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1599864 | The Upside of Anger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Upside%20of%20Anger | The Upside of Anger
as Emily Wolfmeyer
- Erika Christensen as Andy Wolfmeyer
- Evan Rachel Wood as Lavender "Popeye" Wolfmeyer
- Mike Binder as Adam "Shep" Goodman
- Tom Harper as David Jr.
- Sarah Coomes as Anna Holstein
- Dane Christensen as Gorden Reiner
- Danny Webb as Grey Wolfmeyer
- Magdalena Manville as Darlene
- Suzanne Bertish as Gina
- David Firth as David Sr.
- Rod Woodruff as Dean Reiner
- Stephen Greif as Emily's doctor.
- Arthur Penhallow as Himself
# Production.
According to the closing credits and the special features section of the DVD, much of the film was shot at Ealing Studios, London. Part was filmed in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, a wealthy suburb of Detroit. At one point in | 24,800 |
1599864 | The Upside of Anger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Upside%20of%20Anger | The Upside of Anger
the film, Detroit's 101 WRIF served as a backdrop.
Denny Davies, Costner's character, is referenced to have retired from the Detroit Tigers several years earlier. Several still pictures of Costner from "For Love of the Game", in which he played a Tigers pitcher named Billy Chapel, are used as posters in Davies' radio studio.
# Reception.
The film holds a 74% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 181 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site critical consensus reads "A comedy/ drama for grown-ups, with fine performances by Joan Allen and Kevin Costner."
# Awards and nominations.
## Awards won.
- Chicago Film Critics Association: (1) Best Actress - Joan Allen
- San Francisco | 24,801 |
1599864 | The Upside of Anger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Upside%20of%20Anger | The Upside of Anger
approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 181 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site critical consensus reads "A comedy/ drama for grown-ups, with fine performances by Joan Allen and Kevin Costner."
# Awards and nominations.
## Awards won.
- Chicago Film Critics Association: (1) Best Actress - Joan Allen
- San Francisco Film Critics Circle: (1) Best Supporting Actor - Kevin Costner
## Nominations.
- Critics' Choice Movie Awards: (2) Best Actress - Joan Allen, Best Supporting Actor - Kevin Costner
- Online Film Critics Society: (1) Best Actress - Joan Allen
- Satellite Awards: (2) Best Musical or Comedy Actor - Kevin Costner, Best Musical or Comedy Actress - Joan Allen | 24,802 |
1599873 | Atrophic gastritis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrophic%20gastritis | Atrophic gastritis
Atrophic gastritis
Atrophic gastritis is a process of chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa of the stomach, leading to a loss of gastric glandular cells and their eventual replacement by intestinal and fibrous tissues. As a result, the stomach's secretion of essential substances such as hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor is impaired, leading to digestive problems. The most common are vitamin B deficiency which results in a megaloblastic anemia and malabsorption of iron, leading to iron deficiency anaemia. It can be caused by persistent infection with "Helicobacter pylori", or can be autoimmune in origin. Those with the autoimmune version of atrophic gastritis are statistically | 24,803 |
1599873 | Atrophic gastritis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrophic%20gastritis | Atrophic gastritis
more likely to develop gastric carcinoma, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and achlorhydria.
Type A gastritis primarily affects the body/fundus of the stomach, and is more common with pernicious anemia.
Type B gastritis primarily affects the antrum, and is more common with "H. pylori" infection.
# Presentation.
## Associated conditions.
Patients with atrophic gastritis are also at increased risk for the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. The optimal endoscopic surveillance strategy is not known but all nodules and polyps should be removed in these patients.
# Causes.
Recent research has shown that AMAG is a result of the immune system attacking the parietal cells.
"Environmental Metaplastic | 24,804 |
1599873 | Atrophic gastritis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrophic%20gastritis | Atrophic gastritis
Atrophic Gastritis" (EMAG) is due to environmental factors, such as diet and "H. pylori" infection. EMAG is typically confined to the body of the stomach. Patients with EMAG are also at increased risk of gastric carcinoma.
# Pathophysiology.
"Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis" (AMAG) is an inherited form of atrophic gastritis characterized by an immune response directed toward parietal cells and intrinsic factor. The presence of serum antibodies to parietal cells and to intrinsic factor are characteristic findings. The autoimmune response subsequently leads to the destruction of parietal cells, which leads to profound Achlorhydria (and elevated gastrin levels). The inadequate production | 24,805 |
1599873 | Atrophic gastritis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrophic%20gastritis | Atrophic gastritis
of intrinsic factor also leads to vitamin B malabsorption and pernicious anemia. AMAG is typically confined to the gastric body and fundus.
Achlorhydria induces G cell (gastrin-producing) hyperplasia, which leads to hypergastrinemia. Gastrin exerts a trophic effect on enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells are responsible for histamine secretion) and is hypothesized to be one mechanism to explain the malignant transformation of ECL cells into carcinoid tumors in AMAG.
# Diagnosis.
Detection of APCA, anti-intrinsic factor antibody (AIFA) and "Helicobacter pylori" (HP) antibodies in conjunction with serum gastrin are effective for diagnostic purposes.
## Classification.
The notion that atrophic | 24,806 |
1599873 | Atrophic gastritis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrophic%20gastritis | Atrophic gastritis
cells into carcinoid tumors in AMAG.
# Diagnosis.
Detection of APCA, anti-intrinsic factor antibody (AIFA) and "Helicobacter pylori" (HP) antibodies in conjunction with serum gastrin are effective for diagnostic purposes.
## Classification.
The notion that atrophic gastritis could be classified depending on the level of progress as "close type" or "open type" was suggested in early studies, but no universally accepted classification exists as of 2017.
# Treatment.
Immunosupressive drugs and chemotherapy with antineoplastic drugs are potential treatment options for AMAG.
In the case of confirmed malignancy of stomach, stomach resection may be required.
# See also.
- Chronic gastritis | 24,807 |
1599886 | David Smith (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Smith%20(historian) | David Smith (historian)
David Smith (historian)
David L. Smith (born 3 December 1963 in London) is a noted historian at Selwyn College, Cambridge. He specializes in Early Modern British history, particularly political, constitutional, legal and religious history within the Stuart period. He is the author or co-author of eight books, and the editor or co-editor of five others, and he has also published more than sixty articles (see list of chief publications below).
# Early life.
Smith was educated at Eastbourne College (1972–81) and then went up to Selwyn College, Cambridge, as a Scholar in October 1982. At Selwyn he took Firsts in both Parts of the Historical Tripos (with Distinction in Part I), graduating in 1985. | 24,808 |
1599886 | David Smith (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Smith%20(historian) | David Smith (historian)
He went on to take his PGCE with Distinction in 1986, his MA in 1989, and his PhD in 1990.
# Career.
In 1991 he won the Royal Historical Society's Alexander Prize, and Cambridge University's Thirlwall Prize for historical research.
He has been a Fellow of Selwyn College since 1988. He has also served as a Director of Studies in History since 1992, and as a Graduate Tutor since 2004. For nearly twelve years (1992–2003) he was Admissions Tutor at Selwyn, a period during which the College's academic performance improved markedly. From 1994 until 2006 he was also the College's Praelector.
He has been an Affiliated Lecturer in the Faculty of History at Cambridge since 1995, and he served as Convenor | 24,809 |
1599886 | David Smith (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Smith%20(historian) | David Smith (historian)
of the Directors of Studies in History from 2006 to 2010. He also teaches regular weekend, day-school and summer school courses for Cambridge's Institute of Continuing Education. He has taught on the Institute's annual History Summer Programme every year since 1993, and he has been Programme Director since 2005. He was a member of the Institute's Management Board from 2005 to 2008, and he became an Affiliated Lecturer of the Institute in 2012.
He was an Associate Editor and Research Associate for the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" (Oxford University Press, 2004), to which he also contributed twenty-three articles. From 1993 to 2003 he was co-editor of the Cambridge University Press | 24,810 |
1599886 | David Smith (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Smith%20(historian) | David Smith (historian)
A-level History series "Cambridge Perspectives in History", in which thirty books were published. More recently, he was co-editor of the Cambridge University Press series aimed at the AQA specifications for A-level History, in which eighteen books were published in 2015-16. He was an Associate Editor of the "Journal of British Studies" from 2014 to 2017.
