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600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
has also adopted other elements of French and Italian cuisines. The cuisine of the country has similar characteristics with the neighbors of the Cerdanya and the Alt Urgell, with whom it has a strong cultural ties. Andorra's cuisine is marked by its nature as mountain valleys. Typical dishes of the country are ... | 27,700 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
of the dishes are very common in the mountainous regions of Catalonia, such as trinxat, embotits, cooked snails, rice with mushrooms, mountain rice and mató.
Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art are one of the most important artistic manifestations and characteristics of the Principality. The Romanesque one allow... | 27,701 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
cultural heritage in 2015. Also the Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley became Andorra's first, and to date its only, UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, with a small extension in 2006.
# Sports.
Andorra is famous for the practice of winter sports. Popular sports played in Andorra include football, rugby union, bas... | 27,702 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
Football is governed in Andorra by the Andorran Football Federation - founded in 1994, it organizes the national competitions of association football (Primera Divisió, Copa Constitució and Supercopa) and futsal. Andorra was admitted to UEFA and FIFA in the same year, 1996. FC Andorra, a club based in Andorra la... | 27,703 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
French championship.
Basketball popularity has increased in the country since the 1990s, when the Andorran team BC Andorra played in the top league of Spain (Liga ACB). After 18 years the club returned to the top league in 2014.
Other sports practised in Andorra include cycling, volleyball, judo, Australian R... | 27,704 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
Olympic Games since 1976. Andorra competes in the Games of the Small States of Europe, being twice the host country in 1991 and 2005.
As one of the Catalan Countries, Andorra is home to a team of castellers, or Catalan human tower builders. The , based in the town of Santa Coloma d'Andorra, are recognized by t... | 27,705 |
600 | Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorra | Andorra
country in 1991 and 2005.
As one of the Catalan Countries, Andorra is home to a team of castellers, or Catalan human tower builders. The , based in the town of Santa Coloma d'Andorra, are recognized by the , the governing body of castells.
# See also.
- Index of Andorra-related articles
- Outline of Andorra... | 27,706 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
Assistive technology
Assistive technology is an umbrella term that includes assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices for people with disabilities or elderly population while also including the process used in selecting, locating, and using them. People who have disabilities often have diffi... | 27,707 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
were formerly unable to accomplish, or had great difficulty accomplishing, by providing enhancements to, or changing methods of interacting with, the technology needed to accomplish such tasks. For example, wheelchairs provide independent mobility for those who cannot walk, while assistive eating d... | 27,708 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
is often used as the synonym for assistive technology; however, they are different terms. Assistive technology refers to "any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities o... | 27,709 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
for the purpose of increasing or maintaining the capabilities of people with disabilities." Consequently, adaptive technology is a subset of assistive technology. Adaptive technology often refers specifically to electronic and information technology access.
# Mobility impairments.
## Wheelchairs.... | 27,710 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
of variations where they can be propelled either by hand or by motors where the occupant uses electrical controls to manage motors and seating control actuators through a joystick, sip-and-puff control, or other input devices. Often there are handles behind the seat for someone else to do the pushi... | 27,711 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
chairs, stretchers, shower benches, automobiles, swimming pools, and other patient support systems (i.e., radiology, surgical, or examining tables). The most common devices are Patient lifts (for vertical transfer), Transfer benches, stretcher or convertible chairs (for lateral, supine transfer), s... | 27,712 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
(a floor or ceiling-suspended sling lift) which though invented in 1955 and in common use since the early 1960s is still considered the state-of-the-art transfer device by OSHA and the American Nursing Association.
## Walkers.
A walker or walking frame or Rollator is a tool for disabled people wh... | 27,713 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
and abilities of the person using it. It is also common to see caster wheels or glides on the back legs of a walker with wheels on the front.
## Prosthesis.
A prosthesis, prosthetic, or prosthetic limb is a device that replaces a missing body part. It is part of the field of biomechatronics, the ... | 27,714 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
less common use but under active technology development. Other medical devices and aids that can be considered prosthetics include hearing aids, artificial eyes, palatal obturator, gastric bands, and dentures.
Prostheses are specifically "not" orthoses, although given certain circumstances a prost... | 27,715 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
to and including the terminal device. Keep this in mind as nomenclature is often interchanged.
