wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
dividing two variances and comparing the ratio
to a handbook value to determine statistical significance. Calculating
a treatment effect is then trivial, "the effect of any treatment is
estimated by taking the difference between the mean of the
observations which receive the treatment and the g... | 27,800 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
variances: a total variance based on all the
observation deviations from the grand mean, an error variance based on
all the observation deviations from their appropriate
treatment means, and a treatment variance. The treatment variance is
based on the deviations of treatment means from the gran... | 27,801 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
levels.
The number of degrees of freedom "DF" can be partitioned in a similar way: one of these components (that for error) specifies a chi-squared distribution which describes the associated sum of squares, while the same is true for "treatments" if there is no treatment effect.
See also Lack-of... | 27,802 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
Using the "F"-distribution is a natural candidate because the test statistic is the ratio of two scaled sums of squares each of which follows a scaled chi-squared distribution.
The expected value of F is formula_21 (where n is the treatment sample size)
which is 1 for no treatment effect. As valu... | 27,803 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
F with the critical value of F determined from tables. The critical value of F is a function of the degrees of freedom of the numerator and the denominator and the significance level (α). If F ≥ F, the null hypothesis is rejected.
- The computer method calculates the probability (p-value) of a val... | 27,804 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
medical treatments have exactly the same effect, the "F"-test's "p"-values closely approximate the permutation test's p-values: The approximation is particularly close when the design is balanced. Such permutation tests characterize tests with maximum power against all alternative hypotheses, as ob... | 27,805 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
Regression is first used to fit more
complex models to data, then ANOVA is used to compare models with the
objective of selecting simple(r) models that adequately describe the
data. "Such models could be fit without any reference to ANOVA, but
ANOVA tools could then be used to make some sense o... | 27,806 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
with a single factor. More complex experiments
with a single factor involve constraints on randomization and include
completely randomized blocks and Latin squares (and variants:
Graeco-Latin squares, etc.). The more complex experiments share many
of the complexities of multiple factors. A rela... | 27,807 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
of single factor experiments and the
efficiency grows as the number of factors increases. Consequently, factorial designs are heavily used.
The use of ANOVA to study the effects of multiple factors has a complication. In a 3-way ANOVA with factors x, y and z, the ANOVA model includes terms for th... | 27,808 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
at a time hides interactions, but
produces apparently inconsistent experimental results.
Caution is advised when encountering interactions; Test
interaction terms first and expand the analysis beyond ANOVA if
interactions are found. Texts vary in their recommendations regarding
the continuatio... | 27,809 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
A lengthy discussion of interactions is available in Cox (1958). Some interactions can be removed (by transformations) while others cannot.
A variety of techniques are used with multiple factor ANOVA to reduce expense. One technique used in factorial designs is to minimize replication (possibly no... | 27,810 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
one-way (a single factor) analysis.
# Associated analysis.
Some analysis is required in support of the "design" of the experiment while other analysis is performed after changes in the factors are formally found to produce statistically significant changes in the responses. Because experimentatio... | 27,811 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
of experimental error. Later experiments are often designed to test a hypothesis that a treatment effect has an important magnitude; in this case, the number of experimental units is chosen so that the experiment is within budget and has adequate power, among other goals.
Reporting sample size ana... | 27,812 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
These include graphical methods based on limiting
the probability of false negative errors, graphical methods based on an expected variation increase (above the residuals) and methods based on achieving a desired confident interval.
### Power analysis.
Power analysis is often applied in the cont... | 27,813 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
Effect size.
Several standardized measures of effect have been proposed for ANOVA to summarize the strength of the association between a predictor(s) and the dependent variable or the overall standardized difference of the complete model. Standardized effect-size estimates facilitate comparison of... | 27,814 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
and are often the result of errors.