He was a Visiting Professor at the University of Chicago (1991), and at Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea (2004). He served as an External Examiner for the University of Leicester (2007–10), and for the University of Hull (2012-17). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society in 1992, and he has been President of | 24,811 |
1599886 | David Smith (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Smith%20(historian) | David Smith (historian)
the Cambridge History Forum since 1997.
He served as a Governor of Eastbourne College (1993-2015) and also as a Trustee of Oakham School (2000-12). He was a member of the Cambridgeshire Records Society Committee from 1998 to 2009. He served on the Management Committee of the Cromwell Museum in Huntingdon from 2009 to 2015, and he was a Trustee of the Cromwell Association from 2012 to 2015.
# Chief publications.
- "Oliver Cromwell: Politics and Religion in the English Revolution, 1640–1658" (Cambridge University Press, 1991)
- "Louis XIV" (Cambridge University Press, 1992)
- "Constitutional Royalism and the Search for Settlement, c. 1640–1649" (Cambridge University Press, 1994)
- (co-edited | 24,812 |
1599886 | David Smith (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Smith%20(historian) | David Smith (historian)
with Richard Strier and David Bevington) "The Theatrical City: Culture, Theatre and Politics in London, 1576–1649" (Cambridge University Press, 1995)
- "A History of the Modern British Isles, 1603–1707: The Double Crown" (Blackwell, 1998)
- "The Stuart Parliaments, 1603–1689" (Edward Arnold, 1999)
- (with Graham E. Seel) "The Early Stuart Kings, 1603–1642" (Routledge, 2001)
- (with Graham E. Seel) "Crown and Parliaments, 1558–1689" (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
- (edited) "Cromwell and the Interregnum" (Blackwell, 2003)
- Twenty-three articles in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" (Oxford University Press, 2004)
- (co-edited with Jason McElligott) "Royalists and Royalism | 24,813 |
1599886 | David Smith (historian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Smith%20(historian) | David Smith (historian)
l Biography" (Oxford University Press, 2004)
- (co-edited with Jason McElligott) "Royalists and Royalism during the English Civil Wars" (Cambridge University Press, 2007)
- (with Patrick Little) "Parliaments and Politics during the Cromwellian Protectorate" (Cambridge University Press, 2007)
- (co-edited with Jason McElligott) "Royalists and Royalism during the Interregnum" (Manchester University Press, 2010)
- (co-edited with Michael J. Braddick) "The Experience of Revolution in Stuart Britain and Ireland: Essays for John Morrill" (Cambridge University Press, 2011)
- Two articles in "The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution", ed. Michael J. Braddick (Oxford University Press, 2015) | 24,814 |
1599869 | USS Benton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Benton | USS Benton
USS Benton
USS "Benton" (1861) was an ironclad river gunboat in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. She was named for American senator Thomas Hart Benton. "Benton" was a former center-wheel catamaran snagboat and was converted by James B. Eads, St. Louis, Missouri, in 1861 and commissioned February 24, 1862 as part of the Army's Western Gunboat Flotilla.
# Conversion from snagboat.
On April 29, 1861 Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles received correspondence from James Eads concerning the viability of converting "Submarine No. 7" into a riverine warship for the U.S. military. "Submarine No. 7" was a snagboat built by the US Navy that had been purchased by Eads' Missouri Wrecking | 24,815 |
1599869 | USS Benton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Benton | USS Benton
Company and modified to raise sunken steamboats on the Mississippi River. Both hulls of "Submarine No. 7" were divided into 7 watertight compartments and Eads argued that the vessel could suffer up to 20 penetrating shot into 4 of these compartments and still stay afloat. (Other sources state she was built with 40 watertight compartments.) Additionally he argued that the vessel would be able to support a strong battery of 32-pounder cannons. His initial proposal called converting the vessel into a Cotton-clad gunboat for a cost of $3,000 in cotton. His letter also described a plan to convert two other, smaller vessels and to create a naval base at Cairo, IL.
Lacking the resources to undertake | 24,816 |
1599869 | USS Benton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Benton | USS Benton
the project, Welles forwarded Eads's letter to the Secretary of War Simon Cameron. Cameron was impressed by the proposal and forwarded it to General George McClellan to implement the construction of the base. Instead of the cotton-clad boat however, the US Army wanted a fleet of new ships; this became the "City"-class ironclad fleet.
Impressed by the Eads' abilities during the construction of the "City"-class,he earned several additional contracts. One of these involved "Submarine No. 7". Eads widened "Submarine No. 7" lower deck into a gun deck then added a second tier of accommodations. The large size of the finished vessel and this additional space led to the vessel being well suited to | 24,817 |
1599869 | USS Benton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Benton | USS Benton
a flagship role. Commander William D. Porter complained that the finished vessel was too slow, and history has recorded that Eads replied that she was still fast enough to fight in. Now as the "Benton" she would serve as a flagship for most of the war.
# Armament.
Like many of the Mississippi theater ironclads, the "Benton" had her armament changed multiple times. Like the "City"-class, the "Benton" was fitted with a mixture of modern and antiquated weapons, then had her weapons upgraded as new pieces became available. Though the smoothbore guns were modern, most of the other original armaments were antiquated, such as the 32-pounders, or modified, such as the 42-pounder "rifles" that were | 24,818 |
1599869 | USS Benton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Benton | USS Benton
in fact old smoothbores that had been gouged out to give them rifling. These modified weapons were of particular concern to military commanders because they were structurally weaker and more prone to exploding than purpose-built rifled guns. Additionally, the close confines of riverine combat greatly increased the threat of boarding parties. The 12-pounder howitzer was equipped to address that concern and was not used in regular combat. By the end of the war, the Benton was one of the heaviest armed vessels in the Mississippi theater.
# Commanding officers.
In addition to intermittently hosting both Admirals Andrew Foote and David Porter, the "Benton" had several commanding officers over the | 24,819 |
1599869 | USS Benton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Benton | USS Benton
duration of her service.
# Service.
## 1862.
As part of Admiral Andrew Foote's command, she participated in the Battle of Island Number Ten in March–April. On 10 May, she was present for the Battle of Plum Point Bend where a Confederate ram flotilla ambushed the fleet, sinking the "Cincinnati" and the "Mound City" before being driven off. On June 6, "Benton" and the fleet, now supported by a flotilla of Union rams under the command of Colonel Charles Ellet, Jr. engaged the Confederate rams in the Battle of Memphis where the Confederate flotilla was completely routed.In July the "Benton" led the fleet into an attempted engagement with the CSS "Arkansas" near Vicksburg, Mississippi. The attempt | 24,820 |
1599869 | USS Benton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Benton | USS Benton
was a failure and "Benton" and the fleet were forced to retreat north of the city for the rest of the year. In October, the entire fleet was transferred from Army command to Navy command. "Benton" spent the remainder of the year patrolling the Yazoo River.
## 1863.
On April 16, under the direction of Admiral David Porter, the "Benton" led a nighttime charge past the guns of Vicksburg. Protecting the "Ivy" from cannon fire, the "Benton" led a column of ten additional vessels past the heavy artillery batteries. Passing at a range of the "Benton" was hit 5 times, including 1 round that split her casemate, injuring several crewmen. on April 29 the "Benton" led a 7 ironclad fleet in a bombardment | 24,821 |
1599869 | USS Benton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Benton | USS Benton
of Grand Gulf, MS's gun batteries. One particularly devastating hit pieced the "Benton's" armor, causing 25 casualties. As the battle continued, the speed of the current increased and overwhelmed the "Benton's" engines and she was swept downstream before the bombardment's conclusion. In May, "Benton" returned to Vickburg to continue bombarding the city until its fall in June.
