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628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
as a successful writer and social satirist. His first published novels were social satires, "Crome Yellow" (1921), "Antic Hay" (1923), "Those Barren Leaves" (1925), and "Point Counter Point" (1928). "Brave New World" was his fifth novel and first dystopian work. In the 1920s he was also a contributor to "... | 27,600 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
Jobs were very scarce, but in 1919 John Middleton Murry was reorganising the "Athenaeum" and invited Huxley to join the staff. He accepted immediately, and quickly married the Belgian refugee Maria Nys, also at Garsington. They lived with their young son in Italy part of the time during the 1920s, where H... | 27,601 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
on the principles of mass production and Pavlovian conditioning. Huxley was strongly influenced by F. Matthias Alexander, and included him as a character in "Eyeless in Gaza".
Beginning in this period, Huxley began to write and edit non-fiction works on pacifist issues, including "Ends and Means", "An En... | 27,602 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
in the U.S., mainly in southern California, until his death, and also for a time in Taos, New Mexico, where he wrote "Ends and Means" (published in 1937). The book contains tracts on war, religion, nationalism and ethics.
Heard introduced Huxley to Vedanta (Upanishad-centered philosophy), meditation, and... | 27,603 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
informed position. Huxley provided an introduction to Krishnamurti's quintessential statement, "The First and Last Freedom" (1954).
Huxley also became a Vedantist in the circle of Hindu Swami Prabhavananda, and introduced Christopher Isherwood to this circle. Not long afterward, Huxley wrote his book on ... | 27,604 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
of Occidental College. He spent much time at the college, which is in the Eagle Rock neighbourhood of Los Angeles. The college appears as "Tarzana College" in his satirical novel "After Many a Summer" (1939). The novel won Huxley a British literary award, the 1939 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for ficti... | 27,605 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
from Hitler's Germany to the US. In March 1938, Huxley's friend Anita Loos, a novelist and screenwriter, put him in touch with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), which hired him for "Madame Curie" which was originally to star Greta Garbo and be directed by George Cukor. (Eventually, the film was completed by MGM ... | 27,606 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
wrote an introduction to the posthumous publication of J. D. Unwin's 1940 book "Hopousia or The Sexual and Economic Foundations of a New Society".
On 21 October 1949, Huxley wrote to George Orwell, author of "Nineteen Eighty-Four", congratulating him on "how fine and how profoundly important the book is.... | 27,607 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
social organisation; the crucial importance of evaluating the use of technology in mass societies susceptible to persuasion; the tendency to promote modern politicians to a naive public as well-marketed commodities.
## Post-World War II.
In 1953, Huxley and Maria applied for United States citizenship an... | 27,608 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
without putting forward a reason; his brother Julian had been knighted in 1958, while another brother Andrew would be knighted in 1974.
# Association with Vedanta.
Beginning in 1939 and continuing until his death in 1963, Huxley had an extensive association with the Vedanta Society of Southern Californi... | 27,609 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
California.
From 1941 until 1960, Huxley contributed 48 articles to "Vedanta and the West", published by the society. He also served on the editorial board with Isherwood, Heard, and playwright John Van Druten from 1951 through 1962.
Huxley also occasionally lectured at the Hollywood and Santa Barbara V... | 27,610 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
the psychedelic drug mescaline. Huxley had initiated a correspondence with Doctor Humphry Osmond, a British psychiatrist then employed in a Canadian institution, and eventually asked him to supply a dose of mescaline; Osmond obliged and supervised Huxley's session in southern California. After the publica... | 27,611 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
considered more profound than those detailed in "The Doors of Perception".
Huxley wrote that ""The mystical experience is doubly valuable; it is valuable because it gives the experiencer a better understanding of himself and the world and because it may help him to lead a less self-centered and more crea... | 27,612 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
in northern Los Angeles County. Huxley then said that his sight improved dramatically with the Bates Method and the extreme and pure natural lighting of the southwestern American desert. He reported that, for the first time in more than 25 years, he was able to read without glasses and without strain. He ... | 27,613 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
since the illness in his teens, despite the partial recovery that had enabled him to study at Oxford. For example, some ten years after publication of "The Art of Seeing", in 1952, Bennett Cerf was present when Huxley spoke at a Hollywood banquet, wearing no glasses and apparently reading his paper from t... | 27,614 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
an agonising moment".