### Model confirmation.
It is prudent to verify that the assumptions of ANOVA have been met. Residuals are examined or analyzed to confirm homoscedasticity and gross normality. Residuals should have the appearance of (zero mean normal distribution) noise when p... | 27,815 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
significant effect in ANOVA is often followed up with one or more different follow-up tests. This can be done in order to assess which groups are different from which other groups or to test various other focused hypotheses. Follow-up tests are often distinguished in terms of whether they are plann... | 27,816 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
most commonly compare every group mean with every other group mean and typically incorporate some method of controlling for Type I errors. Comparisons, which are most commonly planned, can be either simple or compound. Simple comparisons compare one group mean with one other group mean. Compound co... | 27,817 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
There are many such tests (10 in one table) and recommendations regarding their use are vague or conflicting.
# Study designs.
There are several types of ANOVA. Many statisticians base ANOVA on the design of the experiment, especially on the protocol that specifies the random assignment of treatm... | 27,818 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
e.g. different levels of urea application in a crop, or different levels of antibiotic action on several different bacterial species, or different levels of effect of some medicine on groups of patients. However, should these groups not be independent, and there is an order in the groups (such as m... | 27,819 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
"F"-test are equivalent; the relation between ANOVA and "t" is given by "F" = "t".
- Factorial ANOVA is used when the experimenter wants to study the interaction effects among the treatments.
- Repeated measures ANOVA is used when the same subjects are used for each treatment (e.g., in a longitud... | 27,820 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
robustness and power. For more complex designs the lack of balance leads to further complications. "The orthogonality property of main effects and interactions present in balanced data does not carry over to the unbalanced case. This means that the usual analysis of variance techniques do not apply... | 27,821 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
by either throwing out data or by synthesizing missing data. More complex techniques use regression.
ANOVA is (in part) a test of statistical significance. The American Psychological Association holds the view that simply reporting statistical significance is insufficient and that reporting confid... | 27,822 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
(fit) and a residual (error) to be minimized.
The Kruskal–Wallis test and the Friedman test are nonparametric tests, which do not rely on an assumption of normality.
## Connection to linear regression.
Below we make clear the connection between multi-way ANOVA and linear regression.
Linearly re... | 27,823 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
formula_32 dimensional vector formula_33.
The one-hot encoding function formula_34 is defined such that the formula_35 entry of formula_36 is
formula_37
The vector formula_33 is the concatenation of all of the above vectors for all formula_39. Thus, formula_40. In order to obtain a fully general... | 27,824 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
such issues we assume that the sum of the parameters within each set of interactions is equal to zero. From here, one can use "F"-statistics or other methods to determine the relevance of the individual factors.
### Example.
We can consider the 2-way interaction example where we assume that the f... | 27,825 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA)
- Two-way analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA)
- ANOVA on ranks
- ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis
- Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
- Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
- Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA)
- Analysis of molecular ... | 27,826 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
"Planning of experiments". Reprinted as
- Freedman, David A.(2005). "Statistical Models: Theory and Practice", Cambridge University Press.
- Lehmann, E.L. (1959) Testing Statistical Hypotheses. John Wiley & Sons.
- Moore, David S. & McCabe, George P. (2003). Introduction to the Practice of Stati... | 27,827 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
an & Hall/CRC).
- Freedman, David A.; Pisani, Robert; Purves, Roger (2007) "Statistics", 4th edition. W.W. Norton & Company
- Tabachnick, Barbara G. & Fidell, Linda S. (2007). "Using Multivariate Statistics" (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson International Edition.
# External links.
- SOCR ANOVA Activi... | 27,828 |
206693 | Patrick Caulfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Caulfield | Patrick Caulfield
Patrick Caulfield
Patrick Joseph Caulfield, (29 January 1936 – 29 September 2005), was an English painter and printmaker known for his bold canvases, which often incorporated elements of photorealism within a pared-down scene. Examples of his work are "Pottery" and "Still Life Ingredients".
