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1804821 | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%20Arthur%20and%20the%20Knights%20of%20Justice | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice
His chestplate houses a club, and his shield contains a black panther.
- Sir Darren (voiced by Michael Donovan) – The only one of the knights with a crossbow, Darren is the team's pretty boy. Now he has found a steady girlfriend in Lady Elaine. He is usually cool and confident on and off the battlefield, perhaps too much so. His shield houses a giant eagle capable of lifting multiple men in each talon.
- Sir Gallop (voiced by Mark Hildreth) – The ladies' man, Gallop constantly thinks of women, though is also very respectful towards them. In season 2 he dates the peasant girl called Katherine.
- Sir Breeze (voiced by Lee Jeffrey) – Breeze is the big trash talker in the group. He also uses | 23,100 |
1804821 | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%20Arthur%20and%20the%20Knights%20of%20Justice | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice
a lot of slang of his time, and is both afraid of heights and small spaces. His emblem is the sphinx. He is a bit of an egotist but knows where his priorities lie.
- Sir Lug (voiced by Michael Donovan) – Though originally the team's equipment manager, in Medieval times, Lug is in charge of Camelot's squires. Lug has low self-esteem and is usually picked on by some of the other knights, but he possesses great courage and can even hold his own against Lord Viper in a fight. His shield emblem resembles a kraken.
- Sir Zeke (voiced by Mark Hildreth) – A certified genius, Zeke is the least seen of the knights.
## Camelot characters.
- Merlin (voiced by Jim Byrnes) – The great wizard who served | 23,101 |
1804821 | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%20Arthur%20and%20the%20Knights%20of%20Justice | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice
King Arthur. He was responsible for bringing Arthur and his teammates into the past to fight against Morgana after the real King Arthur and his knights were imprisoned. Merlin is a great asset to the knights and uses his various spells, potions and advice to assist them when needed. He is also the only person from his time period to know Arthur and the others' true identities.
- Queen Guinevere (voiced by Kathleen Barr) – Camelot's queen and the real King Arthur's wife. Guinevere was captured by Morgana at the show's beginning, but she was rescued by Arthur King (posing as her husband), Lance, and Trunk. She often wonders about the change in Arthur's demeanor and manner of acting, unaware of | 23,102 |
1804821 | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%20Arthur%20and%20the%20Knights%20of%20Justice | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice
the whole truth.
- Lady Elaine (voiced by Venus Terzo) – Guinevere's attendant and Darren's girlfriend.
- Lady Mary – Guinevere's second attendant and aunt to Squire Everett. In the season 1 episode "To Save a Squire", she and Sir Tone at first resent each other, but in the end show affection for each other.
- Katherine – A peasant girl that becomes Sir Gallop's girlfriend starting season 2.
- Squire Tyronne (voiced by Michael Donovan) – A squire who looks up to Sir Lug and has a strong desire to be a knight.
- Squire Everett (voiced by Mark Hildreth) – Like Tyrone, Everett is very passionate about being a knight. Nephew of Lady Mary.
- Lady of the Table (voiced by Kathleen Barr) – The | 23,103 |
1804821 | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%20Arthur%20and%20the%20Knights%20of%20Justice | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice
protector of the knights, her spirit can be seen as the knights are being equipped with their armor and weapons. The knights cannot see her, however, until the Season 2 episode "What the Key Unlocked" where she reveals herself to Lance.
## Morgana's forces.
- Queen Morgana / Lady Morgana (voiced by Kathleen Barr) – The evil sorceress who serves as the primary antagonist of the series. She was responsible for sealing Arthur and his knights into the Cave of Glass. She despises Merlin and has great magical prowess. While she does not know where they came from, she knows the new Arthur and his set of knights are frauds. Among other things, Morgana constructed the vicious Warlords out of stone. | 23,104 |
1804821 | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%20Arthur%20and%20the%20Knights%20of%20Justice | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice
If the Warlords are broken or destroyed in battle, Morgana can reassemble them using her magic.
- Lord Viper (voiced by Garry Chalk) – The second-in-command and overall field commander of the Warlords. He seems to be the only human in Lady Morgana's army. Viper has a constant hatred for Arthur King and they have had several sword fights throughout the series. Viper's main weapon is a jagged-edge sword, but he also has a snake emblem on his armor which can attack Viper's opponent. He rides in a cart that doubles as a catapult.
- Warlord Axe (voiced by Scott McNeil) – A warlord who is not too bright, Axe has a plethora of ax weapons and an ax cart. He has appeared in almost every episode and | 23,105 |
1804821 | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%20Arthur%20and%20the%20Knights%20of%20Justice | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice
has defeated King Arthur on two separate occasions.
- Warlord Bash (voiced by Garry Chalk) – A primitive warlord who wields a bone club and skull shaped shield. He likely represents the Saxon barbarians that raid most of Europe in legend.
- Warlord Blackwing (voiced by Scott McNeil) – The third-in-command and Viper's right-hand man, Blackwing possesses pterodactyl-like wings and can fly, allowing him to attack his enemies with the mid-air dart attacks from his talons. He is also equipped with a pike. He is responsible for capturing Guinevere early in the series.
- Warlord Blinder – A warlord who is able to blind his opponents by striking together his two dirks. He can also throw them with | 23,106 |
1804821 | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%20Arthur%20and%20the%20Knights%20of%20Justice | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice
perfect aim.
- Warlord Hammer (voiced by Michael Donovan) – A super strong behemoth with two hammers as weapons considered to be one of the strongest among them.
- Warlord Lucan – A savage wolf-like berserker warlord with sharp claws, missile attacks and a wolf-head cart that breathes fire.
- Warlord Slasher – A warlord with many sharp weapons including spears, a serrated–spiked cape and a spear cart. Also his armor could be configured into a pair of deadly gauntlets. Like Blackwing, he can fly, but does so rarely.
- Warlord Spike – A warlord with a voulge style weapon and a spear cart that can shoot projectiles; he also seems to be one of the smartest, as he leads many missions and applies | 23,107 |
1804821 | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%20Arthur%20and%20the%20Knights%20of%20Justice | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice
battle strategies.
## Purple Horde.
- Master Chang – The katana-wielding leader of the Purple Horde, an army of Asian warriors, who menace the Knights in the second season. They have their mind set on conquest and are in a feeble alliance with the Warlords. Chang upholds a strict code of honor for the Purple Horde to abide by, which allows a level of understanding between them and the Knights.
- Awan – A warrior who uses a nunchaku and carries a war horn.
- Hung – A warrior who wields bow and arrows.
- Ti Ben – A warrior who uses portable gunpowder-based artillery.
- Rim – A warrior who uses a sword-dagger combo and bombs.
- Po – A warrior who uses a kusarigama and shuriken.
# Video | 23,108 |
1804821 | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%20Arthur%20and%20the%20Knights%20of%20Justice | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice
game.
A video game based on the series was produced by Enix for the Super NES platform in 1995. The game features a final confrontation between King Arthur and Morgana, in the form of a giant dragon, providing a finale to the series where the Knights football team were able to return to their own time.
# Merchandise.
Mattel released a handful of 5" action figures and vehicles/accessories based on the show. Marvel Comics released a three-part comic book miniseries written by Mike Lackey in 1993.
# Home releases.
Maximum Entertainment released the complete series of "King Arthur and the Knights of Justice" on Region 2 DVD in the UK. In 2010, after several various partial VHS and DVD releases, | 23,109 |
1804821 | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%20Arthur%20and%20the%20Knights%20of%20Justice | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice
Image Entertainment released the complete series as a boxed set in North America with all 26 episodes in a three-DVD set "King Arthur and the Knights of Justice: The Complete Animated Series".
For some time during late 2000s, the whole series has been made available for free watching through Internet streaming at the Lycos' SyncTV service and on Kidlet. Between 2012 and 2014, it has been also available for instant streaming on Netflix. In 2016, Golden Films released it via Amazon.com. As of 2019, the series is available from the subscription service Watch It Kid!.
# Reception.
The show has been ranked first on the lists of "The 10 Most Ridiculous Adaptations of Arthurian Legend" (2009) and | 23,110 |
1804821 | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%20Arthur%20and%20the%20Knights%20of%20Justice | King Arthur and the Knights of Justice
ailable from the subscription service Watch It Kid!.
# Reception.
The show has been ranked first on the lists of "The 10 Most Ridiculous Adaptations of Arthurian Legend" (2009) and the "8 Mostly Forgotten '90s Cartoons" (2011) by website Topless Robot, as well as "15 Most WTF Adaptations Of King Arthur" by ScreenRant in 2017. Conversely, writer Mark McCray gave it a positive review "thanks to Chalopin's creative touches, which included a great premise, exceptional storytelling, and beautifully drawn animated characters."
