wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
269897 | La Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Union | La Union
into a business and industrial area, helps to facilitate such commercial activity.
The major products of the province include: hand-woven blankets ("Inabel"), softbrooms, baskets, pottery, rice wine ("tapuey"), sugarcane wine ("basi"), sugarcane vinegar, wood craft, bamboo craft, native rice cakes, antique-finish furniture, dried fish, coconuts, sea urchins, "malunggay", pebble stones and prostitution.
# Education.
La Union has 333 public elementary schools, 56 private elementary schools, 79 public high schools, 51 private secondary schools, 20 Colleges and 5 State Universities.
# Provincial government and politics.
Just as the national government, La Union provincial government is divided | 23,300 |
269897 | La Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Union | La Union
into three branches: executive, legislative and judiciary. The judicial branch is administered solely by the Supreme Court of the Philippines. The LGUs have control of the executive and legislative branch.
The executive branch is composed of the governor for the provinces, mayor for the cities and municipalities, and the barangay captain for the barangays.
The legislative branch is composed of the "Sangguniang Panlalawigan" (provincial assembly) for the provinces, "Sangguniang Panlungsod" (city assembly) for the cities, "Sangguniang Bayan" (town assembly) for the municipalities, "Sangguniang Barangay" (barangay council), and the "Sangguniang Kabataan" for the youth sector.
The seat of government | 23,301 |
269897 | La Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Union | La Union
is vested upon the mayor and other elected officers who hold office at the City Hall of San Fernando. The Sanguniang Bayan is the center of legislation, stationed in the Speaker Pro-Tempore Francisco I. Ortega Building, the Legislative Building at the back of the Capitol.
## Elected officials.
La Union is governed by Francisco Emmanuel "Pacoy" R. Ortega III, the chief executive, his vice governor, Mario Ortega, and 13 board members.
### Governors.
#### American colonization.
- Lucino Almeida (1901)
- Don Joaquin Joaquino Ortega (1901–1904)
- Joaquin Luna (1904–1907)
- Sixto Zandueta (1907–1909)
- Francisco Zandueta (1909–1912)
- Mauro Ortiz (1912–1916)
- Tomas de Guzman (1916)
- | 23,302 |
269897 | La Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Union | La Union
Mauro Ortiz (1916–1918)
- Pio Ancheta (1918–1921)
- Thomas de Guzman (1922–1923)
- Juan Lucero (1923–1928)
- Thomas de Guzman (1928–1931)
- Pio Ancheta (1931)
- Mauro Ortiz (1931–1934)
- Juan Rivera (1934–1937)
- Francisco Nisce, (1937–1940)
- Bernardo Gapuz (1940)
#### Japanese occupation.
- Jorge Camacho (1941–1942)
- Bonifacio Tadiar (1942–1944)
#### Postwar and present eras.
- Agaton Yaranon (1946–1947)
- Doroteo Aguila (1948–1951)
- Juan Carbonell (1952–1955)
- Bernardo Gapuz (1956–1959)
- Eulogio de Guzman, (1960–1967)
- Juvenal Guerrero (1968–1977)
- Tomas Asprer, (1977–1986)
- Robert V. Dulay (1986–1987)
- Joaquin Ortega (1988–1992)
- Justo O. Orros (1992–2001)
- | 23,303 |
269897 | La Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Union | La Union
Victor F. Ortega, (2001–2007)
- Manuel C. Ortega (2007–2016)
- Francisco Emmanuel R. Ortega III, (2016–present)
## Court system.
The Supreme Court of the Philippines recognizes La Union ("inter alia") regional trial courts and metropolitan or municipal trial courts within the province and towns, that have an overall jurisdiction in the populace of the province and towns, respectively.
"Batas Pambansa Blg. 129", "The Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980", as amended, created Regional, Metropolitan, Municipal Trial and Circuit Courts. The Third Judicial Region includes RTCs in La Union xxx Sec. 14. Regional Trial Courts. (a) Fifty-seven Regional Trial Judges shall be commissioned for the | 23,304 |
269897 | La Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Union | La Union
First Judicial Region. Nine branches (Branches XXVI to XXXIV) for the province of La Union, Branches XXVI to XXX with seats at San Fernando, Branches XXXI and XXXII at Agoo, Branch XXXIII at Bauang, and Branch XXXIV at Balaoan;
The law also created Metropolitan Trial Courts in each metropolitan area established by law, a Municipal Trial Court in each of the other cities or municipalities, and a Municipal Circuit Trial Court in each circuit comprising such cities and/or municipalities as are grouped together pursuant to law: three branches for Cabanatuan City; in every city which does not form part of a metropolitan area, there is also a Municipal Trial Court with one branch, except as provided: | 23,305 |
269897 | La Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Union | La Union
Two branches for San Fernando, La Union;
The courts of law are stationed in Halls of Justices of the Province and towns. In La Union, the Regional Trial Court is stationed at the "Bulwagan ng Katarungan" or Halls of Justice in San Fernando, La Union and other Regional Trial Courts in Bauang and Agoo, La Union.
# Notable people.
- Magnolia Antonino (1915–2010) – Senator of the Philippines
- Jose D. Aspiras - congressman and former Secretary of Tourism
- Anacleto Diaz (1878 - 1945) – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
- Gloria Diaz (born 1951) – Miss Philippines 1969, Miss Universe 1969
- Vice Ganda – Singer, actor, comedian
- JB Magsaysay (born 1980) – Pinoy Big | 23,306 |
269897 | La Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Union | La Union
- JB Magsaysay (born 1980) – Pinoy Big Brother (season 1) housemate; actor, public servant and businessman
- Bienvenido Nebres (born 1940) - Filipino mathematician, academic, National Scientist of the Philippines, former Provincial Superior of the Society of Jesus in the Philippines
- Camilo Osias (1889–1976) – Filipino politician, twice for a short time president of the Senate of the Philippines.
- Diego Silang (1730–1763) – a revolutionary leader
- Jessica Soho- award-winning news anchor
- José B. Nísperos (1887–1922) First Asian and Filipino to win US Medal of Honor
# External links.
- Official Website of the Provincial Government of La Union
- Philippine Standard Geographic Code | 23,307 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
John Glenn Columbus International Airport
John Glenn Columbus International Airport , is an international airport located east of downtown Columbus, Ohio. Formerly known as Port Columbus International Airport, it is managed by the Columbus Regional Airport Authority, which also oversees operations at Rickenbacker International Airport and Bolton Field. The airport code 'CMH' stands for "Columbus Municipal Hangar," the original name for the airport.
John Glenn Columbus International Airport is primarily a passenger airport. It provides 140 non-stop flights to 34 airports via 7 airlines daily. In 2016, traffic reached 7.3 million, which was an 8% increase over 2015. Traffic in 2017 reached 7.6 | 23,308 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
million passengers, approaching the record set in 2007.
According to a 2005 market survey, Columbus attracts about 50% of its passengers from outside its radius primary service region.
John Glenn Columbus International Airport is the largest passenger airport in central Ohio and second busiest in the state after Cleveland Hopkins International Airport and offers service to most major airline hubs. Cincinnati's international airport, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, is located just south of the city in Kentucky.
Accessing John Glenn Columbus International Airport by road is possible by two interstate highways: I-270 to the northeast and I-670 to the west. The main airport | 23,309 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
roadway, International Gateway, connects directly to I-670.
On May 25, 2016, the Ohio General Assembly passed a bill to rename the airport from Port Columbus International Airport to its current name, in honor of astronaut and four-term U.S. senator John Glenn. The name change was unanimously approved by the airport's nine-member board on May 24, 2016. Ohio Governor John Kasich signed the bill into law on June 14, 2016 with the name change becoming official 90 days later. On June 28, 2016, a celebration of the renaming was held and new signage bearing the airport's new name was unveiled.
In 2017, after completion of the $80 million terminal renovation, the airport was named by trade organization | 23,310 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
Airports Council International as the most improved airport in North America in 2016.
# History.
## Early history.
The airport opened July 8, 1929, on a site selected by Charles Lindbergh, as the eastern air terminus of the Transcontinental Air Transport air-rail New York to Los Angeles transcontinental route. Passengers traveled overnight on the Pennsylvania Railroad's Airway Limited from New York to Columbus; by air from Columbus to Waynoka, Oklahoma; by rail again on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe from Waynoka to Clovis, New Mexico; and by air from Clovis to Los Angeles. The original terminal building and hangars remain; the hangars are still in use, but the old terminal sits derelict.
