's Lady" (1977). He was hired to rewrite "Crossed Swords" (1977) and "Force 10 from Navarone" (1978). The latter was directed by Guy Hamilton who arranged for Fraser to do some work on the script for "Superman" (1978). He did some uncredited work on the film "Ashanti" and wrote an unused script for "Tai Pan" to star Steve McQueen. He | 21,067 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
also wrote a biopic of General Stilwell for Martin Ritt which was not filmed.
Fraser tried a more serious historical novel with "Mr American" (1980), although Flashman still appeared in it. "Flashman and the Redskins" (1982) was a traditional Flashman and "The Pyrates" (1983) was a comic novel about pirates. He was one of several writers who worked on the James Bond film "Octopussy" (1983). Richard Fleischer arranged for him to do work on the script for "Red Sonja" (1985).
After "Flashman and the Dragon" (1985) he was reunited with Lester on "The Return of the Musketeers" (1988) then released a final volume of McAusland stories, "The Sheikh and the Dustbin" (1988) and did another history, | 21,068 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
"The Hollywood History of the World" (1988). When that film book came out he was reportedly working on a science fiction film "Colossus" and adapting Conan Doyle's "The Lost World" for TV but neither project was filmed.
Following "Flashman and the Mountain of Light" (1990), Fraser wrote a version of The Lone Ranger for John Landis which ended up not being filmed. He did his memoirs of his experiences during World War Two, "Quartered Safe Out Here" (1992).
He wrote a short novel about the Border Reivers of the 16th century, "The Candlemass Road" (1993), then "Flashman and the Angel of the Lord" (1994) and "Black Ajax" (1997), a novel about Tom Molineaux, which featured Flashman's father as | 21,069 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
a support character.
"Flashman and the Tiger" (1999) consisted of three different Flashman stories. "The Light's on at Signpost" (2002) was a second volume of memoirs, focusing on Fraser's adventures in Hollywood and his criticisms of modern-day Britain. The latter could also be found in "Flashman on the March" (2005), the final Flashman, and "The Reavers" (2007), a comic novel about the Border Reivers in the style of "The Pyrates".
Following his death a novel was discovered amongst his papers, "Captain in Calico". This was published in 2015.
# Honours.
George MacDonald Fraser was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1999. A traditionalist, he was an Honorary Member | 21,070 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
of the British Weights and Measures Association, which opposes compulsory conversion to the metric system.
# Family.
Fraser married Kathleen Hetherington in 1949. They had three children, Simon, Caroline, and Nicholas. He had eight grandchildren. Fraser died on 2 January 2008 from cancer, aged 82.
# Works.
## Flashman novels.
The Flashman series constitute Fraser's major works. There are 12 books in the series:
- 1. "Flashman" (1969)
- 2. "Royal Flash" (1970)
- 3. "Flash for Freedom!" (1971)
- 4. "Flashman at the Charge" (1973)
- 5. "Flashman in the Great Game" (1975)
- 6. "Flashman's Lady" (1977)
- 7. "Flashman and the Redskins" (1982)
- 8. "Flashman and the Dragon" (1985)
- 9. | 21,071 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
"Flashman and the Mountain of Light" (1990)
- 10. "Flashman and the Angel of the Lord" (1994)
- 11. "Flashman and the Tiger" (1999)
- 12. "Flashman on the March" (2005)
## Short stories.
The "Dand MacNeill" or "McAuslan" stories is a semi-autobiographical series of short stories based on the author's experiences in the Gordon Highlanders, in North Africa and Scotland, soon after World War II. Some of the stories were originally bylined "by Dand MacNeill", a play on the regimental motto BYDAND, meaning standfast:
- "The General Danced at Dawn" (1970)
- "McAuslan in the Rough" (1974)
- "The Sheikh and the Dustbin" (1988)
- "The Complete McAuslan" (HarperCollins 2000) (All the stories | 21,072 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
in the three volumes, with a new introduction.)