Brazilian author João Ubaldo Ribeiro, who as a young journalist spent several evenings in the Huxleys' company in the late 1950s, wrote that Huxley had said to him, with a wry smile, "I can hardly see at all. And I don't give a damn, really".
On the other hand, Huxley's second wife... | 27,615 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
treat Aldous as though he were blind, it is true there were many indications of his impaired vision. For instance, although Aldous did not wear glasses, he would quite often use a magnifying lens". Laura Huxley proceeded to elaborate a few nuances of inconsistency peculiar to Huxley's vision. Her account,... | 27,616 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
in his book "Mind Wide Open", quotes Huxley about his difficulties with visual encoding: "I am and, for as long as I can remember, I have always been a poor visualizer. Words, even the pregnant words of poets, do not evoke pictures in my mind. No hypnagogic visions greet me on the verge of sleep. When I r... | 27,617 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
2005), who had a career as an author, anthropologist, and prominent epidemiologist. In 1955, Maria Huxley died of cancer.
In 1956, Huxley married Laura Archera (1911–2007), also an author, as well as a violinist and psychotherapist. She wrote "This Timeless Moment", a biography of Huxley. She told the st... | 27,618 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
fundamental to the beginning of the Human Potential Movement.
Huxley was a close friend of Jiddu Krishnamurti and Rosalind Rajagopal and was involved in the creation of the Happy Valley School, now Besant Hill School of Happy Valley, in Ojai, California.
The most substantial collection of Huxley's few r... | 27,619 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
correspondence between Huxley and the society are kept at the Cambridge University Library. The society invited Huxley to appear at a banquet and give a lecture at Somerset House, London in June 1963. Huxley wrote a draft of the speech he intended to give at the society; however, his deteriorating health ... | 27,620 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
22 November 1963.
Media coverage of Huxley's death, along with that of the author C. S. Lewis, was overshadowed by the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on the same day. In an article for "New York" magazine titled “The Eclipsed Celebrity Death Club”, Christopher Bonanos wrote,
This coincidence... | 27,621 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
interred in the family grave at the Watts Cemetery, home of the Watts Mortuary Chapel in Compton, Guildford, Surrey, England.
Huxley had been a long-time friend of Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, who later dedicated his last orchestral composition to Huxley. Stravinsky began "Variations" in Santa Fé, N... | 27,622 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
"Point Counter Point"
- 1971: "The Devils"
- 1980: "Brave New World"
- 1998: "Brave New World"
# Works.
- Novels
- 1921 "Crome Yellow"
- 1923 "Antic Hay"
- 1925 "Those Barren Leaves"
- 1928 "Point Counter Point"
- 1930 "After The Fireworks"
- 1932 "Brave New World"
- 1936 "Eyeless in Gaza"
- ... | 27,623 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
1916 "The Burning Wheel"
- 1917 "Jonah"
- 1918 "The Defeat of Youth and Other Poems"
- 1920 "Leda"
- 1925 "Selected Poems"
- 1929 "Arabia Infelix and Other Poems"
- 1931 "The Cicadas and Other Poems"
- 1971 "Collected Poems"
- Essay collections
- 1923 "On the Margin"
- 1926 "Essays New and Old"
... | 27,624 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
1945 "The Perennial Philosophy"
- 1946 "Science, Liberty and Peace"
- 1950 "Themes and Variations"
- 1954 "The Doors of Perception"
- 1956 "Heaven and Hell"
- 1956 "Adonis and the Alphabet"
- 1958 "Collected Essays"
- 1958 "Brave New World Revisited"
- 1960 "On Art and Artists"
- 1963 "Literature... | 27,625 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
animated "Alice in Wonderland"
- 1971 "Eyeless in Gaza"
- Travel books
- 1925 "Along The Road: Notes and Essays of a Tourist"
- 1926 "Jesting Pilate: The Diary of a Journey"
- 1934 "Beyond the Mexique Bay: A Traveller's Journey"
- Children's fiction
- 1967 "The Crows of Pearblossom"
- Drama
- 192... | 27,626 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
1960 "Symbol and Immediate Experience"
- Audio recordings
- 1955 "Knowledge and Understanding"
- 1955 "Who Are We?"