During | 23,311 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
World War II, most of the facility was taken over by the U.S. Navy, which established Naval Air Station Columbus in 1942. NAS Columbus was closed and the facility relinquished back to civilian authorities in 1946. Also, during the war, the government established a government-owned aviation factory on the grounds of the airport known as Air Force Factory 85, eventually operated by North American Aviation. The plant produced the F-100 Super Saber, RF-6 Vigilante, T-2 Buckeye, T-28 Trojan, OV-10 Bronco and T-39 Sabreliner.
The diagram on the February 1951 Coast & Geodetic Survey instrument-approach chart shows runways 006/186 3550 ft long, 052/232 4400 ft, 096/276 4500 ft, and 127/307 5030 ft.
A | 23,312 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
$12 million terminal building opened on September 21, 1958. Jet airline flights (American 707s) started in April 1964.
## Historical airline service.
The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 72 airline departures each weekday: 41 TWA, 16 American, 6 Eastern, 6 Lake Central and 3 Piedmont.
The first major airline to fly into Columbus was TWA, and it kept a presence at Columbus over seventy years during the era of airline regulation. TWA offered a club for exclusive passengers up until 2000 when America West took over a gate held by TWA and the club itself due to financial problems.
Columbus was formerly a hub of America West Airlines in the 1990s, but the company closed the hub in 2003 | 23,313 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
due to financial losses and the post 9/11-decline in air travel.
The airport was the home base of short-lived Skybus Airlines, which began operations from Columbus on May 22, 2007. The airline touted themselves as the cheapest airline in the United States, offering a minimum of ten seats for $10 each on every flight. Skybus ceased operations April 4, 2008.
## Recent improvements.
A $70 million renovation of airport facilities, designed by Brubaker, Brandt Inc., was initiated in 1979 for the airport's 50th anniversary and completed in 1981. This upgraded the airport's capacity to 250 flights per day by adding what is known today as Concourse B and added fully enclosed jetways at every gate. | 23,314 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
Ten years later in 1989, a second, $15.5 million, seven-gate south concourse (now Concourse A) was dedicated. The concourse was used exclusively by US Airways at the time, and later housed hubs for both America West Airlines until 2003, and Skybus Airlines until they shut it down in 2008 due to their bankruptcy. A north concourse was completed in 1996, which is now Concourse C, and was expanded in 2002.
Between 1998 and 2000, numerous airport expansion and renovation projects were completed, including a $25 million terminal renovation in 1998 that included additional retail shops, new flight information displays, enhanced lighting, upgraded flooring, and a new food court. Also, new hangars | 23,315 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
and office spaces were completed for NetJets in 1999, as well as a $92 million parking garage including an underground terminal entrance, new rental car facilities, dedicated ground transportation area, improved eight-lane terminal access on two levels, and a new atrium and entrances in 2000, which were designed by URS Corporation.
On April 25, 2004, a new control tower directed its first aircraft. This began several major facility enhancements to be constructed through 2025. On October 21, 2010, a new arrivals/departures board replaced the old one in the main entrance area
Columbus began its Terminal Modernization Program in late 2012, which included new terrazzo flooring throughout the airport, | 23,316 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
new ceilings, new restrooms, more TSA security lanes, and new LED lighting. Construction started on Concourse A in late 2012 and was completed throughout the terminal in early 2016.
In 2013, the airport completed a $140 million runway improvement that moved the south runway farther from the north runway. This created a buffer distance that enables simultaneous takeoffs and landings on the north and south runways, increasing air traffic volume. Columbus mayor Michael B. Coleman commented, "As the city grows, the airport needs to grow with it."
# Infrastructure.
## On-site facilities.
In 2001, Executive Jet Aviation (now known as NetJets), opened up a operational headquarters.
In November | 23,317 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
2006, Skybus Airlines began leasing of office and hangar facilities at the Columbus International AirCenter adjacent to the airport.
Regional carriers Envoy Air and Republic Airline operate large maintenance bases at the airport.
The airport has its own police and fire departments (ARFF-C).
## Airfield.
The original 1929 layout for the airport covered , with two runways long. In 1952 the current south runway was lengthened to , making it the longest runway in the midwest at the time. The north runway was extended to in 1997 and the south runway has since been extended to .
John Glenn Columbus International Airport covers 2,265 acres (917 ha) and has two runways:
- Runway 10R/28L: , air | 23,318 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
carrier runway, ILS equipped.
- Runway 10L/28R: , air carrier runway, ILS equipped.
Runway 10L/28R is just north of the 40th parallel north.
An expansion in 2008–2009 moved the primary access road to the main terminal, over which a new aircraft bridge was built. The John Glenn Columbus Airport Crossover Taxiway Bridge was intended to ease congestion of aircraft traffic and allow aircraft to move from the main terminal to outer runways.
## Aircraft.
For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2017, the airport had 129,377 aircraft operations, an average of 354 per day: 22% air taxi, 15% general aviation, 62% scheduled commercial, and <1% military. There are 78 aircraft based at this airport: | 23,319 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
23 single engine, 5 multi-engine, 48 jet aircraft, and 2 helicopters.
# Terminals.
John Glenn Columbus International Airport has 3 airport concourses.
## Concourse A.
Concourse A (gates A1 – A7) was built in 1989 for US Airways and is currently home to Southwest, which uses all the gates with the exception of A1 (no jet bridge) and A7 (ground-level boarding gate).
## Concourse B.
Concourse B (gates B19 – B36) is the original section of the current CMH terminal built in 1958 and is home to Air Canada (B30), American (B19-26, 28), Spirit (B35-36), and United (B29-32, 34). Gates B15 through B18 and B33 are no longer accessible due to concession and restroom construction; gate B33 has had | 23,320 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
its jet bridge removed.
## Concourse C.
Concourse C (gates C46 – C56), opened in 1995 for Delta and Southwest and extended in 2002, is home to Alaska (C49), Delta (C50-56) and Frontier (C47); C48 is currently unused. Vacation Express charters also depart from Concourse C, typically using Gate C46, which is also used for international arrivals and connects directly to customs and immigration. Currently, the only international arrivals are the seasonal flights from Cancún and Punta Cana, as well as the daily flights to Toronto–Pearson.
# Airlines and destinations.
## Cargo.
No regular, scheduled air cargo operations take place at CMH. Columbus' extensive dedicated domestic and international | 23,321 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
cargo operations take place at Rickenbacker.
# Ground transportation.
## Car.
The airport is accessible directly by taking exit number nine on Interstate 670 to International Gateway. Alternatively, drivers can also get to the airport from the east via Hamilton Road, just south of Interstate 270, and enter at Sawyer Road or from the west via Stelzer Road.
In addition to housing the rental car facilities, a six-story parking garage (which is attached to the terminal) provides long-term and short-term parking. Lower cost satellite parking options, with continuous free shuttle service, can be found in the Blue, Red and Green parking lots along International Gateway. The Blue lot is the closest | 23,322 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
to the terminal and also offers some covered parking. The cost of parking a car in the blue lot is $9 per 24 hours. The Red Lot costs $7 per 24 hours and the green lost costs $5 per 24 hours to park.The Green lot is the furthest away from the terminal. Additionally, there is a free cell phone lot accessed from the outbound side of International Gateway.
## Bus.
Beginning in May 2016, the Central Ohio Transit Authority (COTA) began expanded bus service between John Glenn Columbus International Airport and downtown Columbus. The service, named AirConnect, stops at the airport's arrival and departure levels every 30 minutes, 7 days a week, before heading downtown. Once downtown, stops are made | 23,323 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
at the Greater Columbus Convention Center and many of the downtown hotels. Tickets are available for purchase at a kiosk in the airport with credit cards (only) and on board the bus with cash (only).
Other routes available from COTA include Line 7-Mt. Vernon, which travels between the airport and downtown via East Columbus between approximately 5am to 10pm. Line 23-James/Stelzer connects to Easton and Eastland Malls and serves the airport via remote stops on Stelzer Road. Finally, the OSU-Air line serves the Ohio State University campus at the beginning and end of Autumn and Spring semesters.
The GoBus Rural Inter-City Bus Service operates a thrice daily schedule to Athens, via Lancaster, | 23,324 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
Logan, and Nelsonville.
## Taxi.
Inbound taxi services operate through numerous taxi businesses in the Columbus area. A number of taxi services provide outbound transportation in the taxi lane.
