wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
Macrianius, Hariobaudes, Vadomarius. Julian the Apostate made peace treaties with these kings in 359.
- Rando 368
- Vithicabius 360–368
- Priarius ?–378
- Gibuld (Gebavult) c. 470
## Dukes under Frankish suzerainty.
- Butilin 539–554
- Leuthari I, before 552–554
- Haming 539–554
- four dukes in the D... | 26,900 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
Gotfrid until 709
- Willehari 709–712 (in Ortenau)
- Lantfrid 709–730
- Theudebald 709–744
- Liutfrid, Duke of Alsace, 723–after 742
## Carolingians.
The Alemanni were under direct Carolingian rule during 746 (Council of Cannstatt) to 892.
Intermittently, junior members of the Carolingian dynasties wer... | 26,901 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
Franks 768–814)
- Hnabi Ahalolfing, grandson of Gotfrid, is mentioned as an Alamannic duke during the reign of Charlemagne
- Louis the Pious (King of the Franks 814–840)
- Charles the Bald 829–840 (King of the Franks 840–843, King of West Francia 843–877)
- Louis the German 843–864 (King of Bavaria 817–84... | 26,902 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
the later 8th century, Alemannic dynasties were able to establish themselves once again.
Variously called counts, or margraves, or dukes, these native dynasties during the later years of Carolingian rule managed to establish themselves as de facto independent, establishing the "younger stem duchy" of Alemann... | 26,903 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
lemannic dynasties were able to establish themselves once again.
Variously called counts, or margraves, or dukes, these native dynasties during the later years of Carolingian rule managed to establish themselves as de facto independent, establishing the "younger stem duchy" of Alemannia/Swabia by the early 1... | 26,904 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
University of Victoria Students' Society
The University of Victoria Students' Society (UVSS) is a student society that represents undergraduate students at the University of Victoria. The student's society was founded in 1921 and incorporated in 1964. It provides services and o... | 26,905 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
of Student Affairs,
- Director of Finance & Operations,
- Director of Events,
- Director of Outreach & University Relations, and;
- Director of Campaigns & Community Relations
- A Director of International Student Relations,
- 11 volunteer at-large directors; and,
- Five ... | 26,906 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
2009, the elections to the UVSS Board of Directors were run internally by a committee of the Society and staff members. Since that time, the UVSS has changed its by-laws and has given much of its authority to run the elections away to externally hired individuals. Policy for the... | 26,907 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
predecessor) was affiliated. The name was changed in 1989 to make clearer what the organization actually is, a student society.
Students at the newly founded UVic already had their own building and a ready-made students' society, as students at Victoria College (now the home of... | 26,908 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
only consisted of the SUB Upper Lounge, the wing where the General Office is now located, and a downstairs section which housed the original Felicita's Pub.
Between 1963 and 1970, membership in the Society was around two thousand students. There were only four buildings on camp... | 26,909 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
now Cinecenta got its start with students, working out of an office in the SUB, showing movies using a 16mm projector in the MacLaurin and Elliot buildings.
In 1976 the building expanded, again financed through students. This time, however, the fee referendum to finance the add... | 26,910 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
(now located in the SUB's lower level).
## 1980s and 1990s.
The Society’s organizational structure changed significantly in 1989. At this point, the Society began employing its own general manager. In the fall of 1989, the entire structure of the Society was reorganized into t... | 26,911 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
of the Society. The SUB as it is known today is a product of that expansion.
## 2000s.
The growth and change of the 1990s led to a worsening financial situation which reached a crisis point in 2001. The Society had been running deficits every year for about 10 years until the ... | 26,912 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
by pressing charges against the since resigned Sharma, terminating the General Manager, and conducting a forensic audit.
After this crisis unfolded, the Board of Directors embarked on a plan to tighten controls in the SUB’s business operations by such methods as reducing labour... | 26,913 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
another deficit in the hundreds of thousands. However, beginning in 2002–2003 the Society ran surpluses every year until the Society’s debt of approximately $1 million was repaid in full in 2006–2007.