## History.
- "The Steel Bonnets" (1971), a history of the Border Reivers of the Anglo-Scottish Border.
- "The Hollywood History of the World: From One Million Years B.C. to Apocalypse Now" (1988, revised 1996) The book discusses how Hollywood deals with history. It concludes that the standard of historical analysis in most movies is far better than one might imagine. The text is illustrated by comparative images of figures from history and the actors who portrayed them in film.
## Memoirs.
- "Quartered Safe Out Here" (1992), a memoir of his experiences as an infantryman in the Border Regiment during the Burma Campaign of World War II
- "The | 21,073 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
Light's on at Signpost" (2002), a memoir of the author's days writing in Hollywood, interspersed with criticism of political correctness and New Labour.
## Other novels.
- "Mr American" (1980), a novel about a mysterious American in England.
- "The Pyrates" (1983), a tongue-in-cheek novel incorporating all the possible buccaneer film plots into one.
- "Black Ajax" (1997), a novel about Tom Molineaux, a 19th-century black prizefighter in England. (As in "Mr American", this novel is also connected to the Flashman series—in this case Sir Harry Flashman's father plays a minor role.)
- "The Candlemass Road" (1993), a short novel about the Border Reivers of the 16th century.
- "The Reavers" | 21,074 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
(2007), a comic novel of the Border Reivers, loosely based on the "Candlemass Road", in the style of his earlier novel "The Pyrates."
- "Captain in Calico" (2015), a novel posthumously issued.
## Screenplays.
Fraser wrote or co-wrote the screenplays for:
- "The Three Musketeers" (1973)
- "The Four Musketeers" (1974)
- "Royal Flash" (1975, adapted from his novel)
- "The Prince and the Pauper" (1977)
- "Force 10 from Navarone" (uncredited, 1978)
- "Octopussy" (1983)
- "Red Sonja" (1985)
- "The Return of the Musketeers" (1989)
- Some script-doctor work on "Ashanti" (1979) and "Superman II" (1980)
### Unproduced screenplays.
Fraser also wrote the following scripts which were never | 21,075 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
filmed:
- adaptation of "The General Danced at Dawn" commissioned in 1972
- "Prince of Thieves" from the Alexandre Dumas' version of the Robin Hood story
- "Bulldog Drummond" – adaptation of the novels commissioned by Thorn EMI in 1985 for producer Tim Burrill
- "Hannah" – adaptation of novel about the life of Helena Rubenstein with director Jack Clayton
- "Thirteen Against the Bank" – true story about a man who leaned how to beat the bank at Monte Carlo
- adaptation of the William Tell story set against the background of the Battle of Mortgarten
- "The Lone Ranger" with director John Landis, circa 1990
- "Out of Time" – adaptation of a novel "The Ice People" about the discovery of a | 21,076 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
man and a woman from an ancient civilisation trapped in ice - for producer Pierre Spengler, circa 1985
- "Berry and Co" based on a story by Dornford Yates for director Lindsay Anderson
- "Stortebekker" for director Wolfgang Petersen about the medieval German pirate Klaus Störtebeker
- "Quentin Durward" from the novel by Sir Walter Scott
- "Stillwell", a biopic of Joe Stillwell for director Martin Ritt at MGM (early 1980s)
- adaptation of the James Clavell novel "Tai-Pan", intended to star Steve McQueen (not used when the movie was made in 1986) – also a sequel
- adaptation of "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" for Dino de Laurentiis and director Richard Fleischer, circa 1985
## Select | 21,077 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
articles.
- "Long before the decay of lying", "Chicago Tribune" (1963) [Chicago, Ill] 9 Nov 1969: p6.
## Radio.
Fraser adapted "The Candlemass Road", "Flash For Freedom" and "Flashman At The Charge" for BBC radio plays. Fraser was also a staunch critic of political correctness and enlarged upon his views on this matter (and others) on the BBC radio show, "Desert Island Discs."