# Accidents and incidents.
- On June 27, 1954 an American Airlines Convair CV-240 (N94263) from Dayton International Airport was on approach to Runway 27 at when the left side of the plane collided with a US Navy Beechcraft SNB-2C Navigator (BuA23773), also on approach. The Convair recovered and landed, though the nose gear collapsed on landing. The Beechcraft crashed short of the runway, killing two on board. The probable cause was attributed to ""A traffic control situation created by the tower | 23,325 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
local controller which he allowed to continue without taking the necessary corrective action. A contributing factor was the failure of both crews to detect this situation by visual and/or aural vigilance.""
- On January 7, 1994, United Express Flight 6291 was a BAe Jetstream 41 being operated by Atlantic Coast Airlines; it was on approach to runway 28L when it entered into a stall at above runway level. The aircraft collided with a stand of trees and came to rest inside a commercial building short of the runway and burst into flames. The accident killed all three crewmembers and two of five passengers. The probable cause was attributed to ""(1) An aerodynamic stall that occurred when the flight | 23,326 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
crew allowed the airspeed to decay to stall speed following a very poorly planned and executed approach characterized by an absence of procedural discipline; (2) Improper pilot response to the stall warning, including failure to advance the power levers to maximum, and inappropriately raising the flaps; (3) Flight crew experience in 'glass cockpit' automated aircraft, aircraft type and in seat position, a situation exacerbated by a side letter of agreement between the company and its pilots; and (4) the company's failure to provide adequate stabilized approach criteria, and the FAA's failure to require such criteria. Member Vogt concluded that the last factor was contributory but not causal | 23,327 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
to the accident. Additionally, for the following two factors, Chairman Hall and Member Lauber concluded that they were causal to the accident, while Members Vogt and Hammerschmidt concluded they were contributory to the accident: (5) The company's failure to provide adequate crew resource management training, and the FAA's failure to require such training; and (6) the unavailability of suitable training simulators that precluded fully effective flight crew training.""
# See also.
- "Brushstrokes in Flight"
# External links.
- National Air Traffic Controllers Association (NATCA) CMH Local
- John Glenn Columbus International Airport (official site)
- Real-Time Flight Information for John | 23,328 |
269883 | John Glenn Columbus International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Glenn%20Columbus%20International%20Airport | John Glenn Columbus International Airport
e following two factors, Chairman Hall and Member Lauber concluded that they were causal to the accident, while Members Vogt and Hammerschmidt concluded they were contributory to the accident: (5) The company's failure to provide adequate crew resource management training, and the FAA's failure to require such training; and (6) the unavailability of suitable training simulators that precluded fully effective flight crew training.""
# See also.
- "Brushstrokes in Flight"
# External links.
- National Air Traffic Controllers Association (NATCA) CMH Local
- John Glenn Columbus International Airport (official site)
- Real-Time Flight Information for John Glenn Columbus International Airport | 23,329 |
1804899 | Mackey space | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mackey%20space | Mackey space
Mackey space
In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, a Mackey space is a locally convex topological vector space "X" such that the topology of "X" coincides with the Mackey topology τ("X","X′"), the finest topology which still preserves the continuous dual.
# Examples.
Examples of Mackey spaces include:
- All bornological spaces.
- All Hausdorff locally convex quasi-barrelled (and hence all Hausdorff locally convex barrelled spaces and all Hausdorff locally convex reflexive spaces).
- All Hausdorff locally convex metrizable spaces.
- All Hausdorff locally convex barreled spaces.
- The product, locally convex direct sum, and the inductive limit of a family of Mackey spaces | 23,330 |
1804899 | Mackey space | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mackey%20space | Mackey space
spaces and all Hausdorff locally convex reflexive spaces).
- All Hausdorff locally convex metrizable spaces.
- All Hausdorff locally convex barreled spaces.
- The product, locally convex direct sum, and the inductive limit of a family of Mackey spaces is a Mackey space.
# Properties.
- A locally convex space formula_1 with continuous dual formula_2 is a Mackey space if and only if each convex and formula_3-relatively compact subset of formula_2 is equicontinuous.
- The completion of a Mackey space is again a Mackey space.
- A separated quotient of a Mackey space is again a Mackey space.
- A Mackey space need not be separable, complete, quasi-barrelled, nor formula_5-quasi-barrelled. | 23,331 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
Porno (novel)
Porno is a novel published in 2002 by Scottish writer Irvine Welsh, the sequel to "Trainspotting".
The book describes the characters of "Trainspotting" ten years after the events of the earlier book, as their paths cross again, this time with the pornography business as the backdrop rather than heroin use (although numerous drugs, particularly cocaine are mentioned throughout). A number of characters from "Glue" make an appearance as well.
This sequel picks up ideas of the film adaptation of "Trainspotting". One example is the fact that "Spud" has received his share of the drug money, which is shown in the film, but only alluded to in the book.
# Plot summary.
The novel is | 23,332 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
divided into three sections, each of which comprises chapters with different narrators. Unlike "Trainspotting" which had more narrational diversity, "Porno" is reduced to just five narrators: Sick Boy, Renton, Spud, Begbie and Nikki. Another difference from the format of "Trainspotting" is that each character has a defined chapter heading. Sick Boy's chapters all begin with "Scam..." and then a number in front of a "#". Renton's all begin with "Whores of Amsterdam Pt..." depending on what chapter it is. Spud's chapters are just narrative, Begbie's are in capitals, and Nikki's are quotes from the chapter, for example "...A SIMON DAVID WILLIAMSON PRODUCTION...".
Each narrator is associated with | 23,333 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
a distinctive prose style. Renton, Sick Boy, and Nikki's chapters are written almost entirely in "standard" English while Begbie and Spud's chapters are in Scots. For example, in Chapter 25, Spud narrates, "So ah'm downcast git intae the library, thinkin tae masel" ("So I'm downcast when I get into the library thinking to myself"). He also repeats certain words when talking such as "catboy" or "cat", "likes" or "likesay", and "ken?" Begbie often swears a lot during his chapters. Sick Boy's returning grandiose nature is featured in imagined interviews with John Gibson of the "Evening News" and Alex McLeish.
### Stag.
Simon 'Sick Boy' Williamson leaves the London crack scene and returns to | 23,334 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
Leith when he comes into ownership of his aunt's pub. Convinced that the area is destined to become a social and cultural hub, Simon decides to focus his energy into making the pub an upper class establishment. Nikki Fuller-Smith is a university student who works part-time in a massage parlour. Rab, a university acquaintance, introduces her to his friend Terry Lawson and his underground, home-made pornography operation. The scene interests Nikki. Danny 'Spud' Murphy has been regularly attending group sessions in an attempt to kick his drug habit. His relationship with his partner Alison is estranged and Spud feels like he has become a burden on her. He considers his life insurance policy and | 23,335 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
contemplates suicide. Meanwhile, in Amsterdam, Mark Renton is co-owner of a successful nightclub. One night, a DJ from his hometown (Carl Ewart from Welsh's previous novel "Glue") plays at one of his clubs and recognises him. When Sick Boy learns of Terry's operation, he offers the use of the upstairs bar to shoot some scenes. During their first meeting, the group begins planning to shoot a full length adult film. The first section concludes with "OOTSIDE", a chapter noting the release into society of Francis Begbie.
### Porno.
While in prison, Begbie received anonymous packages of gay porn sent from Sick Boy. He was determined to find the culprit upon his release. While accompanying an old | 23,336 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
friend on a debt collection errand, he meets Kate and begins a relationship with her. When Alison begins working at Sick Boy's pub and Sick Boy deliberately attempts to end her relationship with Spud, the friendship between Spud and Sick Boy is over. During one heated argument, Spud reveals that he received his share of the money from Renton. He also unveils his recent ambition, to write a history of Leith. Begbie visits Sick Boy's pub. As the two converse, Sick Boy considers the merciless trait of opportunity and threat accompanying Begbie's release. Soon after, Terry, Rab and several other friends arrive and begin discussing their upcoming road trip to Amsterdam, a bachelor celebration for | 23,337 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
Rab. Sick Boy is initially reluctant to attend but changes his mind after Carl, a DJ, mentions that Renton works at a club there.