# See also.
- "Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders"
# External links.
- (BKN International)
- (Golden Films)
- "King Arthur and the Knights of Justice" at TV.com | 23,111 |
1804853 | Peter Niedmann | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Niedmann | Peter Niedmann
Peter Niedmann
Peter Niedmann (born October 12, 1960, New London, Connecticut) is an American composer of predominantly choral and organ music.
Niedmann studied at the University of Hartford's Hartt School of Music and University of Connecticut, and held a conducting fellowship with Sir David Willcocks. He formerly served on the faculty of the Hartt School, University of Hartford and at Dance Connecticut.
His music has been heard at the 1999 Papal Mass in St. Louis , and the White House. His music is published by Augsburg-Fortress, GIA, Thorpe-Theodore Presser, Concordia, Selah, Paraclete. Some of his hymns and service music have been included in recent Episcopal and UCC hymnals. Niedmann | 23,112 |
1804853 | Peter Niedmann | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Niedmann | Peter Niedmann
Willcocks. He formerly served on the faculty of the Hartt School, University of Hartford and at Dance Connecticut.
His music has been heard at the 1999 Papal Mass in St. Louis , and the White House. His music is published by Augsburg-Fortress, GIA, Thorpe-Theodore Presser, Concordia, Selah, Paraclete. Some of his hymns and service music have been included in recent Episcopal and UCC hymnals. Niedmann is the recipient of numerous commissions, including the AGO Region I 2005 Convention featured organ work. He was a prize-winner in the AGO National Organ Improvisation Competition. He serves as the Organist & Director of Music for the Church of Christ, Congregational, in Newington, Connecticut. | 23,113 |
1804858 | Paul-Marie Coûteaux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul-Marie%20Coûteaux | Paul-Marie Coûteaux
Paul-Marie Coûteaux
Paul-Marie Coûteaux (born 31 July 1956 in Paris) is a French politician. He served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009. He is the author of several books.
# Early life.
Paul-Marie Coûteaux was born on 31 July 1956. He is the son of writer and scenarist André Couteaux. He graduated from the École nationale d'administration. In a Gay nightclub, Couteaux discovered Gaullism.
# Career.
Coûteaux was an assistant to Michel Jobert from 1981 to 1983, Philippe de Saint Robert from 1984 to 1987, Jean-Pierre Chevènement from 1988 to 1991, Boutros Boutros-Ghali from 1991 to 1993, Philippe Séguin to the French National Assembly from 1993 to 1996.
Coûteaux served | 23,114 |
1804858 | Paul-Marie Coûteaux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul-Marie%20Coûteaux | Paul-Marie Coûteaux
as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Île-de-France from 2004 to 2009. He was a member of the Mouvement pour la France, and a member of the Bureau of the Independence and Democracy. He served on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Coûteaux joined the campaign of Marine Le Pen in 2012 and 2017.
# Works.
- "Clovis, une histoire de France", Lattès, 1996
- "L'Europe vers la guerre", Michalon, 1997
- "Traité de savoir disparaître à l'usage d'une vieille génération", Michalon, 1998
- "La Puissance et la Honte : trois lettres françaises", Michalon, 1999
- "De Gaulle philosophe : le génie de la France", tome 1, Lattès, 2002
- "Un petit séjour en France", Bartillat, | 23,115 |
1804858 | Paul-Marie Coûteaux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul-Marie%20Coûteaux | Paul-Marie Coûteaux
n of Marine Le Pen in 2012 and 2017.
# Works.
- "Clovis, une histoire de France", Lattès, 1996
- "L'Europe vers la guerre", Michalon, 1997
- "Traité de savoir disparaître à l'usage d'une vieille génération", Michalon, 1998
- "La Puissance et la Honte : trois lettres françaises", Michalon, 1999
- "De Gaulle philosophe : le génie de la France", tome 1, Lattès, 2002
- "Un petit séjour en France", Bartillat, 2003
- "Ne laissons pas mourir la France" (avec Nicolas Dupont-Aignan), Albin Michel, 2004
- "Être et parler français", Perrin, 2006
- "De Gaulle philosophe : la colère du peuple", tome 2, Lattès, 2010
- "De Gaulle, espérer contre tout : lettre ouverte à Régis Debray", Xenia, 2010 | 23,116 |
1804847 | List of places in Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Surrey | List of places in Surrey
List of places in Surrey
This is a list of towns, villages and most notable hamlets and neighbourhoods in Surrey which is a ceremonial and administrative county of England.
For lists relating to parts of London formerly in Surrey see the London Boroughs of Croydon, Kingston upon Thames (Royal Borough), Richmond upon Thames, Lambeth, Merton, Southwark, Sutton and Wandsworth. Some of these parts of the historic county lay, until its 1996 official disestablishment, in a fourth definition of Surrey, the postal county.
Bordering Counties (West-East):
Berkshire, Hampshire, West Sussex, Greater London, East Sussex and Kent.
Railway Companies in Surrey (West-East):
Great Western Railway, South | 23,117 |
1804847 | List of places in Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Surrey | List of places in Surrey
Western Railway, Thameslink, Southern, Southeastern and Gatwick Express
# A.
- Abinger, Addlestone, Albury, Alfold, Artington, Ash, Ash Vale, Ashford, Ashtead
- Abbotswood in Guildford
- Abinger Common and Abinger Hammer in Abinger
- Ashford Common in Ashford
- Ambleside in Walton-on-Thames
- Ashley Park in Walton-on-Thames
# B.
- Badshot Lea, Bagshot, Banstead, Betchworth, Bisley, Bletchingley, Bookham (Great and Little), Box Hill, Bramley, Brockham, Brookwood, Buckland, Burgh Heath, Burpham, Burstow, Busbridge, Byfleet
- Beacon Hill in Haslemere
- Beare Green in Capel
- Bellfields in Guildford
- Birtley Green in Bramley
- Blackheath in Wonersh
- Blindley Heath in Godstone
- | 23,118 |
1804847 | List of places in Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Surrey | List of places in Surrey
Broadford in Chobham
- Brook in Wormley
- Brooklands in Weybridge
- Brookwood Heath in Brookwood
- Burntcommon in Send
- Burwood Park in Hersham and Walton-on-Thames
# C.
- Camberley, Capel, Caterham, Chaldon, Charlwood, Chertsey, Chiddingfold, Chilworth, Chipstead, Chobham, Churt, Claygate, Cobham, Compton (Borough of Guildford), Compton (Waverley), Cranleigh
- Caterham on the Hill and Caterham Valley in Caterham
- Castle End in Egham
- Castle Green in Chobham
- Catteshall in Godalming
- Charlotteville in Guildford
- Charlton in Shepperton
- Coldharbour in Newdigate
- Cooper's Hill in Englefield Green
- Cudworth in Newdigate
# D.
- Deepcut, Dockenfield (part), Dorking, Dormansland, | 23,119 |
1804847 | List of places in Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Surrey | List of places in Surrey
Downside, Dunsfold
# E.
- East Clandon, East Horsley, East Molesey, Effingham, Egham, Ellen's Green, Elstead, Englefield Green, Epsom, Esher, Ewell, Ewhurst
- Earlswood in Redhill
- East Ewell in Ewell
- Egham Hythe in Egham
- Effingham Junction in Effingham
- Enton in Witley
- Enton Green in Enton
# F.
- Farnham, Felbridge, Felcourt, Fetcham, Frensham, Frimley, Frimley Green
- Fairlands in Worplesdon
- Fairmile in Cobham
- Farley Green in Albury
- Farncombe in Godalming
- Flexford in Normandy
- Forest Green in Abinger
- Friday Street in Wotton
- Frith Hill in Godalming
# G.
- Godalming, Godstone, (Great) Bookham, Guildford
- Gatwick in Shackleford
- Givons Grove in Leatherhead
- | 23,120 |
1804847 | List of places in Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Surrey | List of places in Surrey
Goldsworth Park in Woking
- Gomshall in Shere
- Grafham in Bramley
- Guildford Park in Guildford
# H.
- Hale, Hambledon, Hascombe, Haslemere, Headley, Hersham, Hinchley Wood, Hooley, Horne, Horley, Horsell, Hydestile