The terms "prosthetic" and "orthotic" are adjectives used to describe devices such as a prosthetic knee. The terms "prosthetics" and "orthotics" are used to describe the respective allied health fields.
... | 27,716 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
information. These software programs run on a computer in order to convey the displayed information through voice (text-to-speech) or braille (refreshable braille displays) in combination with magnification for low vision users in some cases. There are a variety of platforms and applications availa... | 27,717 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
aloud file content, as well as web pages, E-mail messages, and word processing files.
As mentioned above, screen readers may rely on the assistance of text-to-speech tools. To use the text-to-speech tools, the documents must in an electronic form, that is uploaded as the digital format. However, p... | 27,718 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
six dots, with two parallel rows of three dots, but other combinations and quantities of dots represent other letters, numbers, punctuation marks, or words. People can then use their fingers to read the code of raised dots.
A braille embosser is, simply put, a printer for braille. Instead of a sta... | 27,719 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
pins raised through holes in a flat surface. Computer users who cannot use a computer monitor use it to read a braille output version of the displayed text.
## Desktop video magnifier.
Desktop video magnifiers are electronic devices that use a camera and a display screen to perform digital magnif... | 27,720 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
and mounted on a fixed stand.
## Screen magnification software.
A screen magnifier is software that interfaces with a computer's graphical output to present enlarged screen content. It allows users to enlarge the texts and graphics on their computer screens for easier viewing. Similar to desktop ... | 27,721 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
letters printed on the keys. On the keyboard shown, the round buttons at the top control software which can magnify the screen (zoom in), change the background color of the screen, or make the mouse cursor on the screen larger. The "bump dots" on the keys, installed in this case by the organization... | 27,722 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
impaired. As well, over 600 articles on augmented reality and visual impairment have appeared in the engineering literature since 2000. Most of these articles were published within the past 5 years, and the number of articles in this area is increasing every year. GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, a... | 27,723 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
wearable devices for visual impairment include:
- 1. eSight
- 2. Brainport
# Personal emergency response systems.
Personal emergency response systems (PERS), or Telecare (UK term), are a particular sort of assistive technology that use electronic sensors connected to an alarm system to help car... | 27,724 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
or contact center who can respond appropriately.
# Accessibility software.
In human–computer interaction, computer accessibility (also known as accessible computing) refers to the accessibility of a computer system to all people, regardless of disability or severity of impairment, examples includ... | 27,725 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
Identification Card Systems - Man-Machine Interface. This development of this standard has been supported in Europe by SNAPI and has been successfully incorporated into the Lasseo specifications, but with limited success due to the lack of interest from public computer terminal suppliers.
# Hearin... | 27,726 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
higher sound (for those who are hard of hearing), tactile feedback, visual cues and improved technology access. Individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing utilize a variety of assistive technologies that provide them with different access to information in numerous environments. Most devices eithe... | 27,727 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
and to correct impaired hearing as measured by audiometry. This type of assistive technology helps people with hearing loss participate more fully in their hearing communities by allowing them to hear more clearly. They amplify any and all sound waves through use of a microphone, amplifier, and spe... | 27,728 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
and distractions, making places like auditoriums, classrooms, and meetings much easier to participate in. The assistive listening device usually uses a microphone to capture an audio source near to its origin and broadcast it wirelessly over an FM (Frequency Modulation) transmission, IR (Infra Red)... | 27,729 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
There are also options to adjust the frequency and tone of a call to suit their individual hearing needs. Additionally, there is a wide variety of amplified telephones to choose from, with different degrees of amplification. For example, a phone with 26 to 40 decibel is generally sufficient for mil... | 27,730 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
on the capabilities of the user. They may be as basic as pictures on a board that are used to request food, drink, or other care; or they can be advanced speech generating devices, based on speech synthesis, that are capable of storing hundreds of phrases and words.
# Cognitive impairments.
Assis... | 27,731 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
evidence for efficacy, that a lot of scope exists to develop new ATC. Examples of ATC include: NeuroPage which prompts users about meetings, Wakamaru, which provides companionship and reminds users to take medicine and calls for help if something is wrong, and telephone Reassurance systems.
## Mem... | 27,732 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
saves it, and reads it back to them. From there, the user can also download their notes onto a computer for increased accessibility. Digital voice recorders are also used to record "in the moment" information for fast and easy recall at a later time.