# Popular culture.
Fraser's "Flashman at the Charge" (1973) was serialized in the April and June 1973 issues of "Playboy". The climactic sequence of "Flashman in the Great Game" (1975) was also excerpted there.
# External links.
- Biography in "The Spectator"
- Obituary in "The Daily Telegraph", 4 January 2008
- | 21,078 |
420617 | George MacDonald Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20MacDonald%20Fraser | George MacDonald Fraser
tic of political correctness and enlarged upon his views on this matter (and others) on the BBC radio show, "Desert Island Discs."
# Popular culture.
Fraser's "Flashman at the Charge" (1973) was serialized in the April and June 1973 issues of "Playboy". The climactic sequence of "Flashman in the Great Game" (1975) was also excerpted there.
# External links.
- Biography in "The Spectator"
- Obituary in "The Daily Telegraph", 4 January 2008
- Obituary in "The Economist", 10 January 2008
- Appreciation in "The Herald", 4 January 2008
- Hail the Cowardly Hero And His Bravely Un-P.C. Creator, The Wall Street Journal 17 January 2008
- of George Macdonald Fraser's Library by "Heywood Hill" | 21,079 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
Upward Bound
Upward Bound is a federally funded educational program within the United States. The program is one of a cluster of programs now referred to as TRiO, all of which owe their existence to the federal Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (the War on Poverty Program) and the Higher Education Act of 1965. Upward Bound programs are implemented and monitored by the United States Department of Education. The goal of Upward Bound is to provide certain categories of high school students better opportunities for attending college. The categories of greatest concern are those with low income, those with parents who did not attend college, and those living in rural areas. The program works through | 21,080 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
individual grants, each of which covers a restricted geographic area and provides services to approximately 59,000 students annually. The program focuses on academic and nonacademic resources and activities like visits to museums or tutoring for school work. Students are encouraged to be involved in Upward Bound for the entire academic year and a 6-week long summer program. Many students who are also granted access into the Upward Bound program are labeled as first generation college students, who are students that are the first in their family to attend college. This program is set in place for students who come from low income families as well as underrepresented schools and gives them an | 21,081 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
opportunity to excel in college.
# History.
The program was launched in the summer of 1965 after the passage of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (The Federal War on Poverty) during President Lyndon B. Johnson's administration, and was transferred to the Department of Education after the enactment of the Higher Education Act of 1965. The idea of Upward Bound came from Stan Salett, a civil rights organizer, national education policy advisor and one of the creators of the Head Start Program. Upward Bound has an annual budget around $250,000,000. Grants are usually made to institutes of higher education (universities), but some awards have been made to other non-profit organizations such as | 21,082 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
tribal organizations.
Each award made averages $4,691 per participant, with the most common award providing $220,000 per grantee in 2004 and $250,000 in 2007. Awards are for four or five years and are competitive. The law providing for Upward Bound is 34 CFR Ch. VI Pt. 645. As federal education grants, Upward Bound awards fall under EDGAR and OMB Circular A-21 financial guidelines. In 1990, Upward Bound added an additional program called the Upward Bound Math-Science Program. It specializes in math and science skills for TRiO eligible students to improve their performance and motivation to pursue postsecondary enrollment.
# Approach.
Upward Bound grants are results-based, with the level of | 21,083 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
success determined largely from highly structured annual reports compared to grant objectives. The program is available to students after their eighth grade of school. Two-thirds of selected applicants must be low-income and "potential first-generation college students," with the remaining third of students meeting one of the requirements.
Most Upward Bound programs combine two approaches to student contact:
- 1. A summer program where high school students take college prep classes and earn work experience at a college campus for four to six weeks.
- 2. Weekly follow-ups and possibly tutoring with students during the school year.
