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1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, 1885–87.
- Brevet Colonel Elisha Hunt Rhodes – Diarist and author and also served as Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief of the GAR.
- Brevet Colonel Washington A. Roebling – Engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge.
- Lieutenant Colonel William Henry Harrison Benyaurd – Medal of Honor recipient.
- Lieutenant Colonel Eli Lilly – Pharmaceutical chemist, industrialist, and entrepreneur.
- Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Lyman – Congressman from Massachusetts.
- Lieutenant Colonel Levi Parker Wright – First Commander of Fort Whipple which became Fort Myer
- Lieutenant Colonel T. Elwood Zell – Founder of MOLLUS.
- Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Henry A. du Pont – | 24,500 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Medal of Honor recipient, industrialist and United States Senator.
- Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Robert Hale Ives Goddard – Businessman and reformist politician.
- Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Brown Wylie Mitchell – Founder of MOLLUS.
- Major Asa Bird Gardiner – Lawyer, author, and controversial political figure.
- Major John Mead Gould – Author, diarist, and banker.
- Major Charles M. Rockefeller – Medal of Honor recipient.
- Major William Warner – GAR Commander-in-Chief, 1888–89.
- Major Edmund Zalinski – Inventor of the pneumatic dynamite gun.
- Surgeon John Maynard Woodworth – First Surgeon General of the United States.
- Brevet Major Charles E. Belknap – U.S. Representative.
- | 24,501 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Brevet Major Augustus P. Davis – Founder of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War.
- Brevet Major Ira H. Evans - Medal of Honor recipient.
- Brevet Major Rufus King Jr. – Medal of Honor recipient.
- Brevet Major George H. Maynard – Medal of Honor recipient.
- Brevet Major John Patterson Rea – GAR Commander-in-Chief, 1887–88.
- Brevet Major John Wallace Scott – Medal of Honor recipient.
- Brevet Major Adelbert B. Twitchell – Educator.
- Captain John G. B. Adams – Medal of Honor recipient and GAR commander in chief, 1893–94.
- Captain Robert Burns Beath – GAR Commander-in-Chief, 1883–84.
- Captain George W. Brush - Medal of Honor recipient.
- Captain Edward Lyon Buchwalter – Business | 24,502 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
executive.
- Captain Samuel Swinfin Burdett – GAR Commander-in-Chief, 1885–86.
- Captain Theodore R. Davis – Illustrator.
- Captain William W. Douglas – Chief Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court.
- Captain and Governor Elisha Dyer – Governor of Rhode Island.
- Captain Peter Dirck Keyser – Founder of MOLLUS.
- Captain Oscar Lapham – U.S. Representative from Rhode Island.
- Captain Robert Todd Lincoln – Son of President Abraham Lincoln.
- Captain George Sargent Merrill – GAR Commander-in-Chief, 1881–82.
- Captain Elias Riggs Monfort – GAR Commander-in-Chief, 1915–16.
- Captain Walter S. Payne - Commander-in-Chief of the Sons of Veterans, 1885-1887.
- Captain Prince Philippe, Count | 24,503 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
of Paris (a.k.a. Philippe d'Orleans) – Claimant to the French throne.
- Brevet Captain Joseph B. Foraker – Governor of Ohio and United States Senator.
- 1st Lieutenant Francis E. Brownell – Medal of Honor recipient.
- 1st Lieutenant John Galloway – Medal of Honor recipient.
- 1st Lieutenant Charles P. Goodyear Jr. – Son of vulcanized rubber inventor Charles Goodyear.
- 1st Lieutenant Charles A. Longfellow – Son of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
- 1st Lieutenant John L. Mitchell – United States Senator and father of aviation prophet Billy Mitchell.
- 1st Lieutenant John Palmer – GAR Commander-in-Chief, 1891–92; and New York Secretary of State.
- 1st Lieutenant Amos Madden Thayer – Federal | 24,504 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
judge.
- 1st Lieutenant William G. Thompson - Mayor of Detroit, Michigan.
- 2nd Lieutenant Marcus A. Hanna – United States Senator and political boss.
- Chaplain Charles Comfort Tiffany – Episcopal clergyman.
- Chaplain Henry Clay Trumbull – Leader in the Sunday School Movement.
### United States Navy.
- Admiral of the Navy George Dewey – Hero of the Battle of Manila Bay. Senior Navy Admiral, 1898–1917.
- Admiral David G. Farragut – Hero of the Battle of Mobile Bay. Senior Navy Admiral, 1862–70.
- Vice Admiral Stephen Clegg Rowan – Mexican War and Civil War veteran. Served as vice admiral from 1870 to 1889.
- Rear Admiral John J. Almy – MOLLUS Commander in Chief, 1893.
- Rear Admiral | 24,505 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Cipriano Andrade – First U.S. Navy admiral born in Mexico.
- Rear Admiral Theodorus Bailey
- Rear Admiral John R. Bartlett – Oceanographer.
- Rear Admiral George E. Belknap
- Rear Admiral Gottfried Blocklinger
- Rear Admiral Daniel L. Braine
- Rear Admiral and Brevet Major General Samuel P. Carter – Only person to have been an admiral in the U.S. Navy and also a general in the U.S. Army.
- Rear Admiral Silas Casey, III
- Rear Admiral French Ensor Chadwick – President of the Naval War College.
- Rear Admiral Charles Edgar Clark – Captain of the USS "Oregon" during the Spanish–American War.
- Rear Admiral Joseph Coghlan, USN - Commander of the cruiser USS "Raleigh" (C-8) at the Battle | 24,506 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
of Manila Bay.
- Rear Admiral George Partridge Colvocoresses, USN
- Rear Admiral Francis A. Cook – Commander of the USS "Brooklyn" at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba.
- Rear Admiral William S. Cowles
- Rear Admiral Arent S. Crowninshield
- Rear Admiral Charles Henry Davis
- Rear Admiral Nehemiah Dyer – Participated in both the Battle of Mobile Bay and Battle of Manila Bay where he commanded the cruiser USS "Baltimore" (C-3).
- Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans – Commander of the Great White Fleet.
- Rear Admiral Norman von Heldreich Farquhar
- Rear Admiral William M. Folger
- Rear Admiral John D. Ford - Participated in both the Battle of Mobile Bay and Battle of Manila Bay.
- Rear Admiral | 24,507 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Bancroft Gherardi – MOLLUS Commander in Chief, 1896–99.
- Rear Admiral James Henry Gillis
- Rear Admiral Henry Glass - Led capture of Guam during the Spanish–American War.
- Rear Admiral Caspar F. Goodrich – President of the Naval War College.
- Rear Admiral Purnell F. Harrington – MOLLUS Commander in Chief, 1925–27.
- Rear Admiral Richard Inch
- Rear Admiral Louis Kempff – MOLLUS Commander in Chief, 1915.
- Rear Admiral Lewis A. Kimberly
- Rear Admiral Stephen B. Luce – Founder of the United States Naval War College.
- Rear Admiral Bowman H. McCalla – Captured Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in 1898.
- Rear Admiral Richard Worsam Meade III – Nephew of Major General George G. Meade.
- Rear Admiral | 24,508 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
George W. Melville – MOLLUS Commander in Chief, 1911–12, survivor of the ill-fated "Jeannette" expedition and recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal.
- Rear Admiral John Porter Merrell – President of the Naval War College.
- Rear Admiral Jefferson Franklin Moser
- Rear Admiral George H. Preble – Nephew of Commodore Edward Preble.
- Rear Admiral William Radford
- Rear Admiral Alexander Rhind – Veteran of the Mexican War.
- Rear Admiral Frederick Rodgers
- Rear Admiral John Henry Russell
- Rear Admiral William T. Sampson – Commander of Naval Forces at the Battle of Santiago.
- Rear Admiral Thomas O. Selfridge
- Rear Admiral Thomas O. Selfridge, Jr.
- Rear Admiral Winfield Scott Schley | 24,509 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
– Commanded cruiser USS "Brooklyn" at the Battle of Santiago.
- Rear Admiral Charles D. Sigsbee – Commanding officer of the USS "Maine".
- Rear Admiral Charles Stewart – Hero of the War of 1812.
- Rear Admiral Yates Stirling
- Rear Admiral Charles H. Stockton – President of the Naval War College.
- Rear Admiral William T. Swinburne
- Rear Admiral Edward D. Taussig – Claimed Wake Island and Governor of Guam.
- Rear Admiral Henry Clay Taylor – President of the Naval War College.
- Rear Admiral George H. Wadleigh
- Rear Admiral Henry A. Walke
- Rear Admiral John G. Walker – Chief of the Bureau of Navigation.