## Educational software.
Educational software ... | 27,733 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
spoons and forks and plates. However they become assistive technology when they are modified to accommodate the needs of people who have difficulty using standard cutlery due to a disabling condition. Common modifications include increasing the size of the utensil handle to make it easier to grasp.... | 27,734 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
Assistive technology is the array of new devices created to enable sports enthusiasts who have disabilities to play. Assistive technology may be used in adaptive sports, where an existing sport is modified to enable players with a disability to participate; or, assistive technology may be used to i... | 27,735 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
devices can include all-terrain wheelchairs and adaptive bicycles. Accordingly, assistive technology can be found in sports ranging from local community recreation to the elite Paralympic Games. More complex assistive technology devices have been developed over time, and as a result, sports for peo... | 27,736 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
Act (IDEA) which was first enacted in 1975 under the name The Education for All Handicapped Children Act. In 2004, during the reauthorization period for IDEA, the National Instructional Material Access Center (NIMAC) was created which provided a repository of accessible text including publisher's t... | 27,737 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
capabilities of a child with a disability. (B) Exception.--The term does not include a medical device that is surgically implanted, or the replacement of such device."
Assistive technology in this area is broken down into low, mid, and high tech categories. Low tech encompasses equipment that is o... | 27,738 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
software. Software supports for writing include the use of auditory feedback while keyboarding, word prediction for spelling, and speech to text. Supports for reading include the use of text to speech (TTS) software and font modification via access to digital text. Limited supports are available fo... | 27,739 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
arms. The subjects tried different arm exercises, and the sensors recorded their movements. All of the data helped engineers develop new engineering concepts for prosthetics.
Assistive technology may attempt to improve the ergonomics of the devices themselves such as Dvorak and other alternative k... | 27,740 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
to those who were previously unable to use it. Apple, with the release of iOS 7 had introduced the ability to navigate apps using switch control. Switch access could be activated either through an external bluetooth connected switch, single touch of the screen, or use of right and left head turns u... | 27,741 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
near any area of the body which has consistent and reliable mobility and less subject to fatigue. Common sites include the hands, head, and feet. Eye gaze and head mouse systems can also be used as an alternative mouse navigation. A user may utilize single or multiple switch sites and the process o... | 27,742 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
than move to a healthcare facility. This field uses much of the same technology and equipment as home automation for security, entertainment, and energy conservation but tailors it towards elderly and disabled users. For example, automated prompts and reminders utilize motion sensors and pre-record... | 27,743 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
and potential for meaningful employment". It creates greater independence and control for disabled individuals. For example, in one study of 1,342 infants, toddlers and preschoolers, all with some kind of developmental, physical, sensory, or cognitive disability, the use of assistive technology cre... | 27,744 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
patient significantly decreases. However, studies show that care time for a professional caregiver increases when assistive technology is used. Nonetheless, their work load is significantly easier as the assistive technology frees them of having to perform certain tasks. There are several platforms... | 27,745 |
653 | Assistive technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive%20technology | Assistive technology
tive technology is used. Nonetheless, their work load is significantly easier as the assistive technology frees them of having to perform certain tasks. There are several platforms that use machine learning to identify the appropriate assistive device to suggest to patients, making assistive device... | 27,746 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
A Modest Proposal
A Modest Proposal For preventing the Children of Poor People From being a Burthen to Their Parents or Country, and For making them Beneficial to the Publick, commonly referred to as A Modest Proposal, is a Juvenalian satirical essay written and published anonymously by Jonathan Swif... | 27,747 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
satire.
# Synopsis.
Swift's essay is widely held to be one of the greatest examples of sustained irony in the history of the English language. Much of its shock value derives from the fact that the first portion of the essay describes the plight of starving beggars in Ireland, so that the reader is ... | 27,748 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
and calculations showing the financial benefits of his suggestion. He uses methods of argument throughout his essay which lampoon the then-influential William Petty and the social engineering popular among followers of Francis Bacon. These lampoons include appealing to the authority of "a very knowing... | 27,749 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
but rather the can-do spirit of the times that led people to devise a number of illogical schemes that would purportedly solve social and economic ills. Swift was especially attacking projects that tried to fix population and labour issues with a simple cure-all solution. A memorable example of these ... | 27,750 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
In the piece, Swift adopts the "technique of a political arithmetician" to show the utter ridiculousness of trying to prove any proposal with dispassionate statistics.