## 1864.
On March 10, the "Benton" led a large fleet up the Red River to aid the Army in subduing Shreveport, LA. This expedition was a failure. On March 12, according to Admiral Porter's memoirs "Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War" the "Benton" fired one volley from her bow battery during the Battle of Fort De | 24,822 |
1599869 | USS Benton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Benton | USS Benton
Russy before that fort's surrender to Union General A.J. Smith. By May, the army was defeated in combat and forced to retreat, and the fleet was stranded on the river after the water levels fell too low to allow the fleet to retreat back to the Mississippi. The fleet was ultimately saved by building dams across low points in the river. Once the water level was high enough, the dams were destroyed and the fleet was able to escape on the rush of high water.
## 1865.
By the end of the war, most of the action had been resolved in the western theater. Her last significant action was to steam back up the Red River in June to take possession of the surrendered CSS "Missouri".
# Post-war decommissioning.
"Benton" | 24,823 |
1599869 | USS Benton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Benton | USS Benton
dams were destroyed and the fleet was able to escape on the rush of high water.
## 1865.
By the end of the war, most of the action had been resolved in the western theater. Her last significant action was to steam back up the Red River in June to take possession of the surrendered CSS "Missouri".
# Post-war decommissioning.
"Benton" decommissioned July 20, 1865 at Mound City, Illinois. Her armor and armament were removed and she was sold November 29, 1865.
# Bibliography.
- Konstam, Angus, New Vanguard 56, "Union River Ironclad 1861-65", Osprey Publishing, 2002.
- Donovan, Frank, "Ironclads of the Civil War", American Heritage, 1964.
- (History and some images)
- (Additional images) | 24,824 |
1599893 | Dick Siegel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Siegel | Dick Siegel
Dick Siegel
Dick Siegel is an American singer-songwriter. He won the Best New Folk Artist award at the 1991 Kerrville Folk Festival.
In 2003, Siegel released "A Little Pain Never Hurt" under Arden Records.
# External links.
- Official Website | 24,825 |
1599900 | List of historical swords | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20historical%20swords | List of historical swords
List of historical swords
This is a list of notable individual swords, known either from historical record or from surviving artifacts.
# Legendary swords.
These swords do not survive as artifacts and their description may be of doubtful historicity.
- Sword of Attila – The sword of Attila the Hun, said to have been sent by the gods.
- Balmung – The sword of Siegfried, later used by Hagen, in the Nibelungenlied and the preceding legends.
- Colada – One of two swords owned by El Cid in 11th century Spain. While it now only exists in legend, the other, Tizona, is all but proven to remain at the Museum of Burgos (see below).
- Durandal – The sword of Charlemagne's paladin, Roland, in the | 24,826 |
1599900 | List of historical swords | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20historical%20swords | List of historical swords
11th and 12th century, accounted in The Song of Roland.
- Grus – The sword of Bolesław Krzywousty (Boleslaus the Wrymouthed), medieval prince of Poland.
- Excalibur – King Arthur's sword given to him by the Lady in the Lake, and then later returned to her after Arthur's reign.
- Joyeuse – The sword of Charlemagne (Charles the Great), the famed medieval king of the Franks and first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
- Kusanagi-no-tsurugi (草薙の剣) / Ame no Murakumo no Tsurugi (天叢雲剣 lit. Sword of the heaven of the clustering clouds) / Kusanagi ("Grasscutter" or more probably "sword of snake"). It may also be called Tsumugari no Tachi (都牟刈の太刀) – Both a mythical and real sword of equivalent importance | 24,827 |
1599900 | List of historical swords | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20historical%20swords | List of historical swords
to Japan as Excalibur is to Britain.
- Sword of Laban – The sword acquired by the prophet Nephi after he beheaded its owner in Jerusalem circa 600 B.C. According to the Book of Mormon, it was then taken to the Americas.
- Legbiter – A gaddhjalt sword of the viking King Magnus Barelegs killed in battle at County Down in 1103.
- Skofnung – The sword of legendary Danish king Hrólf Kraki whose legend dates back to the 5th century and writings to the 13th century in Hrólfs saga kraka.
- Sword in the Stone – The sword King Arthur of Camelot legendarily drew from a stone, often named Caliburn, but may be Durandal, and/or The Bishop's Sword (a.k.a. The "Sword of Saint Peter" which translated from | 24,828 |
1599900 | List of historical swords | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20historical%20swords | List of historical swords
Latin and Greek also means "Sword of the "Rock"", Peter being ""The Rock"").
- Zulfiqar – A scissor-like double bladed sword belonging to Ali, the son-in-law of the prophet Mohamad and Caliph from 656 to 661. (aka Dhu al-Fiqar)
# Artifacts.
These swords are preserved artifacts, though their attribution to historical characters may be doubtful.
## Pre-modern swords.
### Europeans.
- Sword of Mercy – A symbolically broken sword that is part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. The sword has a blade cut off short and square, indicating thereby the quality of the mercy of the sovereign.
- Joyeuse – The coronation sword of the kings of France, made up with pieces of different swords | 24,829 |
1599900 | List of historical swords | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20historical%20swords | List of historical swords
(9th-19th centuries).
- Tizona – El Cid's personal sword, purported to exist in Spain as a national treasure. Colada, his other sword, only survives in legend (see above).
- Lobera – The sword of the king Saint Ferdinand III of Castile
- Szczerbiec – The coronation sword of the kings of Poland
- The Wallace Sword – A large Scottish Claymore alleged to have been used by famous Scottish patriot and knight William Wallace, when leading the resistance against England in the late 13th century.
- The Manx Sword of State – A ceremonial sword used by the parliament of the Isle of Man at the annual Tynwald ceremony. Originally attributed to Olaf the Black, the sword in current use is likely to date | 24,830 |
1599900 | List of historical swords | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20historical%20swords | List of historical swords
from the 15th-century.
- The Sword of Saint Galgano – A medieval sword embedded in a stone, located at the Montesiepi Chapel near the Abbey of San Galgano in Siena, Italy.
- The Sword of Saints Cosmas and Damian, located in Essen, Germany
- The Sword of Scanderbeg, located in Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna, Austria
### Asian swords.
- Far Eastern swords
- Sword of Goujian – A historical artifact from the Spring and Autumn period.
- Honjo Masamune – represented the Tokugawa shogunate, a feudal military dictatorship of Japan during most of the Edo period. It was passed down from one Shōgun to the next. It is one of the best known of the swords created by Masamune and is believed to be | 24,831 |
1599900 | List of historical swords | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20historical%20swords | List of historical swords
one of the finest Japanese swords ever made.
- Seven-Branched Sword, which Wa received from Baekje.
- Empress Jitō was handed the Sugari no Ontachi (須賀利御太刀) as part of the regalia.
- Near Eastern swords
- The Bishop's Sword – In folklore, supposedly the Sword of Saint Peter, used by him to cut the ear off a high priest while defending Jesus in Gethsemane, though of uncertain provenance. Pope John XIII sent it to Poland in 960 where it remains at the diocese in Poznań.
- Sword of Osman (Ottoman Turkish: "Taklide-Seif") – The sword of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire, used as a sword of state by all later sultans of the Empire in their coronation ceremonies.
## Modern swords.
- | 24,832 |
1599900 | List of historical swords | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20historical%20swords | List of historical swords
onation ceremonies.
## Modern swords.
- Curved saber of San Martín – The sword of General Don José de San Martín, one of the great libertadores of South America.
- Jewelled Sword of Offering, made for the coronation of George IV (1821) – The sword presented to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom during the Coronation, and part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom.
- Sword of Stalingrad - A ceremonial longsword presented by command of King George VI of the United Kingdom to Marshall Joseph Stalin in 1943 as a token of homage from the British people to the Soviet defenders of the city during the Battle of Stalingrad.
# See also.
- List of mythical objects
- List of fictional swords | 24,833 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
Ranch-style house
Ranch (also known as American ranch, California ranch, rambler, or rancher) is a domestic architectural style originating in the United States. The ranch-style house is noted for its long, close-to-the-ground profile, and wide open layout. The house style fused modernist ideas and styles with notions of the American Western period of wide open spaces to create a very informal and casual living style. While the original style of the ranch was very informal and basic in design, starting around the early 1960s, many ranch-style houses constructed in the United States (particularly in the Sun Belt region) were increasingly built with more dramatic features like varying roof lines, | 24,834 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
cathedral ceilings, sunken living rooms, and extensive landscaping and grounds.