- Other
- 1936 "Pacifism and Philosophy"
- 1937 "An Encyclopedia of Pacifism" (full text)
- 1938 "They Still Draw Pictures: A collection of 60 drawings made by Spanish children during... | 27,627 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
Clive. 1966. "Ballet: Still Another Balanchine-Stravinsky Pearl; City Troupe Performs in Premiere Here 'Variations' for Huxley at State Theater". "New York Times" (1 April): 28.
- Spies, Claudio. 1965. "Notes on Stravinsky's Variations". "Perspectives of New Music" 4, no. 1 (Fall-Winter): 62–74. Reprinte... | 27,628 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
Peter. "Aldous Huxley: Satirist and Novelist", U of Minnesota P, 1972
- Firchow, Peter. "The End of Utopia: A Study of Aldous Huxley's Brave New World", Bucknell UP, 1984
- Huxley, Aldous. "The Human Situation: Aldous Huxley Lectures at Santa Barbara 1959", Flamingo Modern Classic, 1994,
- Huxley, Laur... | 27,629 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
Ivan R. Dee, 2007,
- Sawyer, Dana. "Aldous Huxley", Crossroad Publishing Co., 2002,
- Shaw, Jeffrey M. "Illusions of Freedom: Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition". Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. 2014. .
- Watt, Conrad (ed.). "Aldous Huxley", Routledge, 1997,
# External l... | 27,630 |
628 | Aldous Huxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldous%20Huxley | Aldous Huxley
. .
- Watt, Conrad (ed.). "Aldous Huxley", Routledge, 1997,
# External links.
- Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery
- Raymond Fraser, George Wickes (Spring 1960). "Interview: Aldous Huxley: The Art of Fiction No. 24". "The Paris Review".
- BBC discussion programme "In our time": "Brave New Wor... | 27,631 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
Andorra
Andorra (, ; ), officially the Principality of Andorra (), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra (), is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordering France to the north and Spain to the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagn... | 27,632 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
an area of and a population of approximately . The Andorran people are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent. Andorra is the 16th-smallest country in the world by land and the 11th-smallest by population. Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, at an elevation of abo... | 27,633 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
at 81 years, according to the Global Burden of Disease Study.
# Etymology.
The origin of the word "Andorra" is unknown, although several hypotheses have been formulated. The oldest derivation of the word "Andorra" is from the Greek historian Polybius ("The Histories" III, 35, 1) who describes the "Andosins", ... | 27,634 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
word "Andorra" may derive from the old word "Anorra" that contains the Basque word "ur" (water).
Another theory suggests that "Andorra" may derive from Arabic "al-durra", meaning "The forest" (الدرة). When the Moors conquered the Iberian Peninsula, the valleys of the Pyrenees were covered by large tracts of fo... | 27,635 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
had been defeated), a name also bestowed by his heir and son Louis le Debonnaire after defeating the Moors in the "wild valleys of Hell".
# History.
## Prehistory.
"La Balma de la Margineda", found by archaeologists at Sant Julia de Loria, was first settled in 9,500 BC as a passing place between the two side... | 27,636 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
livestock, and developed a commercial trade with people from the Segre and Occitania.
Other archaeological deposits include the "Tombs of Segudet" (Ordino) and "Feixa del Moro" (Sant Julia de Loria) both dated in 4900–4300 BC as an example of the Urn culture in Andorra.
The model of small settlements began to... | 27,637 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
scripture and engraved stone murals.
## The Iberian and Roman Andorra.
The inhabitants of the valleys were traditionally associated with the Iberians and historically located in Andorra as the Iberian tribe "Andosins" or "Andosini" (Ἀνδοσίνους) during the 7th and 2nd centuries BC. Influenced by Aquitanias, Ba... | 27,638 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
and "Roc de L'Oral" in Encamp.