In 2008 the United Steel Workers union representing staff at the UVSS went on... | 26,914 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
elections were established, and a modest increase of 40 cents per full-time student per semester, each semester over a three-year period was also established. Besides this, the 2010-2011 board shifted from a three-person senior management structure to a two-person management str... | 26,915 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
the early twenty-tens as well. After holding a referendum on membership in the Canadian Federation of Students, UVSS members voted to leave the Federation in March 2011 after more than twenty-five years of membership. Following this, the UVSS established the Where's The Funding?... | 26,916 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
Course Unions.
Course Unions are department focused student groups run by students from a specific department and administered by the UVSS. There are over 25 Course Unions representing departments across campus, a list of all active clubs can be found on the UVSS Course Union W... | 26,917 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
Unions at the University of Victoria. Each PDU is run semi-autonomously with funds being raised solely by the students within that department. While each PDU raises its own funds, they are considered under the umbrella of the UVSS for purposes related to the BC University Act.
... | 26,918 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
Each of the groups has voting representation on the UVSS Board of Directors.
The following list details these groups:
- Feminist Underground Collective Community UVSS (FUCC UVSS) (formerly the Third Space) (formerly The Women's Centre)
- Students of Colour Collective (SOCC)
... | 26,919 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
(UVic) in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. There are over a dozen employees on the payroll, but significant work is done by student volunteers (writing, taking photos, copy editing). The Martlet is funded partially by student fees, and partially by advertisements. The newspap... | 26,920 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
the University of Victoria, Greater Victoria and, via cable, Vancouver Island and many areas in the Lower Mainland. It is owned and run by the University of Victoria Student Radio Society. The station offers programs that include a diverse range of musical styles and talk shows ... | 26,921 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
place for students and Volunteers who wish to work on social justice and environmental issues on campus, or at the campus level.
VIPIRG also hosts an alternative research centre with magazines, videos, books and clippings dealing with a wide range of social justice and environm... | 26,922 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
Community Gardens.
The Campus Community Garden is a UVSS club that manages the urban agriculture space on campus, with practical support from Facilities Management and the UVic Sustainability Office. The garden is located off of Mckenzie Avenue across from the athletic fields. ... | 26,923 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
Transit System. The Pass must be renewed each semester at either the University Centre or the Info Booth in the SUB and costs the equivalent of one adult monthly pass.
## Anti-Violence Project (AVP).
The Anti-Violence Project (AVP) is the on-campus sexual assault centre. The s... | 26,924 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
or stop by their office in SUB B027.
## Food Bank.
Rising tuition costs and debt loads signaled an increase in the needs of the membership and in September 2000 the Board of Directors began funding and operating an emergency food bank in the SUB. By 2003 the need increased sub... | 26,925 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
per week.
## Health and Dental Plan.
Established by student referendum the UVSS Health and Dental Plan is extended health and dental coverage specifically for students.
All undergraduate students who are registered in at least 3 units of on-campus classes are automatically en... | 26,926 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
resource for students (current, former, or prospective) and other members of the University community.
The Office provides information and guidance on students’ rights & responsibilities, and UVic regulations & procedures. The Ombudsperson is also an ‘agent for change’, recomme... | 26,927 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
Youth (YPY) is a pro-life club at UVic and funded by students. Over the past few years there have been a number of discussions and controversies relating to their activities on-campus. In 2008 and 2009 funding was cut off as a result of the groups posters and activities. In 2010... | 26,928 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
settlement was agreed and as of 2017, YPY is a regular student club which participates in standard events such as "clubs day".
- 2010 Fraternities and Sororities were looking to get recognised by UVic and the UVSS. This resulted in one of the largest AGMs in UVSS history where ... | 26,929 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
denied that the petition was valid. The UVSS retained a lawyer on behalf of the membership in order to demand a legal referendum. In March 2011, 70.5% of UVic students voted in a referendum to leave the CFS. The UVSS's membership in CFS-National ended on June 30, 2011. The provi... | 26,930 |
1055811 | University of Victoria Students' Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Victoria%20Students'%20Society | University of Victoria Students' Society
as since removed the UVSS as a member.