First built in the 1920s, the ranch style was extremely popular with the booming post-war middle class of the 1940s to the 1970s. The style is often associated with tract housing built at this time, particularly in the southwest United States, which experienced a population explosion during this period, with a corresponding demand for housing. The style was soon exported to other nations and became popular worldwide. However, their popularity waned in the late 20th century as neo-eclectic house styles, a return to using historical and traditional decoration, became more popular.
Preservationist movements have begun | 24,835 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
in some ranch house neighborhoods, as well as renewed interest in the style from a younger generation who did not grow up in ranch-style houses. This renewed interest in the style has been compared to that which other house styles such as the bungalow and Queen Anne experienced in the 20th century, initial dominance of the market, replacement as the desired housing style, decay and lack of interest coupled with many tear downs, then renewed interest and modernization of the surviving houses.
# Features.
The following features are considered key elements of the original ranch house style, although not all ranch houses contain all of them.
- Single story
- Long, low-pitch roofline
- Asymmetrical | 24,836 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
rectangular, L-shaped, or U-shaped design
- Simple, open floor plans
- Living areas separate from the bedroom(s) area
- Attached garage
- Sliding glass doors opening onto a patio
- Windows with a large glass area, sometimes decorated with non-functional shutters
- Vaulted ceilings with exposed beams often in combination with tongue and groove roof decking
- Mixed material exteriors of stucco and brick, wood or stone
- Deep overhanging eaves
- Cross-gabled, side-gabled or hip roof
## Two-story versions.
The "raised ranch" is a two-story house, in which a finished basement serves as an additional floor. It may be built into a hill to some degree, such that the full size of the house | 24,837 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
is not evident from the curb. However, it does not become a raised ranch simply by having two floors. For a house to be classified as a raised ranch, there must be a flight of steps to get to the main living floor—if not, it is just a bi-level house. Among real estate agents, this term is commonly misused.
## Commercial versions.
The ranch house style was adapted for commercial use during the time of the style's popularity. As the concept of a "drive in" shopping center was being created and popularized, the ranch style was a perfect style to fit into the large tracts of ranch homes being built. Commercial ranch buildings, such as supermarkets and strip malls, typically follow the residential | 24,838 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
style with simple rustic trim, stucco or board and batten siding, exposed brick and shake roofs, and large windows.
# History and development.
The 20th century ranch house style has its roots in North American Spanish colonial architecture of the 17th to 19th century. These buildings used single story floor plans and native materials in a simple style to meet the needs of their inhabitants. Walls were often built of adobe brick and covered with plaster, or more simply used board and batten wood siding. Roofs were low and simple, and usually had wide eaves to help shade the windows from the Southwestern heat. Buildings often had interior courtyards which were surrounded by a U shaped floor | 24,839 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
plan. Large front porches were also common. These low slung, thick-walled, rustic working ranches were common in the Southwestern states.
## Era of popularity.
By the 1950s, the California ranch house, by now often called simply the ranch house or "rambler house", accounted for nine out of every ten new houses. The seemingly endless ability of the style to accommodate the individual needs of the owner/occupant, combined with the very modern inclusion of the latest in building developments and simplicity of the design, satisfied the needs of the time. Ranch houses were built throughout America and were often given regional facelifts to suit regional tastes. The "Colonial Ranch" of the Midwest | 24,840 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
and Northeast is one such noted variant, adding American Colonial features to the facade of the California ranch house. Ranch houses of the 1940s and 1950s are typically more deliberately themed in nature than those of the 1960s and 1970s, with features such as dovecotes, Swiss board edging on trim, and generally western and even fantasy trim styling. From the mid-1960s onward, the ranch house echoed the national trend towards sleekness in design, with the homes becoming even simpler and more generic as this trend continued.
## Decline.
American tastes in architecture began to change in the late 1960s, a move away from Googie and Modernism and ranch houses towards more formal and traditional | 24,841 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
styles. Builders of ranch houses also began to simplify and cheapen construction of the houses to cut costs, eventually reducing the style down to a very bland and uninteresting house, with little of the charm and drama of the early versions. By the late 1970s, the ranch house was no longer the house of choice, and had been eclipsed by the neo-eclectic styles of the late 20th century. Very late custom ranch houses of the later 1970s begin to exhibit features of the neo-eclectics, such as dramatically elevated rooflines, grand entryways, and traditional detailing. These neo-eclectic houses typically continue many of the lifestyle interior features of the ranch house, such as open floor plans, | 24,842 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
attached garages, eat-in kitchens, and built-in patios, though their exterior styling typically owes more to northern Europe or Italy or 18th and 19th century house styles than the ranch house. Neo-eclectic houses also have a significant level of formality in their design, both externally and internally, the exact opposite of the typical ranch-style house. Additionally, the increase in land prices has meant a corresponding increase in the number of two-story houses being built, and a shrinking of the size of the average lot; both trends inhibit the traditional ranch house style. Ranch style houses are occasionally still built today, but mainly in the Western states and, usually, as individual | 24,843 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
custom.
## Revival of interest.
Beginning in the late 1990s, a revival of interest in the ranch style house occurred in United States. The renewed interest in the design is mainly focused on existing houses and neighborhoods, not new construction. Younger house buyers find that ranch houses are affordable entry level homes in many markets, and the single story living of the house attracts older buyers looking for a house they can navigate easily as they age. The houses' uniquely American heritage, being an indigenous design, has furthered interest as well. The houses' simplicity and unpretentious nature, in marked contrast to the more dramatic and formal nature of neo-eclectic houses, makes | 24,844 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
them appealing for some buyers. The more distinctive ranch houses, such as modernist Palmer and Krisel, Joseph Eichler and Cliff May designs, as well as custom houses with a full complement of the style's features, are in particular demand in many markets. Many neighborhoods featuring ranch-style houses are now well-established, with large trees and often with owner modifications that give these sometimes repetitive styles individual character. As these houses were mainly built in the time frame of 1945 to 1970, they are modern in their infrastructure; their heating/cooling systems, wiring, plumbing, windows, doors, and other systems can all be easily repaired and upgraded.
Small-scale tract | 24,845 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
building of ranch houses ended in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Those still built today have usually been individual custom houses. One known exception is a tract of ranch-style houses briefly built on Butte Court in Shafter, California in 2007/08. These houses borrowed their style cues from the 1950s Western styled ranch houses, with board and batten siding, dovecotes, large eaves, and extensive porches. Notably, all houses in this tract were on 1/4-acre lots, and had their front garages turned sideways so that the garage doors were not dominating the front of the house.
# See also.
- Split level homes
- Cliff May
- William Krisel
- Edward H. Fickett
- American Craftsman
- Minimal | 24,846 |
1599894 | Ranch-style house | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranch-style%20house | Ranch-style house
s. Notably, all houses in this tract were on 1/4-acre lots, and had their front garages turned sideways so that the garage doors were not dominating the front of the house.
# See also.
- Split level homes
- Cliff May
- William Krisel
- Edward H. Fickett
- American Craftsman
- Minimal Traditional
- Mission Revival Style architecture
- Bungalow
- Mar del Plata style
# Further reading.
- Gregory, Daniel P., (2008) "Cliff May and the Modern Ranch House," New York, Rizzoli,
- Samon, Katherine Ann (2003). "Ranch House Style." New York: Clarkson Potter. .
# External links.
- Atomic Ranch Magazine
- How America fell in and out of love with the ranch house
- The Ranch House Lives On• | 24,847 |
1599913 | Astronomer Royal for Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomer%20Royal%20for%20Scotland | Astronomer Royal for Scotland
Astronomer Royal for Scotland
Astronomer Royal for Scotland was the title of the director of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh until 1995. It has since been an honorary title.