The presence of Roman influence is recorded from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. The places found with more Roman presence are in "Camp Vermell" (Red Field) in Sant Julia de Loria, and in some places in Encamp, as well as in the "Roc d'Enclar". People continued trading,... | 27,639 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
The Visigoths remained in the valleys for 200 years, during which time Christianity spread. When the Muslim Empire and its conquest of most of the Iberian Peninsula replaced the ruling Visigoths, Andorra was sheltered from these invaders by the Franks.
Tradition holds that "Charles the Great" (Charlemagne) gra... | 27,640 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
holds that it was guaranteed by the son of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, writing the "Carta de Poblament" or a local municipal charter circa 805.
In 988, Borrell II, Count of Urgell, gave the Andorran valleys to the Diocese of Urgell in exchange for land in Cerdanya. Since then, the Bishop of Urgell, based in ... | 27,641 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
The Paréages and the founding of the Co-Principality.
Before 1095, Andorra did not have any type of military protection and the Bishop of Urgell, who knew that the Count of Urgell wanted to reclaim the Andorran valleys, asked the Lord of Caboet for help and protection. In 1095 the Lord of Caboet and the Bishop... | 27,642 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
and co-sovereigns of Andorra (shared with the Bishop of Urgell).
In the 13th century, a military dispute arose between the Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix as aftermath of the Cathar Crusade. The conflict was resolved in 1278 with the mediation of the king of Aragon, Pere II between the Bishop and the Co... | 27,643 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
of a castle in "Roc d'Enclar". The document was ratified by the noble notary Jaume Orig of Puigcerdà and the construction of military structures in the country was prohibited.
In 1364 the political organization of the country named the figure of the syndic (now spokesman and president of the parliament) as rep... | 27,644 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
the General Council organized the creation of the Justice Courts ("La Cort de Justicia") in 1433 with the Co-Princes and the collection of taxes like "foc i lloc" (literally "fire and site", a national tax active since then).
Although we can find remains of ecclesiastical works dating before the 9th century ("... | 27,645 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
remarkable way, with an emphasis on Església de Sant Esteve, Sant Joan de Caselles, Església de Sant Miquel d'Engolasters, Sant Martí de la Cortinada and the medieval bridges of Margineda and Escalls among many others.
While the Catalan Pyrenees were embryonic of the Catalan language at the end of the 11th cen... | 27,646 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
in Northern Parishes like Ordino, much appreciated by the master artisans who developed the art of the forges, an important economic activity in the country from the 15th century.
## 16th to 18th centuries.
In 1601 the Tribunal de Corts (High Court of Justice) was created as a result of Huguenot rebellions fr... | 27,647 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
Co-Princes of Andorra. During 1617 communal councils form the "sometent" (popular militia or army) to deal with the rise of "bandolerisme" (brigandage) and the Consell de la Terra was defined and structured in terms of its composition, organization and competences current today .
Andorra continued with the sam... | 27,648 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
and experienced guild of weavers, "Confraria de Paraires i Teixidors", located in Escaldes-Engordany founded in 1604 taking advantage of the thermal waters of the area. By that time the country was characterized by the social system of "prohoms" (wealthy society) and "casalers" (rest of the population with smal... | 27,649 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
representative of each Andorran parish and where the Andorran constitution and other documents and laws were kept later on.
In both Guerra dels Segadors and Guerra de Sucesión Española conflicts, the Andorran people (although professing to be a neutral country) supported the Catalans who saw their rights reduc... | 27,650 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
removed the French medieval tithe. In 1812–13, the First French Empire annexed Catalonia during the Peninsular War ("Guerra del francés") and divided the region into four départements, with Andorra as a part of the district of Puigcerdà (département of Sègre). In 1814 a royal decree reestablished the independen... | 27,651 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
("Nova Reforma" or "Pla de Reforma") began after ratification by both Co-Princes and established the basis of the constitution and symbols (such as the tricolor flag) of Andorra. A new service economy arose as a demand of the valley inhabitants and began to build infrastructure such as hotels, spa resorts, road... | 27,652 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
Council" led by Joan Pla i Calvo and Pere Baró i Mas. The Provisional Revolutionary Council allowed for the construction of casinos and spas by foreign companies. From 7–9 June 1881, the loyalists of Canillo and Encamp reconquered the parishes of Ordino and Massana by establishing contact with the revolutionary... | 27,653 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
based on the troubles of Canillo in 1882 and 1885.