### Exhibition.
Sick Boy's "Porno" shoot becomes a slow demolition of his so-called mates. Spud ends their friendship when Sick Boy tells him he was using him for the purpose of a scam, Nikki becomes disillusioned with him after realising that he really has no loving side and really is the cold-hearted, deceitful man that she tried desperately to ignore. Begbie grows tired of Sick Boy being 'smarmy', although Begbie becomes angry with everyone in due course. Spud tries to provoke Begbie into killing him so his wife Alison will profit from his life insurance. As | 23,338 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
Begbie is angrily beating Spud, Alison and the couple's young son burst in, stopping them. Spud is severely injured, but his last narration implies that he can see life getting better. The biggest departure Sick Boy has from his life is Renton. After promising to meet Sick Boy in Cannes, Renton instead goes to Zurich to empty their joint account and then start a new life in San Francisco. This deception is the biggest blow to Sick Boy as he obviously treasured their unconventional friendship and cannot believe he was tricked by Renton again. Begbie later discovers Renton while visiting Leith and is hit by a car while running across the road to assault him. While Renton would have expected to | 23,339 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
feel happy by this he is heartbroken and comforts Begbie while he is taken to hospital. It is indicated that as Begbie slips into a coma he may have forgiven Renton. After learning that Begbie has fallen into a coma, Renton flees the country with Nikki and Diane, as well as Sick Boy's £60,000 made from a financial fraud. The book ends with Begbie suddenly coming awake as Sick Boy confesses everything in hope that Begbie will resume his bloodthirsty hunt for Renton.
# Main characters.
- Simon David "Sick Boy" Williamson - hurt by a string of failed business ventures, decides to make a porn film. A heavy cocaine user. Still furious about being ripped off by Renton in the previous novel. In the | 23,340 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
years since "Trainspotting" he had a son with a woman who is now his ex-wife. He has also lost some of the charm and physical attractiveness he previously possessed.
- Mark "Rents" Renton - kicked heroin and owns a successful nightclub in Amsterdam. Agrees to finance Sick Boy's porn film in exchange for a share of the profits, despite a mutual lack of trust and love. Has got into shape and learned martial arts in anticipation and fear of an eventual meeting with Begbie.
- Nikki Fuller-Smith - an English 25-year old university student and film studies major who moonlights performing minor sexual favours at a sauna/massage parlour. Has body image problems (she occasionally vomits after meals) | 23,341 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
and is attracted to Sick Boy. She decides to help Sick Boy with his film by starring in it.
- Terry Lawson - a self-centred womanizer, his sexual exploits find him involved in the local dogging / amateur pornography scene, into which Rab introduces Nikki, becoming the star of Seven Rides.
- Rab Birrell - brother of Billy Birrell and a college mate of Nikki also on her Film Studies course - and fuels the idea of exploiting the girls from Terry's pub, and Nikki's knowledge of film and pornography.
- Danny "Spud" Murphy - after receiving his share of the drug money he has been regularly attending group sessions in an attempt to kick his drug habit. Is in an estranged relationship with Alison | 23,342 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
(a character who was in an on / off relationship with Sick Boy in "Trainspotting") and feels like he has become a burden on her. He considers his life insurance policy and contemplates suicide.
- Rab "Second Prize" McLaughlin - a reformed alcoholic, the fifth of the gang robbed by Renton at the end of Trainspotting (though not in the film). Has turned to religion in an attempt to curb his alcoholism and distance himself from his former friends.
- Francis "Franco" Begbie –a violent psychopath who seeks his former friends after being recently released from prison. He ends up murdering the sex offender Chizzie, effectively destroying the plans of all the characters, though he sees his own actions | 23,343 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
as heroic.
# Major themes.
Welsh picks up upon ways in which Edinburgh has changed.
# Film adaptation.
Danny Boyle stated his wish to make a sequel to "Trainspotting" based on "Porno" which takes place nine years later. He was reportedly waiting until the original actors themselves age visibly enough to portray the same characters, ravaged by time; Boyle joked that the natural vanity of actors would make it a long wait.
On 10 September 2009, Robert Carlyle revealed that Boyle was "edging closer" to making "Porno". Carlyle, who played Begbie in the film, said he would "jump through hoops of fire backwards" for the filmmaker and would "do "Porno" tomorrow for nothing." Ewan McGregor, who | 23,344 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
played anti-hero Renton, expressed his reluctance to do a sequel saying it would be a "terrible shame". Boyle and McGregor had not worked together since 1997's "A Life Less Ordinary", when McGregor was passed over in favour of Leonardo DiCaprio for the lead role in Boyle's big screen adaptation of Alex Garland's novel, "The Beach". In 2013, McGregor noted that he was "ready to work" on the film with Boyle after reconciling.
In 2013 Boyle said that any sequel to "Trainspotting" would be loosely based on "Porno". On 6 May 2014, Welsh confirmed that he had spent a week with Boyle, Andrew Macdonald and the creative team behind "Trainspotting" to discuss the sequel. Welsh stated that the meeting | 23,345 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
was in order to "explore the story and script ideas. We're not interested in doing something that will trash the legacy of "Trainspotting"... we want to do something that's very fresh and contemporary."
On 17 November 2014, Welsh revealed that McGregor and Boyle had resolved their differences and had held meetings about the film, saying "I know Danny and Ewan are back in touch with each other again. There are others in the cast who’ve had a rocky road, but now also reconciled. With the "Trainspotting" sequel the attention is going to be even more intense this time round because the first was such a great movie - and Danny’s such a colossus now. We’re all protective of the Trainspotting legacy | 23,346 |
269891 | Porno (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porno%20(novel) | Porno (novel)
ky road, but now also reconciled. With the "Trainspotting" sequel the attention is going to be even more intense this time round because the first was such a great movie - and Danny’s such a colossus now. We’re all protective of the Trainspotting legacy and we want to make a film that adds to that legacy and doesn’t take away from it."
Filming on a sequel to "Trainspotting" began in May 2016, with all the major cast members reprising their roles and Danny Boyle directing. It was released on 27 January 2017.
# Release details.
- 2002, UK. Jonathan Cape. Hardback. First edition.
- 2003, UK. Vintage Press. Paperback
- 2002, USA. W. W. Norton. Hardback.
- 2002, USA. W. W. Norton. Paperback | 23,347 |
1804905 | Sükhbaatar's Mausoleum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sükhbaatar's%20Mausoleum | Sükhbaatar's Mausoleum
Sükhbaatar's Mausoleum
Sükhbaatar's Mausoleum was a mausoleum for Damdin Sükhbaatar, leader of Mongolia's 1921 revolution, and Khorloogiin Choibalsan, head of Mongolia's government from the late 1930s to his death in 1952, in Mongolia's capital Ulaanbaatar, on the northern side of Sükhbaatar Square in front of the Saaral Ordon. The building was erected after Choibalsan's death, and removed in 2005 to make place for a hall dedicated to Genghis Khan. The mausoleum resembled the shape of Lenin's Mausoleum but differed in color.
Sükhbaatar had been buried at the Altan-Ölgii National Cemetery in 1923, but was exhumed and reinterred into the mausoleum. The corpses of both rulers were again exhumed, | 23,348 |
1804905 | Sükhbaatar's Mausoleum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sükhbaatar's%20Mausoleum | Sükhbaatar's Mausoleum
the Saaral Ordon. The building was erected after Choibalsan's death, and removed in 2005 to make place for a hall dedicated to Genghis Khan. The mausoleum resembled the shape of Lenin's Mausoleum but differed in color.
Sükhbaatar had been buried at the Altan-Ölgii National Cemetery in 1923, but was exhumed and reinterred into the mausoleum. The corpses of both rulers were again exhumed, ritually burned, and the ashes entombed at Altan Ölgii in 2005, under supervision of the Buddhist clergy.
# See also.
- Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum, Bulgarian mausoleum which met a similar fate.
- National Monument in Vitkov
- Agostinho Neto's Mausoleum
# External links.
- Cremation of old ruler's bodies | 23,349 |
269903 | Ottmar Mergenthaler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottmar%20Mergenthaler | Ottmar Mergenthaler
Ottmar Mergenthaler
Ottmar Mergenthaler (May 11, 1854 – October 28, 1899) was a German-born inventor who has been called a second Gutenberg, as Mergenthaler invented the linotype machine, the first device that could easily and quickly set complete lines of type for use in printing presses. This machine revolutionized the art of printing.
# Life and career.
Mergenthaler was born in Hachtel, Württemberg, Germany. He was the third son of a school teacher, Johann Georg Mergenthaler, from Hohenacker near the city of Waiblingen.
He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Bietigheim before emigrating to the United States in 1872 to work with his cousin August Hahl in Washington, D.C. Mergenthaler eventually | 23,350 |
269903 | Ottmar Mergenthaler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottmar%20Mergenthaler | Ottmar Mergenthaler
moved with Hahl's shop to Baltimore, Maryland. In 1881, Mergenthaler became Hahl's business partner.