# Early ... | 27,829 |
206693 | Patrick Caulfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Caulfield | Patrick Caulfield
display and carrying out menial tasks. At 17, he joined the Royal Air Force at RAF Northwood, pre-empting requirement for national service. Inspired by the 1952 film "Moulin Rouge" about the artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, he spent his free time attending evening classes at Harrow School of Art (now... | 27,830 |
206693 | Patrick Caulfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Caulfield | Patrick Caulfield
was the abstract painter John Hoyland, whom he first met at the Young Contemporaries exhibition in 1959. Progressing to the Royal College of Art from 1960 to 1963, his contemporaries included David Hockney and Allen Jones. He taught at Chelsea School of Art from 1963–71. In 1964, he exhibited at the "... | 27,831 |
206693 | Patrick Caulfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Caulfield | Patrick Caulfield
a variety of styles – some objects have heavy black outlines and flat colour, but a bowl of oysters is depicted more realistically and other areas are executed with looser brushwork. Caulfield later returned to his earlier, more stripped-down style of painting.
Caulfield's paintings are figurative, o... | 27,832 |
206693 | Patrick Caulfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Caulfield | Patrick Caulfield
the Saatchi collection, including three by Caulfield. In September 2010 Caulfield and five other British artists, Howard Hodgkin, John Walker, Ian Stephenson, John Hoyland, and R.B. Kitaj were included in an exhibition entitled "The Independent Eye: Contemporary British Art From the Collection of Samu... | 27,833 |
206693 | Patrick Caulfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Caulfield | Patrick Caulfield
and printmaking. In 1990 he designed a stained glass window for The Ivy restaurant, it is visible from within the restaurant and on its exterior. In 1992 he designed a 12-metre carpet for the British Council's Manchester headquarters and in 1984 and 1995 set designs for "Party Game" and "Rhapsody" (re... | 27,834 |
206693 | Patrick Caulfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Caulfield | Patrick Caulfield
Papillon, Paris, France
- 1992–93 Retrospective, Serpentine Gallery, London, UK
- 1989 Waddington Galleries, London
- 1985 Waddington Galleries, London, UK
- 1982 Retrospective, Nishimura Gallery, Tokyo, Japan
- 1981 Patrick Caulfield: Paintings 1963–81, Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, UK (touring... | 27,835 |
206693 | Patrick Caulfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Caulfield | Patrick Caulfield
Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh
- Tate Gallery, London
- Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
- Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester
- Victoria and Albert Museum, London
USA
- Dallas Museum of Art, Texas
- Harry N Abrams Collection, New York
- Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond
Australia
- Nation... | 27,836 |
206693 | Patrick Caulfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Caulfield | Patrick Caulfield
s
- Harry N Abrams Collection, New York
- Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond
Australia
- National Gallery of Australia, Canberra
- Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth
# References.
- Caulfield, P. (1992). "Patrick Caulfield, Paintings 1963–1992". London: Art & Design.
- Caulfield and H... | 27,837 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
Fight of the Century
Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier, billed as Fight of the Century (also known as The Fight), was the boxing match between WBC/WBA heavyweight champion Joe Frazier (26–0, 23 KOs) and "The Ring"/lineal heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali (31–0, 25 KOs), held on Monday, March 8, 1971, a... | 27,838 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
claims to the title of World Heavyweight Champion. An undefeated Ali had won the title from Sonny Liston in Miami Beach in 1964, and successfully defended his belt up until he had it stripped by boxing authorities for refusing induction into the armed forces in 1967. In Ali's absence, the undefeate... | 27,839 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
seats were $150 () and each man was guaranteed 2.5 million dollars. In addition to the millions who watched on closed-circuit broadcast screens around the world, the Garden was packed with a sellout crowd of 20,455 that provided a gate of $1.5 million.
Prior to his enforced layoff, Ali had display... | 27,840 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
outstanding left hook, and was a tenacious competitor who attacked the body of his opponent ferociously. Despite suffering from a serious bout of hypertension in the lead-up to the fight, he appeared to be in top form as the face-off between the two undefeated champions approached.
The fight held ... | 27,841 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
Burt Lancaster, the color man. "The tension, and the excitement here, is monumental!"