- Hamm Court in Addlestone
- Heath End in Farnham
- Heatherside in Camberley
- Hindhead in Haslemere
- Holland in Oxted
- Holmbury St Mary in Shere
- Hook Heath in Woking
- Hookwood in Horley
- Hurst Green in Oxted
- Hurst Park in West Molesey
- Hurtmore in Shackleford
# J.
- Jacobs Well
# K.
- Kingswood
- Kempton Park in Sunbury
- Knaphill in Woking
# L.
- Laleham, Leatherhead, Leigh, Lightwater, Limpsfield, Lingfield, Little Bookham, Littleton, Long Ditton, | 23,121 |
1804847 | List of places in Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Surrey | List of places in Surrey
Longcross, Lyne
- Langley Vale in Epsom
- Leigh Corner in Cobham
- Littleton in Artington
- Lower Bourne in Farnham
- Lower Halliford in Upper Halliford
- Lower Kingswood in Kingswood
- Lower Sunbury in Sunbury-on-Thames
# M.
- Mayford, Merrow, Merstham, Mickleham, Milford, Molesey (East and West), Mytchett
- Martyrs Green in Ockham
- Maybury in Woking
- Meadvale in Reigate and Redhill
- Meath Green in Horley
- Mimbridge in Chobham
- Mount Herman in Woking
# N.
- Newdigate, New Haw, Nork, Normandy, North Holmwood, Nutfield
- Netherne-on-the-Hill in Hooley
- Newchapel in Horne
- Norney in Shackleford
- New Malden in Horne
# O.
- Oakwoodhill, Oatlands, Ockham, Ockley, Ottershaw, | 23,122 |
1804847 | List of places in Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Surrey | List of places in Surrey
Outwood, Oxshott, Oxted
- Old Merstham in Merstham
- Old Shepperton in Shepperton
- Old Woking in Woking
- Onslow Village in Guildford
# P.
- Peper Harrow, Pirbright, Pixham, Puttenham, Pyrford
- Pachesham in Leatherhead
- Park Barn in Guildford
- Peaslake in Shere
- Peasmarsh in Shalford
- Pennypot in Chobham
- Pitch Place in Guildford
- Povey Cross in Horley
# R.
- Redhill, Reigate, Ripley, Rowledge
- Ranmore Common in Effingham
- Row Town in Addlestone
- Rydeshill in Guildford
# S.
- Salfords, Seale, Send, Shackleford, Shalford, Shepperton, Shere, South Nutfield, Staines-upon-Thames, Stanwell, Stoke D'Abernon, Stoneleigh (part), Sunbury-on-Thames, Sutton Green
- Sandown | 23,123 |
1804847 | List of places in Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Surrey | List of places in Surrey
Park in Esher
- Send Marsh in Send
- Shamley Green in Wonersh
- Sheerwater in Woking
- Shottermill in Haslemere
- Slyfield in Guildford
- Smallfield in Burstow
- Smithbrook in Bramley
- South Godstone in Godstone
- St George's Hill in Weybridge, Hersham & Walton-on-Thames
- St John's (Redhill)
- St John's (Woking)
- Stanwell Moor in Stanwell
- Stoke in Guildford
- Stoughton in Guildford
- Stroude in Virginia Water
# T.
- Tadworth, Tandridge, Tatsfield, Thames Ditton, Thorpe, Thursley, Tilford, Titsey, Tongham
- Thorncombe Street in Bramley
- Tattenham Corner in Banstead
- Tekels Park in Camberley (previously called Frimley Park until it is said lost in a card game)
- The | 23,124 |
1804847 | List of places in Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Surrey | List of places in Surrey
Acres in Horley
- The Sands in Seale
- The Wells in Epsom
- Trumps Green in Virginia Water
- Thorpe in Thorpe
# U.
- Upper Halliford
- Upper Bourne in Farnham
- Upper Kingswood or Kingswood in Kingswood
# V.
- Virginia Water
# W.
- Walton-on-Thames, Walton-on-the-Hill, Wanborough, Warlingham, West Byfleet, West Clandon, West Horsley, West Molesey, Westhumble, West End, Westcott, Weybourne, Weybridge, Whitebushes, Whyteleafe, Windlesham, Wisley, Witley, Woking, Woldingham, Wonersh, Woodham, Woodmansterne, Wood Street Village, Wormley, Worplesdon, Wotton, Wrays, Wrecclesham
- Walliswood in Abinger
- Wentworth in Virginia Water
- Westborough in Guildford
- West End in Esher
- West | 23,125 |
1804847 | List of places in Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Surrey | List of places in Surrey
Hill, Wanborough, Warlingham, West Byfleet, West Clandon, West Horsley, West Molesey, Westhumble, West End, Westcott, Weybourne, Weybridge, Whitebushes, Whyteleafe, Windlesham, Wisley, Witley, Woking, Woldingham, Wonersh, Woodham, Woodmansterne, Wood Street Village, Wormley, Worplesdon, Wotton, Wrays, Wrecclesham
- Walliswood in Abinger
- Wentworth in Virginia Water
- Westborough in Guildford
- West End in Esher
- West Ewell in Ewell
- Westfield in Woking
- Weston Green in Thames Ditton
- Whiteley Village in Hersham
- Willey Green in Normandy
- Wonersh Common in Wonersh
- Woodbridge Hill in Guildford
- Woodhatch in Reigate
- Wray Common in Reigate and Redhill
- Wyke in Normandy | 23,126 |
1804871 | Louver | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louver | Louver
Louver
A louver (American English) or louvre (British English) is a window blind or shutter with horizontal slats that are angled to admit light and air, but to keep out rain and direct sunshine. The angle of the slats may be adjustable, usually in blinds and windows, or fixed.
# History.
Louvers originated in the Middle Ages as lantern-like constructions in wood that were fitted on top of roof holes in large kitchens to allow ventilation while keeping out rain and snow. They were originally rather crude constructions consisting merely of a barrel. Later they evolved into more elaborate designs made of pottery, taking the shape of faces where the smoke and steam from cooking would pour out | 23,127 |
1804871 | Louver | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louver | Louver
through the eyes and mouth, or into constructions that were more like modern louvers, with slats that could be opened or closed by pulling on a string.
# Construction.
Modern louvers are often made of aluminium, metal, wood, or glass. They may be opened and closed with a metal lever, pulleys, or through motorized operators. The Standard specifies requirements for the construction of buildings using louver in bushfire-prone areas in order to improve their resistance to bushfire attack from burning embers, radiant heat, flame contact and combinations of the three attack forms. The revised building standard details various construction methods and materials that must be used depending on the | 23,128 |
1804871 | Louver | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louver | Louver
homes level of bushfire risk. This includes changes to the window and glazing requirements for homes located in a Bushfire Attack Level category greater BAL-Low.
# Jalousies.
Often used interchangeably by mistake, the key difference between louvers and jalousies is that louvers are fixed position. Jalousies are installed within a movable adjustable mechanism which positions all jalousies into any parallel position with respect to each other.
# Use.
## In architecture.
Louvers are rarely seen as primary design elements in the language of modern architecture, but rather simply a technical device. Louvers are part of the design of Demerara windows to help keep 18th and 19th century buildings | 23,129 |
1804871 | Louver | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louver | Louver
cool in hot climates and block direct sunlight. Some modern louver systems serve to improve indoor daylighting. Fixed mirrored louver systems can limit glare and of redirect diffuse light. Such louvers may be integrated in between two panes of double glazing. In industrial facilities such as steel foundries and power plants, louvers are very common. They are utilized for natural ventilation and temperature control.
## In infrastructure.
Louvers may be used as a type of flood opening, usually covered by one or more moving flaps. They are designed to allow floodwaters to enter and leave the building, equalizing hydrostatic pressure on the walls and mitigating structural damage due to flooding. | 23,130 |
1804871 | Louver | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louver | Louver
Louvre windows are a staple in the design of homes and perfect to withstand the pressures of future cyclonic conditions. Cyclone homes have always been synonymous with louvre windows, louver blades have been tested for ‘debris type B’ for cyclonic regions.
## In transportation.
Louvers are used as semi-passive means of thermal control on spacecraft as well. They are also available as an accessory for some automobiles.
Louvers may also be used on traffic light lenses to prevent traffic from seeing the wrong traffic signal.
## In Electronics.
Louvers are used for different purposes in electronics.
### For ventilation purposes.
Based on the design of the electronic device, a majority of | 23,131 |
1804871 | Louver | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louver | Louver
the electronic devices that have them are laptops. They are less likely seen in desktops, where the design of the airflow vents are usually circular holes.
The majority of laptops that use louvers are workstation or gaming laptops, where there is a higher need of air flow, than other laptops. The louvers are usually situated near the internal fans. Majority of the time, laptop manufacturers call these louvers "fan louvers".