In 1876 he was approached by James O. Clephane, who sought a quicker way of publishing legal briefs, via Charles T. Moore, who held a patent on a typewriter for newspapers which did not work and asked Mergenthaler to construct a better model. Mergenthaler recognized that Moore's design was faulty and two years later he assembled a machine that stamped letters and words on cardboard. Although a fire destroyed all his designs and models, he started to work on the invention again as he wrote to himself "more books — more education for all. At home we had no money for school books..."
He found | 23,351 |
269903 | Ottmar Mergenthaler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottmar%20Mergenthaler | Ottmar Mergenthaler
a supporter in Whitelaw Reid of the "New York Tribune". Another fifty patents were required before Mergenthaler could show a more or less usable model to the "New York Tribune" on July 3, 1886. While he was riding on a train, the idea came to him: why a separate machine for casting and another for stamping? Why not stamp the letters and immediately cast them in metal in the same machine? By 1884 the idea of assembling metallic letter molds, called "matrices", and casting molten metal into them, all within a single machine, was applied. Mergenthaler reportedly got the idea for the brass matrices that would serve as molds for the letters from wooden molds used to make "Springerle," which are German | 23,352 |
269903 | Ottmar Mergenthaler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottmar%20Mergenthaler | Ottmar Mergenthaler
Christmas cookies. His first attempt proved the idea feasible, and a new company was formed, then fights with shareholders and unions followed with the press even in Germany attacking him. Finally success came with many honors, including a trip to his old home town.
In the printing office of the "New York Tribune" the machine was immediately used on the daily paper and a large book. The book, the first ever composed with the new Linotype method was titled "The Tribune Book of Open-Air Sports".
Initially, The Mergenthaler Linotype Company was the only company producing linecasting machines, but around 1914 a linecasting machine would be produced by the competition — The Intertype Company — | 23,353 |
269903 | Ottmar Mergenthaler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottmar%20Mergenthaler | Ottmar Mergenthaler
using the same matrices as the Linotype, only where Mergenthaler prided themselves on intricately formed cast-iron parts on their machine, Intertype machined many of their similar parts from steel and aluminum.
During the 1970s and 1980s, linotype and similar "hot metal" typesetting machines were retired and replaced with phototypesetting equipment and later computerized typesetting and page composition systems.
Today most operating linotype machines can be found in newspaper museums, producing printing slugs for use together with handset type. , "The Saguache Crescent" and its publisher Ray Coombs still used a linotype machine to produce a weekly newspaper much as it has for 134 years.
In | 23,354 |
269903 | Ottmar Mergenthaler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottmar%20Mergenthaler | Ottmar Mergenthaler
1878, Mergenthaler became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He died of tuberculosis in Baltimore in 1899.
# Legacy.
An operational Linotype machine is on display at the Baltimore Museum of Industry, in the museum's print shop. Baltimore's vocational high school, Mergenthaler Vocational Technical Senior High School, which opened in 1953, is named after him, although it is commonly referred to simply as "MERVO".
Mergenthaler Hall on the Homewood Campus of the Johns Hopkins University was constructed in 1940–41 with donations by Eugene and Mrs. Ottmar Mergenthaler, son and widow of Ottmar Mergenthaler.
# See also.
- List of German inventors and discoverers
# External links.
- Baltimore | 23,355 |
269903 | Ottmar Mergenthaler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottmar%20Mergenthaler | Ottmar Mergenthaler
ational high school, Mergenthaler Vocational Technical Senior High School, which opened in 1953, is named after him, although it is commonly referred to simply as "MERVO".
Mergenthaler Hall on the Homewood Campus of the Johns Hopkins University was constructed in 1940–41 with donations by Eugene and Mrs. Ottmar Mergenthaler, son and widow of Ottmar Mergenthaler.
# See also.
- List of German inventors and discoverers
# External links.
- Baltimore History Site
- "Linotype – Chronik eines Firmennamens" ["Linotype – Chronologie of a Company Name"]: ebook on the Linotype machine
- Overview of Mergenthaler's life
- Ottmar Mergenthaler at 159 West Lanvale Street - Explore Baltimore Heritage | 23,356 |
1804940 | Furry lobster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Furry%20lobster | Furry lobster
Furry lobster
Furry lobsters (sometimes called coral lobsters) are small decapod crustaceans, closely related to the slipper lobsters and spiny lobsters. The antennae are not as enlarged as in spiny and slipper lobsters, and the body is covered in short hairs, hence the name furry lobster. Although previously considered a family in their own right (Synaxidae ), the furry lobsters were subsumed into the family Palinuridae in 1990, and molecular phylogenies support the inclusion of the furry lobsters in the family Palinuridae.
# Taxonomy.
There are two genera, with three species between them:
- "Palinurellus gundlachi" – Caribbean furry lobster, found in the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic coast | 23,357 |
1804940 | Furry lobster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Furry%20lobster | Furry lobster
is covered in short hairs, hence the name furry lobster. Although previously considered a family in their own right (Synaxidae ), the furry lobsters were subsumed into the family Palinuridae in 1990, and molecular phylogenies support the inclusion of the furry lobsters in the family Palinuridae.
# Taxonomy.
There are two genera, with three species between them:
- "Palinurellus gundlachi" – Caribbean furry lobster, found in the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic coast of South America; named for Juan Gundlach
- "Palinurellus wieneckii" – mole lobster, with an Indo-Pacific distribution
- "Palibythus magnificus" – musical furry lobster, from the South Pacific (originally described from Samoa) | 23,358 |
1804907 | Woodchipper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodchipper | Woodchipper
Woodchipper
A tree chipper or woodchipper is a machine used for reducing wood (generally tree limbs or trunks) into smaller woodchips. They are often portable, being mounted on wheels on frames suitable for towing behind a truck or van. Power is generally provided by an internal combustion engine from to . There are also high power chipper models mounted on trucks and powered by a separate engine. These models usually also have a hydraulic crane.
Tree chippers are typically made of a hopper with a collar, the chipper mechanism itself, and an optional collection bin for the chips. A tree limb is inserted into the hopper (the collar serving as a partial safety mechanism to keep human body parts | 23,359 |
1804907 | Woodchipper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodchipper | Woodchipper
away from the chipping blades) and started into the chipping mechanism. The chips exit through a chute and can be directed into a truck-mounted container or onto the ground. Typical output is chips on the order of to across in size. The resulting wood chips have various uses such as being spread as a ground cover or being fed into a digester during papermaking.
Most woodchippers rely on energy stored in a heavy flywheel to do their work (although some use drums). The chipping blades are mounted on the face of the flywheel, and the flywheel is accelerated by an electric motor or internal combustion engine.
Large woodchippers are frequently equipped with grooved rollers in the throat of their | 23,360 |
1804907 | Woodchipper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodchipper | Woodchipper
feed funnels. Once a branch has been gripped by the rollers, the rollers transport the branch to the chipping blades at a steady rate. These rollers are a safety feature and are generally reversible for situations where a branch gets caught on clothing.
# History.
The woodchipper was invented by Peter Jensen (Maasbüll, Germany) in 1884, the "Marke Angeln" woodchipper soon became the core business of his company, which already produced and repaired communal- and woodworking-machinery.
# Types.
## High-torque roller.
Shredders that make use of high-torque low-speed grinding rollers are growing in popularity for residential use. These shredders are driven with an electric motor and are very | 23,361 |
1804907 | Woodchipper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodchipper | Woodchipper
quiet, dust free, and self-feeding. Some of these machines are equipped with an anti-jamming feature.
## Disc.
The original chipper design employs a steel disk with knives mounted upon it as the chipping mechanism. This technology dates back to an invention by German Heinrich Wigger, for which he obtained a patent in 1922. In this design, (usually) reversible hydraulically powered wheels draw the material from the hopper towards the disk, which is mounted perpendicularly to the incoming material. As the disk spins, the knives cut the material into chips. These are thrown out the chute by flanges on the drum. This design is not as energy-efficient as the drum-style design, but produces chips | 23,362 |
1804907 | Woodchipper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodchipper | Woodchipper
of more uniform shape and size. Most chippers currently used by commercial tree care companies are disk-type.
Consumer-grade disk-style chippers usually have a material diameter capacity of . Industrial-grade chippers are available with discs as large as in diameter, requiring . One application of industrial disk chippers is to produce the wood chips used in the manufacture of particle board.