The bout was noted for its general appeal with non-boxing and non-sport fans holding an impassioned rooting interest in one of the fighters. Mark Kram wrote in "Sports Illustrated":
The thrust of this fight on t... | 27,842 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
of big-city salons and factory lunch breaks rife with unreasoning labels, to ghetto saloons with their own false labels.
# Fight.
On the evening of the match, Madison Square Garden had a circus-like atmosphere, with scores of policemen to control the crowd, outrageously dressed fans, and countles... | 27,843 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
Jerry Perenchio, who was also a friend. The other commentators were play-by-play announcer Don Dunphy and boxing champion Archie Moore. The fight was sold to, and broadcast by closed circuit, to 50 countries in 12 languages via ringside reporters to an audience estimated at 300 million, a record vi... | 27,844 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
with many other sports commentators, providing round-by-round summaries live as they came out over the UPI and AP wire services.
The referee for the fight was Arthur Mercante, Sr. After the fight, Mercante, a veteran referee of hundreds of fights, said "They both threw some of the best punches I'v... | 27,845 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
round, catching Ali with several of his famed left hooks and pinning him against the ropes to deliver tremendous body blows.
Ali was visibly tired after the sixth round, and though he put together some flurries of punches after that round, he was unable to keep the pace he had set in the first thi... | 27,846 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
corner, Ali fell with both gloves and his right knee to the canvas. Mercante stepped between Ali and Frazier, separating them as Ali rose. Mercante wiped Ali's gloves and waved "no knockdown." At 18 seconds into round 11, Mercante signaled the fighters to engage once again. Round 11 wound down with... | 27,847 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
that, were he to lose the final round, he could still win, but only be by a single point. To be sure, Frazier closed convincingly. Early in round 15, Frazier landed a left hook that put Ali on the canvas. Ali, his jaw swollen noticeably, got up at the count of four, and managed to stay on his feet ... | 27,848 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
States, where it set a record with 2.5million buys at closed-circuit venues, grossing . It was also shown closed-circuit during the middle of the night in London theatres, where it set a record with 90,000 buys, grossing $750,000. Combined, the fight sold 2.59million buys in the United States and L... | 27,849 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
22 months later, when on January 22, 1973, he was knocked out by George Foreman in the second round of their brief but devastating title bout in Kingston, Jamaica.
Ali, for his part, refused to publicly admit defeat and sought to define the outcome in the public's mind as a "White Man's Decision".... | 27,850 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
and he was once again accepted as an American hero. Without either fighter representing the social divide in the country, neither their second nor third fight lived up to the hype of the first. Ali shocked the world for a second time with a victory in October 1974 over the heavily favored Foreman t... | 27,851 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
To his supporters he became a cultural hero. His detractors finally gave him grudging respect. At least they had seen him beaten and seen that smug look wiped off his face.
## COINTELPRO.
The fight provided cover for an activist group, the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI, to successfu... | 27,852 |
206695 | Fight of the Century | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight%20of%20the%20Century | Fight of the Century
ral hero. His detractors finally gave him grudging respect. At least they had seen him beaten and seen that smug look wiped off his face.
## COINTELPRO.
The fight provided cover for an activist group, the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI, to successfully pull off a burglary at an FBI o... | 27,853 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
Declan McGonagle
Declan McGonagle is a prominent figure in Irish contemporary art, most notable for his positions as director at the Orchard Gallery in Derry (for which he was shortlisted for a Turner prize in 1987); director at the Irish Museum of Modern Art from its beginnings in 1990 until 2001, an... | 27,854 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
– UK City of Culture 2013, having worked on the bid document and chaired the interim board. He writes, lectures and publishes regularly on art and museum/gallery policy issues, and curates exhibitions with a focus on the relationship between art/artist and society.
# Early life.
McGonagle was born in... | 27,855 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
director at the newly established Orchard Gallery in County Londonderry.
# 1978–1990 (Orchard and ICA London).
Derry City Council was responsible for setting up the Orchard Gallery on Orchard Street in the city of Derry and McGonagle was appointed to the post of curator in 1978 and remained there unt... | 27,856 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
in 1986 to continue running the gallery for another four years. In 1987 he became the first ever arts administrator to be shortlisted for the Turner prize for his work at the Derry gallery.