# Upward Bound Math-Science Program.
The Upward Bound Math-Science | 21,084 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
program (UBMS) was created for students to have the opportunity to excel in the areas of math and science. Upward Bound Math-Science helps strengthen students' math and science skills, particularly those who come from areas that are underdeveloped. UBMS is a program that was put in place by the federal government and was there to provide not so fortunate children with the opportunity to gain knowledge from mathematicians as well as scientists who have experience in these fields. Students are in this program for 6 weeks and have coursework in mathematics, laboratory science, as well as literature. This program provides students with hands on experience in labs and with fieldwork. The application | 21,085 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
process for UBMS is identical to that for Upward Bound, however the programs differ in that UBMS is more geared towards students who are interested in the fields of science and technology. UBMS increased the odds of a student taking a science course by raising the percentage from 78-88% in chemistry and from 43-58% in physics. UMBS has increased the likelihood that children will achieve more in math and science and increase that drive to further their interests in college. UBMS has also raised GPAs in math classes for African-Americans as well as Hispanics.
# Effectiveness.
Several studies have shown that TRIO Upward Bound is tremendously successful. A study released by the U.S. Department | 21,086 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
of Education (ED) in 2004, provides a detailed analysis of program demographics. Notable alumni of Upward Bound programs include John Quiñones, Angela Bassett, José M. Hernández, Troy Polamalu, Kenny Leon, Donna Brazile, Patrick Ewing, Henry Bonilla, and Viola Davis. The effectiveness and methodology of the programs vary program to program. Local program directors determine the strategy most optimal for its student based, from programs being very strict and hands on with students, while other programs are more lenient in terms of student life and academic management.
Teaching methodology vary from program to program from a low-tech and low-cost approach used in the 1980s by an Upward Bound | 21,087 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
Astronomy program for high school students in southern California, that was subsequently adopted by higher education programs such as Dr Daniel Barth's in program at Mount San Jacinto College.
According to a study done by Policy and Program Studies Service of the United States Department of Education, in students with lower educational expectations, Upward Bound was shown to increase both enrollment and credits earned at four-year institutions. Repeated participation in Upward Bound until high school graduation was shown to improve educational results such as the rate of four-year college attendance and credits earned at four-year institutions. Students who were enrolled in the Upward Bound | 21,088 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
program were categorized into distinct groups based on the length of time they participated. The groups were low-duration (1 to 12 months of participation), medium-duration (13 to 24 months of participation) or high-duration (25 or more months of participation), and also as program completers (through graduation) or noncompleters. The results of the observational study showed that an additional year participating in Upward Bound can significantly improve students’ motivation and persistence to pursue higher education, apply for financial aid, apply for highly selective 4 year college programs, and complete higher education. Different effects were measured by looking at the data for noncompleters | 21,089 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
and the impact of completing the program. The rate at which the students would pursue postsecondary enrollment would increase from 74% to 91%. There are confounding variables in this study, mostly due to the characteristic of students who decide to stay involved in the program and therefore have higher educational expectations for themselves. The true effects of an additional year of participation may be lower than the actual findings. The researchers attempted to control for the variable by matching participants with similar characteristics and different duration of participation in the program. The general effect of Upward Bound is only significantly seen in 4-year colleges.
In an examination | 21,090 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
of the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002, collected by the National Center for Education Statistics, researchers found that only 7% of students eligible for federally funded precollege programs enrolled in such programs. They found that participating students were .576 times as likely not to enroll in a four-year institution and .555 times as likely not to enroll in a postsecondary institution of any kind compared to all eligible students. However, Upward Bound students were 31% more likely to drop out of the postsecondary institution in which they enrolled. Though some of the statistics reporting participants' outcome are not optimal, the students participating in Upward Bound are an academically | 21,091 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
vulnerable population. Therefore, these results do not necessitate that Upward Bound is a deficient program, but that the students may require more support than they receive.