## Drum.
Newer chippers employ mechanisms consisting of a large steel drum powered by a motor, usually by means of a belt. The drum is mounted parallel to the hopper and spins towards the output chute. The drum also serves as the feed mechanism, drawing the material through as it chips it. It is colloquially | 23,363 |
1804907 | Woodchipper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodchipper | Woodchipper
known as a "chuck-and-duck" chipper, due to the immediate speed attained by material dropped into the drum.
Chippers of this type have many drawbacks and safety issues. If an operator becomes snagged on material being fed into the machine, injury or death is very likely. Chippers of this type are also very loud. The chips produced may be very large, and if thin material is inserted, it may be cut into slivers rather than chips, and since the drum is directly driven by the engine, materials that are too large or long may stall the engine while usually remaining firmly stuck in the drum.
## Other.
Much larger machines for wood processing exist. "Whole tree chippers" and "Recyclers", which can | 23,364 |
1804907 | Woodchipper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodchipper | Woodchipper
typically handle material diameters of to may employ drums, disks, or a combination of both. The largest machines used in wood processing, often called "Tub Grinders", may handle a material diameter of or greater, and use carbide tipped flail hammers to pulverize wood rather than cut it. These machines usually have to . Some are so heavy that they require a semi-trailer truck to be transported. Smaller models can be towed by a medium duty truck.
# Blades.
Although chippers vary greatly in size, type, and capacity, the blades processing the wood are similar in construction. They are rectangular in shape and are usually to across by to long. They vary in thickness from about to . Chipper blades | 23,365 |
1804907 | Woodchipper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodchipper | Woodchipper
are made from high grade steel and usually contain a minimum of 8% chromium for hardness.
# Safety.
Thirty-one people were killed in woodchipper accidents between 1992 and 2002 in the US, according to a 2005 report by the "Journal of the American Medical Association".
# In popular culture.
Joel and Ethan Coen's film Fargo features an infamous scene in which Peter Stormare, as Gaear Grimsrud, feeds the remains of Steve Buscemi's character, Carl Showalter, into a woodchipper. The scene, according the film's special edition DVD, was based on the 1986 murder of Helle Crafts. The woodchipper used in the scene is now a tourist attraction at the Fargo-Moorhead Visitors Centre.
# External links.
- | 23,366 |
1804907 | Woodchipper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodchipper | Woodchipper
minimum of 8% chromium for hardness.
# Safety.
Thirty-one people were killed in woodchipper accidents between 1992 and 2002 in the US, according to a 2005 report by the "Journal of the American Medical Association".
# In popular culture.
Joel and Ethan Coen's film Fargo features an infamous scene in which Peter Stormare, as Gaear Grimsrud, feeds the remains of Steve Buscemi's character, Carl Showalter, into a woodchipper. The scene, according the film's special edition DVD, was based on the 1986 murder of Helle Crafts. The woodchipper used in the scene is now a tourist attraction at the Fargo-Moorhead Visitors Centre.
# External links.
- Chipper/Shredder Safety, Kansas State University | 23,367 |
1804898 | Schwatka Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwatka%20Lake | Schwatka Lake
Schwatka Lake
Schwatka Lake is a reservoir created by the damming of the Yukon River in Whitehorse, Yukon, completed in 1958. The dam provides electrical power generation and is operated by the Yukon Energy Corporation. The White Horse Rapids, which gave the city its name, are now under the lake. The lake was named after Frederick Schwatka, a US Army Lieutenant who was first to explore the total length of the Yukon River.
A fish ladder has been constructed around the hydroelectric dam to allow the passage of Chinook salmon to their spawning grounds upstream of Whitehorse. The Chinook salmon that pass the dam have the longest freshwater migration route of any salmon, over 3,000 kilometres to | 23,368 |
1804898 | Schwatka Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwatka%20Lake | Schwatka Lake
almon to their spawning grounds upstream of Whitehorse. The Chinook salmon that pass the dam have the longest freshwater migration route of any salmon, over 3,000 kilometres to the mouth of the Yukon River in the Bering Sea.
Whitehorse Water Aerodrome, a float plane base, is located on the lake. The lake has been the city's water supply for some years, but the city is now converting to rely entirely on aquifers, partly due to the threat of pollution from fuel spills and other activities by people in the watershed of the lake. Previously, there had been talk of moving the float plane base or the water supply to Fish Lake, which is impractically located to the west over a winding, steep road. | 23,369 |
1804961 | James Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Bernard,%204th%20Earl%20of%20Bandon | James Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon
James Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon
James Francis Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon, KP (12 September 1850 – 18 May 1924), was a British Deputy Lieutenant in Ireland and Representative Peer. Lord Bandon was a cousin of the Earl of Middleton, who was head of the southern Irish Unionist Alliance at the time of the Anglo-Irish War, 1919-21.
# Estate.
He reorganised his various County Cork estates by way of settlement in 1876 and further in 1895 and 1896 including the mortgaging of the lands to his agents Richard Wheeler Doherty, and the appointment of George and John Jones and Doherty as his attorneys. He was appointed High Sheriff of County Cork for 1875.
# IRA hostilities.
The family seat, Castle | 23,370 |
1804961 | James Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Bernard,%204th%20Earl%20of%20Bandon | James Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon
Bernard, near Bandon, County Cork, was one of the great houses burned during the Anglo-Irish War in the early 1920s by the Irish Republican Army under Sean Hales on 21 June 1921. The home was burned as a counter-reprisal measure against British policy of burning the homes of suspected Irish republicans.
Lord Bandon was kidnapped and held hostage for three weeks being released on 12 July. The IRA threatened to have him executed if the British went ahead with executing IRA prisoners. During his captivity, Bandon reportedly coolly played cards with his captors, who seem to have treated him fairly well. Reportedly, Lord Bandon would give one of his captors, Daniel (Dan) O'Leary (also known an "Leabhair", | 23,371 |
1804961 | James Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Bernard,%204th%20Earl%20of%20Bandon | James Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon
pped and held hostage for three weeks being released on 12 July. The IRA threatened to have him executed if the British went ahead with executing IRA prisoners. During his captivity, Bandon reportedly coolly played cards with his captors, who seem to have treated him fairly well. Reportedly, Lord Bandon would give one of his captors, Daniel (Dan) O'Leary (also known an "Leabhair", Irish for 'Book', based on the fact he was so well read), money each day for Leabhair to travel from the house in Kilcolman townland, to Slatterys pub in Ahiohill to purchase Clonakilty Wrastler (a local beer).
## References.
"Registry of Deeds", Dublin, 1876, 1895 and 1896
Bandon Historical Journal no 12 (1996) | 23,372 |
1804931 | Studia Mathematica | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Studia%20Mathematica | Studia Mathematica
Studia Mathematica
Studia Mathematica is a Polish mathematics journal published by the Polish Academy of Sciences and accepts papers written in English, French, German, or Russian, primarily in functional analysis, abstract methods of mathematical analysis and probability theory.
# History of the journal.
"Studia Mathematica" was founded in 1929 by Stefan Banach and Hugo Steinhaus in Lwów and its first editors were Banach, Steinhaus and Herman Auerbach.
Due to the Second World War publication stopped after volume 9 (1940) and could not be resumed until volume 10 in 1948, published in Breslau since Lwów was no longer Polish.
In 2010 the Impact Factor of the journal was 0.549; in the statistics | 23,373 |
1804931 | Studia Mathematica | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Studia%20Mathematica | Studia Mathematica
of the Web of Science it occupied place 157 of 295 in the category "Mathematics".
In the SCImago Journal Rank of mathematical journals in 2017, "Studia Mathematica" was ranked 395 out of 1382 journals with a rank indicator of 0.846.
# Effects of the war.
The first issues after the war display the effects of the Nazi oppression on Polish mathematics in various footnotes and posthumous publications.
In volume 10 (1948) Hugo Steinhaus writes in a footnote on Herman Auerbach:
"Ce mathématicien distingué et homme de rare qualités d'esprit et de cœur a été assassiné par les Allemands à Lwów en 1942."
Meier Eidelheit's posthumously published article "Quelques remarques sur les fonctionelles | 23,374 |
1804931 | Studia Mathematica | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Studia%20Mathematica | Studia Mathematica
linéaires" in volume 10 was prefaced with the following lines:
"L’auteur de ce travail a été assassiné par les Allemands en mars de 1943. Le manuscrit qu’il fut parvenir à la Rédaction en 1941 a été retrouvé récemment entre les papiers laissés par S. Banach."
(The author of this work was murdered in March 1943 by the Germans.
The manuscript, which reached the editors in 1941, was recently found among the writings left by S. Banach.)
