wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1055777 | Gandy dancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandy%20dancer | Gandy dancer
March 1944. As the story goes, Duckwork, on orders from a non-commissioned officer, improvised his own drill for the soldiers in his unit. Soon after, all the ranks were buzzing and keeping rhythm. Col. Bernard Lentz, who was the base commander at the Fort, approached Duckworth and asked where he developed his unique chant. “I told him it came from calling hogs back home,” Duckworth said. “I was scared, and that was the only thing I could think of to say.”
# Popular culture.
The Gandy Dancer State Trail is a 47-mile rail trail for hiking, biking and other recreational uses, that follows the old Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie railroad grade from St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, through | 26,800 |
1055777 | Gandy dancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandy%20dancer | Gandy dancer
a bit of eastern Minnesota and terminating in Superior Wisconsin. In Danbury, Wisconsin, the Gandy Dancer Trail is sought by many visitors and tourists who want to walk the same trail that hunter James Jordan used to track a record book buck in 1914. Jordan ended up harvesting the record setting white-tailed deer with his .25-20 Winchester rifle along the Yellow River. The James Jordan Buck has reigned as the largest Boone and Crockett Club typical scoring white-tailed deer in the United States since 1914.
"The Gandy Dancers' Ball" is a song recorded by Frankie Laine in 1951, but with gandy dancers as actual dancers at a railroad workers' ball. Laine sang it with a chorus of dancers in the | 26,801 |
1055777 | Gandy dancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandy%20dancer | Gandy dancer
1955 comedy film "Bring Your Smile Along".
In 1962, The Ventures recorded the song "Gandy Dancer", an original instrumental composition that was released on their album "Going to the Ventures Dance Party".
Singer/political activist Bruce "Utah" Phillips, in "Moose Turd Pie", told a tall tale of working as a gandy dancer in the American southwest. Phillips ascribed the source of the workers' shovels to the possibly mythical Gandy Shovel Company of Chicago.
A scene from the 1985 film, "The Color Purple", features a caller directing a railroad maintenance crew.
In The Adventure Zone's "Dust" arc, Clint McElroy played a character named Gandy Dancer.
Gandy Dancers are celebrated with their own | 26,802 |
1055777 | Gandy dancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandy%20dancer | Gandy dancer
festival, The Gandy Dancer Festival, in Mazomanie, WI. The one-day festival, held the 3rd Saturday of August, celebrates the hard work Gandy Dancers contributed toward building America.
# See also.
- Field hollers
- List of train songs
- Military cadence
- Railroad shopmen
- Sea shanties
- Waulking songs
- Work songs
# External links.
- Calling Track and Military Cadence Calls: How an African American Tradition Influenced Military Basic Training
- Vintage gandy dancer video
- Memory.loc.gov John and Ruby Lomax 1939 recordings
- "Negro Work Songs and Calls" "Library of Congress"
- The James Jordan Buck
- Music history and comments on the labor.
- Notes on the term's origin.
- | 26,803 |
1055777 | Gandy dancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandy%20dancer | Gandy dancer
rd Saturday of August, celebrates the hard work Gandy Dancers contributed toward building America.
# See also.
- Field hollers
- List of train songs
- Military cadence
- Railroad shopmen
- Sea shanties
- Waulking songs
- Work songs
# External links.
- Calling Track and Military Cadence Calls: How an African American Tradition Influenced Military Basic Training
- Vintage gandy dancer video
- Memory.loc.gov John and Ruby Lomax 1939 recordings
- "Negro Work Songs and Calls" "Library of Congress"
- The James Jordan Buck
- Music history and comments on the labor.
- Notes on the term's origin.
- African-American work songs
- Ribbons of Rail – Maintaining modern American railroads | 26,804 |
1055806 | Borman (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borman%20(crater) | Borman (crater)
Borman (crater)
Borman is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It lies across the southeast section of the mountainous inner ring, within the walled basin named Apollo.
The rim of Borman remains sharp-edged, although a smaller crater lies across its northwestern rim. The interior is rough but relatively flat. Borman L is an older and much more worn crater that is attached to the southern rim of Borman.
Borman crater is named after the American astronaut Frank Borman, commander of the Apollo 8 mission in 1968, which was the first manned mission to the moon. Two nearby craters are named after the other two crew members, William Anders | 26,805 |
1055806 | Borman (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borman%20(crater) | Borman (crater)
that is attached to the southern rim of Borman.
Borman crater is named after the American astronaut Frank Borman, commander of the Apollo 8 mission in 1968, which was the first manned mission to the moon. Two nearby craters are named after the other two crew members, William Anders (Anders crater) and Jim Lovell (Lovell crater).
# Satellite craters.
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Borman.
The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
- Borman A — "See" McNair (crater).
- Borman X — "See" Resnik (crater).
- Borman Y — "See" McAuliffe (crater).
- Borman Z — "See" Jarvis (crater). | 26,806 |
1055810 | Boss (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boss%20(crater) | Boss (crater)
Boss (crater)
Boss is a lunar impact crater that is located along the northeast rim of the Moon's near side. Due to its location, the crater is viewed from the side by observers on the Earth, and its visibility is subject to libration effects.
This formation has not been significantly eroded by impacts, and it retains a well-defined outer rim that is not overlain by smaller craters of note. The inner wall is wide and has a terraced surface. The interior floor has a low central peak that is offset slightly to the north from the midpoint.
The closest named craters are Vashakidze to the southeast on the far side of the Moon, and the heavily eroded Riemann to the south. Further to the southwest | 26,807 |
1055810 | Boss (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boss%20(crater) | Boss (crater)
impacts, and it retains a well-defined outer rim that is not overlain by smaller craters of note. The inner wall is wide and has a terraced surface. The interior floor has a low central peak that is offset slightly to the north from the midpoint.
The closest named craters are Vashakidze to the southeast on the far side of the Moon, and the heavily eroded Riemann to the south. Further to the southwest is the prominent crater Gauss, and to the north-northwest is the Mare Humboldtianum.
The crater is named for astronomer Lewis Boss.
# Satellite craters.
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Boss. | 26,808 |
1055809 | Guernsey (clothing) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guernsey%20(clothing) | Guernsey (clothing)
Guernsey (clothing)
A guernsey, or gansey, is a seaman's knitted woollen sweater, similar to a jersey, which originated in the Channel Island of the same name, sometimes known as a knit-frock in Cornwall.
# Origins.
The guernsey is the mainstay of Guernsey's knitting industry which can be dated back to the late 15th century when a royal grant was obtained to import wool from England and re-export knitted goods to Normandy and Spain. Peter Heylin described the manufacture and export of "waste-cotes" during the reign of Charles I. The first use of the name "guernsey" outside of the island is in the 1851 "Oxford Dictionary", but the garment was in use in the bailiwick before that.
The guernsey | 26,809 |
1055809 | Guernsey (clothing) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guernsey%20(clothing) | Guernsey (clothing)
came into being as a garment for fishermen who required a warm, hard wearing, yet comfortable item of clothing that would resist the sea spray. The hard twist given to the tightly packed wool fibres in the spinning process and the tightly knitted stitches, produced a finish that would "turn water" and is capable of repelling rain and spray.
The guernsey was traditionally knitted by the fishermen's wives and the pattern passed down from mother to daughter through the generations. While commercially available sweaters are machine knit, the final finishing of these machine-knit parts is completed by hand.
Through trade links established in the 17th century, the guernsey found favour with seafarers | 26,810 |
1055809 | Guernsey (clothing) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guernsey%20(clothing) | Guernsey (clothing)
around the British Isles, and many coastal communities developed their own "ganseys" based on the original pattern. Whilst the classic guernsey pattern remained plain, the stitch patterns used became more complex the further north the garment spread, with the most complex evolving in the Scottish fishing villages.
Mary Wright argues that the use and wearing of guernseys throughout the British Isles for over a century and a half almost justifies the guernsey for qualification as a national costume. A guernsey from the Folk Museum Guernsey was included in the 2010 BBC project A History of the World in 100 Objects.
The term can also refer to a similarly-shaped garment made of woven cloth, also | 26,811 |
1055809 | Guernsey (clothing) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guernsey%20(clothing) | Guernsey (clothing)
called a Guernsey shirt or smock. There are a number of different names for the same garments, for instance Guernsey frock, Guernsey shirt, smock-frock, or fisherman’s frock. Essentially these are all the same garment, with the materials varying based on the purpose for which it is worn.