- The UVSS received two F's in the Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedom's report "The State of Campus Free Speech in 2012".
- 2017 In March 2017 Third Space (the advocacy group for women and transgender students) spent thousands of i... | 26,931 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
Austroasiatic languages
The Austroasiatic languages (), also known as Mon–Khmer (), are a large language family of Mainland Southeast Asia, also scattered throughout parts of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and southern China. There are around 117 million speakers of Austroasiatic languages. Of these... | 26,932 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
status.
"Ethnologue" identifies 168 Austroasiatic languages. These form thirteen established families (plus perhaps Shompen, which is poorly attested, as a fourteenth), which have traditionally been grouped into two, as Mon–Khmer and Munda. However, one recent classification posits three groups... | 26,933 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
(excluding the Andaman Islands), with the neighboring Indo-Aryan, Kra–Dai, Hmong-Mien, Dravidian, Austronesian, and Sino-Tibetan languages being the result of later migrations.
# Etymology.
The name "Austroasiatic" comes from a combination of the Latin words for "South" and "Asia", hence "Sout... | 26,934 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
such as the causative prefix, ranging from CVC syllables to consonant clusters to single consonants. As for word formation, most Austroasiatic languages have a variety of derivational prefixes, many have infixes, but suffixes are almost completely non-existent in most branches except Munda, and ... | 26,935 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
voicing contrast.
However, some Austroasiatic languages have lost the register contrast by evolving more diphthongs or in a few cases, such as Vietnamese, tonogenesis. Vietnamese has been so heavily influenced by Chinese that its original Austroasiatic phonological quality is obscured and now r... | 26,936 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
branch, Proto-Mon–Khmer becomes synonymous with Proto-Austroasiatic.
Paul Sidwell (2005) reconstructs the consonant inventory of Proto-Mon–Khmer as follows:
This is identical to earlier reconstructions except for . is better preserved in the Katuic languages, which Sidwell has specialized in. ... | 26,937 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
that the homeland of Austroasiatic is somewhere near the Yangtze. He suggests the Sichuan Basin as likely homeland of proto-Austroasiatic before they migrated to other parts of central and southern China and than into Southeast Asia. He further suggests that the family must be as old as proto-Au... | 26,938 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
language but the effect on the people was only minor. Local Austroasiatic speakers adopted Kra-Dai languages and partially their culture.
The linguists Sagart (2011) and Bellwood (2013) support the theory of an origin of Austroasiatic along the Yangtze river in southern China.
A genetic and li... | 26,939 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
Bangladesh, parts of Nepal. However, no evidence for this classification has ever been published.
Each of the families that is written in boldface type below is accepted as a valid clade. By contrast, the relationships "between" these families within Austroasiatic are debated. In addition to th... | 26,940 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
the Chamic languages of Vietnam, and the Land Dayak languages of Borneo (Adelaar 1995).
## Diffloth (1974).
Diffloth's widely cited original classification, now abandoned by Diffloth himself, is used in "Encyclopædia Britannica" and—except for the breakup of Southern Mon–Khmer—in "Ethnologue."... | 26,941 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
classification, based on percentages of shared vocabulary. This means that languages can appear to be more distantly related than they actually are due to language contact. Indeed, when Sidwell (2009) replicated Peiros's study with languages known well enough to account for loans, he did not fin... | 26,942 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
(2005).
Diffloth compares reconstructions of various clades, and attempts to classify them based on shared innovations, though like other classifications the evidence has not been published. As a schematic, we have:
Or in more detail,
- Munda languages (India)
- Khasi–Khmuic languages (North... | 26,943 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
Zhivotovsky method.
## Previously existent branches.
Roger Blench (2009) also proposes that there might have been other primary branches of Austroasiatic that are now extinct, based on substrate evidence in modern-day languages.