- Rear Admiral John C. Watson
- Rear Admiral Frank Wildes – Captain of the | 24,510 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
cruiser USS "Boston" at the Battle of Manila Bay.
- Rear Admiral John L. Worden – Commanding officer of the USS "Monitor".
- Commodore Oscar C. Badger
- Commodore Edward André Gabriel Barrett
- Commodore John Guest
- Commodore William H. Macomb
- Commodore William F. Spicer
- Commodore William T. Truxton
- Captain Richard Worsam Meade II – Brother of Major General George G. Meade.
- Captain James S. Thornton
- Commander Zera Luther Tanner - Commanding officer of the research ship USFC "Albatross".
- Master Robert M. Thompson – MOLLUS Commander in Chief, 1927–30.
### United States Marine Corps.
- Major General Charles Heywood – Commandant of the United States Marine Corps.
- Brigadier | 24,511 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
General Henry Clay Cochrane – Veteran of the Civil War, Spanish–American War and Boxer Rebellion.
- Brigadier General James Forney
- Brigadier General Percival Pope – Recipient of the Marine Corps Brevet Medal.
- Brigadier General Jacob Zeilin – Commandant of the United States Marine Corps.
- Brevet Brigadier General Robert Leamy Meade – Nephew of Major General George G. Meade.
- Colonel Robert W. Huntington – Commanded the 1st Marine Battalion at Guantanamo Bay in 1898.
- Colonel Charles Grymes McCawley – Commandant of the United States Marine Corps.
- Lieutenant Colonel John L. Broome
- Major and Paymaster John C. Cash
## 3rd Class Companions.
From 1865 to 1890 a limited number of | 24,512 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
civilians who contributed outstanding service to the Union during the Civil War were elected into the Order as 3rd Class Companions.
- John Albion Andrew – Governor of Massachusetts.
- Henry B. Anthony – United States Senator and Governor of Rhode Island.
- Alexander D. Bache – Topographical engineer.
- Austin Blair – Governor of Michigan.
- Salmon P. Chase – Secretary of the Treasury.
- Andrew Gregg Curtin – Governor of Pennsylvania.
- John Watts de Peyster – Major General in the New York Militia.
- William C. Endicott – Secretary of War.
- John M. Forbes – Railroad magnate, philanthropist and abolitionist.
- Lafayette S. Foster – United States Senator from Connecticut.
- Edward | 24,513 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Everett Hale – Unitarian clergyman and abolitionist.
- John B. Henderson – United States Senator and author of the 13th Amendment.
- William W. Hoppin – Governor of Rhode Island.
- David Jerome – State senator from Michigan.
- Benito Juarez – President of Mexico.
- Frederic W. Lincoln – Mayor of Boston.
- Frederick F. Low – Governor of California.
- George W. McCrary – Secretary of War under President Hayes.
- Frederick Law Olmsted – Secretary of the United States Sanitary Commission and designer of Central Park.
- John S. Pillsbury – Founder of the Pillsbury Company and Governor of Minnesota.
- Alexander H. Rice – Mayor of Boston, Congressman and Governor of Massachusetts.
- Theodore | 24,514 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Roosevelt, Sr. – Treasurer of the Union League Club and father of President Theodore Roosevelt.
- William H. Seward – Secretary of State.
- John Sherman - Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury and United States Senator.
- James Speed – Attorney General.
- William Sprague – Governor of Rhode Island and United States Senator.
- Edwin M. Stanton – Secretary of War.
- John P. Usher – Secretary of the Interior.
- Gideon Welles – Secretary of the Navy.
## Hereditary Companions.
Originally, the MOLLUS had Companions of the Second Class, who were the eldest sons of Companions of the First Class (i.e., veterans of the Civil War who also held a commission at some point). A Second Class | 24,515 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Companion became a First Class Companion upon the death of his father. This practice was discontinued in 1905, when the MOLLUS Constitution was changed to allow any direct male descendant of a Union officer to become a MOLLUS Companion. The nomenclature of First Class and Second Class Companions was discarded, leaving only the qualifiers of "Original" and "Hereditary" Companions. Later, the eligibility rules were changed to allow nephews of Union officers to become a MOLLUS Companions. Furthermore, brothers of fallen officers were allowed to join as hereditary companions if there was no surviving issue.
### Military and naval officers.
- General of the Army Douglas MacArthur – Legendary general. | 24,516 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Son of Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur, Jr.
- General Jonathan Wainwright – Medal of Honor recipient.
- Admiral William V. Pratt – President of the Naval War College and Chief of Naval Operations.
- Lieutenant General Albert Jesse Bowley, Sr. – Veteran of the Spanish–American War and World War I.
- Lieutenant General Adna R. Chaffee, Jr. – Father of the U.S. Army Armor branch.
- Lieutenant General John MacNair Wright, Jr. - Veteran of World War II and the Vietnam War.
- Vice Admiral Walter N. Vernou, USN – Veteran of the Spanish–American War, World War I and World War II.
- Major General Frederick Dent Grant – Son of General Ulysses S. Grant.
- Major General Ulysses S. Grant III | 24,517 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
– MOLLUS Commander in Chief, 1957–61; Commander in Chief of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, 1953–55 and President of the Aztec Club of 1847.
- Major General Sherman Miles – Son of Lieutenant General Nelson A. Miles.
- Major General John H. Russell, Jr. - Commandant of the Marine Corps.
- Major General Henry G. Sharpe – Quartermaster General of the Army.
- Major General Samuel D. Sturgis, Jr. - General in World War I.
- Major General Clayton Barney Vogel, USMC – Founder of the Navajo Code Talkers.
- Rear Admiral Charles J. Badger – Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet, 1913–14.
- Rear Admiral Reginald R. Belknap – MOLLUS Commander in Chief, 1947–51.
- Rear Admiral William H. | 24,518 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Emory, Jr., USN
- Rear Admiral John B. Hamilton, USPHS - Second Surgeon General of the United States.
- Rear Admiral Richard Worsam Meade III, USN
- Rear Admiral Yates Stirling, Jr., USN
- Rear Admiral Herbert Winslow – Son of Rear Admiral John Ancrum Winslow.
- Brigadier General Charles Wheaton Abbot, Jr. – Adjutant General of Rhode Island.
- Brigadier General George Andrews – Adjutant General of the United States Army.
- Brigadier General William M. Cruikshank
- Brigadier General Elisha Dyer, Jr., RIM – Governor of Rhode Island.
- Brigadier General Webb Hayes – Medal of Honor recipient and son of President Rutherford B. Hayes.
- Brigadier General Charles King, USV - Son of Brigadier | 24,519 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
General Rufus King.
- Brigadier General Charles L. McCawley, USMC
- Brigadier General Billy Mitchell, USAAS – Military air power prophet.
- Brigadier General George C. Reid, II, USMC – Medal of Honor recipient.
- Brevet Brigadier General George Leamy Meade, USMC – Nephew of Major General George G. Meade.
- Captain Alfred Brooks Fry, USNR – Marine engineer.
- Captain Arthur MacArthur III, USN – Brother of General Douglas MacArthur.
- Captain Worth G. Ross, USRCS – Commandant of the Revenue Cutter Service.
- Colonel Frederick W. Galbraith, Jr., NA – Second National Commander of the American Legion.
- Colonel Melville Shaw, USMC – Recipient of the Marine Corps Brevet Medal.
- Colonel | 24,520 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Herbert Jermain Slocum - Commander at the Battle of Columbus, New Mexico.
- Lieutenant Colonel Russell Benjamin Harrison, USV – Son of President Benjamin Harrison.
- Lieutenant Colonel Henry L. Roosevelt, USMC – Assistant Secretary of the Navy.
- Major John Alexander Logan, Jr., USV – Medal of Honor recipient.
- Major Theodore Lyman, NA – Noted physicist and professor at Harvard University.
- Major Robert Powell Page Wainwright, USV – Father of General Jonathan Wainwright.
- Captain Larz Anderson, USV – Minister to Belgium and Ambassador to Japan.
### Public officials.
- John Clayton Allen – United States Representative.
- Ambassador Larz Anderson - Minister to Belgium and Ambassador | 24,521 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
to Japan.
- Warren R. Austin – United States Senator.
- Zenas Work Bliss – Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island.
- Congressman Henry S. Boutell – Minister to Switzerland.
- United States Senator Morgan Bulkeley – President of the Aetna Insurance Company.
- Thomas M. Foglietta – U.S. Representative and Ambassador to Italy.