# Pattern.
Two styles of guernsey exist: a plain "working" guernsey and a "finer" example that was generally saved for special occasions and Sunday-best attire. Traditionally, Ganseys were seamless and worked in the round using the circular knitting method.
The "working" guernsey design was kept simpler in order to reduce the amount of time and materials needed to produce. The sale of knitted garments to | 26,812 |
1055809 | Guernsey (clothing) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guernsey%20(clothing) | Guernsey (clothing)
supplement family income was important to many island families and thus the garments that were sold were also of a simple design. It is estimated that a total of 84 hours was needed to complete a guernsey: a simpler design could be produced faster than a more elaborate one.
The guernsey that is still produced on the island retains much of the original design and patterns. The rib at the top of the sleeve is said to represent a sailing ship’s rope ladder in the rigging, the raised seam across the shoulder a rope, and the garter stitch panel waves breaking upon the beach. As a working garment, the gussets under the arm and at the neck are for ease of movement, as are the splits at the hem. Twenty-four | 26,813 |
1055809 | Guernsey (clothing) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guernsey%20(clothing) | Guernsey (clothing)
principal patterns have been identified in Cornwall alone, each one again drawing inspiration from ropes, chains, waves, nets and sand-prints.
Worn as a source of pride and often knitted by prospective wives "to show the industrious nature of the woman he was about to marry", the "finer" guernsey was more elaborately patterned than its working cousin. With the advent of the machine-knitted guernsey and the decline in the knitting industry, this guernsey is a much rarer sight.
The guernsey's tightly knitted fibres and its square shape, with a straight neck so that it could be reversed, make it a particularly hardy item of clothing. It is not uncommon for a guernsey to last several decades and | 26,814 |
1055809 | Guernsey (clothing) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guernsey%20(clothing) | Guernsey (clothing)
be passed down in families. Guernseys knitted for children were knitted to be "grown into" and often came down to the knee.
# Use in the British Armed Forces.
The guernsey was first widely used in the rating uniform of the 19th century British Royal Navy. It is said that guernseys were worn at the Battle of Trafalgar (although these were probably made from woollen cloth, rather than knitted).
The association of the guernsey with the British Armed Forces has continued into the 21st century. In 2006, the British 7th Armoured Brigade ordered three hundred jumpers from a company in Guernsey and these were sent out to Iraq. Each jumper was hand-finished in a neutral colour and had the Desert Rat | 26,815 |
1055809 | Guernsey (clothing) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guernsey%20(clothing) | Guernsey (clothing)
Battle of Trafalgar (although these were probably made from woollen cloth, rather than knitted).
The association of the guernsey with the British Armed Forces has continued into the 21st century. In 2006, the British 7th Armoured Brigade ordered three hundred jumpers from a company in Guernsey and these were sent out to Iraq. Each jumper was hand-finished in a neutral colour and had the Desert Rat insignia sewn onto the left hand sleeve. Orders for variants of the guernsey have also come from the Intelligence Corps, the Mercian Regiment, the Tank Regiment and Gurkha Logistics where they form part of officer uniforms.
# See also.
- Guernsey (Australian rules football)
- Jersey (clothing) | 26,816 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
Battle of Inchon
The Battle of Inchon () was an amphibious invasion and battle of the Korean War that resulted in a decisive victory and strategic reversal in favor of the United Nations Command (UN). The operation involved some 75,000 troops and 261 naval vessels, and led to the recapture of the South Korean capital of Seoul two weeks later. The code name for the operation was Operation Chromite.
The battle began on 15 September 1950 and ended on 19 September. Through a surprise amphibious assault far from the Pusan Perimeter that UN and Republic of Korea Army (ROK) forces were desperately defending, the largely undefended city of Incheon was secured after being bombed by UN forces. The battle | 26,817 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
ended a string of victories over the Korean People's Army (KPA). The subsequent UN recapture of Seoul partially severed the KPA's supply lines in South Korea.
The UN and ROK forces were commanded by General of the Army Douglas MacArthur of the United States Army. MacArthur was the driving force behind the operation, overcoming the strong misgivings of more cautious generals to a risky assault over extremely unfavorable terrain. The battle was followed by a rapid collapse of the KPA; within a month of the Inchon landing, the Americans had taken 135,000 KPA troops prisoner.
# Background.
## Pusan Perimeter.
From the outbreak of the Korean War following the invasion of South Korea by North | 26,818 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
Korea on 25 June 1950, the KPA, had enjoyed superiority in both manpower and ground combat equipment over the ROK and UN forces dispatched to South Korea to prevent it from collapsing. The North Korean strategy was to aggressively pursue UN and ROK forces on all avenues of approach south and to engage them, attacking from the front and initiating a double envelopment of both flanks of the defending units, which allowed the KPA to surround and cut off the opposing force, forcing it to retreat in disarray. From their initial 25 June offensive to fighting in July and early August, the KPA used this tactic to defeat the UN forces they encountered and push it south. However, with the establishment | 26,819 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
of the Pusan Perimeter in August, UN forces held a continuous line which the KPA could not flank. The KPA advantages in numbers decreased daily as the superior UN logistical system brought in more troops and supplies to the UN forces.
When the KPA approached the Pusan Perimeter on 5 August, they attempted the same frontal assault technique on the four main avenues of approach into the perimeter. Throughout August, they conducted direct assaults resulting in the Battle of Masan, the Battle of Battle Mountain, the First Battle of Naktong Bulge, the Battle of Taegu, and the Battle of the Bowling Alley. On the east coast of the Korean Peninsula, the ROK repulsed three KPA divisions at the Battle | 26,820 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
of P'ohang-dong. The KPA attacks stalled as UN forces repelled the attack. All along the front, the KPA reeled from these defeats, the first time in the war North Korean tactics had failed.
By the end of August the KPA had been pushed beyond their limits and many of the original units were at far reduced strength and effectiveness. Logistic problems wracked the KPA, and shortages of food, weapons, equipment and replacement soldiers proved devastating for their units. However, the KPA retained high morale and enough supply to allow for another large-scale offensive. On 1 September the KPA threw their entire military into one final bid to break the Pusan Perimeter, the Great Naktong Offensive, | 26,821 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
a five-pronged simultaneous attack across the entire perimeter. The attack caught UN forces by surprise and almost overwhelmed them. KPA troops attacked Kyongju, surrounded Taegu and Ka-san, recrossed the Naktong Bulge, threatened Yongsan, and continued their attack at Masan, focusing on Nam River and Haman. However, despite their efforts, in one of the most brutal fights of the Korean War, the KPA were unsuccessful. Unable to hold their gains, the KPA retreated from the offensive a much weaker force, and vulnerable to counterattack.
## Planning.
Days after the beginning of the war, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, the US Army officer in command of all UN forces in Korea, envisioned | 26,822 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
an amphibious assault to retake the Seoul area. The city had fallen in the first days of the war in the First Battle of Seoul. MacArthur later wrote that he thought the KPA would push the ROK back far past Seoul. He also said he decided days after the war began that the battered, demoralized, and under-equipped ROK, many of whom did not support the South Korean government put in power by the United States, could not hold off the KPA even with American support. MacArthur felt that he could turn the tide if he made a decisive troop movement behind KPA lines, and preferred Inchon, over Chumunjin-up or Kunsan as the landing site. He had originally envisioned such a landing, code named Operation | 26,823 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
Bluehearts, for 22 July, with the US Army's 1st Cavalry Division landing at Incheon. However, by 10 July the plan was abandoned as it was clear the 1st Cavalry Division would be needed on the Pusan Perimeter. On 23 July, MacArthur formulated a new plan, code-named Operation Chromite, calling for an amphibious assault by the US Army's 2nd Infantry Division and the United States Marine Corps (USMC)'s 5th Marine Regiment in mid-September 1950. This, too fell through as both units were moved to the Pusan Perimeter. MacArthur decided instead to use the US Army's 7th Infantry Division, his last reserve unit in East Asia, to conduct the operation as soon as it could be raised to wartime strength.