Andorra participated in the cultural movement of the Catalan Renaixença. Between 1882 and 1887 the first academic schools were formed where trilingualism coexisted with the official language, Catalan. Romantic authors from France and Spain reported the awakeni... | 27,654 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
during the Peninsular War.
### Modernization of the country and the Constitutional Andorra.
Andorra declared war on Imperial Germany during World War I, but did not take part directly in the fighting. Some Andorrans volunteered to take part in the conflict as part of the French Legions. It remained in an off... | 27,655 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
suffrage vote of all Andorrans and acted in defense of the rights of local and foreign workers during the construction of FHASA's hydroelectric power station in Encamp. The 5 April 1933 "Joves Andorrans" seized the Andorran Parliament. These actions were preceded by the arrival of Colonel René-Jules Baulard wit... | 27,656 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
sovereign of Andorra. On 8 July 1934 Boris issued a proclamation in Urgell, declaring himself "Boris I, King of Andorra", simultaneously declaring war on the Bishop of Urgell and approving the King's constitution on 10 July. He was arrested by the Co-Prince and Bishop Justí Guitart i Vilardebó and their authori... | 27,657 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
War the inhabitants of Andorra welcomed refugees from both sides and many of them settled permanently in the country thus contributing to the subsequent economic boom and the entry into the capitalist era of Andorra. Francoist troops reached the Andorran border in the later stages of the war.
During World War ... | 27,658 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
rights of citizens and be too close or sympathetic to Francoism. The General Council itself justified its political and diplomatic actions under the survival and protection of Andorra's sovereignty, which finally emerged from the two conflicts unscathed. Thus, certain groups organized themselves to help the vic... | 27,659 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
with pro-Axis informers and Gestapo agents within the country.
In the capital city there was a smuggling black market network of propaganda, culture and cinematic art not prone to totalitarian regimes, promulgated in some places as the "Hotel Mirador" or the "Casino Hotel", as a meeting place for people of ide... | 27,660 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
linked to the Occitanie's French Resistance, accused the French representative ("veguer") of collaboration with Nazism.
The Andorran opening to the capitalist economy resulted in two axes: mass tourism and the country's tax exemption. The first steps towards the capitalist boom date from the 1930s, with the co... | 27,661 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
On April 1968 a social health insurance system was created (CASS).
The Andorran Government necessarily involved planning, projection and forecasts for the future: with the official visit of the French co-prince Charles de Gaulle in 1967 and 1969, it was given approval for the economic boom and national demands... | 27,662 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
period, with guests and speakers of great importance promoting musical hits of Chanson française, Swing, Rhythm & blues, Jazz, Rock & roll or American Country music. So much so that Andorra achieved a GDP per capita and a life expectancy higher than the most standard countries of the current economy.
Given its... | 27,663 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
anachronisms in the field of sovereignty, human rights and the balance of powers as well as the need to adapt legislation to modern demands. In 1982 a first separation of powers took place when instituting the "Govern d'Andorra", under the name of "Executive Board" ("Consell Executiu"), chaired by the first pri... | 27,664 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
with a 76% turnout. The first elections under the new constitution were held later in the year. The same year Andorra became a member of the United Nations and the Council of Europe.
Andorra formalized diplomatic relations with the United States in 1996 participating in the 51st UN General Assembly, a very imp... | 27,665 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
with the European Union is formalized, which allows Andorra to use the Euro in an official way, as well as coin its own Euro currency.
# Politics.
Andorra is a parliamentary co-principality with the President of France and the Catholic Bishop of Urgell (Catalonia, Spain) as Co-Princes. This peculiarity makes ... | 27,666 |
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Martí of the Democrats for Andorra (DA). Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both government and parliament.
The Parliament of Andorra is known as the General Council. The General Council consists of between 28 and 42 Councillors. The Councillors serve for four-year t... | 27,667 |
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who is the head of the General Council, and the Subsyndic General, his assistant, are elected. Eight days later, the Council convenes once more. During this session the Head of Government is chosen from among the Councillors.
Candidates can be proposed by a minimum of one-fifth of the Councillors. The Council ... | 27,668 |
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jointly or by at least one tenth of the citizens of Andorra.