- Albert Johnson – U.S. Representative.
- Major George A. Paddock – U.S. Representative.
- Lieutenant Colonel (Ret) Steve Russell – U.S. Representative
- James W. Wadsworth, Jr. – United States Senator.
- Stuyvesant Wainwright II – U.S. Representative.
- Leland Justin Webb - Mayor of Columbus, Kansas and Commander-in-Chief of the Sons of Veterans.
- Ambassador Henry | 24,522 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
L. Wilson – Ambassador to Mexico.
- George P. Wheeler – Minister to Paraguay and Albania.
- Robert J. Wynne - U.S. Postmaster General.
### Others.
- Henry L. P. Beckwith, Jr. – Heraldist and genealogist.
- Delevan Bates Bowley – Commander in chief of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, 1928–29.
- John Nicholas Brown II – Philanthropist.
- Reverend Morgan Dix – Episcopal priest and son of Major General John A. Dix.
- Harry Augustus Garfield – President of Williams College and son of President and Major General James A. Garfield.
- William Osborn McDowell – Founder of the Sons of the American Revolution.
- Prince Philippe, Duke of Orleans – Claimant to the French throne.
- | 24,523 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Don Troiani – Artist and historian.
## Associate companions.
MOLLUS allows state commanderies, at their own discretion, to elect up to one third of their membership as Associate Companions.
- Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (b. 1943) - Eligible for hereditary membership but joined as an associate member.
- Perley Mellor – Commander-in-Chief, Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, 2012–2013.
- Frank J. Williams – Chief Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court.
- Jonas Arnell – Swedish phaleristics expert, Amanuensis of the Orders at His Majesty's Royal Orders of Chivalry.
## Posthumous companions.
- President Abraham Lincoln
- Major General George Meade - Commander of the Army of the | 24,524 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Potomac
- 1st Lieutenant Alonzo Cushing - Medal of Honor recipient
# Non-members who were or are eligible for membership.
## Eligible veteran officers who did not join MOLLUS.
A number of noteworthy Union officers, although eligible, did not become MOLLUS companions. They included the following:
Brigadier General and President Andrew Johnson, Major General and President James Garfield, Admiral David D. Porter, Major General and United States Senator Francis Preston Blair, Jr., Brevet Brigadier General Kit Carson, Major General John A. Dix, Acting Ensign Pierre d'Orleans, Duke of Penthièvre, Rear Admiral Samuel Dupont, Major General John G. Foster, Major General John C. Fremont, Captain | 24,525 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Charles Vernon Gridley USN, Brevet Major General William S. Harney, Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan, Major General George Meade, Major General and Governor Edwin D. Morgan, Major General Edward Ord, Major General Daniel Sickles, Brevet Major General Emory Upton, Brevet Brigadier General Thomas J. Rodman, Brevet Brigadier General Sylvanus Thayer, Captain Augustin Thompson, Acting Assistant Third Engineer George Westinghouse, Rear Admiral John Ancrum Winslow, Major General John E. Wool.
Major General George Meade was posthumously inducted as a MOLLUS companion in 2015.
## Noteworthy persons eligible for hereditary companionship in MOLLUS.
William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor was, and | 24,526 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
his male descendants are, eligible for hereditary membership in MOLLUS by right of his father's service in the Union Army. All other male descendants of Rear Admiral Winfield Scott Schley
and William Backhouse Astor Sr. are eligible for membership in MOLLUS by collateral descent.
All male descendants of 19th Century railroad tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt are eligible to join MOLLUS as collateral descendants of Vanderbilt's youngest son, Captain George Washington Vanderbilt, who graduated West Point in 1860 and died on January 1, 1864 in Nice, France without issue. These descendants include the current Duke of Marlborough and CNN reporter Anderson Cooper. Anderson Cooper is also eligible for | 24,527 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
hereditary membership in MOLLUS by right of his descent from Major General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick.
Major General David D. Porter, USMC, a recipient of the Medal of Honor, was eligible to for membership in MOLLUS by right of his descent from his grandfather, Admiral David Dixon Porter.
Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and his brother, CIA Director Allen Dulles were eligible for membership in MOLLUS by right of their descent from their maternal grandfather Colonel John W. Foster, who served as Secretary of State in the administration of President Benjamin Harrison.
## Eligible royalty.
Several Europeans of royal descent at eligible for membership in MOLLUS by right of their descent from | 24,528 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Captain Philippe d'Orleans, the grandson of King Louis Philippe I of France.
King Felipe VI of Spain and his father, former King of Spain Juan Carlos, are eligible for hereditary companionship in MOLLUS, as are their male descendants. The same is true for the family of the Orleanist pretenders to the throne of France.
King Manuel II of Portugal (1889–1932) was eligible to become a hereditary companion of MOLLUS as his mother was a daughter of Philippe d'Orleans. He had no offspring.
Prince Pedro Carlos of Orléans-Braganza (b. 1945), is a claimant to the Brazilian throne and a descendant of Philippe d'Orleans. His grandson is Peter, Hereditary Prince of Yugoslavia (b. 1980).
Prince Amedeo, | 24,529 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Duke of Aosta (b. 1943), head of the House of Savoy and claimant to the throne of Italy, is eligible for Hereditary MOLLUS membership but was elected as an honorary member instead.
A number of other individuals of royal descent can join MOLLUS by right of their descent from Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres – the brother of Prince Philippe, who also served with the Union Army. These descendants included Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark (b. 1938) and previously included Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999) (longtime pretender to the French throne), Count Aage of Rosenborg (1887–1940) (who served as an officer in the French Foreign Legion), and Prince Axel of Denmark (1888–1964).
Prince Pierre, | 24,530 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
Duke of Penthièvre was a cousin of the Count of Paris and served in the Union Navy as an ensign on the frigate USS "John Adams".
# See also.
- Society of the Cincinnati
- Aztec Club of 1847
- Grand Army of the Republic
- Military Order of the Stars and Bars
- Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
- Military Order of Foreign Wars
- Naval Order of the United States
- Naval and Military Order of the Spanish War
- Military Order of the Dragon
- Military Order of the Carabao
# External links.
- Official website
- MOLLUS-organized marker for Union POWs buried in Richmond, Virginia
- MOLLUS-Massachusetts Photograph Collection US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle Barracks, | 24,531 |
1599626 | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States | Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
èvre was a cousin of the Count of Paris and served in the Union Navy as an ensign on the frigate USS "John Adams".
# See also.
- Society of the Cincinnati
- Aztec Club of 1847
- Grand Army of the Republic
- Military Order of the Stars and Bars
- Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
- Military Order of Foreign Wars
- Naval Order of the United States
- Naval and Military Order of the Spanish War
- Military Order of the Dragon
- Military Order of the Carabao
# External links.
- Official website
- MOLLUS-organized marker for Union POWs buried in Richmond, Virginia
- MOLLUS-Massachusetts Photograph Collection US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania | 24,532 |
1599740 | Mississauga Goddam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississauga%20Goddam | Mississauga Goddam
Mississauga Goddam
Mississauga Goddam is a 2004 album by The Hidden Cameras.
The title is an allusion to Nina Simone's civil rights anthem "Mississippi Goddam" (from the album "Nina Simone in Concert"), suggesting suburbia (Mississauga is a suburb of Toronto) as the real battleground for LGBT equality.
The album was released on Rough Trade Records in the United Kingdom and EvilEvil in Canada.
A video for the title "I Believe in the Good of Life", was released. Directed by Joel Gibb, starred band members Joel Gibb, Maggie MacDonald, Mike e.b., Lex Vaughn, Owen Pallett, and others, along with guest stars Tawny LeSabre, Keith Cole, Will Munro, and G.B. Jones.