In | 26,824 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
preparation for the invasion, MacArthur activated the US Army's X Corps to act as the command for the landing forces, and appointed Major General Edward Almond, his chief of staff, as Corps' commander, anticipating the operation would mean a quick end to the war. Throughout August, MacArthur faced the challenge of re-equipping the 7th Infantry Division as it had sent 9,000 of its men to reinforce the Pusan Perimeter and was far understrength. He also faced the challenge that the USMC, reduced in size following World War II, had to rebuild the 1st Marine Division, using elements of the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade fighting at Pusan as well as the 1st Marine Regiment and the 7th Marine Regiment, | 26,825 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
which pulled US Marines from as far away as the Mediterranean Sea to Korea for the task. MacArthur ordered Korean Augmentation To the United States Army (KATUSA) troops, ROK conscripts assigned to US Army units, to reinforce the 7th Infantry Division, while allocating all equipment coming into Korea to X Corps, despite it being crucially needed by the US Army's Eighth Army on the Pusan Perimeter.
MacArthur decided to use the Joint Strategic and Operations Group (JSPOG) of his United States Far East Command (FECOM). The initial plan was met with skepticism by the other generals because Incheon's natural and artificial defenses were formidable. The approaches to Incheon were two restricted passages, | 26,826 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
which could be easily blocked by naval mines. The current of the channels was also dangerously quick—three to eight knots (3.5 to 9.2 mph; 5.5 to 14.8 km/hr)—and tides were so extreme as to prevent immediate follow-on landings. Finally, the anchorage was small and the harbor was surrounded by tall seawalls. United States Navy Commander Arlie G. Capps noted that the harbor had "every natural and geographic handicap." US Navy leaders favored a landing at Kunsan, closer to the Pusan perimeter and the KPA main axis of supply through Taejon, but MacArthur did not think landing there would produce a sufficiently decisive victory. He also felt that the KPA, who also thought the conditions of the Incheon | 26,827 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
channel would make a landing impossible, would be surprised and caught off-guard by the attack.
On 23 August, the commanders held a meeting at MacArthur's headquarters in Tokyo. Chief of Staff of the United States Army General Joseph Lawton Collins, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Forrest Sherman, and United States Air Force (USAF) operations deputy Lieutenant General Idwal H. Edward all flew from Washington, D.C., to Japan to take part in the briefing; Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force General Hoyt Vandenberg did not attend, possibly because he "did not want to legitimize an operation that essentially belong[ed] to the Navy and the Marines." The Marine Corps staff, who were to | 26,828 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
be responsible for leading the landing at Incheon, were not invited, which became a contentious issue. During the briefing, nine members of the staff of US Navy Admiral James H. Doyle spoke for nearly 90 minutes on every technical and military aspect of the landing. MacArthur told the officers that though a landing at Kunsan would bring a relatively easy linkup with the Eighth Army, it "would be an attempted envelopment that would not envelop" and would place more troops in a vulnerable pocket of the Pusan Perimeter. MacArthur won over Sherman by speaking of his affection for the US Navy and relating the story of how the Navy carried him out of Corregidor to safety in 1942 during World War II. | 26,829 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
Sherman agreed to support the Incheon operation, leaving Doyle furious.
MacArthur spent 45 minutes after the briefing explaining his reasons for choosing Incheon. He said that, because it was so heavily defended, the North Koreans would not expect an attack there, that victory at Incheon would avoid a brutal winter campaign, and that, by invading a northern strong point, UN forces could cut off KPA lines of supply and communication. Sherman and Collins returned to Washington, D.C., and reported back to Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson. The Joint Chiefs of Staff approved MacArthur's plan on 28 August. President Truman also provided his approval.
The landing at Incheon was not the first | 26,830 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
large-scale amphibious operation since World War II. That distinction belonged to the UN landing that took place on 18 July 1950 at Pohang, South Korea. However, that operation was not made in KPA-held territory and was unopposed.
Admiral Struble's Joint Task Force 7 consisted of Fast Carrier Task Force 77 for fighter cover, interdiction and ground attack, Admiral Andrewes' Blockade and Covering Task Force 91, Rear Admiral George R. Henderson's Patrol and Reconnaissance Task Force 99, Captain Bernard L. Austin's Service Squadron 3 as Task Force 79, Admiral Doyle's invasion Attack Task Force 90, and the Military Sea Transportation Service. This last service was to bring in the 7th Division on | 26,831 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
18 Sept.
# Prelude.
Before the main land battle, UN forces landed spies in Incheon and bombarded the citys defenses via air and sea. Deception operations were also carried out to draw North Korean attention away from Incheon.
## Maintaining surprise.
With men, supplies, and ships obviously concentrating at Pusan and in Japanese ports for a major amphibious operation and the press in Japan referring to the upcoming landings as "Operation Common Knowledge," the UN command feared that it would fail to achieve surprise in the Inchon landings. Exacerbating this fear, the leader of a North Korean-Japanese spy ring arrested in Japan in early September 1950 had a copy of the plan for Operation Chromite, | 26,832 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
and the UN forces did not know whether he had managed to transmit the plan to North Korea before his arrest. US Navy patrol aircraft, surface warships, and submarines operated in the Sea of Japan (East Sea) and the Yellow Sea to detect any reaction by North Korean, Soviet, or People's Republic of China military forces, and on 4 September 1950 F4U Corsair fighters of Fighter Squadron 53 (VF-53) operating from the aircraft carrier shot down a Soviet Air Force A-20 Havoc bomber after it opened fire on them over the Yellow Sea as it flew toward the UN naval task force there.
In order to ensure surprise during the landings, UN forces staged an elaborate deception operation to draw North Korean attention | 26,833 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
away from Incheon by making it appear that the landing would take place to the south at Kunsan. On 5 September 1950, aircraft of the USAFs Far East Air Forces began attacks on roads and bridges to isolate Kunsan, typical of the kind of raids expected prior to an invasion there. A naval bombardment of Kunsan followed on 6 September, and on 11 September USAF B-29 Superfortress bombers joined the aerial campaign, bombing military installations in the area.
In addition to aerial and naval bombardment, UN forces took other measures to focus North Korean attention on Kunsan. On the docks at Pusan, USMC officers briefed their men on an upcoming landing at Kunsan within earshot of many Koreans, and | 26,834 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
on the night of 12–13 September 1950 the Royal Navy frigate landed US Army special operations troops and Royal Marine Commandos on the docks at Kunsan, making sure that North Korean forces noticed their visit.
UN forces conducted a series of drills, tests, and raids elsewhere on the coast of Korea, where conditions were similar to Inchon, before the actual invasion. These drills were used to perfect the timing and performance of the landing craft, but also were intended to confuse the North Koreans further as to the location of the invasion.
## Incheon infiltration.
Fourteen days before the landing at Incheon, a UN reconnaissance team landed in Incheon Harbor to obtain information on the | 26,835 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
conditions there. The team, led by US Navy Lieutenant Eugene F. Clark, landed at Yonghung-do, an island in the mouth of the harbor. From there, the team relayed intelligence back to the UN Command. With the help of locals, Clark, gathered information about tides, beach composition, mudflats, and seawalls. A separate reconnaissance mission codenamed "Trudy Jackson", which dispatched Lieutenant Youn Joung of the Republic of Korea Navy and ROK Colonel Ke In-Ju to Incheon to collect further intelligence on the area, was mounted by the US military.
The tides at Incheon have an average range of and a maximum observed range of , making the tidal range there one of the largest in the world and the | 26,836 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
littoral maximum in all of Asia. Clark observed the tides at Incheon for two weeks and discovered that American tidal charts were inaccurate, but that Japanese charts were quite good. Clark's team provided detailed reports on KPA artillery positions and fortifications on the island of Wolmido, at Incheon and on nearby islands. During the extensive periods of low tide, Clark's team located and removed some North Korean naval mines, but, critically to the future success of the invasion, Clark reported that the North Koreans had not in fact systematically mined the channels.
When the KPA discovered that the agents had landed on the islands near Incheon, they made multiple attacks, including an | 26,837 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
attempted raid on Yonghung-do with six junks. Clark mounted a machine gun on a sampan and sank the attacking junks. In response, the KPA killed perhaps as many as 50 civilians for helping Clark.
## Bombardments of Wolmido and Incheon.
On 10 September 1950, five days before the Inchon landing, 43 American warplanes flew over Wolmido, dropping 93 napalm canisters to "burn out" its eastern slope in an attempt to clear the way for American troops.