- Pre-Chamic languages (the languages of coastal Vietnam prior t... | 26,944 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
that either Austronesian speakers have absorbed earlier Austroasiatic residents in northern Sumatra, or that words might have been borrowed from Austroasiatic languages in southern Vietnam – or perhaps a combination of both. Sidwell (2006) argues that Acehnese and Chamic had often borrowed Austr... | 26,945 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
as Land Dayak (Bidayuh, Dayak Bakatiq, etc.), Dusunic (Central Dusun, Visayan, etc.), Kayan, and Kenyah, noting especially resemblances with Aslian. As further evidence for his proposal, Blench also cites ethnographic evidence such as musical instruments in Borneo shared in common with Austroasi... | 26,946 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
languages with proposed Austroasiatic substrata are:
- Jiamao, based on evidence from the register system of Jiamao, a Hlai language (Thurgood 1992). Jiamao is known for its highly aberrant vocabulary in relation to other Hlai languages.
- Kerinci: van Reijn (1974) notes that Kerinci, a Malayi... | 26,947 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of Munda languages, while western Indo-Aryan languages do not.
## Sidwell (2009, 2011).
Paul Sidwell (2009), in a lexicostatistical comparison of 36 languages which are well known enough to exclude loan words, finds little evidence for int... | 26,948 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
thirteen branches of Austroasiatic should be treated as equidistant on current evidence. Sidwell & Blench (2011) discuss this proposal in more detail, and note that there is good evidence for a Khasi–Palaungic node, which could also possibly be closely related to Khmuic.
If this would the case,... | 26,949 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
believed by Sidwell to have radiated out from the central Mekong river valley relatively quickly.
Subsequently, Sidwell (2015a: 179) proposed that Nicobarese subgroups with Aslian, just as how Khasian and Palaungic subgroup with each other. A subsequent computational phylogenetic analysis of th... | 26,950 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
linguistics with recent archaeological findings, Paul Sidwell (2015c) further expanded his Mekong riverine hypothesis by proposing that Austroasiatic had ultimately expanded into Indochina from the Lingnan area of southern China, with the subsequent Mekong riverine dispersal taking place after t... | 26,951 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
of Lingnan, which would have been either a coastal route down the coast of Vietnam, or downstream through the Mekong River via Yunnan. Both the reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Austroasiatic and the archaeological record clearly show that early Austroasiatic speakers around 4,000 B.P. cultivated r... | 26,952 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
B.P. However, Sidwell (2015c) found that iron is not reconstructable in Proto-Austroasiatic, since each Austroasiatic branch has different terms for iron that had been borrowed relatively lately from Tai, Chinese, Tibetan, Malay, and other languages.
During the Iron Age about 2,500 B.P., relati... | 26,953 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
the Iron Age.
Paul Sidwell (2018) considers the Austroasiatic language family to have rapidly diversified around 4,000 years B.P. during the arrival of rice agriculture in Indochina, but notes that the origin of Proto-Austroasiatic itself is older than that date. The lexicon of Proto-Austroasia... | 26,954 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
strategies (such as boats, waterways, river fauna, and fish capture techniques), can be reconstructed for Proto-Austroasiatic. Blench (2017) finds widespread Austroasiatic roots for 'river, valley', 'boat', 'fish', 'catfish sp.', 'eel', 'prawn', 'shrimp' (Central Austroasiatic), 'crab', 'tortois... | 26,955 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
points to a relatively late riverine dispersal of Austroasiatic as compared to Sino-Tibetan, whose speakers had a distinct non-riverine culture. In addition to living an aquatic-based lifestyle, early Austroasiatic speakers would have also had access to livestock, crops, and newer types of water... | 26,956 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
logographic writing. This has since been supplanted by the Latin alphabet in the 20th century. The following are examples of past-used alphabets or current alphabets of Austroasiatic languages.
- Chữ Nôm
- Khmer alphabet
- Khom script (used for a short period in the early 20th century for ind... | 26,957 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
Austric hypothesis, which also includes the Austronesian languages, and in some proposals also the Japonic languages.
A 2015 analysis using the Automated Similarity Judgment Program resulted in possible support for the Austro-Tai (but emphatically not Austric) languages. In this analysis, the s... | 26,958 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
some of which had earlier been proposed by Haudricourt (1951). This could imply a relation or early language contact along the Yangtze.