# Track listing.
- 1. "Doot Doot | 24,533 |
1599740 | Mississauga Goddam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississauga%20Goddam | Mississauga Goddam
Plot" – 2:47
- 2. "Builds the Bone" – 3:40
- 3. "The Fear Is On" – 2:41
- 4. "That's When the Ceremony Starts" – 3:07
- 5. "I Believe in the Good of Life" – 3:33
- 6. "In the Union of Wine" – 4:43
- 7. "Music Is My Boyfriend" – 3:28
- 8. "Bboy" – 2:38
- 9. "We Oh We" – 4:32
- 10. "I Want Another Enema" – 3:55
- 11. "Mississauga Goddam" – 5:44
# Personnel.
- Joel Gibb - Producer, vocals, guitar, drums, bass, glockenspiel, piano, tambourine, organ, kazoo, vibraphone, synthesizer, steel drum, aeuwwgha, artwork, photos
- Ohad Benchetrit - flute
- Mike e.b. - tambourine
- Jameson Elliot - assistant engineer
- Scott Good - trombone
- Luis Jacob - aeuwwgha
- Nana Jojura - violin
- | 24,534 |
1599740 | Mississauga Goddam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississauga%20Goddam | Mississauga Goddam
Scott Good - trombone
- Luis Jacob - aeuwwgha
- Nana Jojura - violin
- Don Kerr - cello
- Amy Laing - cello
- Jeff McMurrich - recording engineer
- Maggie MacDonald - glockenspiel, vibraphone
- Paul Mathew - double bass
- Karen Moffat - viola
- Lief Mosbaugh - viola
- Kristen Moss - harp
- Mike Olson - cello
- Owen Pallett - violin, piano, celeste
- Matais Rozenberg - spoons, percussion, drums, bass keys
- Jennifer Scofield - French horn
- Phil Seguin - trumpet
- Justin Shayshyn - B4 Hammond organ, pipe organ
- Lex Vaughn - maraca drums, timpanis, drums
- Choir - Caroline Azar, Amy Bowles, Kate McGee, Glen Sheppard, Megan Dunlop, Tom Lillington, Michael Follert, Reg Vermue | 24,535 |
1599760 | Kumbi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumbi | Kumbi
Kumbi
Kumbi is a town and a Municipality in Bishnupur District in the Indian state of Manipur. The Kumbi Constituency of Manipur Legislative Assembly was named after the village. It is 55 km far away from Imphal, capital city of Manipur.
# External links.
- http://villagesinindia.in/manipur/bishnupur/moirang/kumbi_%28pt%29.html
- http://www.electionplans.com/election/state/manipur/constituency/1486/201202/ | 24,536 |
1599733 | Radiation implosion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiation%20implosion | Radiation implosion
Radiation implosion
Radiation implosion is the compression of a target by the use of high levels of electromagnetic radiation. The major use for this technology is in fusion bombs and inertial confinement fusion research.
# History.
Radiation implosion was first developed by Klaus Fuchs and John von Neumann in the United States, as part of their work on the original "Classical Super" hydrogen bomb design. Their work resulted in a secret patent filed in 1946, and later given to the USSR by Fuchs as part of his nuclear espionage. However, their scheme was not the same as used in the final hydrogen bomb design, and neither the American nor the Soviet programs were able to make use of it directly | 24,537 |
1599733 | Radiation implosion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiation%20implosion | Radiation implosion
in developing the hydrogen bomb (its value would become apparent only after the fact). A modified version of the Fuchs-von Neumann scheme was incorporated into the "George" shot of Operation Greenhouse.
In 1951, Stanislaw Ulam had the idea to use hydrodynamic shock of a fission weapon to compress more fissionable material to incredible densities in order to make megaton-range, two-stage fission bombs. He then realized that this approach might be useful for starting a thermonuclear reaction. He presented the idea to Edward Teller, who realized that radiation compression would be both faster and more efficient than mechanical shock. This combination of ideas, along with a fission "sparkplug" | 24,538 |
1599733 | Radiation implosion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiation%20implosion | Radiation implosion
embedded inside of the fusion fuel, became what is known as the Teller–Ulam design for the hydrogen bomb.
# Fission bomb radiation source.
Most of the energy released by a fission bomb is in the form of x-rays. The spectrum is approximately that of a black body at a temperature of 50,000,000 kelvins (a little more than three times the temperature of the Sun's core). The amplitude can be modeled as a trapezoidal pulse with a one microsecond rise time, one microsecond plateau, and one microsecond fall time. For a 30 kiloton fission bomb, the total x-ray output would be 100 terajoules.
# Radiation transport.
In a Teller-Ulam bomb, the object to be imploded is called the "secondary". It contains | 24,539 |
1599733 | Radiation implosion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiation%20implosion | Radiation implosion
fusion material, such as lithium deuteride, and its outer layers are a material which is opaque to x-rays, such as lead or uranium-238.
In order to get the x-rays from the surface of the primary, the fission bomb, to the surface of the secondary, a system of "x-ray reflectors" is used.
The reflector is typically a cylinder made of a material such as uranium. The primary is located at one end of the cylinder and the secondary is located at the other end. The interior of the cylinder is commonly filled with a foam which is mostly transparent to x-rays, such as polystyrene.
The term reflector is misleading, since it gives the reader an idea that the device works like a mirror. Some of the x-rays | 24,540 |
1599733 | Radiation implosion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiation%20implosion | Radiation implosion
are diffused or scattered, but the majority of the energy transport happens by a two-step process: the x-ray reflector is heated to a high temperature by the flux from the primary, and then it emits x-rays which travel to the secondary. Various classified methods are used to improve the performance of the reflection process.
Some Chinese documents show that Chinese scientists used a different method to achieve radiation implosion. According to these documents, an X-ray lens, not a reflector, was used to transfer the energy from primary to secondary during the making of the first Chinese H-bomb.
# The implosion process in nuclear weapons.
The term "radiation implosion" suggests that the secondary | 24,541 |
1599733 | Radiation implosion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiation%20implosion | Radiation implosion
is crushed by radiation pressure, and calculations show that while this pressure is very large, the pressure of the materials vaporized by the radiation is much larger. The outer layers of the secondary become so hot that they vaporize and fly off the surface at high speeds. The recoil from this surface layer ejection produces pressures which are an order of magnitude stronger than the simple radiation pressure. The so-called radiation implosion in thermonuclear weapons is therefore thought to be a radiation-powered ablation-drive implosion.
# Laser radiation implosions.
There has been much interest in the use of large lasers to ignite small amounts of fusion material. This process is known | 24,542 |
1599733 | Radiation implosion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiation%20implosion | Radiation implosion
as inertial confinement fusion (ICF). As part of that research, much information on radiation implosion technology has been declassified.
When using optical lasers, there is a distinction made between "direct drive" and "indirect drive" systems. In a direct drive system, the laser beam(s) are directed onto the target, and the rise time of the laser system determines what kind of compression profile will be achieved.
In an indirect drive system, the target is surrounded by a shell (called a Hohlraum) of some intermediate-Z material, such as selenium. The laser heats this shell to a temperature such that it emits x-rays, and these x-rays are then transported onto the fusion target. Indirect | 24,543 |
1599733 | Radiation implosion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiation%20implosion | Radiation implosion
time of the laser system determines what kind of compression profile will be achieved.
In an indirect drive system, the target is surrounded by a shell (called a Hohlraum) of some intermediate-Z material, such as selenium. The laser heats this shell to a temperature such that it emits x-rays, and these x-rays are then transported onto the fusion target. Indirect drive has various advantages, including better control over the spectrum of the radiation, smaller system size (the secondary radiation typically has a wavelength 100 times smaller than the driver laser), and more precise control over the compression profile.
# External links.
- http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Library/Teller.html | 24,544 |
1599744 | Tandem rotors | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tandem%20rotors | Tandem rotors
Tandem rotors
Tandem rotor helicopters have two large horizontal rotor assemblies mounted one in front of the other. Currently this configuration is mainly used for large cargo helicopters.
Single rotor helicopters need a mechanism to neutralize the yawing movement produced by the single large rotor. This is commonly accomplished by a tail rotor, coaxial rotors, and the NOTAR systems. Tandem rotor helicopters, however, use counter-rotating rotors, with each cancelling out the other's torque. Therefore, all of the power from the engines can be used for lift, whereas a single rotor helicopter uses some of the engine power to counter the torque. An alternative is to mount two rotors in a coaxial | 24,545 |
1599744 | Tandem rotors | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tandem%20rotors | Tandem rotors
configuration. The first successful tandem rotor helicopter was built by Nicolas Florine in 1927.
Advantages of the tandem-rotor system are a larger center of gravity range, and good longitudinal stability. Disadvantages of the tandem-rotor system are a complex transmission, and the need for two large rotors.
The two rotors are linked by a transmission that ensures the rotors are synchronized and do not hit each other, even during an engine failure.
Tandem rotor designs achieve yaw by applying opposite left and right cyclic to each rotor, effectively pulling both ends of the helicopter in opposite directions. To achieve pitch, opposite collective is applied to each rotor; decreasing the lift | 24,546 |
1599744 | Tandem rotors | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tandem%20rotors | Tandem rotors
produced at one end, while increasing lift at the opposite end, effectively tilting the helicopter forward or back.