The flotilla of ships that landed and supported the amphibious force during the battle was commanded by Vice Admiral Arthur D. Struble, an expert in amphibious warfare. Struble had participated in amphibious operations in World War II, including the | 26,838 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
Normandy landings and the Battle of Leyte. He got underway for Incheon in his flagship, the heavy cruiser , on 12 September 1950. Among his ships were the Gunfire Support Group, consisting of "Rochester", the heavy cruiser , the British light cruisers and , and the six US destroyers of Task Element 90.62, made up of , , , , , and .
Royal Canadian Navy destroyers , and also participated in the invasion task force.
At 07:00 on 13 September, the US Navys Destroyer Squadron 9, headed by "Mansfield", steamed up Flying Fish Channel and into Incheon Harbor, where it fired upon KPA gun emplacements on Wolmido and in Inchon. Between them, 2 British cruisers and 6 American destroyers fired almost a | 26,839 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
thousand 5-inch (127-mm) shells onto the fortifications. The attacks tipped off the KPA that a landing might be imminent, and the KPA officer in command on Wolmido assured his superiors that he would throw their enemies back into the sea. North Korea's 918th Coastal Artillery Regiment returned fire, hitting "Collett" 7 times, "Gurke" 3 times, and "Lyman K. Swenson" twice. One sailor was killed, LTJG David H. Swenson, and 8 wounded on the "Lyman K. Swenson".
The American destroyers withdrew after bombarding Wolmido for an hour and "Rochester", "Toledo", "Jamaica", and "Kenya" proceeded to bombard the KPA batteries for the next three hours from the south of the island. Lieutenant Clark and his | 26,840 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
South Korean squad watched from hills south of Incheon, plotting locations where KPA machine guns were firing at the flotilla. They relayed this information to the invasion force via Japan in the afternoon.
During the night of 13–14 September, Struble decided on another day of bombardment, and the destroyers moved back up the channel off Wolmido on 14 September. They and the cruisers bombarded the island again that day, and planes from the carrier task force bombed and strafed it.
At 00:50 on 15 September 1950, Lieutenant Clark and his South Korean squad activated the lighthouse on the island of Palmido. Later that morning, the ships carrying the amphibious force followed the destroyers toward | 26,841 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
Incheon and entered Flying Fish Channel, and the US Marines of the invasion force got ready to make the first landings on Wolmido.
## Naval mine clearance.
Within weeks of the outbreak of the Korean War, the Soviet Union had shipped naval mines to North Korea for use in coastal defense, with Soviet naval mine warfare experts providing technical instruction in laying and employment of the mines to North Korean personnel. Some of the mines were shipped to Incheon. The UN forces only became aware of the presence of mines in North Korean waters in early September 1950, raising fears that this would interfere with the Inchon invasion. It was too late to reschedule the landings, but the North Koreans | 26,842 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
laid relatively few and unsophisticated mines at Incheon. Destroyers in the assault force visually identified moored contact mines in the channel at low tide and destroyed them with gunfire. When the invasion force passed through the channel at high tide to land on the assault beaches, it passed over any remaining mines without incident.
# Battle.
## Green Beach.
At 06:30 on September 15, 1950, the lead elements of X Corps hit "Green Beach" on the northern side of Wolmido. The landing force consisted of the 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, led by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Taplett and nine M26 Pershing tanks from the USMC 1st Tank Battalion. One tank was equipped with a flamethrower and two others | 26,843 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
had bulldozer blades. The battle group landed from tank landing ships (LSTs). The entire island was captured by noon at the cost of just 14 casualties.
The KPA defenders were outnumbered by more than six to one by the UN troops. KPA casualties included over 200 killed and 136 captured, primarily from the 918th Artillery Regiment and the 226th Independent Marine Regiment. The forces on Green Beach had to wait until 19:50 for the tide to rise, allowing another group to land. During this time, extensive shelling and bombing, along with anti-tank mines placed on the only bridge, kept the small KPA force from launching a significant counterattack. The second wave came ashore at "Red Beach" and "Blue | 26,844 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
Beach".
The North Koreans had not been expecting an invasion at Inchon. After the storming of Green Beach, the KPA assumed (probably because of deliberate American disinformation) that the main invasion would happen at Kunsan. As a result, only a small force was diverted to Incheon. Even those forces were too late, and they arrived after the UN forces had taken Blue Beach and Red Beach. The troops already stationed at Incheon had been weakened by Clark's guerrillas, and napalm bombing runs had destroyed key ammunition dumps. In total, 261 ships took part.
For Red Beach and Blue Beach, Vice Admiral James H. Doyle, Commander of an Amphibious ready group, announced that H-Hour, time of landing, | 26,845 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
would be 17:30.
The KPA 22nd Infantry Regiment had moved to Incheon before dawn on September 15, 1950, but retreated to Seoul after the main landing that evening.
## Red Beach.
The Red Beach forces, made up of the Regimental Combat Team 5, which included the 3rd Battalion of the Republic of Korea Marine Corps (ROKMC), used ladders to scale the sea walls. Lieutenant Colonel Raymond L. Murray, serving as Commanding Officer of the 5th Marines, had the mission of seizing an area long and deep, extending from Cemetery Hill (northern) at the top down to the Inner Tidal Basin (near Tidal Basin at the bottom) and including the promontory in the middle called Observatory Hill. (See Map) The 1st Battalion, | 26,846 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
5th Marines would be on the left, against Cemetery Hill and northern half of Observatory Hill. The 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines would take the southern half of Observatory Hill and Inner Basin.
Late on the afternoon of September 15, the LSTs approached Red Beach and as the lead ships they came under heavy mortar and machine gun fire from KPA defenders on Cemetery Hill. Despite the concentrated fire, they disembarked assault troops and unloaded vital support equipment. In addition their guns wiped out KPA batteries on the right flank of Red Beach. Three (, and "LST 973") of the eight LSTs took some hits from mortar and machine gun fire, which killed a sailor and injured a few others. The LSTs | 26,847 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
completed unloading and cleared the beach at high tide early on 16 September.
After neutralizing KPA defenses at Inchon on the night of September 15, units from Red Beach opened the causeway to Wolmi-do, allowing the 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines and the tanks from Green Beach to enter the battle for Inchon.
## Blue Beach.
The 1st Marine Regiment, under the command of Colonel Lewis "Chesty" Puller, landed at Blue Beach, southeast of Red and Green beaches. Their mission, once the beach was secure, was to capture the suburb of Yongdungpo, cross the Han River, and form the right flank of the attack on Seoul itself. As the 1st Marine Regiment approached the coast, the combined fire from several | 26,848 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
KPA gun emplacements sank one LST. Destroyer fire and bombing runs silenced the KPA defenses. When the Blue Beach forces finally arrived, the KPA forces at Incheon had already surrendered, so they met little opposition and suffered few additional casualties. The 1st Marine Regiment spent much of its time strengthening the beachhead and preparing for the move inland.
Immediately after KPA resistance was extinguished in Incheon, the supply and reinforcement process began. Seabees and Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs) that had arrived with the US Marines constructed a pontoon dock on Green Beach and cleared debris from the water. The dock was then used to unload the remainder of the LSTs. Early | 26,849 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
that morning of September 16, Lieutenant Colonel Murray and Colonel Puller had their operational orders from 1st Marine Division commander General Oliver P. Smith. The 1st Marines and 5th Marines began moving along the Inchon-Seoul road.
Early morning on September 16, the 5th Marines (from Red and Green Beaches) started generally east along the Inchon-Seoul road, intending to link up with the left of the 1st Marine Regiment so both regiments could move on Seoul. Six solitary T-34 tanks moving west towards Inchon appeared as the advancing 5th Marines reached the village of Kansong-ni. A strike force of eight Marine F4U Corsairs from VMF-214 attacked the tanks, destroying two and driving the | 26,850 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
others off. M26 Pershing tanks of the 1st Tank Battalion destroyed the three more KPA tanks shortly thereafter. South of the 5th Marines, 1st Marines, having spent most of the day consolidating its scattered units, did not move east until about 16:00 hrs.
Just before dawn on September 17, two companies of the 5th Marines, supported by artillery and M-26 tanks, defeated a counterattack by a column of six T-34 tanks and two hundred infantry, inflicting heavy casualties on the North Koreans.