# 1990–2001 (IMMA).
In 1990, McGonagle was appointed director of the newly established Irish Museum of Modern A... | 27,857 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
at a cost of over £20 million and the changes for the museum would cost a subsequent £600,000. McGonagle encouraged the use of this site as opposed to a new purpose-built premises in the then redeveloping Dublin Docklands area.
While living and working at the gallery, McGonagle developed a strategy fo... | 27,858 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
Venice Biennale. The exhibition in 1993 saw Dorothy Cross and Willie Doherty represent Ireland. It was the first time Ireland had participated in the event since 1962. Also that year, McGonagle was a member of the Turner Prize jury.
In relation to IMMA's collection, McGonagle is quoted as saying "[m]o... | 27,859 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
£20,000.
During his ten-year appointment as director at the Irish Museum of Modern Art, McGonagle saw the conversion of the property's stables into accommodation and studio spaces, the (then) part-derelict Deputy Master's House restored as a specialist exhibition space, and the 48 acres of the grounds... | 27,860 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
regularly make a cross-section of their work accessible to the public. The current policy of promoting that which is internationally fashionable is, in essence, provincial." The gallery's highest footfall to date was recorded in 1997 at 350,000, as a result of the popular Andy Warhol exhibition. In 199... | 27,861 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
applying to the high court for an injunction restraining the museum from publicly advertising the director's position. The Minister for Arts, Heritage, Gealtacht and the Islands (at the time), Síle de Valera, appointed Marie Donnelly and a new board to the gallery in February 2000. Only two members of ... | 27,862 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
another member, McGonagle did not have "an absolute right" to the position of director. After his first five years in the position, his contract had been rolled over without the post being publicly advertised. IMMA sources at the time described the dispute as a clash of "opposing cultures". Marie Donne... | 27,863 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
fundraiser. During this time there was an outcry of public support for McGonagle and a number of high profile threats were made to withdraw collections and funding from the gallery should the director lose his position. The businessman and art collector Gordon Lambert claimed he intended to reassess hi... | 27,864 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
2000.
In his final years at IMMA, attendance dropped to 260,000 (in 1999/2000) from 330,000 in 1997/8. This amounted to less than half the National Gallery's intake at the time. "The Irish Times" cited public disillusionment from a highly personalised campaign waged by McGonagle's supporters as a poss... | 27,865 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
of Ulster).
Dublin's City Arts Centre was set to close after a complete withdrawal of Arts Council funding in 2001. In October, McGonagle was drafted in by the Dublin City Arts Centre to lead a review of the organisation. It was announced that the centre would close for up to two years, and staff woul... | 27,866 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
stressed the review process had created a healthy discourse. He insisted that all resources from the sale would be used to develop a new model for the centre with a future emphasis on programming and community involvement, rather than physical location.
From 2004 to 2008, McGonagle was the first direc... | 27,867 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
and research in areas such as art history and cultural policy at UCD and visual culture at NCAD.
In 2012, McGonagle announced that the college was in talks regarding a possible merger with University College Dublin. McGonagle assured staff and students that a campus move to Belfield was not on the age... | 27,868 |
206697 | Declan McGonagle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan%20McGonagle | Declan McGonagle
onagle assured staff and students that a campus move to Belfield was not on the agenda at this time and that they would be kept informed on the progress of the debate.
On 11 September 2015 McGonagle announced his intention to retire as director of the National College of Art and Design at the end of t... | 27,869 |
206706 | Juma Khan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juma%20Khan | Juma Khan
Juma Khan
Haji Juma Khan, an ethnic Baluch from Afghanistan's Nimroz Province, is a drug lord with links to the Taliban. The title "Haji" (alternative spelling "Hajji") indicates that he has completed the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca.