Tandem rotor helicopters have the advantage of being able to hold more weight with shorter blades, since there are two sets. However, the rear rotor works in the aerodynamic shadow of the front rotor, which reduces its efficiency. This loss can be minimized by increasing the distance between the two rotor hubs, and by elevating one hub over the other. Tandem rotor helicopters tend to have a lower disk loading than single rotor helicopters.
Tandem rotor helicopters typically require less power to hover and achieve low speed flight as compared to single rotor helicopters. Both | 24,547 |
1599744 | Tandem rotors | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tandem%20rotors | Tandem rotors
configurations typically require the same power to achieve high speed flight.
# List of some tandem rotor helicopters.
- HRP Rescuer (1945)
- Piasecki PV-14 (1948)
- HERC Jov-3 (1948)
- Piasecki H-21 (1949)
- McCulloch MC-4 (1951)
- Chu CJC-3/CJC-3A, The Republic Of China prototype helicopter with 190HP engine (1952)
- Piasecki H-25/HUP Retriever (1952)
- Yakovlev Yak-24 (1952)
- Bristol Belvedere (1952)
- Piasecki H-16 (1953)
- Bell HSL (1953)
- Boeing Vertol 107-II (1958)
- CH-46 Sea Knight (1960)
- Boeing CH-47 Chinook (1961) - most-produced tandem-rotor helicopter (over 1,200 built)
- Jovair Sedan 4A (1963)
- Filper Helicopter (1965)
- Filper Beta 200 (1966)
- Filper Beta | 24,548 |
1599744 | Tandem rotors | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tandem%20rotors | Tandem rotors
ulloch MC-4 (1951)
- Chu CJC-3/CJC-3A, The Republic Of China prototype helicopter with 190HP engine (1952)
- Piasecki H-25/HUP Retriever (1952)
- Yakovlev Yak-24 (1952)
- Bristol Belvedere (1952)
- Piasecki H-16 (1953)
- Bell HSL (1953)
- Boeing Vertol 107-II (1958)
- CH-46 Sea Knight (1960)
- Boeing CH-47 Chinook (1961) - most-produced tandem-rotor helicopter (over 1,200 built)
- Jovair Sedan 4A (1963)
- Filper Helicopter (1965)
- Filper Beta 200 (1966)
- Filper Beta 400 (1967)
- Boeing Vertol XCH-62 (1970s - not completed)
- Boeing Model 234 (1981)
- Boeing Model 360 (1987)
# See also.
- Coaxial rotors
- Intermeshing rotors
- Rotorcraft
- Transverse rotors
- Tiltrotor | 24,549 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
Big Bear Stores
Big Bear Stores was a regional supermarket chain operating in Ohio and West Virginia between 1933 and 2004. The company was founded in Columbus, Ohio, and was headquartered there until its acquisition by Syracuse, New York-based Penn Traffic in 1989. Upon Penn Traffic's bankruptcy in 2004, all remaining Big Bear Stores were closed. For nearly 75 years, the chain was a Central Ohio institution.
# History.
Big Bear Stores was founded in November 1933 by Wayne E. Brown. The first Big Bear Store opened on February 15, 1934, on West Lane Avenue in Columbus, Ohio, in what was once a dance hall, a roller skating rink and finally a tan bark ring for horse shows. This opening marked | 24,550 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
the beginning of self-service supermarketing in the Midwest. This first store was adjacent to the campus of The Ohio State University (now the site of the Riverwatch Tower apartments); within a year, a second store opened in Columbus. By the end of the second year, two more stores had opened, followed by stores in Lancaster, Marion, Newark and Toledo, Ohio.
It was the first self-serve supermarket in the Midwest, and was the first supermarket in the country to use cashier-operated motorized conveyor belts, and claimed several innovative services, including its own trolley line. Big Bear introduced shopping carts to their stores in 1937. Big Bear operated a farm north of Columbus (later the site | 24,551 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
of store #272), as well as the Big Bear Bakery, located near the OSU campus. In 1948, Brown, along with other supermarket operators, founded Topco Associates, and Big Bear distributed their products (i.e. Food Club, Valu Time) as their "house brand", as well as their own private brand "Betty Brown", named after the founder's wife. Like many other stores, Big Bear had a trading stamp program. For many years their orange and blue "Buckeye" stamps were a familiar sight for shoppers.
From its inception until its closing, Big Bear Stores, Inc., resisted the unionization of its employees, despite the fact that most of its competitors' workers were members of various unions. In exchange for a marginally | 24,552 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
lower per-hour salary rate, according to Big Bear executives in the 1960s, the company's employees at all levels had routine, confidential access to corporate representatives who would investigate any complaint on the part of any employee about working conditions at any Big Bear store.
In the 1950s, Big Bear became the first supermarket in the nation to use new IBM 305 RAMAC mainframe computer. In 1954, a new prototype store was opened in north Columbus' Graceland Shopping Center. With an interior store layout that became an industry standard, the store featured perishable items in the center of the stores and lower displays to highlight products. In the same year, Big Bear Stores Co. purchased | 24,553 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
Harts Stores, a department store that was operating at the time in the basements of two Big Bears. Harts experienced rapid growth, as Big Bear often opened grocery stores along with a Harts Department Store in an adjacent space.
For a period of several years in the early to mid-1980s, some of the grocery stores were converted to a warehouse concept, and operated under "The Grocery Warehouse" name, although still owned and operated by Big Bear. The store in Portsmouth, Ohio (adjacent to a Harts Department Store), was one such example.
Over time, Big Bear became a major supermarket chain in Ohio and West Virginia. In July 1988, the company started its hyperstore Big Bear Plus concept in Wintersville, | 24,554 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
Ohio (), and Bridgeport, Ohio (), the stores featured 40 percent food and 60 percent general merchandise. The hyperstore concept was a combination of its Harts Stores (29 stores in 1991) and the Big Bear Grocery format.
Towards the end of 1990, the company decided to favor the Big Bear Plus store format over the Harts general merchandise format and started to slowly shutter or convert all remaining Harts locations. In 1991, ten side-by-side Big Bear and Harts locations were converted to the Big Bear Plus format. Before the demise of the company there were 21 Big Bear Plus stores.
# Savings card.
Big Bear Stores introduced a savings card at all stores on September 14, 2000 in response to the | 24,555 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
Kroger card which was introduced a year earlier. It was known as the "Big Bear Wild Card". After Penn Traffic announced that Big Bear was ceasing operations, Kroger announced that it would now honor the Big Bear Wild Cards at their stores.
# Slogans.
- You'll Be Surprised By A Big Bear (late 1970s–1981)
- Get The Bear Minimum Price! (1981–1986)
- That's My Bear (1986–1987)
- Give 'Em A Big Bear Hug! (1987–2004)
- All we did was listen (1997)
# Big Bear Credit Union.
The credit union was founded in June, 1957 as Big Bear Employees Credit Union by a group of employees that worked for the former Big Bear Stores Company. The credit union's office was located within the headquarters of the | 24,556 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
Big Bear Stores Company, located at 770 W. Goodale Blvd. in Columbus, Ohio. In 1983, the credit union moved its office to a Big Bear Stores satellite office, located at 1184 Dublin Road in Columbus. The new location allowed the credit union to double its space, and provided enough room for six employees. In 1990, the credit union moved into its first office with its own public entrance, located in converted warehouse space at 851 W. 3rd Avenue in Columbus. In March 2003, noting that only fifteen percent of the credit union's members were employed by Big Bear Stores Company, the credit union's membership voted to change the name of the credit union to Members First Credit Union, providing the | 24,557 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
credit union with a brand new identity. By the end of 2003, Big Bear Stores announced that their company would cease operations by the beginning of 2004. In March 2004, the credit union moved into a newly built facility, located at 1445 W. Goodale Blvd. in the heart of the Grandview / Marble Cliff area.
# Decline and closure.
In 1976, the company went private in a leveraged buyout, by six company executives. Big Bear again went public in 1983. The company's success began to falter in the late-1980s with new competition from alternative formats like Cub Foods and Meijer entering its market area. Due to the increased competitive situation, the chain made the hard decision to put itself on the | 24,558 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
auction block in late 1988 after 54 years as an independent company, including periods of both public and private ownership.
Big Bear was bought out in April 1989 for $35 per share, or $352 million, for all outstanding common stock by a large supermarket holding company Penn Traffic, which owns several regional chains. Penn Traffic borrowed heavily to leverage the buyout, and foisted debt on the company. In 1993, Big Bear Stores became a division of the Penn Traffic Company, and went through a series of changes in business and marketing strategies, such as moving down-market, to aim at a broader segment, but alienating their wealthier clientele. One of the changes including the removal of longtime | 24,559 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
Big Bear President Steven Breech and his leadership team. Breech's replacement, Phillip Hawkins, a former Vons Supermarket CEO was promoted as a turn around specialist.