According to Cai (et al. 2011), Hmong–Mien is at least partially related to Austroasiatic but was heavily influenced by Sino-Tibetan, especially Tibeto-Burman ... | 26,959 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
a similarity between the tales from the Austroasiatic realm and the Indian mythological stories of Matsyagandha (from "Mahabharata") and the Nāgas.
# Austroasiatic migrations.
suggests that Haplogroup O1b1, which is common in Austroasiatic people and some other ethnic groups in southern China,... | 26,960 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
admixture with local Indian populations." According to Riccio et al., the Munda people are likely descended from Austroasiatic migrants from Southeast Asia.
According to Zhang et al., Austroasiatic migrations from Southeast Asia into India took place after the last Glacial maximum, circa 10,000... | 26,961 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
- Alves, Mark J. (2015). Morphological functions among Mon-Khmer languages: beyond the basics. In N. J. Enfield & Bernard Comrie (eds.), "Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: the state of the art". Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton, 531–557.
- Bradley,... | 26,962 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics." 77–80. London: Routledge Curzon.
- Filbeck, D. (1978). "T'in: a historical study". Pacific linguistics, no. 49. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
- Hemeling, K. (1907). "Die Nanki... | 26,963 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). "A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary". Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics.
- Shorto, H. L. "Bibliographies of Mon–Khmer and Tai Linguistics". London oriental bibliographies, v. 2. London: Oxford Univers... | 26,964 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
E. Barker. (1966) "Studies in Comparative Austroasiatic Linguistics", The Hague: Mouton (Indo-Iranian monographs, v. 5.).
# Further reading.
- Mann, Noel, Wendy Smith and Eva Ujlakyova. 2009. "Linguistic clusters of Mainland Southeast Asia: an overview of the language families." Chiang Mai: Pa... | 26,965 |
597 | Austroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic%20languages | Austroasiatic languages
External links.
- Swadesh lists for Austro-Asiatic languages (from Wiktionary's wikt:Appendix:Swadesh lists Swadesh-list appendix)
- Austro-Asiatic at the Linguist List MultiTree Project (not functional as of 2014): Genealogical trees attributed to Sebeok 1942, Pinnow 1959, Diffloth 2005, and ... | 26,966 |
1055823 | Tlen.pl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tlen.pl | Tlen.pl
Tlen.pl
Tlen.pl was an adware licensed Polish instant messaging service. It was fully compatible with the main Polish Gadu-Gadu instant messenger. It was launched in 2001 and discontinued in May 2016.
The communication protocol is based on open-source jabberd code, but it was modified significantly, making it... | 26,967 |
1055823 | Tlen.pl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tlen.pl | Tlen.pl
integrated with the o2.pl mail system, which allows users to use mail in three domains: o2.pl; go2.pl and Tlen.pl. It is possible to easily access the mail system from the application. Tlen.pl automatically checks the user's account and if there is any new mail, it displays a notification on their screen.
It i... | 26,968 |
1055823 | Tlen.pl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tlen.pl | Tlen.pl
a notification on their screen.
It is also possible to connect to Tlen.pl from the Tlen.pl homepage with a browser.
Since version 6.0.1.7, Tlen has included the Tlenofon plugin, which enables VoIP functionality for the client. Tlenofon is similar to the Skype service and offers low-priced calls to Poland and ... | 26,969 |
1055844 | Shaler (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaler%20(crater) | Shaler (crater)
Shaler (crater)
Shaler is a lunar impact crater that lies on the southeast interior edge of the Montes Cordillera mountain ring that surrounds the immense Mare Orientale formation. It is located near the southwest limb of the Moon on the near side, and so is viewed nearly from on edge from the Earth. J... | 26,970 |
1055844 | Shaler (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaler%20(crater) | Shaler (crater)
rater Wright.