The following have served as Astronomers Royal for Scotland:
- 1834–1844 Thomas Henderson
- 1846–1888 Charles Piazzi Smyth
- 1889–1905 Ralph Copeland
- 1905–1910 Sir Frank Watson Dyson
- 1910–1937 Ralph Allen Sampson
- 1938–1955 William Michael Herbert Greaves
- 1957–1975 Hermann Brück
- 1975–1980 Vincent Cartledge Reddish
- 1980–1990 Malcolm Longair
- 1991–1995 In abeyance
- 1995–present John Campbell Brown
# See also.
- Edinburgh Astronomical Institution
- City Observatory
- Royal Observatory, Edinburgh
- | 24,848 |
1599913 | Astronomer Royal for Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomer%20Royal%20for%20Scotland | Astronomer Royal for Scotland
cotland was the title of the director of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh until 1995. It has since been an honorary title.
The following have served as Astronomers Royal for Scotland:
- 1834–1844 Thomas Henderson
- 1846–1888 Charles Piazzi Smyth
- 1889–1905 Ralph Copeland
- 1905–1910 Sir Frank Watson Dyson
- 1910–1937 Ralph Allen Sampson
- 1938–1955 William Michael Herbert Greaves
- 1957–1975 Hermann Brück
- 1975–1980 Vincent Cartledge Reddish
- 1980–1990 Malcolm Longair
- 1991–1995 In abeyance
- 1995–present John Campbell Brown
# See also.
- Edinburgh Astronomical Institution
- City Observatory
- Royal Observatory, Edinburgh
- Astronomer Royal
- Royal Astronomer of Ireland | 24,849 |
1599902 | Andrew B. Whinston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew%20B.%20Whinston | Andrew B. Whinston
Andrew B. Whinston
Andrew B. Whinston (born June 3, 1936) is an American economist and computer scientist. He is the Hugh Roy Cullen Centennial Chair in Business Administration, Professor of Information Systems, Computer Science and Economics, and Director of the Center for Research in Electronic Commerce (CREC) in the McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas at Austin.
In the late 1950s, he was Sanxsay Fellow at Princeton University. Prof. Whinston finished his PhD from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1962, at which time he also received its Alexander Henderson Award for Excellence in Economic Theory. He started work at the Yale University economics department, where he | 24,850 |
1599902 | Andrew B. Whinston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew%20B.%20Whinston | Andrew B. Whinston
was a member of the Cowles Foundation. He became an associate professor of economics at the University of Virginia in 1964. By 1966 he was a full professor at Purdue University, where he became the university's inaugural Weiler Distinguished Professor of management, economics, and computer science.
He began his contributions to the academic world in 1961 when he published a paper in a law journal on the topic of urban renewal. In 1962 he published his first two papers. The first was in the "Journal of Political Economy" where he showed how non-cooperative game theory could be applied to issues in microeconomics. In the second paper entitled "A Model of Multi-Period Investment under Uncertainty" | 24,851 |
1599902 | Andrew B. Whinston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew%20B.%20Whinston | Andrew B. Whinston
which appeared in "Management Science" he used nonlinear optimization methods to determine optimal portfolios over time.
In 1996 he was the first to publish a book on electronic commerce entitled "Frontiers of Electronic Commerce"; this 800-page book covered technical, social and economic issues of electronic commerce. The book was translated into several languages and was used as required reading for graduate programs across the country and worldwide.
# Publications.
Professor Whinston’s publication record covers a wide range of topics that appear in journals of many different disciplines. For example, he has papers in economics journals such as American Economic Review, Econometrica, Review | 24,852 |
1599902 | Andrew B. Whinston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew%20B.%20Whinston | Andrew B. Whinston
of Economic Studies, Journal of Economic Theory, Journal of Financial Economics, Journal of Mathematical Economics, in multidisciplinary journals such as Management Science, Decision Sciences, and Organization Science, in operations journals such as Operations Research, European Journal of Operational Research, Production and Operations Management, Journal of Production Research, and Naval Research Logistics, in mathematics journals such as Journal of Combinatorics, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, and Discrete Mathematics, in accounting journals such as the Accounting Review and Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, in marketing journals such as Marketing Science, Journal of Marketing, | 24,853 |
1599902 | Andrew B. Whinston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew%20B.%20Whinston | Andrew B. Whinston
Journal of Marketing Research, and Journal of Retailing, in the premier journals devoted to information systems – Management Science, Decision Support Systems, MIS Quarterly, Journal of Management Information Systems, and Information Systems Research - and in computer science journals such as Communications of the ACM, ACM Transactions on Database Systems, ACM Transactions, IEEE Computing on Internet Technology, and ACM Journal on Mobile Networking and Applications.
Professor Whinston's work has also appeared in periodicals outside of academia ranging from ComputerWorld and CIO Magazine to the Financial Times and Wall Street Journal.
His publication record consists of more than 25 books and | 24,854 |
1599902 | Andrew B. Whinston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew%20B.%20Whinston | Andrew B. Whinston
400 refereed publications. According to Google Scholar (as of December 2009), they have been referenced well over 10,000 times in scholarly publications - with his 100 most-cited works having been referenced over 9,800 times. Many of Prof. Whinston’s publications have been translated into other languages making his research more accessible to people abroad.
# Awards.
In 1995, Professor Whinston was honored by the Data Processing Manager's Association with its IS Educator of the Year Award. In 2005, Prof. Whinston received the LEO Award for Lifetime Exceptional Achievement in Information Systems. This award, created by the Council of the Association for Information Systems and the Executive | 24,855 |
1599902 | Andrew B. Whinston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew%20B.%20Whinston | Andrew B. Whinston
Committee of the International Conference on Information Systems, recognizes the work of outstanding contributors to the Information Systems discipline.
In 2009, Prof. Whinston was honored with the Career Award for Outstanding Research Contributions at The University of Texas at Austin for singularly significant research contributions made by a tenured or tenure-track faculty member over an extended period of time.Also in 2009, the INFORMS Information System Society (ISS) honored Prof. Andrew Whinston by recognizing him as the inaugural INFORMS ISS Fellow for outstanding contributions to IS research.
# Center for Research in Electronic Commerce.
Since its establishment in 1988, the McCombs | 24,856 |
1599902 | Andrew B. Whinston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew%20B.%20Whinston | Andrew B. Whinston
School Center for Research in Electronic Commerce (CREC) has served as an incubator for breakthrough research blending business and computer science, and is recognized today as the leading research institution in Information Systems research.
## Vision.
The Center's vision is to assure that electronic commerce processes and applications achieve their efficient outcomes promised for the digital age. That vision is implemented in an interdisciplinary research focusing on developing technologies and applications that increase business productivity, consumer satisfaction, market efficiency, society's welfare and the effectiveness of government policies.
The scope of the Center's research covers | 24,857 |
1599902 | Andrew B. Whinston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew%20B.%20Whinston | Andrew B. Whinston
a broad range of activities which are characterized by the use of enabling digital technologies in networks, computers and software. Communications infrastructure, computer and other enabling technologies lay the foundation of the market. This foundation allows innovative digital processes (e.g. intranets, extranets, virtual firms, online search and marketing, online auctions and market-making mechanisms, logistics-based distribution and real time consumption) and products (e.g. digital currency, smart products and remote/real-time services) to enhance and replace physical processes and products. Government agencies and policies also play a critical role in determining the outcome of this new | 24,858 |
1599902 | Andrew B. Whinston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew%20B.%20Whinston | Andrew B. Whinston
services) to enhance and replace physical processes and products. Government agencies and policies also play a critical role in determining the outcome of this new market economy. The Center's major research areas cover these broad issues that range from market infrastructure to policies on the strength of its multidisciplinary body of researchers.
# Doctoral Students.
Professor Whinston has produced many doctoral students over his long career.
Please see here for Dr. Andrew Whinston's Academic Genealogy Tree.