One of his first tasks was responding to reduced sales volumes at most store locations by lowering overhead costs as much as possible. As long-time Columbus area shoppers complained about declining conditions in the Columbus area stores, Hawkins and company launched its infamous ""All We Did Was Listen""
advertising campaign in June 1997, which featured Hawkins speaking in front of Big Bear employees in a reassuring tone of voice. Hawkins' plan was to take Big Bear from its role as an upper market chain to a more "competitive" | 24,560 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
level by reducing overhead in store operations. As sales volumes continued to drop due to increased competition, it resulted in lower payroll costs which caused conditions in the stores to decline.
As the Big Bear division began to have cash flow issues in 2003, product suppliers pulled their items from store shelves as most accounts went past due. Employees within Big Bear made a joke of Hawkins and his ""All we did was listen"" as hollow proof that management "listened" to employee and shopper concerns, but it seemed that was all they were prepared to do. By the end of Hawkins' brief tenure, Big Bear was hemorrhaging red ink and closing stores.
The chain's demise was finalized in 2004 when | 24,561 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
the last Big Bear store closed its doors, following Penn Traffic's second Chapter 11 bankruptcy in a decade. Better store locations were acquired and reopened as Giant Eagle or Kroger stores; as of May 2014 many former Big Bear stores (especially in Ohio and West Virginia) remain empty.
# California.
From the 1950s, until its merger with Albertsons, shortly after a sale to Fleming Foods in the mid-1990s, supermarkets with the Big Bear name operated in San Diego County, California. Coincidentally, its demise occurred around the same time as that of the Ohio company. Ownership and operations were completely independent under CEO and principal stockholder John C. Mabee. It is not known if the | 24,562 |
1599738 | Big Bear Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Stores | Big Bear Stores
following Penn Traffic's second Chapter 11 bankruptcy in a decade. Better store locations were acquired and reopened as Giant Eagle or Kroger stores; as of May 2014 many former Big Bear stores (especially in Ohio and West Virginia) remain empty.
# California.
From the 1950s, until its merger with Albertsons, shortly after a sale to Fleming Foods in the mid-1990s, supermarkets with the Big Bear name operated in San Diego County, California. Coincidentally, its demise occurred around the same time as that of the Ohio company. Ownership and operations were completely independent under CEO and principal stockholder John C. Mabee. It is not known if the name was licensed from the Ohio company. | 24,563 |
1599683 | Sedan (nuclear test) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedan%20(nuclear%20test) | Sedan (nuclear test)
Sedan (nuclear test)
Storax Sedan was a shallow underground nuclear test conducted in Area 10 of Yucca Flat at the Nevada National Security Site on July 6, 1962 as part of Operation Plowshare, a program to investigate the use of nuclear weapons for mining, cratering, and other civilian purposes. The radioactive fallout from the test contaminated more US residents than any other nuclear test. The Sedan Crater is the largest human-made crater in the United States, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
# Effects.
Sedan was a thermonuclear device with a fission yield less than 30% and a fusion yield about 70%. According to Carey Sublette, the design of the Sedan device was | 24,564 |
1599683 | Sedan (nuclear test) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedan%20(nuclear%20test) | Sedan (nuclear test)
similar to that used in Shot Bluestone and Swanee of operation Dominic conducted days and months prior to Sedan respectively, and was therefore not unlike the W56 high yield Minuteman I missile warhead. The device had a diameter of , length of , and a weight of .
The timing of the test put it within the Operation Storax fiscal year, but Sedan was functionally part of Operation Plowshare, and the test protocol was sponsored and conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory with minimal involvement by the United States Department of Defense. The explosive device was lowered into a shaft drilled into the desert alluvium deep. The fusion-fission blast had a yield equivalent to 104 kilotons | 24,565 |
1599683 | Sedan (nuclear test) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedan%20(nuclear%20test) | Sedan (nuclear test)
of TNT (435 terajoules) and lifted a dome of earth above the desert floor before it vented at three seconds after detonation, exploding upward and outward displacing more than of soil. The resulting crater is deep with a diameter of about . A circular area of the desert floor five miles across was obscured by fast-expanding dust clouds moving out horizontally from the base surge, akin to pyroclastic surge. The blast caused seismic waves equivalent to an earthquake of 4.75 on the Richter scale. The radiation level on the crater lip at 1 hour after burst was 500 R per hour (130 mC/(kg·h)), but it dropped to 500 mR per hour after 27 days.
Within 7 months (~210 days) of the excavation, the bottom | 24,566 |
1599683 | Sedan (nuclear test) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedan%20(nuclear%20test) | Sedan (nuclear test)
of the crater could be safely walked upon with no protective clothing, with radiation levels at 35 mR per hour after 167 days.
# Fallout.
The Sedan shot resulted in a radioactive cloud that separated into two plumes, rising to 3.0 km and 4.9 km (10,000 ft and 16,000 ft). The two plumes headed northeast and then east in roughly parallel paths towards the Atlantic Ocean. Nuclear fallout was dropped along the way, narrowly dispersed in a relatively small number of United States counties. Detected radioactivity was especially high in eight counties in Iowa and one county each in Nebraska, South Dakota and Illinois. The most heavily affected counties were Howard, Mitchell and Worth counties in | 24,567 |
1599683 | Sedan (nuclear test) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedan%20(nuclear%20test) | Sedan (nuclear test)
Iowa, as well as Washabaugh County in South Dakota, an area that has since been incorporated into Jackson County and is wholly within Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. These four counties measured maximum levels higher than 6,000 microcuries per square meter (220 MBq/m).
Of all the nuclear tests conducted in the United States, Sedan ranked highest in overall activity of radionuclides in fallout. The test released 880,000 curies (33 PBq) of radioactive iodine-131, an agent of thyroid disease, into the atmosphere. Sedan ranked first in percentages of these particular radionuclides detected in fallout: Au, Au, Be, Mo, Nd, Pb, W, W and W. Sedan ranked second in these radionuclides in fallout: Co, | 24,568 |
1599683 | Sedan (nuclear test) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedan%20(nuclear%20test) | Sedan (nuclear test)
Co and Mn. Sedan ranked third in the detected amount of Na in fallout. In countrywide deposition of radionuclides, Sedan was highest in the amount of Be, Mn, Ru and Cm, and second highest in the amount of deposited Te. While Sedan ranks highest in percentages of Au-198 detected, it is not the most prolific generator or gold-heavy design that was tested by the US, due to the explosion being far more well contained, a larger quantity, referred to as a "a goldmine" of (Au) was used extensively in the W71 warhead, that was proof-tested in 1971 within a deep borehole in the Amchitka islands off Alaska.
Sedan's fallout contamination contributed a little under 7% to the total amount of radiation which | 24,569 |
1599683 | Sedan (nuclear test) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedan%20(nuclear%20test) | Sedan (nuclear test)
fell on the U.S. population during all of the nuclear tests at NTS. Sedan's effects were similar to shot "George" of Operation Tumbler–Snapper, detonated on June 1, 1952, which also contributed about 7% to the total radioactive fallout. Uncertainty regarding exact amounts of exposure prevents knowing which of the two nuclear tests caused the most; George is listed as being the highest exposure and Sedan second highest by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Cancer Institute.
Had this test been conducted after 1965 when improvements in device design were realized, a 100-fold reduction in radiation release is considered | 24,570 |
1599683 | Sedan (nuclear test) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedan%20(nuclear%20test) | Sedan (nuclear test)
feasible.
# Conclusions.
The Plowshare project developed the Sedan test in order to determine the feasibility of using nuclear detonations to quickly and economically excavate large amounts of earth and rock. Proposed applications included the creation of harbors, canals, open pit mines, railroad and highway cuts through mountainous terrain and the construction of dams. Assessment of the full effects of the Sedan shot showed that the radioactive fallout from such uses would be extensive. Public concerns about the health effects and a lack of political support eventually led to abandonment of the concept. No such nuclear excavation has since been undertaken by the United States, though the | 24,571 |
1599683 | Sedan (nuclear test) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedan%20(nuclear%20test) | Sedan (nuclear test)
Soviet Union continued to pursue the concept through their program Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy, particularly with their 140 kiloton Chagan (nuclear test), which created an artificial lake reservoir (see Lake Chagan).