The long, irregular Vallis Bouvard valley begins at the southern rim of Shaler, and winds its way to the south-southeast towards the crater Baade. This is one of several such valleys that radiate away from the southeast edge of the Mare Orientale impact basin, the other two being Vallis I... | 26,971 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
Afroasiatic languages
Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasian and in older sources as Hamito-Semitic (Chamito-Semitic) or Semito-Hamitic, is a large language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahe... | 26,972 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
Cushitic, Egyptian, Omotic and Semitic. By far the most widely spoken Afroasiatic language or dialect continuum is Arabic. A de facto group of distinct language varieties within the Semitic branch, the languages that evolved from Proto-Arabic have around 313 million native speakers, concentrated p... | 26,973 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
spoken, are yet to be agreed upon by historical linguists. Proposed locations include North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Eastern Sahara and the Levant.
# Etymology.
During the early 1800s, linguists grouped the Berber, Cushitic and Egyptian languages within a "Hamitic" phylum, in acknowledgem... | 26,974 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
the name "Hamito-Semitic" for the entire family in his "Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft" (1876). Maurice Delafosse (1914) later coined the term "Afroasiatic" (often now spelled "Afro-Asiatic"). However, it did not come into general use until Joseph Greenberg (1950) formally proposed its adoption.... | 26,975 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
of the family's constituent languages.
The term "Hamito-Semitic" remains in use in the academic traditions of some European countries.
# Distribution and branches.
Scholars generally treat the Afroasiatic language family as including the following branches:
- Berber
- Chadic
- Cushitic
- Eg... | 26,976 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
wobbly" (Hayward 1995). Greenberg (1963) and others considered it a subgroup of Cushitic, whereas others have raised doubts about its being part of Afroasiatic at all (e.g. Theil 2006).
- The Afroasiatic identity of Ongota is also broadly questioned, as is its position within Afroasiatic among th... | 26,977 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
people once spoke a Nilo-Saharan language but then shifted to speaking a Cushitic language but retained some characteristics of their earlier Nilo-Saharan language.
- Beja, sometimes listed as a separate branch of Afroasiatic, is more often included in the Cushitic branch, which has a substantial... | 26,978 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
disagree on the internal classification of the Indo-European languages, for instance.
- Meroitic has been proposed (Bruce Trigger, 1964, 1977) as an unclassified Afroasiatic language, because it shares the phonotactics characteristic of the family, but there is not enough evidence to secure a cla... | 26,979 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
and the Sahel.
- Oromo (Cushitic), spoken in Ethiopia and Kenya by around 34 million people
- Amharic (Semitic), spoken in Ethiopia, with over 25 million native speakers in addition to millions of other Ethiopians speaking it as a second language.
- Somali (Cushitic), spoken by 16 million peopl... | 26,980 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
by around 9 million people (5 million native first-language speakers and 4 million second-language speakers) in Israel and the Jewish diaspora; also the liturgical language of the Jewish people and the Samaritan people.
- Central Atlas Tamazight (Berber), spoken by around 4.6 million people in Mo... | 26,981 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
in Algeria was the first to link two branches of Afroasiatic together; he perceived a relationship between Berber and Semitic. He knew of Semitic through his study of Arabic, Hebrew, and Aramaic.
In the course of the 19th century, Europeans also began suggesting such relationships. In 1844, Theod... | 26,982 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
defined it as consisting of a Semitic group plus a "Hamitic" group containing Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic; he excluded the Chadic group. It was the Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius (1810–1884) who restricted Hamitic to the non-Semitic languages in Africa, which are characterized by a grammatic... | 26,983 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
racial arguments. Both authors used the skin-color, mode of subsistence, and other characteristics of native speakers as part of their arguments that particular languages should be grouped together.
In 1912, Carl Meinhof published "Die Sprachen der Hamiten" ("The Languages of the Hamites"), in wh... | 26,984 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
and superior to the 'Negroes of Africa'." However, in the case of the so-called Nilo-Hamitic languages (a concept he introduced), it was based on the typological feature of gender and a "fallacious theory of language mixture." Meinhof did this although earlier work by scholars such as Lepsius and ... | 26,985 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
the idea of a distinct "Hamitic" subgroup, and included Hausa (a Chadic language) in his comparative Hamito-Semitic vocabulary. Finally, Joseph Greenberg's 1950 work led to the widespread rejection of "Hamitic" as a language category by linguists. Greenberg refuted Meinhof's linguistic theories, a... | 26,986 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
Afroasiatic for the family. Almost all scholars have accepted this classification as the new and continued consensus.