# External links.
- Andrew Whinston's personal website
- Presentation of Andrew B. Whinston at UT Austin
- The Center for Research in Electronic Commerce
- Andrew Whinston's CV | 24,859 |
1599880 | Sega (genre) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sega%20(genre) | Sega (genre)
Sega (genre)
Sega () is one of the major music genres of Mauritius, the others being its fusion genre Seggae and Bhojpuri songs. It has origins in the music of slaves as well as their descendants Mauritian Creole people on the island, and is usually sung in creole. Sega is also a popular music on the islands of Agalega and Rodrigues as well as Réunion and Seychelles, though the music and dances differs and it is sung in these islands' respective creole languages. In the past, the Sega music was made only with traditional instruments like ravanne and triangle, it was sung to protest against injustices in the Mauritian society, this particular version of the Sega is known as Santé engagé.
# Description.
The | 24,860 |
1599880 | Sega (genre) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sega%20(genre) | Sega (genre)
music's traditional form was largely improvised and intensely emotional and expressed the tribulations of a subjugated, initially enslaved, people.
It is primarily dance music but was also used for dirges and as part of traditional exorcisms.
## Instruments.
Traditional instruments include:
- the "maravanne" (rattle)
- "moutia" (hand drum)
- the goatskin drum "ravanne"
- triangle
- and the "bobre" (bow).
There is also the tantam which a stringed instrument consisting of a gourd with a bow attached played in time to the drum. Nowadays, electric guitars and keyboards are used.
## Lyrics.
The lyrics of sega music usually relate to the lives of the inhabitants; they do not usually relate | 24,861 |
1599880 | Sega (genre) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sega%20(genre) | Sega (genre)
to the musicians' ancestral homeland.
## Dance.
Sega is danced without the feet ever leaving the ground. Instead, the rest of the body moves.
# History.
## Origins.
Sega music originated among the slave populations of Mauritius, it then appeared in Réunion and later spread throughout the Seychelles. It is usually in 6/8 meter and has an associated dance form.
Sega's exact origins outside the islands are unknown. However, it is understood to have Afro-Malagasy roots and be a fusion of African or Malagasy music with European music. The European influence includes folk dance music like polka, waltz and quadrilles.
Gatan Benoit suggested that sega came from Madagascar and Boswell notes there | 24,862 |
1599880 | Sega (genre) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sega%20(genre) | Sega (genre)
may be a link between sega and famadihana, a Merina death ritual. Arago instead identifies it with (t)chéga from Mozambique. He states that it is similar to the fandango and chica (dance) from Brazil whose origins are in African music from Mozambique and Angola. It was termed "African" by sega musician Jacques Cantin.
## Place in Society.
Sega was for long looked down upon because it was the music of slaves. It was also looked down upon by the Catholic Church, which was not keen on its association with sexuality and alcohol.
Until the Mauritian Ti Frère became popular in the 1960s, sega was only played in private places. A particularly big turning point was his performance at the Night of | 24,863 |
1599880 | Sega (genre) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sega%20(genre) | Sega (genre)
the Sega at Mount Le Morne on 30 October 1964. It is now considered the national music of Mauritius and not restricted by ethnicity.
# Modern varieties.
Sega is now popular across the islands of Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte and Rodrigues, along with parts of Madagascar. In its modern form, sega is combined with genres like jazz, zouk, and its fusion genre with reggae known as Seggae. Elements of African music have been added to sega since the 1980s.
## Santé engagé.
Santé engagé is a genre of Mauritian music which consists of singing protest songs. It is a way to protest against injustices through music. The genre mixes traditional Mauritian sega with Indian influences.
## | 24,864 |
1599880 | Sega (genre) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sega%20(genre) | Sega (genre)
Seggae.
Seggae is a fusion of sega with reggae, a kind of Jamaican popular music that is very popular across sega's range. Seggae musicians include Ras Natty Baby, Sonny Morgan and the man seen as being the founder, Kaya. Kaya, whose real name is Joseph Reginald Topize, was at the height of his career in 1999 when he was found dead in a prison cell. Riots followed soon after causing one of the major social upheavals in Mauritius. Kaya's music is, however, still very popular and has inspired contemporary musicians to expand the Seggae genre.
# Regional varieties.
## Réunion.
In Réunion, sega is relatively slow, and is danced by couples who are not as physically close as on Mauritius. There | 24,865 |
1599880 | Sega (genre) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sega%20(genre) | Sega (genre)
is some confusion as to the usage of the words maloya and sega. What was called sega in historical accounts from previous centuries is similar to what is nowadays called maloya. The word "sega", on the other hand, is used to describe the fusion genre of the Afro-Malagasy and the European.
## Rodrigues.
Traditional Rodriguan sega is Sega tambour, where the drum is more prominent. Sega tambour is considered to be truer to the origins of sega than Mauritian sega, due to Rodrigue's geographical isolation. The accordion groups of Rodrigues, "segakordeon", include European folk dance music such as polkas, quadrilles, waltzes and Scottish reels. Rodrigue music is extremely swift compared to other | 24,866 |
1599880 | Sega (genre) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sega%20(genre) | Sega (genre)
varieties. These sega tambours are sung mostly by women and are danced only by one couple at a time, accompanied by clapping or the use of improvised percussion instruments like table legs and glasses. The accordion was not being played so much by young people but an initiative involving the European Union are giving accordion lessons to young Rodriguans.
## Seychelles.
One form of Seychellois sega is called Moutya and is similar to Réunionnais sega. Seychellois music is influenced by Western ballads, and especially country music. Increasingly, Reggae, hip and hop and pop style Seychellois music have become popular locally as well as internationally with the wider Seychellois community.
## | 24,867 |
1599880 | Sega (genre) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sega%20(genre) | Sega (genre)
d so much by young people but an initiative involving the European Union are giving accordion lessons to young Rodriguans.
## Seychelles.
One form of Seychellois sega is called Moutya and is similar to Réunionnais sega. Seychellois music is influenced by Western ballads, and especially country music. Increasingly, Reggae, hip and hop and pop style Seychellois music have become popular locally as well as internationally with the wider Seychellois community.
## Chagos Islands.
The Chagos Islanders also had their own variety of sega before they were deported from the islands to make way for the American military base Diego Garcia.
# See also.
- Music of Mauritius
- Seggae
- Santé engagé | 24,868 |
1599916 | Montagu House, Whitehall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montagu%20House,%20Whitehall | Montagu House, Whitehall
Montagu House, Whitehall
Montagu House was the name of a mansion in Whitehall in Westminster, Central London, England.
# History.
In 1731, John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu, abandoned the existing grand Montagu House in the socially declining district of Bloomsbury, which was later to become the premises of the British Museum, and purchased a site that had once been occupied by the Archbishops of York's London residence and had later been part of the site of Whitehall Palace. He built himself a relatively modest mansion in the conventional style of the day, which can be seen in Canaletto's painting of Whitehall.
In the late 1850s, the 2nd Duke of Montagu's descendant, Walter Montagu Douglas | 24,869 |
1599916 | Montagu House, Whitehall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montagu%20House,%20Whitehall | Montagu House, Whitehall
Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch, one of the United Kingdom's three or four richest landowners, replaced the Georgian house with one of the grandest private mansions in London. It was designed by the versatile Scottish architect William Burn in the style of a French Renaissance chateau. The building was admired in its day. It was built of Portland stone, with a steep mansard roof, corner towers and a skyline peppered with stone chimneys. The interior featured a top-lit central saloon and a grand staircase, heavily coffered ceilings and elaborately carved furnishings. It housed part of the exceptional Buccleuch art collection, including works by Rubens and Rembrandt and the finest British collection | 24,870 |
1599916 | Montagu House, Whitehall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montagu%20House,%20Whitehall | Montagu House, Whitehall
of miniatures apart from the Royal Collection. Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, was born there in 1901.
In 1917 the house was taken over for use as government offices, and in 1949–50 it was demolished. The site forms roughly the southern half of that of the current main Ministry of Defence building in Whitehall.
# Further reading.
- David Pearce: "London Mansions: The Palatial Houses of the Nobility" (B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1986)
# See also.
- Montagu House, Bloomsbury
- Montagu House, Portman Square
- Montagu House, Blackheath
- List of demolished buildings and structures in London
# External links.
- Montagu House at the "Survey of London" online.