Critics differ about Swift's intentions in using this faux-mathematical philosophy. Edmund Wilson argues that statistically "the logi... | 27,751 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
argues that Swift's rhetorical style persuades the reader to detest the speaker and pity the Irish. Swift's specific strategy is twofold, using a "trap" to create sympathy for the Irish and a dislike of the narrator who, in the span of one sentence, "details vividly and with rhetorical emphasis the gr... | 27,752 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
has his proposer further degrade the Irish by using language ordinarily reserved for animals. Lewis argues that the speaker uses "the vocabulary of animal husbandry" to describe the Irish. Once the children have been commodified, Swift's rhetoric can easily turn "people into animals, then meat, and fr... | 27,753 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
of his scheme" and "the ridiculousness of the proposal" create a situation in which the reader has "to consider just what perverted values and assumptions would allow such a diligent, thoughtful, and conventional man to propose so perverse a plan".
# Influences.
Scholars have speculated about which ... | 27,754 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
affinity for Tertullian and the bold stylistic and structural similarities between the works "A Modest Proposal" and "Apology". In structure, Johnson points out the same central theme, that of cannibalism and the eating of babies as well as the same final argument, that "human depravity is such that m... | 27,755 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
subject of sacrificing children—Tertullian while attacking pagan parents, and Swift while attacking the English mistreatment of the Irish poor.
## Defoe's "The Generous Projector".
It has also been argued that "A Modest Proposal" was, at least in part, a response to the 1728 essay "The Generous Proj... | 27,756 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
a complete satirical texthas also been discussed as an inspiration for Jonathan Swift's title. Mandeville had by 1705 already become famous for the Fable of The Bees and deliberations on private vices and public benefits.
## John Locke's "First Treatise of Government".
John Locke commented: "Be it t... | 27,757 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
and Modern; Sins, which I suppose, have the Principle Aggravation from this, that they cross the main intention of Nature, which willeth the increase of Mankind, and the continuation of the Species in the highest perfection, and the distinction of Families, with the Security of the Marriage Bed, as ne... | 27,758 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
of the Proposer. He reminds readers that "there is a gap between the narrator's meaning and the text's, and that a moral-political argument is being carried out by means of parody".
While Swift's proposal is obviously not a serious economic proposal, George Wittkowsky, author of "Swift's Modest Propo... | 27,759 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
is that conditions were bad and that Swift's irony brilliantly underscored this fact".
## "People are the riches of a nation".
At the start of a new industrial age in the 18th century, it was believed that "people are the riches of the nation", and there was a general faith in an economy that paid i... | 27,760 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
Irish economy to more appropriately utilize their human assets by giving the people an opportunity to "become a source of wealth to the nation" or else they "must turn to begging and thievery". This opportunity may have included giving the farmers more coin to work for, diversifying their professions,... | 27,761 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
that "people are the riches of a nation". Swift presents the dire state of Ireland and shows that mere population itself, in Ireland's case, did not always mean greater wealth and economy. The uncontrolled maxim fails to take into account that a person who does not produce in an economic or political ... | 27,762 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
by viewing them as a mere commodity.
# The public's reaction.
Swift's writings created a backlash within the community after its publication. The work was aimed at the aristocracy, and they responded in turn. Several members of society wrote to Swift regarding the work. Lord Bathurst's letter intima... | 27,763 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
a parson, and he should live upon the fat of the land; or a lawyer, and then, instead of being eat himself, he should devour others. You know women in passion never mind what they say; but, as she is a very reasonable woman, I have almost brought her over now to your opinion; and having convinced her,... | 27,764 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
a second upon the body of another woman, he might dispose of the fattest of the two, and that would help to breed up the other.The more I think upon this scheme, the more reasonable it appears to me; and it ought by no means to be confined to Ireland; for, in all probability, we shall, in a very littl... | 27,765 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
I guessed right, four or five of the company had a devilish mind to be at him. Well, adieu, you begin now to wish I had ended, when I might have done it so conveniently".