## Examples.
There are examples of architects who use louvres as part of the overall aesthetic effect of their buildings. The most well-known example is Finnish modernist architect Alvar Aalto who would create aesthetic effects in the facades of his buildings through the | 23,132 |
1804871 | Louver | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louver | Louver
effects in the facades of his buildings through the combination of different types and sizes of louvers, some fixed some moveable, and made mostly from wood (e.g., the various buildings of the Helsinki University of Technology). A second example, taking influence from Aalto, is the second-generation modernist architect Juha Leiviskä.
# See also.
- Air conditioning
- Jalousie window
- Window shutter
# References.
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Henisch, Bridget Ann "Fast and Feast: Food in Medieval Society". The Pennsylvania State Press, University Park. 1976.
- "Foundation Flood Vents". National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Research Center. 2001. http://www.toolbase.org/about.aspx. | 23,133 |
1804887 | Team sprint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20sprint | Team sprint
Team sprint
The team sprint (also sometimes known as the Olympic sprint) is a track cycling event. Despite its name, it is not a conventional cycling sprint event - it is, in the men's event, a three-man team time trial held over three laps of a velodrome, and, in the women's event, a two-woman event held over two laps.
The current men's world record time is 41.871 seconds. This was set by the German team of Rene Enders, Robert Forstemann and Joachim Eilers in 2013. The women's record of 31.928 seconds was set by the Chinese pair of Guo Shuang and Gong Jinjie, at the 2012 Olympic Games.
It was first introduced into championship racing in 1995. The team sprint has been an Olympic event for | 23,134 |
1804887 | Team sprint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20sprint | Team sprint
men since 2000 and for women since 2012.
Like the team pursuit event, two teams race against each other, starting on opposite sides of the track. At the end of the first lap, the leading rider in each team pulls up the banking leaving the second rider to lead for the next lap; at the end of the second lap, the second rider does the same, leaving the third rider to complete the last lap on his own. The team with the faster time is the winner.
The third rider needs good endurance qualities to maintain high speed to the finish. Kilometre track time trial specialists are usually chosen for this role.
# Rules and format.
The qualifying round sees each team racing by themselves against the clock. | 23,135 |
1804887 | Team sprint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20sprint | Team sprint
the finish. Kilometre track time trial specialists are usually chosen for this role.
# Rules and format.
The qualifying round sees each team racing by themselves against the clock. The aim of the qualifying round is to simply set the fastest possible time out of all the teams. In the Olympic Games qualifying teams will then progress into a knockout round against another team, with the two eventual surviving teams competing for the Gold and Silver and the next two competing for the Bronze medal. In the World Championships and World Cup Classics meetings, the top two from the qualifying round progress straight to the final and the third and fourth quickest fight it out for the bronze medal. | 23,136 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
Clevedon Court
Clevedon Court is a manor house on Court Hill in Clevedon, North Somerset, England, dating from the early 14th century. It is now owned by the National Trust. It is designated as a Grade I listed building.
The house was built and added to over many years. The great hall and chapel block are the earliest surviving parts of the structure with the west wing being added around 1570, when the windows and decoration of the rest of the building were changed. Further construction and adaptation was undertaken in the 18th century when it was owned by the Elton baronets. The house was acquired by the nation and was given to the National Trust in part-payment for death duties in 1960. The | 23,137 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
Elton family is still resident in the house, which is now open to the public.
In addition to the main house, the grounds include a selection of walls and outbuildings, some of which date back to the 13th century. The gardens are listed (Grade II*) on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
# History.
Much of the present house was built in the early 14th century by Sir John de Clevedon. There is speculation that it may lie on the site of a Roman building, based on excavations to the south of the house in 1961/62. The house incorporates remnants of a 13th-century building which lie at an angle to the rest of the house. It was situated nearly two miles inland from the parish church | 23,138 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
of St Andrew, which stands on the coast.
After the Norman Conquest of 1066, the manor of Clevedon was granted by the King to Matthew de Mortagne, who in turn granted it to his sub-tenant, Hildebert. It is thought that Sir John was a descendant of either Matthew or Hildebert. Perhaps because of the distance to the parish church, the manor house included a chapel dedicated, in the 1320s, to Saint Peter. The house has undergone considerable change since it was built, almost every century seeing structural alterations, but it still retains many features of a mediaeval manor house.
The de Clevedon family line ended in 1376, and the manor eventually passed, by marriage, to the Northamptonshire family | 23,139 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
of Wake, who were Lords of the Manor until 1630. John Wake made major additions to the house in the late 16th century, including a new west wing. The manor was sold by Sir John Wake to Sir John Digby in 1630. Digby's estates were confiscated during the English Civil War, but were recovered after the Restoration by his heir. In 1709 the house was bought by Abraham Elton, a merchant from Bristol.
The Eltons were a prominent Bristol family, and Abraham 1st was Sheriff of Bristol in 1702, a member of the Society of Merchant Venturers becoming Master in 1708, Mayor of Bristol in 1710, and High Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1716. He became a member of parliament for the five years preceding his death | 23,140 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
in 1728. He was created a baronet in 1717 as the first of the Elton baronets. The family wealth originally came from copper and brass (including mining in the Mendip Hills) and other commerce, and property. His descendants, not only at Clevedon, also profited from the slave trade.
Sir Abraham Elton was succeeded by four further Sir Abraham Eltons. Sir Abraham Elton, 2nd Baronet, and his son Sir Abraham Elton, 3rd Baronet, were also Sheriff and Mayor of Bristol in their time, and the second Baronet was also MP for Taunton 1722–1727, succeeding to his father's seat of Bristol in 1727 until his own death in 1742, despite being nearly ruined in the South Seas Bubble crisis. The third Baronet died | 23,141 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
bankrupt, and the estate (which had been entailed to protect it from his creditors) passed in 1761 to his brother, Sir Abraham Isaac Elton, 4th Baronet. He made substantial changes to the house and grounds in the then fashionable Gothic revival style, and was succeeded in 1790 by his son, Sir Abraham Elton, 5th Baronet. He was ordained as a young man, and was a curate in West Bromwich before inheriting the title. He was a supporter of Hannah More, and a fervent opponent of Methodism, at one time inducing the vicar of Blagdon to sack his curate, causing a national scandal. His second wife, Mary, made further alterations to the house in the early 19th century, and also made many improvements to | 23,142 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
the town, including a school. One of the town's modern primary schools is named after her.
The line of Abrahams came to an end in 1842 when Sir Charles Abraham Elton, 6th Baronet, succeeded his father. Sir Charles was a writer, and contributed to several periodicals including "The Gentleman's Magazine". Sir Charles' sister Julia was married to the historian Henry Hallam, and his nephew Arthur Hallam is buried in the Elton family vault at St Andrew's church. Arthur Hallam is the subject of Alfred Tennyson's poem "In Memoriam A.H.H.". Tennyson visited Clevedon Court in 1850, the year in which the poem was published, and also in which he was created Poet Laureate. William Makepeace Thackeray was | 23,143 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
a visitor to the court during Sir Charles's time and it was the inspiration for the house "Castlewood" which featured in his novel "The History of Henry Esmond" although, contrary to common belief, it is improbable that he wrote any of it at Clevedon Court. Samuel Taylor Coleridge lived in Clevedon briefly during this period and may have visited the Court.
Sir Arthur Elton, 7th Baronet, inherited the house and title in 1853 and, like his father, was a writer. He resigned as MP for Bath in 1859 and spent the rest of his life improving the town, setting up a lending library and allotments, and building and funding the cottage hospital (still in existence). All Saints' Church, near the Court, | 23,144 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
was built in 1860 on the orders of Sir Arthur, and he also made additions to the fabric of the Court itself. The West Wing of the house was largely destroyed by a fire in 1882. It was rebuilt, with C. E. Davis as the architect. During these building works, the chapel was rediscovered, the East window having been filled and altar broken off (perhaps during the English Protestant Reformation), and the room having been known until then as the "Lady's Bower".
Sir Edmund Elton, 8th Baronet, nephew and son-in-law of Sir Arthur, inherited the estate and title in 1883. He was an enthusiastic voluntary fireman, and inventor of one of the first forked bicycle brakes, as well as a device to prevent ladies' | 23,145 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
skirts from becoming entangled in bicycle wheels. He was also a well-known potter, setting up his "Sunflower Pottery" in the Court grounds with the help of a local boy called George Masters. "Elton ware" became popular, especially in America where it was marketed by Tiffany & Co. Elton and Masters' work typically has a variety of rich colours, bas-relief decoration of flowers in a style similar to Art Nouveau, and in the later works metallic glazes are often used.