# Air attack on USS "Rochester" and HMS "Jamaica".
Just before daylight at 05:50 on 17 September, two Soviet-made North Korean aircraft—probably Yakovlev Yak-9s—were seen overhead from "Jamaica" and while | 26,851 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
trying to identify them doubts were resolved by the explosion of a bomb close to the port side of "Rochester". Four bombs were dropped one hitting and denting "Rochester's" crane but not exploding. There were no American casualties. As the aircraft turned away "Jamaica" opened fire with her port 4-inch battery on the leading aircraft. The second aircraft then turned to port to strafe "Jamaica" scoring several hits: one armor piercing round entering Y turret through the armor at the back of the gun house and wounding a man in the leg; one chipping the side armor of the ship; one exploding round burst on the plate surrounding the loaders of a quadruple pom-pom wounding three men one of whom died | 26,852 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
later of his wounds after being transferred to the hospital ship ; and one on the foremast at the level of the gun direction platform scattering small splinters. Every close range weapon available opened fire on this aircraft, which was disintegrating as it went over the ship, crashing close on the starboard side of "Jamaica".
"Rochester"s crew later painted a Purple Heart on her damaged crane.
# Kimpo Airfield.
The 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines flared off to the left (north)on September 17th to secure Kimpo airfield, west of Seoul.
By morning the North Koreans were all gone, and Kimpo airfield was securely in the hands of the Marines. Kimpo airfield was in excellent shape; the North Koreans | 26,853 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
had not had time to do any major demolition. In fact, several North Korean planes were still on the field. Kimpo would now become the center of UN land-based air operations.
On September 19, US engineers repaired the local railroad up to inland. After the capture of Kimpo airfield, transport planes began flying in gasoline and ordnance for the aircraft stationed there. The Marines continued unloading supplies and reinforcements. By September 22, they had unloaded 6,629 vehicles and 53,882 troops, along with 25,512 tons (23,000 tonnes) of supplies.
## Battle of Seoul.
In contrast to the quick victory at Inchon, the advance on Seoul was slow and bloody. The KPA launched another T-34 attack, | 26,854 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
which was trapped and destroyed and a Yak bombing run in Incheon harbor, which did little damage. The KPA attempted to stall the UN offensive to allow time to reinforce Seoul and withdraw troops from the south. Though warned that the process of taking Seoul would allow remaining KPA forces in the south to escape, MacArthur felt that he was bound to honor promises given to the South Korean government to retake the capital as soon as possible.
On the second day, vessels carrying the 7th Infantry Division arrived in Incheon Harbor. Almond was eager to get the division into position to block a possible KPA movement from the south of Seoul. On the morning of September 18, the division's 2nd Battalion, | 26,855 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
32nd Infantry Regiment landed at Incheon and the remainder of the regiment went ashore later in the day. The next morning, the 2nd Battalion moved up to relieve a Marine battalion occupying positions on the right flank south of Seoul. Meanwhile, the 7th Division's 31st Infantry Regiment came ashore at Incheon. Responsibility for the zone south of Seoul highway passed to 7th Division at 18:00 on September 19. The 7th Infantry Division then engaged in heavy fighting with KPA forces on the outskirts of Seoul.
Before the battle, North Korea had just one understrength division in the city, with the majority of its forces south of the capital. MacArthur personally oversaw the 1st Marine Regiment | 26,856 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
as it fought through KPA positions on the road to Seoul. Control of Operation Chromite was then given to Almond, the X Corps commander. Almond was in an enormous hurry to capture Seoul by September 25, exactly three months after the North Korean assault across the 38th Parallel. On September 22, the Marines entered Seoul to find it fortified. Casualties mounted as the forces engaged in house-to-house fighting. On September 26, the Hotel Bando (which had served as the US Embassy) was cleared by E Company of 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines. During this fight several marines were wounded.
Almond declared Seoul liberated the evening of September 25, a claim repeated by MacArthur the following day. However, | 26,857 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
at the time of Almond's declaration, US Marines were still engaged in house-to-house combat as the KPA remained in most of the city. It was not until September 28 that the last of the KPA elements were driven out or destroyed.
## Pusan Perimeter breakout.
While the 5th Marines came ashore at Inchon, the last KPA troops in South Korea still fighting were defeated when Walton H. Walker's Eighth Army breakout from the Pusan Perimeter started on 16 September, joining the Army's X Corps in a coordinated attack on KPA forces. By 22 September the KPA forces around the Perimeter were in full retreat and the Eighth Army and ROK forces began a full counteroffensive to pursue the KPA on 23 September. | 26,858 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
Of the 70,000 KPA troops around Pusan, in the aftermath of the Pusan Perimeter battle, KPA casualties from September 1 to September 15 ranged from 36,000 to 41,000 killed and captured, with an unknown total number of wounded. However, because UN forces had concentrated on taking Seoul rather than cutting off the KPA's withdrawal north, the remaining 30,000 KPA soldiers escaped to the north, where they were soon reconstituted as a cadre for the formation of new KPA divisions hastily re-equipped by the Soviet Union. The UN assault continued into North Korea on 30 September.
# Analysis.
Most military scholars consider the battle one of the most decisive military operations in modern warfare. | 26,859 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
Spencer C. Tucker, the American military historian, described the Inchon landings as "a brilliant success, almost flawlessly executed," which remained "the only unambiguously successful, large-scale US combat operation" for the next 40 years. Commentators have described the Inchon operation as MacArthur's "greatest success" and "an example of brilliant generalship and military genius."
However, Russell Stolfi argues that the landing itself was a strategic masterpiece but it was followed by an advance to Seoul in ground battle so slow and measured that it constituted an operational disaster, largely negating the successful landing. He contrasts the US military's 1950 Incheon-Seoul operation | 26,860 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
with the German offensive in the Baltic in 1941. American forces achieved a strategic masterpiece in the Incheon landing in September 1950 and then largely negated it by a slow, tentative, 11-day advance on Seoul, only away. By contrast, in the Baltic region in 1941 the German forces achieved strategic surprise in the first day of their offensive and then, exhibiting a breakthrough mentality, pushed forward rapidly, seizing key positions and advancing almost in four days. The American advance was characterized by cautious, restrictive orders, concerns about phase lines, limited reconnaissance and command posts well in the rear, while the Germans positioned their leaders as far forward as possible, | 26,861 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
relied on oral or short written orders, reorganized combat groups to meet immediate circumstances, and engaged in vigorous reconnaissance.
# In popular culture.
- "Inchon" (1981), directed by Terence Young with Laurence Olivier as General Douglas MacArthur. Unification Church founder Sun Myung Moon was an executive producer of the film.
- "Operation Chromite" (2016), directed by John H. Lee (Lee Jae-han). Starring Lee Jung-jae, Lee Beom-soo, and Liam Neeson as General MacArthur.
# External links.
- Max Hermansen (2000) "Inchon – Operation Chromite"
- Invasions of Inchon and Wonsan remembered French and English supported operations. Allies provide a unique perspective of naval operation | 26,862 |
1055744 | Battle of Inchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Inchon | Battle of Inchon
hort written orders, reorganized combat groups to meet immediate circumstances, and engaged in vigorous reconnaissance.
# In popular culture.
- "Inchon" (1981), directed by Terence Young with Laurence Olivier as General Douglas MacArthur. Unification Church founder Sun Myung Moon was an executive producer of the film.
- "Operation Chromite" (2016), directed by John H. Lee (Lee Jae-han). Starring Lee Jung-jae, Lee Beom-soo, and Liam Neeson as General MacArthur.
# External links.
- Max Hermansen (2000) "Inchon – Operation Chromite"
- Invasions of Inchon and Wonsan remembered French and English supported operations. Allies provide a unique perspective of naval operation in the Korean War. | 26,863 |
1055814 | Norman (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman%20(crater) | Norman (crater)
Norman (crater)
Norman is a small lunar impact crater on the Oceanus Procellarum, to the south and slightly west of the crater Euclides. To the west-southwest is Herigonius. There are few other features of note in the vicinity, apart from some minor wrinkle ridges in the surface of the mare.
Norman is a circular, bowl-shaped formation with a small floor at the midpoint of the sloping inner walls. This feature was previously designated Euclides B prior to being renamed by the IAU. | 26,864 |
1055819 | Lost ball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost%20ball | Lost ball
Lost ball
In the sport of cricket, if a ball in play cannot be found or recovered, any fielder may call lost ball. The game then proceeds as described in Law 20 of the laws of cricket.