The Council also approves the annual budget of the principality. The government must submit the proposed budget for parliamentary approval at least two months before the previous budget expires. If the budget is not approved by the first day of the n... | 27,669 |
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remove the Head of Government from office. After a motion of censure is approved by at least one-fifth of the Councillors, the Council will vote and if it receives the absolute majority of votes, the Head of Government is removed.
# Law and criminal justice.
The judiciary is composed of the Magistrates Court,... | 27,670 |
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Magistrates and Judges are appointed by the High Court, as is the President of the Criminal Law Court. The High Court also appoints members of the Office of the Attorney General. The Constitutional Court is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and reviewing all appeals of unconstitutionality against la... | 27,671 |
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a small ceremonial army. Responsibility for defending the nation rests primarily with France and Spain. However, in case of emergencies or natural disasters, the "Sometent" (an alarm) is called and all able-bodied men between 21 and 60 of Andorran nationality must serve. This is why all Andorrans, and especiall... | 27,672 |
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has a small army, which has historically been raised or reconstituted at various dates, but has never in modern times amounted to a standing army. The basic principle of Andorran defence is that all able-bodied men are available to fight if called upon by the sounding of the "Sometent". Being a landlocked count... | 27,673 |
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not being involved in any fighting during the First World War, Andorra was technically the longest combatant, as the country was left out of the Versailles Peace Conference, technically remaining at war with Germany from its original declaration of war in 1914 until 24 September 1958 when Andorra officially dec... | 27,674 |
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with the elections of 1933 led to assistance being sought from the French National Gendarmerie, with a detachment resident in Andorra for two months under the command of René-Jules Baulard. The Andorran Police was reformed in the following year, with eleven soldiers appointed to supervisory roles. The force con... | 27,675 |
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twelve-man ceremonial unit remains the only permanent section of the "Sometent", but all able-bodied men remain technically available for military service, with a requirement for each family to have access to a firearm. The army has not fought for more than 700 years, and its main responsibility is to present t... | 27,676 |
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help the population and establish a public order along with the Local Police units.
## Police Corps.
Andorra maintains a small but modern and well-equipped internal police force, with around 240 police officers supported by civilian assistants. The principal services supplied by the corps are uniformed commun... | 27,677 |
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it is part of the Police Corps, and not the army. As terrorist and hostage situations are a rare threat to the country, the GIPA is commonly assigned to prisoner escort duties, and at other times to routine policing.
## Fire brigade.
The "Andorran Fire Brigade", with headquarters at Santa Coloma, operates fro... | 27,678 |
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fires. The first fire pump purchased by the government was acquired in 1943. Serious fires which lasted for two days in December 1959 led to calls for a permanent fire service, and the "Andorran Fire Brigade" was formed on 21 April 1961.
The fire service maintains full-time cover with five fire crews on duty a... | 27,679 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
predominantly of rugged mountains, the highest being the Coma Pedrosa at , and the average elevation of Andorra is . These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape that combine into one as the main stream, the Gran Valira river, leaves the country for Spain (at Andorra's lowest point of ). Andorra's l... | 27,680 |
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more snow in winter and it is slightly cooler in summer. The diversity of landmarks, the different orientation of the valleys and the irregularity relief typical of the Mediterranean climates make the country have a great diversity of microclimates that hinder the general dominance of the high mountain climate.... | 27,681 |
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however, it is less rainy, except in the highlands, subject to the influence of fronts from the Atlantic, which explains the high level of innovation of the Andorran mountains. The temperature regime is characterized, broadly, by a temperate summer and a long and cold winter; in accordance with the mountainous ... | 27,682 |
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in over 7 million visitors annually and an estimated 340 million euros per year, sustaining 2,000 direct and 10,000 indirect jobs at present since 2007.
The banking sector, with its tax haven status, also contributes substantially to the economy (the financial and insurance sector accounts for approximately 19... | 27,683 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
imported. Some tobacco is grown locally. The principal livestock activity is domestic sheep raising. Manufacturing output consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Andorra's natural resources include hydroelectric power, mineral water, timber, iron ore, and lead.