Sir Edmund's son Sir Ambrose succeeded him in 1920. His son Sir Arthur was one of the pioneers of documentary film making in the years prior to, during and after the Second World War, working with John Grierson. He inherited the title | 23,146 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
on his father's death in 1951. The house was acquired by the Nation, and was given to the National Trust, in part-payment of death duties, in 1960. The West Wing was immediately demolished, being considered to have no architectural or historical significance, to reduce running costs and to return the house to its supposed mediaeval ground plan. Sir Arthur died in 1973 and was succeeded by his son Sir Charles. The Elton family is still resident in the house, which is now open to the public.
# Architecture — the house.
The site faces south, with its back to Court Hill, and the road may have passed east-west within of the front door. The great hall, screens passage, porches and chapel blocks | 23,147 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
have all survived from the early 14th century and the square headed chapel windows contain reticulated tracery of the decorated period. These buildings were probably complete by 1322 although the parapets of the porches and chapel may have been remodelled at a later date. The 14th-century building embodied older structures including a small four-storey tower that dates, perhaps, to the mid to late 13th century, and the building that became the 14th-century kitchen (now the museum) was probably the earlier hall.
Alterations during the late mediaeval period were limited to the addition of a two-storey latrine tower at the rear of the house and some rearrangement of the rooms around it. In about | 23,148 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
1570 a substantial west wing was added, adjoining and parallel to the solar wing. Apparently typical of its period, it would have transformed the living arrangements of the Wake family who built it. Presumably at the same time, the front of the solar block and east wing were "Elizabethanised" with new windows, and the gable end of the kitchen block at the eastern end was decorated with finials.
There is little evidence of the building work that must have been done in the early 1700s following a period of near-disuse and it may have been restricted to repairs. Substantial alterations in the 1760s and 1770s included the replacement and repitching of the great hall roof, the new gothic south window | 23,149 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
of the great hall complete with the ogee parapet above it and the provision of a ceiling within the hall. At the same time, the west wing façade was remodelled in "Chinese Gothic" style.
Sir Arthur Elton (7th Bt) began updating the house before 1850 (and the lodge at the gate dates from 1851) but it was in 1860s that he made major changes. The west wing was extended and remodelled, this time with an Elizabethan style façade. Less obvious alterations to the east end (where the servants lived and worked) probably also date to this period. The fire of 1882 destroyed much of the western end of the house. In the rebuilding that followed, an even larger west end was constructed but Sir Arthur took | 23,150 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
pains to ensure that its Elizabethan south front was conserved and retained. Postcards of Clevedon reveal that the last change to the great hall window was made in about 1912, when it was given a square head again, in Elizabethan style.
In the late 1950s, when the National Trust agreed to take on the house, the Victorian west wing (but not its Elizabethan south front) were demolished as were a plethora of minor 18th- and 19th-century buildings at the rear. The new west front was given a stonework façade and incorporated the Elizabethan south front.
# Architecture — outbuildings.
In the grounds, the only certain survivor from the medieval period is the small crenellated drum tower. Its original | 23,151 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
purpose is unknown. It adjoins a substantial wall that may also have origins in the 13th century. The other garden walls have unknown dates of origin but mostly pre-date around 1730, when the stables were built. All of the other buildings, including the lodge at the South entrance (1851) are Georgian or Victorian. The medieval appearance of the eastern barn resulting from incorporation of stone from the former medieval barn that stood in front of the house.
An early picture of the court shows a building known as Wake's Tower on Court Hill. It is included in Saxton's map of 1570 but was demolished before 1738. Towers such as this were popular Elizabethan features and were lookouts or summer | 23,152 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
houses. A summerhouse was built on the site but this too was in ruins by the early 19th century.
# Interior.
The central and largest room in the house is the great hall which was the original dining room and the accompanying screens passage which gave access to the hall from the service rooms. The staircase to the north of the hall was added in the 18th century. The state room on the western side of the first floor was damaged by fire in 1882; the oak panelling around the fireplace was brought from the Eltons' former house in Queen Square, Bristol. The chapel on the first floor has a rectangular window with reticulated tracery, which dominates the front of the house. The stained glass in the | 23,153 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
window was added after the 1882 fire. The justice room has had a variety of uses but takes its name from its function as the manorial court until the 18th century. The house contains many family portraits and other pictures as well as collections of Eltonware and Nailsea Glass and prints of bridges and railways.
# Gardens.
The gardens of Clevedon Court are listed (Grade II*) on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
Nestling at the foot of Court Hill, on a sheltered south-facing site largely protected from the winds which blow off the Bristol Channel, the front lawns of Clevedon Court run gently down to the perimeter wall. The bulk of the house conceals the dramatic architectural | 23,154 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
quality of the garden behind, carved out of the hillside in a series of terraces, which rise steeply back to merge with the woodland above. They are surrounded by what Gertrude Jekyll described as "One of the noblest ranges of terrace walls in England."
Although a court roll of 1389 mentions two gardens, there is no record of where these were sited, nor is there any record of when the terraces were constructed. The basic layout as known today was certainly in place by about 1730, as can be seen in a portrait of the house from that period. Later in the 18th century, the space behind the great pilastered wall was infilled to make the top terrace, which has wide views across the valley to the | 23,155 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
Mendip Hills beyond. The Octagon, a garden pavilion, was built about the same time, as was the more rustic summer house which faces it down the long grassy walk of the Pretty Terrace. Further modifications involved facing the lower retaining wall with rosy pink bricks, which were also used to build a double flight of steps below the Octagon. The garden is still largely in its 18th-century form, though small ponds and fountains were added in the 19th century and the once open hillside behind is now thickly wooded. A single rose arbour remained from the Edwardian garden but was on the verge of collapse when it was replaced with a new one in 2009, marking 300 years of the Elton family's presence | 23,156 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
at Clevedon Court.
Very little is known about the mid-18th century planting, although there remains, in front of the house, a gnarled black mulberry tree, which was described as ancient in 1822. However, 19th-century drawings and photographs record increasingly elaborate and fussy bedding schemes, finally swept away in the 1960s. Today there is a more informal style, emphasising the architectural character of the garden with its long straight sweeps of wall; it is also an easier style to maintain. In recent years, native wild plants have been allowed to mingle with rare and exotic specimens and continual thought is being given to contrasting textures and colours of foliage. The lower garden, | 23,157 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
below the front of the house, now has the air of a small arboretum with a number of fine specimen trees, such as a splendid late-leafing catalpa (an oriental plane tree) dominates this part of the garden and the grass at its foot is left uncut during the Spring, allowing camassias and bluebells to make a fine showing.
As with many English gardens, this one is at its best in May and June, when the magnolias are in bloom and luxurious plants, such as peonies and alliums, are flowering. An ongoing initiative is being made to put in plants which provide interest throughout the season or are at their best in the late summer. There are now many species and colours of lavender and plenty of agapanthus, | 23,158 |
1804814 | Clevedon Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clevedon%20Court | Clevedon Court
sias and bluebells to make a fine showing.
As with many English gardens, this one is at its best in May and June, when the magnolias are in bloom and luxurious plants, such as peonies and alliums, are flowering. An ongoing initiative is being made to put in plants which provide interest throughout the season or are at their best in the late summer. There are now many species and colours of lavender and plenty of agapanthus, crinum, nerines and day lilies, together with such rarities as a Heptacodium and an Arbutus menziesii.
# See also.
- List of Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset
- List of National Trust properties in Somerset
# External links.
- National Trust: Clevedon Court | 23,159 |
1804882 | Lisa the Simpson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa%20the%20Simpson | Lisa the Simpson
Lisa the Simpson
"Lisa the Simpson" is the seventeenth episode of "The Simpsons" ninth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 8, 1998. In the episode, Lisa fears that she may be genetically predisposed to lose her intelligence after Grandpa tells her of a family gene that can permanently take away intelligence.
"Lisa the Simpson" was written by Ned Goldreyer and directed by Susie Dietter. This episode was the final episode with Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein as show runners. It received generally positive reviews from critics, and is considered one of the best episodes of the ninth season.
# Plot.
At Springfield Elementary, Lisa is presented with a brain | 23,160 |
1804882 | Lisa the Simpson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa%20the%20Simpson | Lisa the Simpson
teaser, which she is unable to solve. Following this incident, Lisa finds herself unable to perform simple tasks. Later, Lisa tells Grampa about her recent cognitive problems. He seems to recognize this, and tells Lisa about the "Simpson Gene", which apparently causes all members of the Simpson family to gradually lose their intelligence as they get older.