This Law prescribes that the ball immediately ceases to be in play. In cricket the same ball is used for each delivery and only changed rarely: either at request of the fielding captain after a set number of fair deliveries (80 in Test cricket) or when the ball is damaged. Also, the wear on a ball determines how it behaves in the air and when it pitches. As a result of this, when 'lost ball' is called, Law 20 requires the umpires replace the ball with one which had comparable wear to the previous ball.
When | 26,865 |
1055819 | Lost ball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost%20ball | Lost ball
'lost ball' is called, the batting side keeps any penalty that would have been declared if the delivery was not fair (see no-ball and wide) plus 6 runs, or whatever they have in fact run before the call of 'lost ball' was made.
A call of 'lost ball' is unusual in professional cricket, and nowadays only really happens in recreational games where cricket fields may include rabbit warrens, molehills or the like, or where there is a tree in the field of play and no local rule about what happens when it is hit. Previously 'lost ball' could only be called when the ball could not be found. This has resulted in some ridiculous local games where batsmen scored a large number of runs whilst the fielding | 26,866 |
1055819 | Lost ball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost%20ball | Lost ball
sional cricket, and nowadays only really happens in recreational games where cricket fields may include rabbit warrens, molehills or the like, or where there is a tree in the field of play and no local rule about what happens when it is hit. Previously 'lost ball' could only be called when the ball could not be found. This has resulted in some ridiculous local games where batsmen scored a large number of runs whilst the fielding side fetched a ladder to climb up a tree the ball had got lodged in. (The ball not being lost as it was readily visible.) The current version of the Law prevents this, as now 'lost ball' can also be called when the ball cannot be recovered without outside assistance. | 26,867 |
1055820 | List of neighbourhoods of Birmingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20neighbourhoods%20of%20Birmingham | List of neighbourhoods of Birmingham
List of neighbourhoods of Birmingham
This is a list of the constituent towns, villages and areas of Birmingham (both the city and the metropolitan borough) in England.
Between 1889 and 1995, the city boundaries were expanded to include many places which were once towns or villages in their own right, many of which still retain a distinctive character. The most recent of these additions are Sutton Coldfield, a borough in its own right until 1974, and New Frankley, transferred from Bromsgrove in 1995. Some closely related areas such as Smethwick and West Bromwich have been included in this list, though they are not part of Birmingham.
- Acocks Green
- Alum Rock
- Ashted
- Aston
- Austin | 26,868 |
1055820 | List of neighbourhoods of Birmingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20neighbourhoods%20of%20Birmingham | List of neighbourhoods of Birmingham
Village
- Balsall Heath
- Bartley Green
- Beech Lanes
- Bickenhill
- Billesley
- Birches Green
- Birchfield
- Birmingham City Centre
- Boldmere
- Bordesley
- Bordesley Green
- Bournbrook
- Bournville
- Brandwood End
- Brindleyplace
- Bromford
- Browns Green
- Buckland End
- California
- Camp Hill
- Castle Vale
- Chad Valley
- Chinese Quarter
- Cofton Common
- Cotteridge
- Deritend
- Digbeth
- Doe Bank
- Driffold
- Druids Heath
- Duddeston
- Eastside
- Edgbaston
- Erdington
- Falcon Lodge
- Five Ways
- Four Oaks
- Fox Hollies
- Frankley
- Gannow Green
- Garretts Green
- Gib Heath
- Gilbertstone
- Glebe Farm
- Gosta Green
- Gravelly Hill
- Great Barr
- | 26,869 |
1055820 | List of neighbourhoods of Birmingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20neighbourhoods%20of%20Birmingham | List of neighbourhoods of Birmingham
Greet
- Gun Quarter
- Hall Green
- Hamstead
- Handsworth
- Handsworth Wood
- Harborne
- Harts Green
- Hawkesley
- Hay Mills
- High Heath
- Highgate
- Highter's Heath
- Hill Hook
- Hill Wood
- Hockley
- Hodge Hill
- Jewellery Quarter
- Kents Moat
- King's Heath
- Kings Norton
- Kingstanding
- Kitts Green
- Ladywood
- Lea Hall
- Lee Bank
- The Leverretts
- Ley Hill
- Lifford
- Little Bromwich
- Lodge Hill
- Longbridge
- Lozells
- Lyndon Green
- Maney
- Maypole
- Marston Green
- Minworth
- Mere Green
- Moor Green
- Moseley
- Nechells
- New Frankley
- New Oscott
- Newtown
- New Town Row
- Northfield
- Old Oscott
- Pelham
- Perry Barr
- Perry Beeches
- | 26,870 |
1055820 | List of neighbourhoods of Birmingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20neighbourhoods%20of%20Birmingham | List of neighbourhoods of Birmingham
Perry Common
- Pype Hayes
- Queslett
- Quinton
- Reddicap Heath
- Rednal
- Ridgacre
- Roughley
- Rowley Regis
- Rubery ("Mostly in Worcestershire")
- Saltley
- Sarehole
- Selly Oak
- Selly Park
- Shard End
- Sheldon
- Solihull
- Shenley Fields
- Shenley Green
- Short Heath
- Showell Green
- Small Heath
- Smethwick
- Smithfield
- Soho
- Southside
- South Yardley
- South Woodgate
- Sparkbrook
- Sparkhill
- Springfield
- Stechford
- Stirchley
- Stockfield
- Stockland Green
- Sutton Coldfield
- Ten Acres
- Thimble End
- Tile Cross
- Tipton
- Tower Hill
- Tudor Hill
- Turves Green
- Tyburn
- Tyseley
- Vauxhall
- Wake Green
- Walker's Heath
- Walmley
- | 26,871 |
1055820 | List of neighbourhoods of Birmingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20neighbourhoods%20of%20Birmingham | List of neighbourhoods of Birmingham
th
- Showell Green
- Small Heath
- Smethwick
- Smithfield
- Soho
- Southside
- South Yardley
- South Woodgate
- Sparkbrook
- Sparkhill
- Springfield
- Stechford
- Stirchley
- Stockfield
- Stockland Green
- Sutton Coldfield
- Ten Acres
- Thimble End
- Tile Cross
- Tipton
- Tower Hill
- Tudor Hill
- Turves Green
- Tyburn
- Tyseley
- Vauxhall
- Wake Green
- Walker's Heath
- Walmley
- Walmley Ash
- Ward End
- Warstock
- Washwood Heath
- Wednesbury
- Wells Green
- Weoley Hill
- Weoley Castle
- West Bromwich
- West Heath
- Walsall
- Westside
- Whitehouse Common
- Winson Green
- Witton
- Woodcock Hill
- Woodgate
- Wylde Green
- Yardley
- Yardley Wood | 26,872 |
615 | American Football Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Football%20Conference | American Football Conference
American Football Conference
The American Football Conference (AFC) is one of the two conferences of the National Football League (NFL), the highest professional level of American football in the United States. This conference and its counterpart the National Football Conference (NFC), currently contain 16 teams organized into 4 divisions. Both conferences were created as part of the 1970 merger with the rival American Football League (AFL), with all ten of the former AFL teams and three NFL teams forming the AFC, and the remaining thirteen NFL clubs forming the NFC. A series of league expansions and division realignments have occurred since the merger, thus making the current total of 16 clubs | 26,873 |
615 | American Football Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Football%20Conference | American Football Conference
in each conference. The current AFC champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the 2018 AFC Championship Game for their 11th conference championship.
# Current teams.
Since 2002, like the NFC, the AFC has 16 teams, organized into four divisions each with four teams: East, North, South and West.
# Season structure.
Currently, the thirteen opponents each team faces over the 16-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula:
Each AFC team plays the other teams in their respective division twice (home and away) during the regular season, in addition to 10 other games assigned to their schedule by the NFL. Two of these games are assigned | 26,874 |
615 | American Football Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Football%20Conference | American Football Conference
on the basis of a particular team's final divisional standing from the previous season. The remaining 8 games are split between the roster of two other NFL divisions. This assignment shifts each year and will follow a standard cycle. Using the 2012 regular season schedule as an example, each team in the AFC West plays against every team in the AFC North and NFC South. In this way, non-divisional competition will be mostly among common opponents – the exception being the two games assigned based on the team's prior-season divisional standing.