# Diplomatic issue with Sedan.
On March 2, 2005, Ellen Tauscher, a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California, used Sedan as an example of a test which produced a considerable amount of radioactive fallout while giving congressional testimony on the containment of debris from nuclear testing. However, the name "Sedan" was incorrectly transcribed as "Sudan" in the "Congressional Record".
Within days of the error, the international community | 24,572 |
1599683 | Sedan (nuclear test) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedan%20(nuclear%20test) | Sedan (nuclear test)
took notice. Sudanese officials responded by stating that "the Sudanese government takes this issue seriously and with extreme importance". The Chinese Xinhua General News Service even published an article claiming that the Sudanese government blamed the U.S. for raising cancer rates among the Sudanese people. Despite the U.S. embassy in Khartoum issuing a statement clarifying that it was a typographic error, Mustafa Osman Ismail, the Sudanese Foreign Minister, stated his government would continue investigating the claims.
# See also.
- Chagan (nuclear test)
- Peaceful nuclear explosion
# External links.
- US government movie about the Sedan test
- Sedan Underground Nuclear Test video
- | 24,573 |
1599683 | Sedan (nuclear test) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedan%20(nuclear%20test) | Sedan (nuclear test)
s this issue seriously and with extreme importance". The Chinese Xinhua General News Service even published an article claiming that the Sudanese government blamed the U.S. for raising cancer rates among the Sudanese people. Despite the U.S. embassy in Khartoum issuing a statement clarifying that it was a typographic error, Mustafa Osman Ismail, the Sudanese Foreign Minister, stated his government would continue investigating the claims.
# See also.
- Chagan (nuclear test)
- Peaceful nuclear explosion
# External links.
- US government movie about the Sedan test
- Sedan Underground Nuclear Test video
- Virtual-Reality tour of Sedan Site
- Sedan Crater at the Online Nevada Encyclopedia | 24,574 |
1599775 | Couch of Power | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Couch%20of%20Power | Couch of Power
Couch of Power
Couch of Power is a group game of strategy and memory in which two teams shuffle seats until one team controls every seat on the couch and wins. It is sometimes known as "Parliament" or "Four on the Couch".
# Equipment.
- Seats arranged in a circle. There must be one seat for each player and one empty seat.
- A couch, which can be a real couch (which would replace four seats) or four adjacent seats.
- Slips of paper - the same amount as people playing. Each slip has the name of one of the players, so that every player is named on one slip.
# Objective.
The game is won by the team who fills the couch with their own players.
# How to play.
Divide the players into two teams. | 24,575 |
1599775 | Couch of Power | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Couch%20of%20Power | Couch of Power
The game works best if the teams are even. To avoid later confusion, instruct one team to distinguish themselves from the other team by wearing headbands, rolling up their pants legs or shirt sleeves, etc. — boys vs. girls may work. Hand out the slips of paper with players' names; it doesn't matter if you have your own name. Everyone should have one slip, with no extras.
Teams then alternate seats (i.e., no two team members are sitting next to each other) so that two people from each team are on the couch and there is one empty seat. Play begins with the player left (or clockwise) of the empty seat.
The player calls a name, and whoever has that name on their slip must move to the empty seat, | 24,576 |
1599775 | Couch of Power | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Couch%20of%20Power | Couch of Power
making their former seat the new empty seat.
To make the game particularly challenging, every time someone moves to the empty seat, they should exchange slips of paper with the person who called their name (now on their left). Now everyone will know what the person who called the name has, but will not know what the person who moved has (unless said earlier in the game).
Play always passes to the player to the left of the empty seat. The same name cannot be called twice in a row, and you cannot call the name that is on your slip of paper.
When all four people on the couch are from the same team, the game is over and that team wins.
# Basic strategy.
Players can focus on moving the ideal | 24,577 |
1599775 | Couch of Power | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Couch%20of%20Power | Couch of Power
lled their name (now on their left). Now everyone will know what the person who called the name has, but will not know what the person who moved has (unless said earlier in the game).
Play always passes to the player to the left of the empty seat. The same name cannot be called twice in a row, and you cannot call the name that is on your slip of paper.
When all four people on the couch are from the same team, the game is over and that team wins.
# Basic strategy.
Players can focus on moving the ideal person to the ever-changing empty seat, keeping in mind that the person sitting to the left of a vacated seat will be the next to play. Like chess, this requires some ability to think ahead. | 24,578 |
1599781 | Buck's Fizz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buck's%20Fizz | Buck's Fizz
Buck's Fizz
The Buck's Fizz is an alcoholic cocktail made of two parts champagne to one part orange juice. It is very similar to the Mimosa, which also contains champagne and orange juice, but in equal measures. Other sparkling wines can also be used.
# Overview.
The drink is named after London's Buck's Club, where it was invented as an excuse to begin drinking early; it was first served in 1921 by a barman named Malachy McGarry (who features in the works of P. G. Wodehouse as the barman of Buck's Club and the Drones Club). Traditionally, it is made by mixing two parts champagne and one part orange juice. Some older recipes list grenadine as an additional ingredient, but the International | 24,579 |
1599781 | Buck's Fizz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buck's%20Fizz | Buck's Fizz
uice. Some older recipes list grenadine as an additional ingredient, but the International Bartenders Association recipe does not include it. The original Buck's Club recipe is said to contain additional ingredients known only to the club's bartenders.
Four years later, the mimosa cocktail was invented in Paris. It also contains sparkling wine and orange juice, but in equal measures.
Buck's Fizz is popularly served at weddings as a less alcoholic alternative to champagne. In the United Kingdom, it is a popular part of a Christmas day breakfast.
In 1981, the name was adopted by a British pop group, which went on to win a Eurovision title.
# See also.
- Fizz (cocktail) family of cocktails | 24,580 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
California State Route 78
State Route 78 (SR 78) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs from Oceanside east to Blythe, traversing nearly the entire width of the state. Its western terminus is at Interstate 5 (I-5) in San Diego County and its eastern terminus is at I-10 in Riverside County. The route is a freeway through the heavily populated cities of northern San Diego County and a two-lane highway running through the Cuyamaca Mountains to Julian. In Imperial County, SR 78 travels through the desert near the Salton Sea and passes through the city of Brawley before turning north and passing through an area of sand dunes on the way to its terminus in Blythe.
SR 78 was one | 24,581 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
of the original state highways designated in 1934, although portions of the route existed as early as 1900. However, it was not designated east of Brawley until 1959. The freeway section in the North County of San Diego that connects Oceanside and Escondido was built in the middle of the twentieth century in several stages, including a transitory stage known as the Vista Way Freeway, and has been improved several times. An expressway bypass of the city of Brawley was completed in 2012. There are many projects slated to improve the freeway due to increasing congestion in the region.
# Route description.
SR 78 begins in Oceanside as a continuation of Vista Way. As it encounters a traffic signal | 24,582 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
and crosses over I-5, the route becomes a suburban freeway traveling east through Oceanside. The freeway loosely parallels Buena Vista Creek before entering the city of Vista. Turning southeast, SR 78 continues into the city of San Marcos near California State University San Marcos and enters Escondido, where it has an interchange with I-15. A 2011 Caltrans study estimated that the average commuter encountered a delay of 10 minutes on the portion from I-5 to I-15. After passing the Center City Parkway (I-15 Business) interchange, the freeway abruptly ends at the intersection with Broadway. SR 78 then makes a turn south onto Broadway and continues through downtown Escondido by turning east onto | 24,583 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
Washington Avenue and south onto Ash Street, which becomes San Pasqual Valley Road.
Turning east once again, SR 78 leaves the Escondido city limits and enters the San Pasqual Valley as it provides access to the San Diego Zoo Safari Park and San Pasqual Battlefield State Park. After leaving the San Pasqual Valley, the road follows a serpentine alignment, heading south to enter the community of Ramona as Pine Street. In Ramona, SR 78 intersects SR 67 and makes a turn east onto Main Street, going through downtown Ramona. The highway leaves Ramona as Julian Road, which continues on a winding mountain alignment through Witch Creek to Santa Ysabel where it meets SR 79.
SR 78 runs concurrently with | 24,584 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
SR 79 across the headwaters of the San Diego River and through the hamlet of Wynola, briefly entering Cleveland National Forest before reaching Julian and entering the town as Washington Street. The route, still concurrent with SR 79, turns east onto Main Street and travels through downtown Julian before SR 79 diverges south towards Cuyamaca and SR 78 heads northeast as Banner Road. The road intersects with County Route S2 (CR S2) at a junction called Scissors Crossing; CR S2 runs concurrently in a wrong-way concurrency. Shortly afterwards, SR 78 enters Anza-Borrego Desert State Park and is designated as a scenic highway for its length in the state park. Although this route travels many miles | 24,585 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
south of the town of Borrego Springs, it provides access to the town via CR S3. SR 78 travels through the town of Ocotillo Wells before exiting the state park and entering Imperial County.