Meanwhile, Jasper visits the Kwik-E-Mart and attempts to empty the freezer containing ice cream in order to freeze himself, with the intention of being defrosted sometime in the distant future. Apu decides to take advantage of this unusual situation for financial gain. The convenience store becomes more profitable as a tourist trap, until | 23,161 |
1804882 | Lisa the Simpson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa%20the%20Simpson | Lisa the Simpson
the freezer's cooling system fails, causing Jasper to defrost and walk away. Apu then decides to turn the Kwik-E-Mart into the "Nude-E-Mart".
Lisa appears on the TV news program "Smartline" to tell the citizens of Springfield to treasure their brains. As she does this, Homer decides to prove her wrong, and contacts the entire extended Simpson family to visit. However, when they arrive, Homer realizes they are also unsuccessful, unintelligent people, which only depresses Lisa further and causes Homer to send them home.
However, before they leave, Marge urges Homer to talk to the Simpson women. Reluctantly, he talks to them at her request and he discovers that the women are all successful. Lisa | 23,162 |
1804882 | Lisa the Simpson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa%20the%20Simpson | Lisa the Simpson
asks why the women in her family were not affected by the "Simpson Gene". Dr. Simpson reveals that the defective gene is only found in the Y-chromosome and only the males are affected. As a female, Dr. Simpson tells Lisa that she will be successful like them. She is relieved that she is fine and she will not suffer the "Simpson Gene". Bart asks Homer if he will suffer the "Simpson Gene" due to his sex. When he admits that Bart will, he is wary and bemoaning his future. However, Homer reassures him that he will be a spectacular failure.
The episode ends with Lisa finally being able to solve the brain teaser she was unable to finish earlier in the episode.
# Production.
This episode was the | 23,163 |
1804882 | Lisa the Simpson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa%20the%20Simpson | Lisa the Simpson
final episode that was run by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein, as it was a carry-over episode from season eight. The episode was written by Ned Goldreyer, and is one of the two episodes he has written on "The Simpsons". Susie Dietter, one of the directors of the show, also left the show after this episode, but returned for one episode in season 18, "Yokel Chords".
As it was the final episode they ran, Oakley and Weinstein wanted to end on a good note, with Weinstein stating that the episode "was meant to embody the humor, depth, and emotions of "The Simpsons"". They also wished to have an episode they ran that was based on the background of every character they could do, and believed that this | 23,164 |
1804882 | Lisa the Simpson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa%20the%20Simpson | Lisa the Simpson
episode came out well. The name of the episode was the center of an argument that Oakley and Goldreyer had, as Oakley had originally wanted to have the episode named "Lisa the Simpson", although Goldreyer wanted to name it "Suddenly Stupid", a pun on a show that had been airing at the time called "Suddenly Susan".
The Simpsons' family members that showed up took some time to be made, but the staff enjoyed the results. All of the male Simpson family members that showed up were voiced by Dan Castellaneta, the voice of Homer. He had asked for the recording tape to be run for about 20 minutes, so he could do many different voice variations that would fit the different men, but still be close to | 23,165 |
1804882 | Lisa the Simpson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa%20the%20Simpson | Lisa the Simpson
Homer's voice.
# Reception.
In its original broadcast, "Lisa the Simpson" finished 19th in ratings for the week of March 2–8, 1998, with a Nielsen rating of 10.7, equivalent to approximately 10.4 million viewing households. It was the second highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, following "The X-Files".
IGN's Todd Gilchrist named the episode as one of his favorites of the ninth season in his review of the DVD boxset. The authors of the book "I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide", Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, thought well of the episode, saying, "A terrific episode, with a good mix of pathos (Lisa's farewell to the Springsonian and her favourite | 23,166 |
1804882 | Lisa the Simpson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa%20the%20Simpson | Lisa the Simpson
hors of the book "I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide", Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, thought well of the episode, saying, "A terrific episode, with a good mix of pathos (Lisa's farewell to the Springsonian and her favourite jazz club are inspired) and fun (her Homeresque 'woo-hoo') which comes together to make a refreshing and exciting look at Lisa's life."
Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein greatly enjoyed the episode and thought of it as a great final episode that they ran. On the DVD audio commentary, writer Ned Goldreyer stated, "I think this might have been the best episode ever produced."
# External links.
- "Lisa the Simpson" at The Simpsons.com | 23,167 |
1804835 | Super Touring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Touring | Super Touring
Super Touring
Super Touring, Class 2 or Class II was a motor racing Touring Cars category defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) for national touring car racing in 1993. It was based on the "2 litre Touring Car Formula" created for the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) in 1990. The FIA organised a World Cup for the category each year from 1993 to 1995, and adopted the term "Super Tourer" from 1995.
Super Touring replaced Group A as the norm in nearly every touring car championship across the world, but escalating costs, and the withdrawal of works teams caused the category to collapse in the late 1990s. The cars looked like regular production road cars, while expensive | 23,168 |
1804835 | Super Touring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Touring | Super Touring
changes had to be made to provide space for racing tyres inside the standard wheel arches.
An example for this was the German Super Tourenwagen Cup (STW) series, which ran from 1994 to 1999, filling a void left after the end of the 2.5-litre V6-powered Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM) in 1996. In 2000, the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (keeping the 'DTM' acronym) resumed with 4.0-litre V8-powered cars.
# Regulations.
The Super Touring cars were required to be a minimum of in length, with four doors, effectively requiring a small family saloon car as a minimum. No more than 2 litres engine capacity, or six cylinders were permitted, and the engine was required to be normally aspirated. | 23,169 |
1804835 | Super Touring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Touring | Super Touring
Only two wheels could be driven and steered. For homologation, initially at least 2500 units of the model used must have been produced. In 1995, in a bid to counter the increasing numbers of homologation specials this was increased to at least 25,000 units.
There was no restriction on body size and doors until 1993, when it was changed to only allow cars with a minimum of four doors and no smaller than the EuroNCAP 'Small Family Car' class, although 'Large Family Car' tends to dominate the category. Until 1995, teams were only permitted to fit aerodynamic device that were available through dealers, but that changed when, in 1994 BTCC season, Alfa Romeo entered a 155 with Gabriele Tarquini and | 23,170 |
1804835 | Super Touring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Touring | Super Touring
Giampiero Simoni as drivers. The car had a front spoiler with a bottom piece that could be unscrewed and moved forward, acting as a splitter, and a rear spoiler with a pair of extensions, giving the car more downforce. When Alfa Romeo won the first five rounds, Ford, supported by Vauxhall, made a complaint to the race stewards. TOCA soon decided the aero devices were illegal and Alfa Romeo were stripped of the points they earned at Snetterton and Silverstone, though this decision was later reversed by appeal. After this point, Alfa were forced to run their spoilers in the retracted position (the position in which the spoilers were fitted on the road going version, the Alfa 155 Silverstone, though | 23,171 |
1804835 | Super Touring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Touring | Super Touring
the road car was sold with two unfitted spoiler extension brackets). In the meantime, Renault and BMW responded by introducing their own limited edition road cars – to enable them to run with oversized aerodynamic aids. Soon after that, the FIA changed the regulation in all series to allow cars to only use non-production aerodynamic devices with a restricted size. Restrictions varied depending on body type, with Volvo having to revert from the 850 Estate to their four-door saloon model the following season when they found themselves to be disadvantaged by the new rules. In the Italian Supertourismo category, teams entered extended spoilers without complaints.
Alfa Romeo also homologated 2500 | 23,172 |
1804835 | Super Touring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Touring | Super Touring
road cars, which was the minimum, for that season to allow their 1.8-litre car with an advantage of a higher rev limit to enter, that was also changed to only non-homlogated consumer models to enter.
Some series however, would change the rules to suit crowd demands, and competition from rival series, one example, was the Japanese Touring Car Championship (JTCC), which made increases to body width and exhaust noise, also keeping the front aerodynamic devices basic in 1997; it ultimately backfired when Nissan and Honda left the series the following season, leaving Toyota as the only manufacturer that competed. In 1999, a new formula using spaceframe cars came to nothing, and the series was abandoned | 23,173 |
1804835 | Super Touring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Touring | Super Touring
altogether, as by then Japan's big three all had works entries in the JGTC.