- Plans of the ground and principal | 24,871 |
1599916 | Montagu House, Whitehall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montagu%20House,%20Whitehall | Montagu House, Whitehall
apart from the Royal Collection. Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, was born there in 1901.
In 1917 the house was taken over for use as government offices, and in 1949–50 it was demolished. The site forms roughly the southern half of that of the current main Ministry of Defence building in Whitehall.
# Further reading.
- David Pearce: "London Mansions: The Palatial Houses of the Nobility" (B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1986)
# See also.
- Montagu House, Bloomsbury
- Montagu House, Portman Square
- Montagu House, Blackheath
- List of demolished buildings and structures in London
# External links.
- Montagu House at the "Survey of London" online.
- Plans of the ground and principal floors | 24,872 |
1599810 | History of human sexuality | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20human%20sexuality | History of human sexuality
History of human sexuality
The social construction of sexual behavior—its taboos, regulation, and social and political impact—has had a profound effect on the various cultures of the world since prehistoric times.
# The study of the history of human sexuality.
The work of Swiss jurist Johann Bachofen made a major impact on the study of the history of sexuality. Many authors, notably Lewis Henry Morgan and Friedrich Engels, were influenced by Bachofen, and criticized Bachofen's ideas on the subject, which were almost entirely drawn from a close reading of ancient mythology. In his 1861 book "Mother Right: An Investigation of the Religious and Juridical Character of Matriarchy in the Ancient | 24,873 |
1599810 | History of human sexuality | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20human%20sexuality | History of human sexuality
World" Bachofen writes that in the beginning human sexuality was chaotic and promiscuous.
This "aphroditic" stage was replaced by a matriarchal "demeteric" stage, which resulted from the mother being the only reliable way of establishing descendants. Only upon the switch to male-enforced monogamy was paternity certainty possible, giving rise to patriarchy – the ultimate "apolloan" stage of humanity. While the views of Bachofen are not based on empirical evidence, they are important because of the impact they made on thinkers to come, especially in the field of cultural anthropology.
Modern explanations of the origins of human sexuality are based in evolutionary biology, and specifically the | 24,874 |
1599810 | History of human sexuality | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20human%20sexuality | History of human sexuality
field of human behavioral ecology. Evolutionary biology shows that the human genotype, like that of all other organisms, is the result of those ancestors who reproduced with greater frequency than others. The resultant sexual behavior adaptations are thus not an "attempt" on the part of the individual to maximize reproduction in a given situation – natural selection does not "see" into the future. Instead, current behavior is probably the result of selective forces that occurred in the Pleistocene.
For example, a man trying to have sex with many women all while avoiding parental investment is not doing so because he wants to "increase his fitness", but because the psychological framework that | 24,875 |
1599810 | History of human sexuality | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20human%20sexuality | History of human sexuality
evolved and thrived in the Pleistocene never went away.
## Sources.
Sexual speech—and by extension, writing—has been subject to varying standards of decorum since the beginning of history. For most of historic time writing has not been used by more than a small part of the total population of any society. The resulting self-censorship and euphemistic forms translate today into a dearth of explicit and accurate evidence on which to base a history. There are a number of primary sources that can be collected across a wide variety of times and cultures, including the following:
- Records of legislation indicating either encouragement or prohibition
- Religious and philosophical texts recommending, | 24,876 |
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condemning or debating the topic
- Literary sources, perhaps unpublished during their authors' lifetimes, including diaries and personal correspondence
- Medical textbooks treating various forms as a pathological condition
- Linguistic developments, particularly in slang.
- More recently, studies of sexuality
# Sex in various cultures.
## India.
India played a significant role in the history of sex, from writing one of the first literatures that treated sexual intercourse as a science, to in modern times being the origin of the philosophical focus of new-age groups' attitudes on sex. It may be argued that India pioneered the use of sexual education through art and literature. As in many | 24,877 |
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societies, there was a difference in sexual practices in India between common people and powerful rulers, with people in power often indulging in hedonistic lifestyles that were not representative of common moral attitudes. Many of the common (and not so common) sexual practices in the world today, such as the custom and art of kissing emerged in India, proliferating with early forms of globalization.
The first evidence of attitudes towards sex comes from the ancient texts of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, the first of which are perhaps the oldest surviving literature in the world. These most ancient texts, the Vedas, reveal moral perspectives on sexuality, marriage and fertility prayers. | 24,878 |
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Sex magic featured in a number of Vedic rituals, most significantly in the Asvamedha Yajna, where the ritual culminated with the chief queen lying with the dead horse in a simulated sexual act; clearly a fertility rite intended to safeguard and increase the kingdom's productivity and martial prowess. The epics of ancient India, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, which may have been first composed as early as 1400 BCE, had a huge effect on the culture of Asia, influencing later Chinese, Japanese, Tibetan and South East Asian culture. These texts support the view that in ancient India, sex was considered a mutual duty between a married couple, where husband and wife pleasured each other equally, but | 24,879 |
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where sex was considered a private affair, at least by followers of the aforementioned Indian religions. It seems that polygamy was allowed during ancient times. In practice, this seems to have only been practiced by rulers, with common people maintaining a monogamous marriage. It is common in many cultures for a ruling class to practice polygamy as a way of preserving dynastic succession
The most publicly known sexual literature of India are the texts of the Kama Sutra. These texts were written for and kept by the philosopher, warrior and nobility castes, their servants and concubines, and those in certain religious orders. These were people that could also read and write and had instruction | 24,880 |
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and education. The sixty four arts of love-passion-pleasure began in India. There are many different versions of the arts which began in Sanskrit and were translated into other languages, such as Persian or Tibetan. Many of the original texts are missing and the only clue to their existence is in other texts. Kama Sutra, the version by Vatsyayana, is one of the well-known survivors and was first translated into English by Sir Richard Burton and F. F. Arbuthnot. The Kama Sutra is now perhaps the most widely read secular text in the world. It details ways in which partners should pleasure each other within a marital relationship.
When the Islamic and Victorian English culture arrived in India, | 24,881 |
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they generally had an adverse impact on sexual liberalism in India. Within the context of the Indian religions, or dharmas, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, sex is generally either seen as a moral duty of each partner in a long term marriage relationship to the other, or is seen as a desire which hinders spiritual detachment, and so must be renounced. In modern India, a renaissance of sexual liberalism has occurred amongst the well-educated urban population, but there is still discrimination and forced marriage remains in practice amongst the poor (forced marriage exists along a broad continuum of coercion, and the boundary between forced marriage and arranged marriage is not | 24,882 |
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always agreed upon, even in the present-day context of the 2011 Istanbul Convention or the 2013 United Nations Human Rights Council resolution recognizing forced marriage as a form of human rights abuse).
Within certain schools of Indian philosophy, such as Tantra, the emphasis in sex as a sacred duty, or even a path to spiritual enlightenment or yogic balance is greatly emphasized. Actual sexual intercourse is not a part of every form of tantric practice, but it is the definitive feature of left-hand Tantra. Contrary to popular belief, "Tantric sex" is not always slow and sustained, and may end in orgasm. For example, the Yoni Tantra states: "there should be vigorous copulation". However, | 24,883 |
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all tantra states that there were certain groups of personalities who were not fit for certain practices. Tantra was personality specific and insisted that those with pashu-bhava (animal disposition), which are people of dishonest, promiscuous, greedy or violent natures who ate meat and indulged in intoxication, would only incur bad karma by following Tantric paths without the aid of a Guru who could instruct them on the correct path. In Buddhist tantra, actual ejaculation is very much a taboo, as the main goal of the sexual practice is to use the sexual energy towards achieving full enlightenment, rather than ordinary pleasure. Tantric sex is considered to be a pleasurable experience in Tantra | 24,884 |
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philosophy.
## China.
In the "I Ching" (The "Book of Changes", a Chinese classic text dealing with divination) sexual intercourse is one of two fundamental models used to explain the world. With neither embarrassment nor circumlocution, Heaven is described as having sexual intercourse with Earth. Similarly, with no sense of prurient interest, the male lovers of early Chinese men of great political power are mentioned in one of the earliest great works of philosophy and literature, the "Zhuang Zi" (or "Chuang Tzu", as it is written in the old system of romanization).