In Imperial County, SR 78 intersects with SR 86, running concurrently with it southwest of the Salton Sea and northwest of San Felipe Creek. SR 78 passes through the desert community of Elmore Desert Ranch before entering the city of Westmorland. The route, still concurrent with SR 86, enters into the city of Brawley as Main Street, where SR 86 splits to the south towards El Centro. SR 78 continues north onto the Brawley Bypass, a freeway that passes to the north of downtown Brawley. SR 111 runs concurrently | 24,586 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
with SR 78 for a short duration before the latter exits from the freeway and continues east.
Then, SR 78 intersects with SR 115 east of Brawley, running concurrently with it for a brief distance. Shortly after passing through the small community of Glamis, the road turns northeast and eventually north towards Blythe, passing near the Chocolate Mountain Naval Reserve. As it nears the Colorado River and the Arizona border, SR 78 briefly passes through Cibola National Wildlife Refuge before entering the community of Palo Verde, where the river turns away from the highway and SR 78 enters Riverside County.
As it nears Blythe, the highway makes a sharp turn east onto 32nd Avenue before turning | 24,587 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
north on Rannels Boulevard. It makes a right on 28th Avenue before turning north on South Neighbours Boulevard and passing through Ripley. SR 78 continues north for a few more miles to its terminus at I-10, approximately west of the Arizona border. North of I-10, Neighbours Boulevard becomes Interstate 10 Business for a block before the business route turns east toward Blythe.
SR 78 is designated as the Ronald Packard Parkway (after a former Congressman named Ronald Packard from the area) from I-5 in the city of Oceanside to I-15 in the city of Escondido, and Ben Hulse Highway (after a former state senator named Ben Hulse) from SR 86 near Brawley to I-10 near the city of Blythe. The portion | 24,588 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
of SR 78 from SR 86 in Brawley to CR S3 near Anza-Borrego Desert State Park is designated as part of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail auto tour route, promoted by the National Park Service. An informal nickname for the road is "the Hops Highway," referring to the fact that the stretch of SR 78 from Oceanside to Julian passes by one-third of all the breweries in San Diego County.
SR 78 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, although only the metropolitan section of SR 78 is a freeway. The section of SR 78 from the western junction of SR 79 to the western junction with SR 86 is designated by the California State Legislature as eligible by law for the State Scenic | 24,589 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
Highway System; however, only the section in Anza Borrego Desert State Park has officially been designated by Caltrans as being part of the system, meaning that it is a substantial section of highway passing through a "memorable landscape" with no "visual intrusions", where the potential designation has gained popular favor with the community; it gained this status in 1971. SR 78 from I-5 to I-15, and from the eastern junction with SR 86 to the eastern junction with SR 111 is part of the National Highway System (NHS), a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. In 2013, SR 78 had an annual average | 24,590 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
daily traffic (AADT) of 670 between the San Diego–Imperial county line and the western SR 86 junction, and 163,000 between Twin Oaks Valley Road and Nordahl Road, the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway.
# History.
## Original highway.
The Old Banner Toll Road connected the towns of Julian and Banner in 1871, after a gold rush began in 1870, and eliminated the need to manually lower supplies to gold miners down a slope. The county bought the road from Horace Wilcox in 1874, and removed the toll. The road remained in service until 1925, and remained operational until a flood in the winter season of 1979–1980. By August 1874, a road from Valle de las Viejas to Julian was open | 24,591 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
and accessible for horse teams. In the meantime, the City of Oceanside began discussions regarding a road east from Oceanside through the San Marcos valley. Efforts to realign the road from Ramona to Julian began in 1892, when a county surveyor examined the prospect of shifting the road away from the Graves hill.
Before the designation of SR 78, a road known as the Brawley-Westmorland-Julian-Oceanside Highway (connecting Oceanside, Escondido, Ramona, Julian, Westmorland, and Brawley) existed during the early twentieth century. This road roughly followed the current routing of SR 78 from Escondido to the east of Brawley, although it traveled along a different routing from Westmorland into Brawley. | 24,592 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
No road connected Brawley with Glamis in 1919; it was necessary to travel north through Calipatria to reach Blythe. East of the Sand Hills, there was a road from Glamis passing by Smith Well into Palo Verde, which roughly follows the routing of SR 78.
At this time, when the road from the west into Julian had been approved, many in the community began discussing a road east into the Imperial Valley. There were many proposed alignments besides the one east of Julian through Banner, including through the San Felipe Valley, and the Montezuma Valley. The plan was to construct the Santa Ysabel grade portion as a gravel road, and the rest of the road between Ballena (near Ramona) and Julian as a concrete | 24,593 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
road. The work to pave the road from Santa Ysabel to Julian was nearing completion in September 1920. Grading was completed by August 1921, and paving work continued, as well as grading on the Santa Ysabel and Julian grades. In 1922, the Automobile Club of Southern California scouting expedition reported that the road from Ramona to Julian was "in excellent condition" though the pavement was poor from Ballena to Santa Ysabel, and under construction just east of Santa Ysabel.
A road from Julian to Kane Springs was completed in 1925. Efforts to include this road extending to Brawley into the state highway system date back from 1927, in order to receive state funding for the road. Plans for a | 24,594 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
cross-country road through Borrego Springs were being discussed by county government officials in 1927, as there were no east–west state highways in between Mountain Springs and Riverside. Those living in Calipatria and Westmorland supported the prospect of the road to Julian being improved, and included in the state highway system. In 1928, state assembly member Myron Witter wrote a letter to the San Diego County Board of Supervisors to suggest that the highway be incorporated as a second entrance to the county from the east, and that it would not detract from the progress of the other highway from El Centro; however, the county wanted to prioritize the paving over the designation. Chambers | 24,595 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
of commerce in the Imperial Valley generally agreed with Witter, proposing that the El Centro–Calexico road be made a part of the state highway system, and the Kane Springs–Julian road be given second priority for inclusion.
In June 1930, an agreement was made between the county and the state to share in the construction and maintenance on the road to Kane Springs from Julian; prison crews were to make up some of the workforce. Vista Way opened on November 26, 1930. By 1932, the road from Escondido to Ramona was a gravel road, and the portion from Julian to U.S. Route 99 (US 99), which is currently designated as SR 86, was still a dirt road. That year, the cost was predicted to be $176,000 | 24,596 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
(about $ in dollars).
## Construction in San Diego County.
SR 78 was originally formed along with the originally signed state highways in California (Sign Routes) in 1934; however, it only extended to what was then US 99 near Kane Springs. In the North County, SR 78 was legislatively designated as Route 196 from then-US 101 (present-day I-5) to Vista, and as Route 77 from Vista to US 395 in Escondido. SR 78 was legally known as Route 197 from Escondido to Ramona, and Route 198 from Ramona to US 99, which is now SR 86. From the eastern junction of SR 86 to the Riverside county line, the route was designated as Route 146 in 1959.
By 1947, US 395 ran concurrently along the portion of SR 78 from | 24,597 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
Vista to Escondido before continuing along Santa Fe Avenue to Bonsall and Fallbrook and rejoining its alignment during the 1970s. At this time, all of SR 78 that existed had been paved. Before the present-day freeway was built, SR 78 was routed on the Vista Way Freeway (which was an expressway) from Oceanside east to downtown Vista. After this, it followed Santa Fe Avenue and Mission Road east (now signed as CR S14), continuing onto Grand Avenue in Escondido. Following the intersection with US 395, SR 78 turned south on Ash Street and rejoined the current alignment of the highway. In 1949, the rerouting of SR 78 from US 395 to US 99 was listed as a priority by local officials. The road was known | 24,598 |
1599654 | California State Route 78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20State%20Route%2078 | California State Route 78
for its curves, even though it went over relatively flat terrain; this reduced its efficiency.
The portion of the SR 78 freeway in Oceanside opened to traffic on February 11, 1954. This highway was extended to Vista in May 1955, at a cost of $1,159,000 (about $ in dollars). The part of the freeway from Vista to Escondido was one of the top priorities for highway construction in the county as early as 1960. The center portion of the Vista Way Freeway opened in April 1962, but the western part of the route was not entirely access controlled, as an expressway. The section of the SR 78 freeway from Rancho Santa Fe Road in San Marcos to Nordahl Road was completed in April 1962. The part of the freeway | 24,599 |
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