Greenberg's model was fully developed in his book "The Languages of Africa" (1963), in which he reassigned most of Meinhof's additions to Hamitic to other language families, notab... | 26,987 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
isolates. Despite this, Greenberg's classification remains a starting point for modern work of many languages spoken in Africa, and the Hamitic category (and its extension to Nilo-Hamitic) has no part in this.
Since the three traditional branches of the Hamitic languages (Berber, Cushitic and Egy... | 26,988 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
branch of Afroasiatic, suggesting for it the new name Omotic. This proposal and name have met with widespread acceptance.
Several scholars, including Harold Fleming and Robert Hetzron, have since questioned the traditional inclusion of Beja in Cushitic.
"Glottolog" does not accept that the inclu... | 26,989 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
Cushitic, and Omotic. However, Christopher Ehret (1979), Harold Fleming (1981), and Joseph Greenberg (1981) all agree that the Omotic branch split from the rest first.
Otherwise:
- Paul Newman (1980) groups Berber with Chadic and Egyptian with Semitic, while questioning the inclusion of Omotic i... | 26,990 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
divided Afroasiatic into two major branches, Omotic and Erythraean, with Erythraean consisting of three sub-branches, Cushitic, Chadic-Berber-Egyptian-Semitic-Beja, and Ongota.
- Like Harold Fleming, Christopher Ehret (1995: 490) divides Afroasiatic into two branches, Omotic and Erythrean. He div... | 26,991 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
Cushitic into five or more independent branches of Afroasiatic, viewing Cushitic as a Sprachbund rather than a language family.
- Igor M. Diakonoff (1996) subdivides Afroasiatic in two, grouping Berber, Cushitic, and Semitic together as East-West Afrasian (ESA), and Chadic with Egyptian as North-... | 26,992 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
places Ongota in South Omotic.
# Position among the world's languages.
Afroasiatic is one of the four major language families spoken in Africa identified by Joseph Greenberg in his book "The Languages of Africa" (1963). It is one of the few whose speech area is transcontinental, with languages f... | 26,993 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
languages. This proposal was accepted by a few linguists (e.g. Holger Pedersen and Louis Hjelmslev). (For a fuller account, see Indo-Semitic languages.) However, the theory has little currency today, although most linguists do not deny the existence of grammatical similarities between both familie... | 26,994 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
Altaic, Yukaghir languages, and Dravidian languages. This inclusion was retained by subsequent Nostraticists, starting with Vladislav Illich-Svitych and Aharon Dolgopolsky.
- Joseph Greenberg (2000–2002) did not reject a relationship of Afroasiatic to these other languages, but he considered it m... | 26,995 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
of Eurasiatic. The even larger Borean super-family contains Nostratic as well as Dené-Caucasian and Austric.
# Date of Afroasiatic.
The earliest written evidence of an Afroasiatic language is an Ancient Egyptian inscription dated to c. 3400 BC (5,400 years ago). Symbols on Gerzean (Naqada II) po... | 26,996 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
within a range between approximately 7,500 BC (9,500 years ago), and approximately 16,000 BC (18,000 years ago). According to Igor M. Diakonoff (1988: 33n), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 10,000 BC. Christopher Ehret (2002: 35–36) asserts that Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 11,000 BC at the late... | 26,997 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
geographically and divided into distinct languages. Afroasiatic languages are today primarily spoken in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahel. Their distribution seems to have been influenced by the Sahara pump operating over the last 10,000 years.
There is no agreem... | 26,998 |
599 | Afroasiatic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic%20languages | Afroasiatic languages
Omotic, Cushitic and Berber branches.
Majority of male lineages of Chadian-speakers came from Europe less than 8700 years ago.
# Similarities in grammar and syntax.
Widespread (though not universal) features of the Afroasiatic languages include:
- A set of emphatic consonants, variously realiz... | 26,999 |
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