Andorra is not a member of the Euro... | 27,684 |
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the euro. Coins and notes of both the franc and the peseta remained legal tender in Andorra until 31 December 2002. Andorra negotiated to issue its own euro coins, beginning in 2014.
Andorra has traditionally had one of the world's lowest unemployment rates. In 2009 it stood at 2.9%.
Andorra has long benefite... | 27,685 |
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followed by a sales tax of 2% a year later, which raised just over 14 million euros in its first quarter.
On 31 May 2013, it was announced that Andorra intended to legislate for the introduction of an income tax by the end of June, against a background of increasing dissatisfaction with the existence of tax ha... | 27,686 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
The Andorrans are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent. The population has grown from 5,000 in 1900.
Two-thirds of residents lack Andorran nationality and do not have the right to vote in communal elections. Moreover, they are not allowed to be elected as prime minister or to own more than 33% ... | 27,687 |
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Catalan.
Because of immigration, historical links, and close geographic proximity, Spanish, Portuguese and French are also commonly spoken. Most Andorran residents can speak one or more of these, in addition to Catalan. English is less commonly spoken among the general population, though it is understood to va... | 27,688 |
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Their patron saint is Our Lady of Meritxell. Though it is not an official state religion, the constitution acknowledges a special relationship with the Catholic Church, offering some special privileges to that group. Other Christian denominations include the Anglican Church, the Unification Church, the New Apos... | 27,689 |
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is provided free of charge by the government.
There are three systems of school, Andorran, French and Spanish, which use Catalan, French and Spanish languages respectively, as the main language of instruction. Parents may choose which system their children attend. All schools are built and maintained by Andorr... | 27,690 |
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first-level degrees in nursing, computer science, business administration, and educational sciences, in addition to higher professional education courses. The only two graduate schools in Andorra are the Nursing School and the School of Computer Science, the latter having a PhD programme.
### Virtual Studies C... | 27,691 |
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degrees at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels in fields including tourism, law, Catalan philology, humanities, psychology, political sciences, audiovisual communication, telecommunications engineering, and East Asia studies. The Centre also runs various postgraduate programmes and continuing-education c... | 27,692 |
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la Vella are the CG-1 to the Spanish border, and the CG-2 to the French border via the Envalira Tunnel near El Pas de la Casa. Bus services cover all metropolitan areas and many rural communities, with services on most major routes running half-hourly or more frequently during peak travel times. There are frequ... | 27,693 |
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helicopter services and an airport located in the neighbouring Spanish comarca of Alt Urgell, south of the Andorran-Spanish border. Since July 2015, Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport has operated commercial flights to Madrid and Palma de Mallorca, and is the main hub for Air Andorra and Andorra Airlines. As of 11... | 27,694 |
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hourly bus services from both Barcelona and Toulouse airports to Andorra.
The nearest railway station is L'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre east of Andorra which is on the -gauge line from Latour-de-Carol () southeast of Andorra, to Toulouse and on to Paris by the French high-speed trains. This line is operated by th... | 27,695 |
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exclusively by the Andorran national telecommunications company, SOM, also known as Andorra Telecom (STA). The same company also manages the technical infrastructure for national broadcasting of digital television and radio. In 2010 Andorra became the first country to provide a direct optical fiber link to all ... | 27,696 |
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was founded on the "Radio Nacional d'Andorra". As an autochthonous television channel, there is only the national public television network "Andorra Televisió", created in 1995. Additional TV and radio stations from Spain and France are available via digital terrestrial television and IPTV.
There are three nat... | 27,697 |
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in Andorra. There is also an amateur radio society and a news agency, "ANA", with independent management.
# Culture.
The official and historic language is Catalan. Thus the culture is Catalan, with its own specificity.
Andorra is home to folk dances like the "contrapàs" and "marratxa", which survive in Sant ... | 27,698 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
most important festivals and traditions are the Canólich Gathering in May, the "Roser d'Ordino" in July, the "Meritxell Day" (National Day of Andorra), the Andorra la Vella Fair, the Sant Jordi Day, the "Santa Llúcia Fair", the Festivity from "La Candelera" to Canillo, the Carnival of Encamp, the "sung of caram... | 27,699 |
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