In volume 11 (1950) Andrzej Alexiewicz refers as follows to his dissertation in a footnote:
"Presented with some insignificant alterations as Doctor Thesis, on March 10, 1944 to the , during the terror of the German occupation."
G. Sirvint's posthumously published | 23,375 |
1804931 | Studia Mathematica | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Studia%20Mathematica | Studia Mathematica
he editors in 1941, was recently found among the writings left by S. Banach.)
In volume 11 (1950) Andrzej Alexiewicz refers as follows to his dissertation in a footnote:
"Presented with some insignificant alterations as Doctor Thesis, on March 10, 1944 to the , during the terror of the German occupation."
G. Sirvint's posthumously published article "Weak compactness in Banach spaces" in volume 11 begins with the lines:
"The author was murdered by the Germans during the second world war. The present work was received by the editor in 1941 and has been prepared by A. Alexiewicz."
# External links.
- Official site
- Online archive of "Studia Mathematica"
- , includes historical remarks. | 23,376 |
269902 | Martin Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Bell | Martin Bell
Martin Bell
Martin Bell, OBE, (born 31 August 1938) is a British UNICEF (UNICEF UK) Ambassador, a former broadcast war reporter and former independent politician who became the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tatton from 1997 to 2001. He is sometimes known as "the man in the white suit".
# Background.
Bell is the son of author-farmer Adrian Bell, compiler of the first ever "Times" crossword. He is the brother of literary translator, Anthea Bell OBE and the uncle of Oliver Kamm, now a "Times" leader writer who served as his political adviser during his term as a Member of Parliament (MP).
He was educated at The Leys School in Cambridge and King's College, Cambridge, where he achieved a First | 23,377 |
269902 | Martin Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Bell | Martin Bell
Class Honours Degree in English. He served on the committee of Cambridge University Liberal Club, including a term as Publicity Officer. He failed to obtain a commission during his two-year national service and served out his time as an acting corporal in the Suffolk Regiment serving in Cyprus during the emergency.
# BBC correspondent.
Martin Bell joined the BBC as a reporter in Norwich in 1962 as a 24-year-old, following his graduation. He moved to London three years later, beginning a distinguished career as a foreign affairs correspondent with his first assignment in Ghana. Over the next thirty years, he covered eleven conflicts and reported from eighty countries, making his name with reports | 23,378 |
269902 | Martin Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Bell | Martin Bell
from wars and conflicts in Vietnam, Middle East, Nigeria, Angola, and in Northern Ireland (during the "Troubles").
His roles at the BBC included diplomatic correspondent (1977–78), chief Washington correspondent (1978–89), and Berlin correspondent (1989–94).
He won the Royal Television Society's Reporter of the Year award in 1977 and 1993, and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1992. That same year, while covering the war in Bosnia, Bell was seriously wounded by shrapnel while recording a report in Sarajevo.
He remained an official BBC correspondent, although from the mid-1990s he filed relatively few reports, and became disillusioned with the BBC. He was | 23,379 |
269902 | Martin Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Bell | Martin Bell
unimpressed by the BBC's introduction of a 24-hour news channel (BBC News 24) and what he described as the increasing "Murdochisation" of BBC News.
# Independent politician.
In 1997, twenty-four days before that year's British General Election, Martin Bell announced that he was leaving the BBC to stand as an independent candidate in the Tatton constituency in Cheshire. Tatton was one of the safest Conservative seats in the country, where the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament, Neil Hamilton, was embroiled in "sleaze" allegations. The Labour and Liberal Democrat parties withdrew their candidates in Bell's favour in a plan masterminded by Alastair Campbell, Tony Blair's press secretary.
Hamilton | 23,380 |
269902 | Martin Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Bell | Martin Bell
was trounced, and Bell was elected an MP with a majority of 11,077 votes – overturning a Conservative majority of over 22,000 – and thus became the first successful independent parliamentary candidate since 1951.
He did not often speak in the House of Commons, and when he did, it was mostly on matters of British policy in the former Yugoslavia and the Third World. Although Bell voted with the Labour government of Tony Blair on many issues, he voted with the Conservatives by opposing an equal age of consent for gay people and voting against the banning of fox hunting. He was cheered from the Conservative benches when he asked Blair about the Bernie Ecclestone affair, "Does the Prime Minister | 23,381 |
269902 | Martin Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Bell | Martin Bell
agree that the perception of wrong-doing can be as damaging to public confidence as the wrong-doing itself? Have we slain one dragon only to have another take its place, with a red rose in its mouth?"
Bell said that the only thing which could make him change his mind would be Neil Hamilton being re-selected by the Tatton Conservative Party as a candidate for the next General Election. However, future Chancellor George Osborne was selected in March 1999, as Conservative party candidate for Tatton. Hamilton lost his libel case against Mohamed Al-Fayed in December 1999, ending any prospect of him making an immediate political comeback. Though he regretted making the pledge of saying he would only | 23,382 |
269902 | Martin Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Bell | Martin Bell
serve for one term, Bell stuck to his promise.
In 2001, Bell stood as an independent candidate against another Conservative MP Eric Pickles in the "safe" Essex constituency of Brentwood and Ongar, where there were accusations that the local Conservative Association had been infiltrated by a Pentecostal church. In this election, Labour and the Liberal Democrats did not stand aside for him. Bell came second and reduced the Conservative majority from 9,690 to 2,821.
Having garnered nearly 32% of the votes and second place, Bell announced his retirement from politics, saying that "winning one and losing one is not a bad record for an amateur".
The Channel 4 drama "Mr White Goes to Westminster" | 23,383 |
269902 | Martin Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Bell | Martin Bell
was loosely based on Bell's political career.
# Post-political life.
Bell was appointed UNICEF UK Ambassador for Humanitarian Emergencies in 2001, to work to improve the plight of children affected by conflict and natural disaster.
He made a brief return to television news in 2003 when he provided analysis of the Iraq invasion for ITN's Channel Five News. He compiled films from the daily video footage and drew on his experience to comment upon this material.
Bell reversed his previous decision and stood for the European Parliament in the June 2004 elections, but was ultimately unsuccessful as an independent candidate in the East of England region, winning only 6.2% of the vote.
Before the | 23,384 |
269902 | Martin Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Bell | Martin Bell
2005 general election he became affiliated with the Independent Network to help promote independent candidates (its most prominent candidate being Reg Keys who fought against prime minister Tony Blair in the Sedgefield constituency).
In April 2006, Scottish National Party MP Angus MacNeil asked the Metropolitan Police to investigate whether any law had been broken in the Cash for Peerages scandal. Bell wrote jointly with MacNeil to Prime Minister Tony Blair calling for all appointments to the House of Lords to be suspended.
In May 2009, he came out in support of the Green Party in the weeks before the 2009 European elections, supporting the Green Party's 'Clean Campaigning' pledge in the wake | 23,385 |
269902 | Martin Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Bell | Martin Bell
of the scandal over MPs' expenses.
On 21 May 2009, he appeared on the special live edition of BBC's "Question Time" which was held in Salisbury in the midst of the political scandal surrounding MPs' expenses.
He announced that he was considering standing against a third Conservative MP, Sir Nicholas Winterton, the MP for Macclesfield in the 2010 General Election, but following the latter's announcement that he was not going to seek re-election, did not do so. He indicated that he might stand against Hazel Blears in Salford (the first sitting MP of a party other than the Conservative party against whom he expressed an interest in standing) although in the end he did not stand in any constituency.
In | 23,386 |
269902 | Martin Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Bell | Martin Bell
November 2018 Bell fell at Gatwick Airport and required major maxillo-facial surgery at St George's Hospital to rebuild his face. He praised surgeon Helen Witherow saying "this lady is an absolutely brilliant surgeon, and I think sometimes the NHS can use a bit of good publicity".