In Australia, the series began in 1993 when the Group A regulations for the Australian Touring Car Championship series was replaced by V8 Supercars and Super Touring. The advent of a new management structure and telelcast arrangement for V8 Supercar put them in conflict with Bathurst 1000 organisers. Super Touring were offered the chance to compete at Bathurst after race organisers could not come to terms with V8 Supercar. Bathurst City Council and V8 Supercar came to a separate arrangement to host their own breakaway "Australian 1000 Classic" race. Super Touring did not become a viable option, and the third and final | 23,174 |
1804835 | Super Touring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Touring | Super Touring
race was transformed into a motorsport carnival, with several categories attending and the Super Touring event halved to , before collapsing in the aftermath of the 1999 race. In 2000, in the absence of a rival, the V8 Supercar event took up the Bathurst 1000 name.
Unfortunately, during the Super Touring's long run, the category suffered two fatal accidents. In 1995, Gregg Hansford at Phillip Island, and Kieth O'dor at Avus, were involved in fatal accidents as a result of a broken neck caused by their cars' being hit side-on. Soon after, rollcages in competition cars with built-in side impact bars, and seats with head restraints on the side would become mandatory.
One reason for Super Touring's | 23,175 |
1804835 | Super Touring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Touring | Super Touring
demise was the cost of preparing a car for competition. In 1990, a Vauxhall Cavalier cost £60,000. By the later part of the 90's, a similar car with more sophisticated aerodynamics device and telemetry cost £250,000.
The current World Touring Car Championship regulations are very inspired by the old series, with production-based four-door saloons powered by 2.0-litre engines. Wider wheel arches are allowed, which makes the cars look more spectacular. Cars under S2000 regulations are cheaper than their predecessors, to which serious modifications had to be made to allow for wider tires, lower ride height and different suspension – as the width of Super 2000 cars does not need to be the same | 23,176 |
1804835 | Super Touring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Touring | Super Touring
as that of the production models, development costs can be kept lower. Various national championships use similar rules.
Although it bears no resemblance to its predecessor, the "Super Touring" name was retained by the Championnat de France de Supertourisme for the current 3.0-litre tube frame cars.
# See also.
- Group 2 (racing)
- Group A
- Class 1 Touring Cars
- Super 2000
- Diesel 2000
# External links.
- SuperTouring.co.uk – history of Super Touring
- SuperTouringRegister.com – archive of cars built to Super Touring regulations
- SuperTouringCars.net – Super Touring homepage with cars, facts, links, news, parts, photos
- Article 262 – Technical Regulations Super Touring Cars | 23,177 |
1804835 | Super Touring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super%20Touring | Super Touring
though it bears no resemblance to its predecessor, the "Super Touring" name was retained by the Championnat de France de Supertourisme for the current 3.0-litre tube frame cars.
# See also.
- Group 2 (racing)
- Group A
- Class 1 Touring Cars
- Super 2000
- Diesel 2000
# External links.
- SuperTouring.co.uk – history of Super Touring
- SuperTouringRegister.com – archive of cars built to Super Touring regulations
- SuperTouringCars.net – Super Touring homepage with cars, facts, links, news, parts, photos
- Article 262 – Technical Regulations Super Touring Cars (Group ST)
- Stracingaustralia.com.au – Super Tourer Racing Australia
- Supertcc.com – HSCC Super Touring Car Championship | 23,178 |
269878 | Blood of Amber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood%20of%20Amber | Blood of Amber
Blood of Amber
Blood of Amber is a fantasy novel by American writer Roger Zelazny, published in 1986. It is the second book in the second Chronicles of Amber series, and the seventh book overall in the Amber series.
# Plot summary.
Merlin escapes from the crystal cave, and decides to gain leverage over Luke by rescuing his mother from the Keep of the Four Worlds. He spars with the sorcerer who now controls the keep, and who seems to know him. He escapes with the petrified Jasra, and returns to Amber where an unusual Trump summoning imprisons him in the Mad Hatter's tea party.
# Release details.
The book was published simultaneously in a limited edition of 400 signed and numbered copies, | 23,179 |
269878 | Blood of Amber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood%20of%20Amber | Blood of Amber
e keep, and who seems to know him. He escapes with the petrified Jasra, and returns to Amber where an unusual Trump summoning imprisons him in the Mad Hatter's tea party.
# Release details.
The book was published simultaneously in a limited edition of 400 signed and numbered copies, by Underwood/Miller and also a trade edition, by Arbor House.
# References to other works.
When Merlin first spies the Keep of the Four Worlds, he describes it as "an amazingly huge and complex structure, which I immediately christened Gormenghast." "Gormenghast" is the name of the sprawling, crumbling fortress from Mervyn Peake's Gormenghast trilogy.
# External links.
- Blood of Amber at Worlds Without End | 23,180 |
1804849 | Orthomolecular psychiatry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthomolecular%20psychiatry | Orthomolecular psychiatry
Orthomolecular psychiatry
Orthomolecular psychiatry is the use of orthomolecular medicine for mental illness. The approach uses unorthodox forms of individualized testing and diagnosis to attempt to establish an etiology for each patient's specific symptoms, and claims to tailor the treatment accordingly, using a combination of nutrients, dietary changes and medications that are claimed to enhance quality of life and functionality as well as to reduce or eliminate symptoms and the use of xenobiotic drugs. Orthomolecular psychiatry has been rejected by the mainstream medical community.
# History.
Orthomolecular psychiatry began with Abram Hoffer and Humphry Osmond in the 1950s and was continued | 23,181 |
1804849 | Orthomolecular psychiatry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthomolecular%20psychiatry | Orthomolecular psychiatry
by Carl Pfeiffer, although proponents of orthomolecular psychiatry say that the ideas behind their approach can be traced back to the 1920s and '30s. Orthomolecular psychiatry's goal of weaning patients from conventional neuroleptic drugs follows "Pfeiffer's Law", "For every drug that benefits a patient, there is a natural substance that can achieve the same effect". In 1968, Linus Pauling first used the term "orthomolecular".
Hoffer's therapies focused on using niacin, among other nutrients, to treat what he diagnosed as acute schizophrenia based on an unaccepted test. In 1973, a task force of the American Psychiatric Association examined niacin monotherapy of patient populations with chronic | 23,182 |
1804849 | Orthomolecular psychiatry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthomolecular%20psychiatry | Orthomolecular psychiatry
schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and rejected the practice along with the reliability of Hoffer's diagnostic approach.
The assertions by proponents of orthomolecular psychiatry were rejected in 1973 by a panel of the American Psychiatric Association. However, the underpinning ideas of orthomolecular psychiatry have become popular in alternative medical circles as a means to explain conditions such as autism, heavy metal toxicity, and chronic inflammatory disease. After 1975, orthomolecular psychiatry research was primarily reported in "Orthomolecular Psychiatry", now the "Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine", a publication founded by Hoffer to counter what he considered to be a medical conspiracy | 23,183 |
1804849 | Orthomolecular psychiatry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthomolecular%20psychiatry | Orthomolecular psychiatry
against his ideas.
# Diagnosis.
Proponents of orthomolecular psychiatry claim to have identified the causes of some psychiatric syndromes, in particular those that cause psychosis; according to orthomolecular proponents, testing for these causes guides diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic measures and therapies commonly employed include "individual biochemical workup", fasting, identifying suggested allergies, dietary changes, megavitamin therapy, amino acids, and other so-called "pharmacologic nutrients". These diagnoses have not been accepted by mainstream medicine.
Neurological Disorders
"Defects in vitamin B6 metabolism may contribute to some types of neurological abnormalities, because | 23,184 |
1804849 | Orthomolecular psychiatry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthomolecular%20psychiatry | Orthomolecular psychiatry
of the involvement of PLP in numerous key pathways of neural functions (namely neurotransmitter synthesis, amino acid metabolism, sphingolipid biosynthesis, and degradation).".
# Specific conditions.
Orthomolecularists claim that the causes of psychotic disorders include food allergy, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism in the presence of normal thyroid values, heavy metal intoxications including those allegedly due to dental fillings, as well as several hypothesised conditions they call "pyroluria", "histadelia" and "histapenia". These conditions are said to be not recognized by the conventional medical community though over 400 medical practitioners are said to have attended practitioner education | 23,185 |
1804849 | Orthomolecular psychiatry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthomolecular%20psychiatry | Orthomolecular psychiatry
workshops worldwide.