China has had a long history of sexism, with even moral leaders such as Confucius giving extremely pejorative accounts of the | 24,885 |
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innate characteristics of women. From early times, the virginity of women was rigidly enforced by family and community and linked to the monetary value of women as a kind of commodity (the "sale" of women involving the delivery of a bride price). Men were protected in their own sexual adventures by a transparent double standard. While the first wife of a man with any kind of social status in traditional society was almost certainly chosen for him by his father and/or grandfather, the same man might later secure for himself more desirable sexual partners with the status of concubines. In addition, bondservants in his possession could also be sexually available to him. Naturally, not all men had | 24,886 |
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the financial resources to so greatly indulge themselves.
Chinese literature displays a long history of interest in affection, marital bliss, unabashed sexuality, romance, amorous dalliances, homosexual alliances—in short, all of the aspects of behavior that are affiliated with sexuality in the West. Besides the previously mentioned "Zhuang Zi" passages, sexuality is exhibited in other works of literature such as the Tang dynasty "Yingying zhuan" ("Biography of Cui Yingying"), the Qing dynasty "Fu sheng liu ji" ("Six Chapters of a Floating Life"), the humorous and intentionally salacious "Jin Ping Mei", and the multi-faceted and insightful "Hong lou meng" ("Dream of the Red Chamber", also called | 24,887 |
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"Story of the Stone"). Of the above, only the story of Yingying and her de facto husband Zhang fail to describe homosexual as well as heterosexual interactions. The novel entitled "Rou bu tuan" ("Prayer mat of flesh") even describes cross-species organ transplants for the sake of enhanced sexual performance. Among Chinese literature are the Taoist classical texts. This philosophical tradition of China has developed Taoist Sexual Practices which have three main goals: health, longevity, and spiritual development.
The desire for respectability and the belief that all aspects of human behavior might be brought under government control has until recently mandated to official Chinese spokesmen that | 24,888 |
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they maintain the fiction of sexual fidelity in marriage, absence of any great frequency of premarital sexual intercourse, and total absence in China of the so-called "decadent capitalist phenomenon" of homosexuality. The result of the ideological demands preventing objective examination of sexual behavior in China has, until very recently, made it extremely difficult for the government to take effective action against sexually transmitted diseases, especially AIDS. At the same time, large migrations to the cities coupled with China's gender imbalance and significant amounts of unemployment have led to resurgence of prostitution in unregulated venues, a prominent accelerant of the propagation | 24,889 |
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of STDs to many ordinary members of society.
In recent decades the power of the family over individuals has weakened, making it increasingly possible for young men and women to find their own sexual and/or marriage partners.
## Japan.
In what is often called the world's first novel, the "Genji Monogatari" ("Tale of Genji"), which dates back to around the eighth century AD, eroticism is treated as a central part of the aesthetic life of the nobility. The sexual interactions of Prince Genji are described in great detail, in an objective tone of voice, and in a way that indicates that sexuality was as much a valued component of cultured life as music or any of the arts. While most of his erotic | 24,890 |
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interactions involve women, there is one telling episode in which Genji travels a fairly long distance to visit one of the women with whom he occasionally consorts but finds her away from home. It being late, and intercourse already being on the menu of the day, Genji takes pleasure in the availability of the lady's younger brother who, he reports, is equally satisfactory as an erotic partner.
From that time on to at least as late as the Meiji Reformation, there is no indication that sexuality was treated in a pejorative way. In modern times homosexuality was driven out of sight until it reemerged in the wake of the sexual revolution with seemingly little if any need for a period of acceleration. | 24,891 |
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Yukio Mishima, probably the best-known Japanese writer in the outside world, frequently wrote about homosexuality, and its relationship with Japanese culture new and old. Likewise, prostitution, pornography, the tradition of the Geisha, and countless types of fetish and sadomasochism have resurfaced after decades underground.
In Japan, sexuality was governed by the same social forces that make its culture considerably different from that of China, Korea, India, or Europe. In Japanese society, the primary method used to secure social control is the threat of ostracism. Japanese society is still very much a shame society. More attention is paid to what is polite or appropriate to show others | 24,892 |
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than to which behaviors might make a person seem "corrupt" or "guilty", in the Christian sense of the words. The tendency of people in Japanese society to group in terms of "in groups" and "out groups" - residue of its long history as a caste society – is a source of great pressure on every facet of society, via pop culture (reflected in the tribal, often materialistic, and very complex nature of teenage subcultures) as well as more traditional standards (as in the high-pressure role of the salaryman). Sexual expression ranges from a requirement to a complete taboo, and many, especially teenagers, find themselves playing many otherwise strictly-separate roles during the week.
A frequent locus | 24,893 |
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of misconceptions in regard to Japanese sexuality is the institution of the geisha. Rather than being a prostitute, a geisha was a woman trained in arts such as music and cultured conversation, and who was available for non-sexual interactions with her male clientele. These women differed from the wives that their patrons probably had at home because, except for the geisha, women were ordinarily not expected to be prepared for anything other than the fulfillment of household duties. This limitation imposed by the normal social role of the majority of women in traditional society produced a diminution in the pursuits that those women could enjoy, but also a limitation in the ways that a man could | 24,894 |
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enjoy the company of his wife. The geisha fulfilled the non-sexual social roles that ordinary women were prevented from fulfilling, and for this service they were well paid. The geisha were not deprived of opportunities to express themselves sexually and in other erotic ways. A geisha might have a patron with whom she enjoyed sexual intimacy, but this sexual role was not part of her role or responsibility as a geisha.
As a superficial level, in traditional Japanese society women were expected to be highly subservient to men and especially to their husbands. So, in a socionormal description of their roles, they were little more than housekeepers and faithful sexual partners to their husbands. | 24,895 |
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Their husbands, on the other hand, might consort sexually with whomever they chose outside of the family, and a major part of male social behavior involves after-work forays to places of entertainment in the company of male cohorts from the workplace—places that might easily offer possibilities of sexual satisfaction outside the family. In the postwar period this side of Japanese society has seen some liberalization in regard to the norms imposed on women as well as an expansion of the de facto powers of women in the family and in the community that existed unacknowledged in traditional society.
In the years since people first became aware of the AIDS epidemic, Japan has not suffered the high | 24,896 |
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rates of disease and death that characterize, for example, some nations in Africa, some nations in Southeast Asia, etc. In 1992, the government of Japan justified its continued refusal to allow oral contraceptives to be distributed in Japan on the fear that it would lead to reduced condom use, and thus increase transmission of AIDS. As of 2004, condoms accounted for 80% of birth control use in Japan, and this may explain Japan's comparably lower rates of AIDS.
## Classical antiquity.
### Greece.
In ancient Greece, the phallus, often in the form of a herma, was an object of worship as a symbol of fertility. This finds expression in Greek sculpture and other artworks. One ancient Greek male | 24,897 |
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idea of female sexuality was that women envied penises of males. Wives were considered a commodity and instruments for bearing legitimate children. They had to compete sexually with eromenoi, hetaeras and slaves in their own homes.
Both Homosexuality and Bisexuality, in the form of ephebophilia (in some ways slavery), were social institutions in ancient Greece, and were integral to education, art, religion, and politics. Relationships between adults were not unknown but they were disfavored. Lesbian relations were also of a pederastic nature.
In ancient Greece, it was common for men to have sexual relationships with youths. These practices were a sign of maturity for youths, who looked up | 24,898 |
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to men as sexual mentors.
Ancient Greek men believed that refined prostitution was necessary for pleasure and different classes of prostitutes were available. Hetaera, educated and intelligent companions, were for intellectual as well as physical pleasure, Peripatetic prostitutes solicited business on the streets, whereas temple or consecrated prostitutes charged a higher price. In Corinth, a port city, on the Aegean Sea, the temple held a thousand consecrated prostitutes.
Rape – usually in the context of warfare – was common and was seen by men as a “right of domination”. Rape in the sense of "abduction" followed by consensual lovemaking was represented even in religion: Zeus was said to | 24,899 |
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