Juma Khan, was an illiterate provincial drug smuggler from southwestern Afgha... | 27,870 |
206706 | Juma Khan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juma%20Khan | Juma Khan
border in late 2001 and turned it into a hub of drug smuggling and gun running into Pakiistan and Iran. Later Juma Khan allegedly went on to run The Taliban's Opium and Heroin distribution network, selling worldwide and using the profits to equip Taliban forces militarily.
In 2008 he was detained for unknown... | 27,871 |
206706 | Juma Khan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juma%20Khan | Juma Khan
York. He was quietly released sometime in April 2018 without any pending charges or a trial.
No official explanation was provided. The details surrounding his release have been very secretive and was not announced in the mainstream media.
# See also.
- Haji Bashar
# External links.
- United States of Ame... | 27,872 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion H), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).
The first category of acids is the proton donors or Brønsted–Lowry acids. In the special case of aqueous solutions, proton donors form the h... | 27,873 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour taste, can turn blue litmus red, and react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. The word "acid" is derived from the Latin "acidus/acēre" meaning "sour". An aqueous solution of an acid has a pH less than 7 and is colloquially also referred to as 'acid'... | 27,874 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and citric acid (found in citrus fruits). As these examples show, acids (in the colloquial sense) can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from a... | 27,875 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
by sharing a lone pair of electrons on an atom in a base, for example the nitrogen atom in ammonia (NH). Lewis considered this as a generalization of the Brønsted definition, so that an acid is a chemical species that accepts electron pairs either directly "or" by releasing protons (H) into the solution, which the... | 27,876 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
acid explicitly as "a Lewis acid".
# Definitions and concepts.
Modern definitions are concerned with the fundamental chemical reactions common to all acids.
Most acids encountered in everyday life are aqueous solutions, or can be dissolved in water, so the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions are the most r... | 27,877 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
on their oxygen and nitrogen atoms.
## Arrhenius acids.
The Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius attributed the properties of acidity to hydrogen ions (H) or protons in 1884. An Arrhenius acid is a substance that, when added to water, increases the concentration of H ions in the water. Note that chemists often write... | 27,878 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
Arrhenius base, on the other hand, is a substance which increases the concentration of hydroxide (OH) ions when dissolved in water. This decreases the concentration of hydronium because the ions react to form HO molecules:
HO + OH ⇌ HO + HO
Due to this equilibrium, any increase in the concentration of hydronium ... | 27,879 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
thus have a pH of less than 7.
## Brønsted–Lowry acids.
While the Arrhenius concept is useful for describing many reactions, it is also quite limited in its scope. In 1923 chemists Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry independently recognized that acid-base reactions involve the transfer of a proto... | 27,880 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
acid because it acts as a source of HO when dissolved in water, and it acts as a Brønsted acid by donating a proton to water. In the second example CHCOOH undergoes the same transformation, in this case donating a proton to ammonia (NH), but does not relate to the Arrhenius definition of an acid because the reacti... | 27,881 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
and exists as hydronium and chloride ions. The following reactions illustrate the limitations of Arrhenius's definition:
- 1. HO + Cl + NH → Cl + NH + HO
- 2. HCl + NH → NHCl
- 3. HCl + NH → NHCl
As with the acetic acid reactions, both definitions work for the first example, where water is the solvent and hydr... | 27,882 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
concept was proposed in 1923 by Gilbert N. Lewis, which includes reactions with acid-base characteristics that do not involve a proton transfer. A Lewis acid is a species that accepts a pair of electrons from another species; in other words, it is an electron pair acceptor. Brønsted acid-base reactions are proton ... | 27,883 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
the electrons shared in the B—F bond are located in the region of space between the two atomic nuclei and are therefore more distant from the fluoride nucleus than they are in the lone fluoride ion. BF is a Lewis acid because it accepts the electron pair from fluoride. This reaction cannot be described in terms of... | 27,884 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
the oxygen atom in HO gains a pair of electrons when one of the H—O bonds is broken and the electrons shared in the bond become localized on oxygen. Depending on the context, a Lewis acid may also be described as an oxidizer or an electrophile. Organic Brønsted acids, such as acetic, citric, or oxalic acid, are no... | 27,885 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
the acid and A is the conjugate base. This reaction is referred to as protolysis. The protonated form (HA) of an acid is also sometimes referred to as the free acid.