# Publications.
- "In harm's way: Bosnia - a war reporter's story" (London, 1995, revised edition 1996)
- "An Accidental MP" (Viking, London, 2000, Penguin paperback 2001)
- "Through Gates of Fire: a Journey into World Disorder" (London, 2003, Phoenix paperback 2004)
- "The Truth That Sticks: New Labour's Breach of Trust" (Icon Books, London, 2007)
- "A Very British Revolution: The Expenses Scandal and How to | 23,387 |
269902 | Martin Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%20Bell | Martin Bell
s way: Bosnia - a war reporter's story" (London, 1995, revised edition 1996)
- "An Accidental MP" (Viking, London, 2000, Penguin paperback 2001)
- "Through Gates of Fire: a Journey into World Disorder" (London, 2003, Phoenix paperback 2004)
- "The Truth That Sticks: New Labour's Breach of Trust" (Icon Books, London, 2007)
- "A Very British Revolution: The Expenses Scandal and How to Save Our Democracy" (Icon Books, London, 2009)
- "For Whom the Bell Tolls: Light and Dark Verse" (Icon Books, London, 2011)
- "The End of Empire: the Cyprus emergency - a soldier's story" (Pen & Sword, Barnsley, 2011)
- "War and the Death of News: Reflections of a Grade B Reporter" (Oneworld, London, 2017) | 23,388 |
1804962 | Saint Augustine by the Sea Catholic Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Augustine%20by%20the%20Sea%20Catholic%20Church | Saint Augustine by the Sea Catholic Church
Saint Augustine by the Sea Catholic Church
Saint Augustine by the Sea Catholic Church is a parish of the Roman Catholic Church of Hawai‘i in the United States. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Honolulu and its bishop; it is staffed by the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary. Located at 130 Ohua Avenue, adjacent to Kalākaua Avenue in Waikīkī, Saint Augustine by the Sea ministers primarily to visitors, as Waikīkī contains the highest number of domestic and international visitors in the State of Hawai‘i.
The parish campus is the home of the Damien Museum which houses several relics of Saint Damien of Moloka‘i and related historical artifacts. A 20-minute video | 23,389 |
1804962 | Saint Augustine by the Sea Catholic Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Augustine%20by%20the%20Sea%20Catholic%20Church | Saint Augustine by the Sea Catholic Church
is shown about Father Damien and his work with Kalaupapa leprosy settlement.
The current clerics of the parish include Father Lane K. Akiona, SS.CC., pastor, and Father Lucius, SS.CC., parochial vicar.
# History.
Father Modestus Favens, SS.CC., was said to have built the first chapel in Waikīkī as early as 1854. The chapel was about twenty-feet by forty-feet with a steeple. Mass was seldom said in this chapel - the predominant weekly activity was Sunday afternoon devotions and religious instruction. In 1898, during the Spanish–American War, many American soldiers were encamped near Diamond Head. At their request, Msgr. Gulstan Ropert, SS.CC., authorized the first Mass for these soldiers in | 23,390 |
1804962 | Saint Augustine by the Sea Catholic Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Augustine%20by%20the%20Sea%20Catholic%20Church | Saint Augustine by the Sea Catholic Church
the chapel. The chapel was deemed much too small for continued military use and a temporary wooden frame structure was erected by the military authorities with a roof and open sides thatched with coconut palm fronds. Msgr. Ropert blessed the new structure and entrusted it to the care of Father Valentin Franckx, SS.CC. Father Franckx later made improvements to the chapel by putting in flooring, galvanized roofing and lattice walls. When the soldiers left, the community in Waikīkī continued to frequent the chapel on Sundays when Father Valentin said Mass.
Ropert approved plans to build a more permanent church and in 1901, on the feast day of Saint Augustine, he dedicated the new church under | 23,391 |
1804962 | Saint Augustine by the Sea Catholic Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Augustine%20by%20the%20Sea%20Catholic%20Church | Saint Augustine by the Sea Catholic Church
mmunity in Waikīkī continued to frequent the chapel on Sundays when Father Valentin said Mass.
Ropert approved plans to build a more permanent church and in 1901, on the feast day of Saint Augustine, he dedicated the new church under the title of its festal namesake, as the carpenters took a break while the services were conducted. Waikīkī was being touted as a tourist destination and the number of parishioners and visitors continued to grow. The church underwent enlargement in 1910, and 1925, essentially by cutting the building in two and moving the back to the beach. In 1920, the church acquired a right-of-way access to Kalākaua Avenue.
# External links.
- Official site
- Damien Museum | 23,392 |
1804969 | List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20Commonly%20Used%20Characters%20in%20Modern%20Chinese | List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese
List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese
The List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese () is a list of 7,000 commonly used Chinese characters in Chinese. It was created in 1988 in the People's Republic of China.
The List of Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese () is a sub-list of 3,500 frequently used Chinese characters in Chinese.
In 2013, the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters has replaced the "List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese" as the standard for Chinese characters in the People's Republic of China.
# External links.
- Alternative lists of common Chinese characters at Learnchineseok.com
- Frequency list
- CJK-CODE | 23,393 |
1804896 | Prunus serotina | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus%20serotina | Prunus serotina
Prunus serotina
Prunus serotina, commonly called black cherry, wild black cherry, rum cherry, or mountain black cherry, is a deciduous tree or shrub belonging to the genus "Prunus". The species is widespread and common in North America and South America.
Black cherry is closely related to the chokecherry ("Prunus virginiana"); chokecherry, however, tends to be shorter (a shrub or small tree) and has smaller, less glossy leaves.
# Subdivisions.
"Prunus serotina" has the following subspecies and varieties:
- "Prunus serotina" var. "alabamensis" -southeastern United States
- "Prunus serotina" subsp. "capuli" – central + southern Mexico
- "Prunus serotina" subsp. "eximia" – Texas
- "Prunus | 23,394 |
1804896 | Prunus serotina | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus%20serotina | Prunus serotina
serotina" subsp. "hirsuta" – Georgia
- "Prunus serotina" var. "rufula" – southwestern United States, northern + central Mexico
- "Prunus serotina" subsp. "serotina" – Canada, United States, Mexico, Guatemala
- "Prunus serotina" var. "serotina" – Canada, United States, Mexico, Guatemala
- "Prunus serotina" subsp. "virens"
# Description.
"Prunus serotina" is a medium-sized, fast-growing forest tree growing to a height of . Leaves are long, ovate-lanceolate in shape, with finely toothed margins. Fall leaf color is yellow to red. Flowers are small, white and 5-petalled, in racemes long which contain several dozen flowers. The flowers give rise to edible reddish-black "berries" (drupes), in | 23,395 |
1804896 | Prunus serotina | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus%20serotina | Prunus serotina
diameter.
A mature black cherry tree can easily be identified in a forest by its very broken, dark grey to black bark, which has the appearance of very thick, burnt cornflakes. However, for about the first decade or so of its life, the bark is thin, smooth, and banded, resembling that of a birch. It can also quickly be identified by its long, shiny leaves resembling those of a sourwood, and by an almond-like odor released when a young twig is scratched and held close to the nose.
# Ecology and cultivation.
"Prunus serotina" is a pioneer species. In the Midwest, it is seen growing mostly in old fields with other sunlight-loving species, such as black walnut, black locust, and hackberry. Gleason | 23,396 |
1804896 | Prunus serotina | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus%20serotina | Prunus serotina
and Cronquist (1991) describe "P. serotina" as "[f]ormerly a forest tree, now abundant as a weed-tree of roadsides, waste land, and forest-margins". It is a moderately long-lived tree, with ages of up to 258 years known, though it is prone to storm damage, with branches breaking easily; any decay resulting, however, only progresses slowly. Seed production begins around 10 years of age, but does not become heavy until 30 years and continues up to 100 years or more. Germination rates are high, and the seeds are widely dispersed by birds who eat the fruit and then excrete them. Some seeds however may remain in the soil bank and not germinate for as long as three years. All "Prunus" species have | 23,397 |
1804896 | Prunus serotina | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus%20serotina | Prunus serotina
hard seeds that benefit from scarification to germinate (which in nature is produced by passing through an animal's digestive tract).
"Prunus serotina" was widely introduced into Western and Central Europe as an ornamental tree in the mid 20th century, where it has become locally naturalized. It has acted as an invasive species there, negatively affecting forest community biodiversity and regeneration.
"Prunus serotina" subsp. "capuli" was cultivated in Central and South America well before European contact.
# Biochemistry.
Like apricots and apples, the seeds of black cherries contain cyanogenic glycosides, compounds that can be converted into cyanide, such as amygdalin. These compounds | 23,398 |
1804896 | Prunus serotina | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus%20serotina | Prunus serotina
release hydrogen cyanide when the seed is ground or minced, which releases enzymes that break down the compounds. These enzymes include amygdalin beta-glucosidase, prunasin beta-glucosidase and mandelonitrile lyase. In contrast, although the flesh of cherries also contains these compounds, it does not contain the enzymes needed to produce cyanide, so the flesh is safe to eat.
The foliage, particularly when wilted, also contains cyanogenic glycosides, which convert to hydrogen cyanide if eaten by animals. Farmers are recommended to remove any trees that fall in a field containing livestock, because the wilted leaves could poison the animals. Removal is not always practical, though, because they | 23,399 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.