Another research study done by the University of Wisconsin explains that many studies may have falsely suggested that Upward Bound programs are not meeting their mission of increasing the rate of college enrollment of underprivileged students. The researcher suggests there are actual methodical and analysis errors in other researchers' work and that these programs can close the success attainment gaps between students from different socio-economic statuses.
Additionally, research at the Journal of Hispanic Higher Education | 21,092 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
suggests that Upward Bound programs can specifically help more (otherwise discouraged) Latino students pursue dreams of college. There are low rates of enrollment of Latino students due to discouraging factors like “policies that encourage quick job placement over career development, lack of understanding of the benefits of a college degree, lower expectations for Latino students, poor financial planning, and lack of guidance”, but Upward Bound programs should help combat them and support students. The key to these programs’ intervention is education and providing students the opportunities that come with a college education. As a result, it would motivate more students to go to college and | 21,093 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
encourage them that college is attainable. They would also offer more college preparation, guidance in college and help students plan to ensure they not only enroll at an institution but also graduate and find a career. A main drawback of these programs is that many students are unaware that they are available to them. Another one is that these programs should not just aim to get underprivileged students into college but facilitate them finishing. Furthermore, with the Latino population in this country growing, having more educated Latino students could help bring more revenue and benefit society as a whole.
In response to misleading data being published on the efficacy of Upward Bound and | 21,094 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
Upward Bound Math and Science programs in 2009, the Pell Institute performed a re-analysis of positive impacts achieved by the programs. Data reported by the Pell Institute shows positive effects found in legislatively mandated programs. Upward Bound students were more likely to receive a bachelor’s degree than students receiving no or less thorough supplemental educational services. Of students participating in an Upward Bound program, three-quarters enrolled at a post-secondary educational institution within one year of their projected high school completion, as opposed to less than half of students without access to supplemental college services. One-fifth of Upward Bound students enrolled | 21,095 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
in post-secondary education completed a degree within six years of their high school graduation date, in contrast with less than one-tenth of students without supplemental services.
Students enrolled in Upward Bound were shown to be more likely to enroll in a four-year institution than students participating in comparable programs, and were also less likely to enroll in remedial courses. Unique aspects of the Upward Bound program include a summer immersion program conducted on college campuses. The program exposes students to college-level rigor, while also allowing students to enter university courses before high school completion bypassing the need for remedial classes upon beginning postsecondary | 21,096 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
education.
# Perceptions.
## Parents.
In a study of parents of students of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's Upward Bound program, the vast majority of parents reported that their children took more challenging classes and received better grades after attending the program. Parents reported that after the program, their children seemed to have better attitudes regarding their own educational attainment. Parents believed the program helped their children to foster personal integrity, self-assuredness, and ambition. Parents also believed that their children exhibited more mature behaviors, such as budgeting money and reliable communication.
## Participants.
According to a | 21,097 |
420659 | Upward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upward%20Bound | Upward Bound
as budgeting money and reliable communication.
## Participants.
According to a quantitative and qualitative study of 20 participants of an Upward Bound program at a Midwestern community college, some students mentioned that they did not plan to attend college before they attended the Upward Bound program. Studied students received social and academic preparation and felt they received more social than academic preparation in the program.
# See also.
- "A Space to Grow", a 1968 documentary film about the program
- Upward Bound High School, alternative education program in New York
# External links.
- The Upward Bound home page
- Upward Bound Math and Science Program federalgrants.com | 21,098 |
420688 | Pseudorca | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudorca | Pseudorca
Pseudorca
Pseudorca is a genus with three members which include "Pseudorca yokoyamai", "Pseudorca yuanliensis" and "Pseudorca crassidens", of which "P. crassidens" (commonly known as the false killer whale) is the only extant member.
"Pseudorca yuanliensis" is found in Pliocene layers in Yuanli, Taiwan, while "Pseudorca yokoyamai" is found in both Pliocene and Pleistocene rocks in Japan. | 21,099 |
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