At the end of each season, the four division winners and two wild cards (non-division winners with best regular season record) in the AFC qualify for the | 26,875 |
615 | American Football Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Football%20Conference | American Football Conference
playoffs. The AFC playoffs culminate in the AFC Championship Game with the winner receiving the Lamar Hunt Trophy. The AFC Champion then plays the NFC Champion in the Super Bowl.
# History.
Both the AFC and the NFC were created after the NFL merged with the American Football League (AFL) in 1970. The AFL began play in 1960 with eight teams, and added two more expansion clubs (the Miami Dolphins in 1966 and the Cincinnati Bengals in 1968) before the merger. In order to equalize the number of teams in each conference, three NFL teams that predated the AFL's launch (the Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers, and the then-Baltimore Colts) joined the ten former AFL teams to form the AFC. The two | 26,876 |
615 | American Football Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Football%20Conference | American Football Conference
AFL divisions AFL East and AFL West were more or less intact, while the NFL's Century Division, in which the Browns and the Steelers had played since 1967, was moved from the NFL to become the new AFC Central. Upon the completion of the merger of the AFL and NFL in 1970, the newly-minted American Football Conference had already agreed upon their divisional setup along mostly geographical lines for the 1970 season; the National Football Conference, however, could not agree upon their setup, and one was chosen from a fishbowl on January 16, 1970.
Since the merger, five expansion teams have joined the AFC and two have left, thus making the current total 16. When the Seattle Seahawks and the Tampa | 26,877 |
615 | American Football Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Football%20Conference | American Football Conference
Bay Buccaneers joined the league in 1976, they were temporarily placed in the NFC and AFC respectively. This arrangement lasted for one season only before the two teams switched conferences. The Seahawks eventually returned to the NFC as a result of the 2002 realignment. The expansion Jacksonville Jaguars joined the AFC in 1995. There have been five teams that have relocated at least once. In 1984, the Baltimore Colts relocated to Indianapolis. In 1995, the Cleveland Browns had attempted to move to Baltimore; the resulting dispute between Cleveland and the team led to Modell establishing the Baltimore Ravens with the players and personnel from the Browns, while the Browns were placed in suspended | 26,878 |
615 | American Football Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Football%20Conference | American Football Conference
operations before they were reinstated by the NFL. The Ravens were treated as an expansion team.
In California, the Oakland Raiders relocated to Los Angeles in 1982, and back to Oakland in 1995, while the San Diego Chargers moved to Los Angeles in 2017.
The Houston Oilers moved to Tennessee in 1997, where they were renamed the Tennessee Oilers. The team would change its name again, two years later, to the Tennessee Titans.
The NFL would again expand in 2002, adding the Houston Texans to the AFC. With the exception of the aforementioned relocations since that time, the divisional setup has remained static ever since.
Between 1995 and 2018, the AFC has sent less than half of the 16 AFC teams | 26,879 |
615 | American Football Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Football%20Conference | American Football Conference
to the Super Bowl with only 7 of the 16 individual teams making it. New England Patriots (10 times), Denver Broncos (4 times), Pittsburgh Steelers (4 times), Baltimore Ravens (2 times), Indianapolis Colts (2 times), Oakland Raiders (1 time), and Tennessee Titans (1 time). By contrast, the NFC has sent 13 of the 16 NFC teams during that same time frame with only the Detroit Lions, Minnesota Vikings, and Washington Redskins missing out on an appearance in the Super Bowl. 16 of the last 18 AFC champions have started one of just three quarterbacks - Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, and Ben Roethlisberger - in the Super Bowl. The AFC has started 5 quarterbacks in the last 18 Super Bowls, while the NFC | 26,880 |
615 | American Football Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Football%20Conference | American Football Conference
Bowl. 16 of the last 18 AFC champions have started one of just three quarterbacks - Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, and Ben Roethlisberger - in the Super Bowl. The AFC has started 5 quarterbacks in the last 18 Super Bowls, while the NFC has started 15.
# Logo.
The merged league created a new logo for the AFC that took elements of the old AFL logo, specifically the "A" and the six stars surrounding it. The AFC logo basically remained unchanged from 1970 to 2009. The 2010 NFL season introduced an updated AFC logo, with the most notable revision being the removal of two stars (leaving four representing the four divisions of the AFC), and moving the stars inside the letter, similar to the NFC logo. | 26,881 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
Alamannia
Alamannia or Alemannia was the territory inhabited by the Germanic Alemanni peoples after they broke through the Roman "limes" in 213.
The Alemanni expanded from the Main River basin during the 3rd century, raiding Roman provinces and settling on the left bank of the Rhine River beginning in the 4th century.
Ruled by independent tribal kings during the 4th to 5th centuries, Alamannia lost its independence and became a duchy of the Frankish Empire in the 6th century. As the Holy Roman Empire started to form under King Conrad I of East Francia (reigning 911 to 918), the territory of Alamannia became the Duchy of Swabia in 915. Scribes often used the term "Suebia" interchangeably with | 26,882 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
"Alamannia" in the 10th to 12th centuries.
The territory of Alamannia as it existed from the 7th to 9th centuries centered on Lake Constance and included the High Rhine, the Black Forest and the Alsace on either side of the Upper Rhine, the upper Danube River basin as far as the confluence with the Lech River, with an unclear boundary towards Burgundy to the south-west in the Aare River basin (the Aargau). Raetia Curiensis, although not part of Alemannia, was ruled by Alemannic counts, and became part of the Duchy of Swabia since it was established by Burchard I (Duke of Alemannia from 909 to 911).
The territory corresponds to what was still the areal of Alemannic German in the modern period, | 26,883 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
i.e. French Alsace, German Baden and Swabia, German-speaking Switzerland and the Austrian Vorarlberg.
# Geography.
The Alamanni were pushed south from their original area of settlement in the Main basin and in the 5th and 6th century settled new territory on either side of the Rhine.
Alemannia under Frankish rule later the Duchy of Swabia within the Holy Roman Empire covered a territory that was more or less undisputed during the 7th to 13th centuries, organised into counties or "pagi".
In Swabia:
"Hegowe" (Hegau), between Lake Constance, the upper Danube and the Swabian Jura. "Perahtoltaspara" (Berchtoldsbaar) in the upper Neckar basin, left of the upper Danube as far as Ulm, including | 26,884 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
the source of the Danube. "Nekargowe" (named for the Neckar, capital Canstatt).
"Swiggerstal" (the modern Ermstal), "Filiwigawe" (Filsgau, named for the Fils), "Trachgowe" (Drachgau, near Schwäbisch Gmünd) and "Alba" (Albuch) between the Neckar and the Danube.
"Duria" (Duriagau) between Ulm and Augsburg.
"Albegowe" (Allgäu), "Keltinstein" (between Geltnach and Wertach) and "Augestigowe" (capital Augsburg) along the Lech forming the border to Bavaria. "Rezia" (Ries, ultimately from the name of the Roman province of "Raetia") in the Northeastern corner, left of the Danube (capital Nördlingen).
"Linzgowe" (Linzgau) and "Argungowe" (named for Argen River) north of Lake Constance.
"Eritgau", | 26,885 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
"Folcholtespara" (Folcholtsbaar), "Rammegowe" (Rammachgau) and "Illargowe" (named for the Iller, capital Memmingen) on the right side of the Danube.
In Baden: "Brisigowe" (Breisgau) along the Upper Rhine opposite Sundgau, and "Mortunova", the later Ortenau, along the Upper Rhine opposite Nordgau. "Alpegowe" (Albgau), centered on St. Blaise Abbey, Black Forest
In modern France (the Alsace): "Suntgowe" (Sundgau) and "Nordgowe" (Nordgau)
In modern Switzerland: "Augestigowe" (the territory surrounding Augst) and "Turgowe" (modern Thurgau, named for the Thur; Zürichgau was detached from Thurgau in the 8th century)
The territory between Alamannia and Upper Burgundy was known as "Argowe" (modern | 26,886 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
Aargau, named for the Aare). The pertinence of this territory to either Alamannia or Upper Burgundy was disputed.
The county of Raetia Curiensis was absorbed into Alamannia in the early 10th century. It comprised the "Ringowe" (Rheingau, named for the Rhine) and "Retia" proper.