Acid-base conjugate pairs differ by one proton, and can be interconverted by the addition or removal of a proton (protonation and deprotonation, res... | 27,886 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
concentration, such that [HO] means "the concentration of HO". The acid dissociation constant "K" is generally used in the context of acid-base reactions. The numerical value of "K" is equal to the product of the concentrations of the products divided by the concentration of the reactants, where the reactant is th... | 27,887 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
frequently used, where p"K" = −log "K". Stronger acids have a smaller p"K" than weaker acids. Experimentally determined p"K" at 25 °C in aqueous solution are often quoted in textbooks and reference material.
# Nomenclature.
In the classical naming system, acids are named according to their anions. That ionic suf... | 27,888 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
"hydro-" is added only if the acid is made up of just hydrogen and one other element.
Classical naming system:
# Acid strength.
The strength of an acid refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton. A strong acid is one that completely dissociates in water; in other words, one mole of a strong acid HA diss... | 27,889 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
acid (HSO). In water each of these essentially ionizes 100%. The stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton, H. Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the polarity of the H—A bond and the size of atom A, which determines the strength of the H—A bond. Acid strengths are also of... | 27,890 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
is a solid strongly acidic plastic that is filterable.
Superacids are acids stronger than 100% sulfuric acid. Examples of superacids are fluoroantimonic acid, magic acid and perchloric acid. Superacids can permanently protonate water to give ionic, crystalline hydronium "salts". They can also quantitatively stabi... | 27,891 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
acids, also known as monobasic acids, are those acids that are able to donate one proton per molecule during the process of dissociation (sometimes called ionization) as shown below (symbolized by HA):
Common examples of monoprotic acids in mineral acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO). On t... | 27,892 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
molecule, in contrast to monoprotic acids that only donate one proton per molecule. Specific types of polyprotic acids have more specific names, such as diprotic (or dibasic) acid (two potential protons to donate), and triprotic (or tribasic) acid (three potential protons to donate).
A diprotic acid (here symboli... | 27,893 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
anion (SO), wherein the "K" is intermediate strength. The large "K" for the first dissociation makes sulfuric a strong acid. In a similar manner, the weak unstable carbonic acid can lose one proton to form bicarbonate anion and lose a second to form carbonate anion (CO). Both "K" values are small, but "K" "K" .
... | 27,894 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
the positions of the three protons on the original phosphoric acid molecule are equivalent, the successive "K" values differ since it is energetically less favorable to lose a proton if the conjugate base is more negatively charged. An organic example of a triprotic acid is citric acid, which can successively lose... | 27,895 |
656 | Acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid | Acid
en ion is less favorable, all of the conjugate bases are present in solution. The fractional concentration, "α" (alpha), for each species can be calculated. For example, a generic diprotic acid will generate 3 species in solution: HA, HA, and A. The fractional concentrations can be calculated as below when given e... | 27,896 |
655 | Abacus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abacus | Abacus
Abacus
The abacus ("plural" abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that was in use in Europe, China and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the written Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The exact origin of the abacus is still unknown. Today, abacuses are often constructed as a b... | 27,897 |
655 | Abacus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abacus | Abacus
soroban, have been used for practical calculations even involving several digits. For any particular abacus design, there are usually numerous different methods to perform a certain type of calculation, which may include basic operations like addition and multiplication, or even more complex ones, such as calcul... | 27,898 |
655 | Abacus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abacus | Abacus
children. Some people who are unable to use a calculator because of visual impairment may use an abacus.
# Etymology.
The use of the word "abacus" dates before 1387 AD, when a Middle English work borrowed the word from Latin to describe a sandboard abacus. The Latin word came from Greek "abax" which means some... | 27,899 |
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