## Pyroluria.
"Pyroluria" (or "malvaria" from the term "mauve factor") involves hypothetical excessive levels of pyrroles in the body resulting from improper hemoglobin synthesis. Carl Pfeiffer believed that pyroluria is a form of schizophrenic porphyria, similar to acute intermittent porphyria where both pyrroles and porphyrins are excreted in the human urine to an excessive degree. and orthomolecular psychiatrists have alleged that pyroluria is related to diagnoses of ADHD, alcoholism, autism, depression, down syndrome, manic-depression, schizophrenia, celiac disease, epilepsy, and psychosis. Pfeiffer's methods have not been rigorously tested, and pyrroles are not considered | 23,186 |
1804849 | Orthomolecular psychiatry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthomolecular%20psychiatry | Orthomolecular psychiatry
to be related to schizophrenia. Studies have either failed to detect hemopyrrole and kryptopyrrole in the urine of normal controls and schizophrenics, or found no correlation between these chemicals and mental illness. Few, if any, medical experts regard the condition as genuine, and few or no articles on pyroluria are found in modern medical literature; the approach is described as "snake oil" by pediatrician and author Julian Haber.
## Histadelia.
"Histadelia" is a condition hypothesised by Carl Pfeiffer to involve elevated serum levels of histamine and basophils, which he says can be treated with methionine and vitamin B megadoses. Pfeiffer claims that "histadelia" can cause depression | 23,187 |
1804849 | Orthomolecular psychiatry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthomolecular%20psychiatry | Orthomolecular psychiatry
with or without psychosis, but no published clinical trials have tested the effectiveness of this therapy.
## Histapenia.
"Histapenia" in orthomolecular medicine is the condition of high serum copper with low histamine.
# Relationship to mainstream psychiatry.
Orthomolecular psychiatry has been rejected by the mainstream medical community. Critics have noted that the claims advanced by its proponents are unsubstantiated, and even false. Authoritative bodies such as the National Institute of Mental Health and American Academy of Pediatrics have criticized orthomolecular treatments as ineffective and toxic.
A 1973 task force of the American Psychiatric Association charged with investigating | 23,188 |
1804849 | Orthomolecular psychiatry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthomolecular%20psychiatry | Orthomolecular psychiatry
orthomolecular claims concluded:
This review and critique has carefully examined the literature produced by megavitamin proponents and by those who have attempted to replicate their basic and clinical work. It concludes in this regard that the credibility of the megavitamin proponents is low. Their credibility is further diminished by a consistent refusal over the past decade to perform controlled experiments and to report their new results in a scientifically acceptable fashion. Under these circumstances this Task Force considers the massive publicity which they promulgate via radio, the lay press and popular books, using catch phrases which are really misnomers like "megavitamin therapy" | 23,189 |
1804849 | Orthomolecular psychiatry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthomolecular%20psychiatry | Orthomolecular psychiatry
this regard that the credibility of the megavitamin proponents is low. Their credibility is further diminished by a consistent refusal over the past decade to perform controlled experiments and to report their new results in a scientifically acceptable fashion. Under these circumstances this Task Force considers the massive publicity which they promulgate via radio, the lay press and popular books, using catch phrases which are really misnomers like "megavitamin therapy" and "orthomolecular treatment," to be deplorable.
One review suggested the APA statement was "well-intentioned" but biased, and called for further research in this field.
# External links.
- Orthomolecular Medicine Online | 23,190 |
1804889 | Acoustic network | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acoustic%20network | Acoustic network
Acoustic network
An acoustic network is a method of positioning equipment using sound waves. It is primarily used in water, and can be as small or as large as required by the users specifications.
# Size of network.
The simplest acoustic network consists of one measurement resulting in a single range between sound source and sound receiver.
Bigger networks are only limited by the amount of equipment available, and computing power needed to resolve the resulting data. The latest acoustic networks used in the marine seismic industry can resolve a network of some 16,000 individual ranges in a matter of seconds.
# The principle.
The principle behind all acoustic networks is the same. Distance | 23,191 |
1804889 | Acoustic network | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acoustic%20network | Acoustic network
= speed x travel time. If the travel time and speed of the sound signal are known, we can calculate the distance between source and receiver. In most networks, the speed of the acoustic signal is assumed at a specific value. This value is either derived from measuring a signal between two known points, or by using specific equipment to calculate it from environmental conditions.
The diagram below shows the basic operation of measuring a single range.
- 1. At a specified time the processor issues a signal to the source, which then sends out the sound wave.
- 2. Once the sound wave is received another signal is received at the processor resulting in a time difference between transmission and | 23,192 |
1804889 | Acoustic network | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acoustic%20network | Acoustic network
reception. This gives the travel time.
- 3. Using the travel time and assumed speed of the signal, the processor can calculate the distance between source and receiver.
If the operator is using acoustic ranges to position items in unknown locations they will need to use more than the single range example shown above.
As there is only one measurement, the receiver could be anywhere on a circle with a radius equal to the calculated range and centered on the transmitter.
# Acoustic Processing.
Audition and acoustic solutions for environmental sounds and noises acquisition and signal processing applications, designs, markets, manufactures and sells low complexity embeddable solutions for capture | 23,193 |
1804889 | Acoustic network | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acoustic%20network | Acoustic network
ustic Processing.
Audition and acoustic solutions for environmental sounds and noises acquisition and signal processing applications, designs, markets, manufactures and sells low complexity embeddable solutions for capture and other acoustic processing applications:
- Multi-channel A/D conversion
- Beamforming and front-end acoustic processing solutions for low noise audio capture
- Standalone and Embeddable
- System for acoustic ambient intelligent applications
If a second transmitter is added to the system the number of possible positions for the receiver is reduced to two.
It is only when three or more ranges are introduced into the system, is the position of the receiver achieved. | 23,194 |
269879 | Strong Motion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strong%20Motion | Strong Motion
Strong Motion
Strong Motion (1992) is the second novel by American author Jonathan Franzen.
# Themes.
"Strong Motion" was noted by reviewers for its impassioned social criticism, the thoroughness of its research, and its treatment of controversial themes such as abortion, feminism, corporate malfeasance, exploitative capitalism, etc.
# Plot summary.
Louis Holland arrives in Boston to find that a minor earthquake in Ipswich has killed his eccentric grandmother, triggering a struggle between him, his sister Eileen, and his mother Melanie over the disposition of a $22 million inheritance. During a visit to the beach, Louis meets Dr. Reneé Seitchek, a Harvard seismologist who believes she has | 23,195 |
269879 | Strong Motion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strong%20Motion | Strong Motion
discovered the cause of subsequent earthquakes in Peabody. Louis, Reneé, and the Hollands' affairs become entangled with the petrochemical and weapons company Sweeting-Aldren, as well as a pro-life activist commune called the Church of Action in Christ, headed by Reverend Philip Stites.
# Critical reception.
Reception to the book was mostly positive, with critics applauding its style, ambition, and riskiness; the "New York Times" described it as "the stuff of several books crammed into one long, dense narrative about contemporary urban America". Negative criticism focused on a perceived lack of focus, and an attempt to interweave too many plot threads—the "Los Angeles Times" noted that "Franzen | 23,196 |
269879 | Strong Motion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strong%20Motion | Strong Motion
eception to the book was mostly positive, with critics applauding its style, ambition, and riskiness; the "New York Times" described it as "the stuff of several books crammed into one long, dense narrative about contemporary urban America". Negative criticism focused on a perceived lack of focus, and an attempt to interweave too many plot threads—the "Los Angeles Times" noted that "Franzen writes beautifully for the most part, though sometimes to excess".
During an interview in 2015, Stephen King said that Franzen is one of his favorite novelists working today, particularly because of King's admiration for "Strong Motion".
# External links.
- Laura Shapiro in "Newsweek" on "Strong Motion" | 23,197 |
269865 | Outward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outward%20Bound | Outward Bound
Outward Bound
Outward Bound (OB) is an international network of outdoor education schools that was founded in the United Kingdom by Kurt Hahn and Lawrence Holt in 1941. Today there are schools in 33 countries which are attended by more than 250,000 people each year. Outward Bound International is a non-profit membership and licensing organisation for the international network of Outward Bound schools. The Outward Bound Trust is an educational charity established in 1946 to operate the schools in the United Kingdom. Separate organizations operate the schools in each of the other countries in which Outward Bound operates.
Outward Bound helped to shape the U.S. Peace Corps and numerous other outdoor | 23,198 |
269865 | Outward Bound | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outward%20Bound | Outward Bound
adventure programs. Its aim is to foster the personal growth and social skills of participants by using challenging expeditions in the outdoors.
# History.
The first Outward Bound school was opened in Aberdyfi, Wales in 1941 by Kurt Hahn and Lawrence Holt with the support of the Blue Funnel Line. Outward Bound grew out of Hahn's work in the development of the Gordonstoun school and what is now known as the Duke of Edinburgh's Award. Outward Bound's founding mission was to improve the survival chances of young seamen after their ships were torpedoed in the mid-Atlantic.
James Martin Hogan served as warden for the first year of the school. This mission was established and then expanded by Capt. | 23,199 |
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