# History.
## Tribal kingdoms.
Originally a loose confederation of unrelated tribes, the Alemanni underwent coalescence or ethnogenesis during the 3rd century, and were ruled by kings throughout the 4th and 5th centuries until 496, when they were defeated by Clovis I of the Franks at the Battle of Tolbiac.
The Alemanni during the Roman Empire period were divided into a number of cantons or "goviae", each presided | 26,887 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
by a tribal king. But there appears to have been the custom of the individual kings uniting under the leadership of a single king in military expeditions.
Some kings of the Alemanni of the 4th and 5th centuries are known by name, the first being Chrocus (died 306), a military leader who organized raids across the limes during the 3rd century.
Chnodomarius (fl. 350) supported Constantius II in the rebellion of Magnentius.
Chnodomarius was the leader of the Alemannic army in the battle of Strasbourg in 357.
Macrian, Hariobaudes, Urius, Ursicinus, Vadomarius, and Vestralpus were Alemannic kings who in 359 made treaties with Julian the Apostate. Macrian was deposed in an expedition ordered by | 26,888 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
Valentinian I in 370.
Macrian appears to have been involved in building a large alliance of Alemannic tribes against Rome, which earned him the title of "turbarum rex artifex" ("king and crafter of unrest").
The Romans installed Fraomar as a successor of Marcian, but the Bucinobantes would not accept him and he was expelled and Macrian restored and Valentinian made the Bucinobantes his "foederati" in the war against the Franks. Macrian was killed on campaign against the Franks, in an ambush laid by the Frankish king Mallobaudes.
Gibuld (fl. 470) is the last known king of the Alemanni. His raid on Passau is mentioned in the "vita" of Saint Lupus. The name of Gibuld's successor who was defeated | 26,889 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
at Tolbiac is not known.
## Merovingian duchy.
After their defeat in 496, the Alemanni bucked the Frankish yoke and put themselves under the protection of Theodoric the Great of the Ostrogoths, but after his death they were again subjugated by the Franks (539), under Theuderic I and Theudebert I. Thereafter, Alamannia was a nominal dukedom within Francia.
Though ruled by their own dukes, it is not likely that they were very often united under one duke in the 6th and 7th centuries. The Alemanni most frequently appear as auxiliaries in expeditions to Italy. The Duchy of Alsace was Alemannic, but it was ruled by a line of Frankish dukes and the region around the upper Danube and Neckar rivers | 26,890 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
was ruled by the Ahalolfing family and not by the ducal house which ruled central Alamannia around Lake Constance. Rhaetia too, though Alamannic, was ruled by the Victorids coterminously with the Diocese of Chur.
Alamannia was Christianised during the 7th century, although not as thoroughly as either Francia to its west or Bavaria to its east. The first Alamannic law code, "Pactus Alamannorum", dates to this period.
The Roman dioceses of Strasbourg and Basel covered Alsace and that of Chur, as mentioned, Rhaetia. Alamannia itself only had a diocese in the east, at Augsburg (early 7th century). There were two Roman bishoprics, Windisch and Octodurum, which were moved early to other sites (Avenches | 26,891 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
and Sitten respectively).
Western Alamannia did eventually (7th century) receive a diocese (Constance) through the cooperation of the bishops of Chur and the Merovingian monarchs. The foundation of Constance is obscure, though it was the largest diocese in Germany throughout the Merovingian and early Carolingian era. The dioceses of Alamannia, including Chur, which had been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Milan, were placed under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Mainz by the Carolingians.
After the death of Dagobert I in 638, Alamannia, like Bavaria, Aquitaine, and Brittany, broke its ties with its Frankish sovereigns and struggled for independence. This was largely successful until | 26,892 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
the early 8th century, when a series of campaigns waged by the Arnulfing mayors of the palace reduced Alamannia to a province of Francia once again.
It was, however, during this period of "de facto" independence that the Alamanni began to be ruled by one duke, though Alsace and Rhaetia remained outside of the scope of Alamannia.
Between 709 and 712, Pepin of Heristal fought against Lantfrid, who appears as "dux" of the Alamanni, and who committed to writing the second Alamannic law code, the "Lex Alamannorum". In 743, Pepin the Short and Carloman waged a campaign to reduce Alamannia and in 746 Carloman began a final thrust to subdue the Alamannic nobility. Several thousand Alamanni noblemen | 26,893 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
were summarily arrested, tried, and executed for treason at a Council at Cannstatt.
## Carolingian rule.
During the reign of Louis the Pious, there were tendencies to renewed independence in Alamannia, and the 830s were marked by bloody feuds between the Alamannic and Rhaetian nobility vying for dominion over the area. Following the Treaty of Verdun of 843, Alamannia became a province of East Francia, the kingdom of Louis the German, the precursor of the Kingdom of Germany. It was called a "regnum" in contemporary sources, though this does not necessarily mean that it was a kingdom or subkingdom. At times, however, it was.
It was granted to Charles the Bald in 829, though it is not certain | 26,894 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
whether he was recognised as duke or king. It was certainly a kingdom, including Alsace and Rhaetia, when it was granted to Charles the Fat in the division of East Francia in 876. Under Charles, Alammania became the centre of the Empire, but after his deposition, it found itself out of favour. Though ethnically singular, it was still plagued by Rhaetian-Alamannic feuds and fighting over the control of the Alammanic church.
Alamannia in the late 9th century, like Bavaria, Saxony, and Franconia, sought to unite itself under one duke, but it had considerably less success than either Saxony or Bavaria. Alammannia was one of the "jüngeres Stammesherzogtum", one of the "younger" stem duchies, or | 26,895 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
tribal duchies, which formed the basis of the political organisation of East Francia after the collapse of the Carolingian dynasty in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.
In the 10th century, no noble house of Alamannia succeeded in founding a ducal dynasty, as the Ottonians did in Saxony or the Liutpolding in Bavaria, though the Hunfridings came closest.
The duchy encompassed the area surrounding Lake Constance, the Black Forest, and the left and right banks of the Rhine, including Alsace and parts of the Swiss plateau, bordering on Upper Burgundy. The boundary with Burgundy, fixed in 843, ran along the lower Aare, turning towards the south at the Rhine, passing west of Lucerne and across | 26,896 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
the Alps along the upper Rhône to the Saint Gotthard Pass. In the north, the boundary ran from the Murg (some 30 km south of Karlsruhe) to Heilbronn and the Nördlinger Ries. The eastern boundary was at the Lech. Argovia was disputed territory between the dukes of Alamannia and Burgundy.
Burchard II, son of the late Burchard I and count in Raetia Curiensis, took the title of duke of Swabia, Duke acknowledged by the newly elected king Henry the Fowler in 919. The duchy of Swabia was ruled by the Hohenstaufen during 1079–1268 and was disestablished with the execution of Conradin and its territory was politically fragmented during the succeeding interregnum period.
# Legacy.
Alemannic German | 26,897 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
persists as a separate family of dialects within High German.
The distribution of the Low Alemannic and High Alemannic subgroups largely correspond to the extent of historical Alemannia, while the Highest Alemannic dialects spread beyond its limits during the High Middle Ages. The Brünig-Napf-Reuss line is a cultural boundary within High Alemannic which marks the division of Alemannia proper and the Argovia marches between Alemannia and Burgundy.
The names for Germany in modern Arabic (), Catalan ("Alemanya"), Welsh ("Yr Almaen"), Cornish ("Almayn"), French ("Allemagne"), Persian ("ألمان"), Portuguese ("Alemanha"), Spanish ("Alemania"), and Turkish ("Almanya") all derive from Alamannia. A | 26,898 |
1055700 | Alamannia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamannia | Alamannia
similar correspondence exists for "German", both as the language and the adjectival form of "Germany".
# List of rulers of Alamannia.
## Independent kings.
The following are the known names of early Alemannic kings. They did not necessarily rule all of Alamannia, but were more likely petty kings ruling over smaller tribes or cantons, e.g. Macrian (fl. 370), king of the Alamannic tribe of the Bucinobantes.
- Chrocus 306
- Mederic (father of Agenarich, brother Chnodomarius)
- Chnodomarius 350, 357
- Agenaric (Serapio) 357
- Suomarius 357, 358
- Hortarius 357, 359
- Gundomadus 354 (co-regent of Vadomarius)
- Alemannic kings mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus: Vestralpus, Urius, Ursicinus, | 26,899 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.