# Modern usage.
"A Modest Proposal" is included in many literature courses as an example of early modern western satire. It also ... | 27,766 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
essay's approach has been copied many times. In his book "A Modest Proposal" (1984), the evangelical author Frank Schaeffer emulated Swift's work in a social conservative polemic against abortion and euthanasia, imagining a future dystopia that advocates recycling of aborted embryos, fetuses, and some... | 27,767 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
drive to fiscal stability by ultra-conservatives.
In the 1998 edition of "The Handmaid's Tale" by Margaret Atwood there is a quote from "A Modest Proposal" before the introduction.
"A Modest Video Game Proposal" is the title of an open letter sent by activist/former attorney Jack Thompson on 10 Octo... | 27,768 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
a letter to a local Aspen newspaper informing them that, on Christmas Eve, he is going to use napalm to burn a number of dogs and hopefully any humans they find. The letter protests against the burning of Vietnamese people occurring overseas.
The 2012 film "Butcher Boys," written by Kim Henkel, is sa... | 27,769 |
665 | A Modest Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Modest%20Proposal | A Modest Proposal
Democrats' babies", by the humorous columnist Alexandra Petri.
# References.
- (subscription needed)
# External links.
- "A Modest Proposal" (CELT)
- "A Modest Proposal" (Gutenberg)
- "A Modest Proposal -" Annotated text aligned to Common Core Standards
- "A Modest Proposal" BBC Radio 4 "In Our... | 27,770 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
Analysis of variance
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models and their associated estimation procedures (such as the "variation" among and between groups) used to analyze the differences among group means in a sample. ANOVA was developed by statistician and evolutionary ... | 27,771 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
of variance reached fruition in the 20th century, antecedents extend centuries into the past according to Stigler. These include hypothesis testing, the partitioning of sums of squares, experimental techniques and the additive model. Laplace was performing hypothesis testing in the 1770s. The devel... | 27,772 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
ANOVA problems regarding measurements of atmospheric tides. Before 1800, astronomers had isolated observational errors resulting
from reaction times (the "personal equation") and had developed methods of reducing the errors. The experimental methods used in the study of the personal equation were ... | 27,773 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
of Mendelian Inheritance". His first application of the analysis of variance was published in 1921. Analysis of variance became widely known after being included in Fisher's 1925 book "Statistical Methods for Research Workers".
Randomization models were developed by several researchers. The first ... | 27,774 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
access to tables of the F function which were supplied by early statistics texts.
# Motivating example.
The analysis of variance can be used as an exploratory tool to explain observations. A dog show provides an example. A dog show is not a random sampling of the breed: it is typically limited to... | 27,775 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
on those characteristics. A successful grouping will split dogs such that (a) each group has a low variance of dog weights (meaning the group is relatively homogeneous) and (b) the mean of each group is distinct (if two groups have the same mean, then it isn't reasonable to conclude that the groups... | 27,776 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
within each of the groups (shown in blue) has a relatively large variance, and since the means are very similar across groups, grouping dogs by these characteristics does not produce an effective way to explain the variation in dog weights: knowing which group a dog is in doesn't allow us to predic... | 27,777 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
working breeds, while breeds kept as pets tend to be smaller and thus lighter. As shown by the second illustration, the distributions have variances that are considerably smaller than in the first case, and the means are more distinguishable. However, the significant overlap of distributions, for e... | 27,778 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
the formal tools to justify these intuitive judgments. A common use of the method is the analysis of experimental data or the development of models. The method has some advantages over correlation: not all of the data must be numeric and one result of the method is a judgment in the confidence in a... | 27,779 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
a probability ("p"-value) is less than a pre-specified threshold (significance level), justifies the rejection of the null hypothesis, but only if the a priori probability of the null hypothesis is not high.
In the typical application of ANOVA, the null hypothesis is that all groups are random sam... | 27,780 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
limits the rate of Type I errors (false positives) to a significance level. Experimenters also wish to limit Type II errors (false negatives).
The rate of Type II errors depends largely on sample size (the rate is larger for smaller samples), significance
level (when the standard of proof is high... | 27,781 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
ensure the validity of the results. Blinding keeps the
weighing impartial. Responses show a variability that is partially
the result of the effect and is partially random error.
ANOVA is the synthesis of several ideas and it is used for multiple
purposes. As a consequence, it is difficult to de... | 27,782 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
most useful technique in the field of
statistical inference."
ANOVA is difficult to teach, particularly for complex experiments, with split-plot designs being notorious. In some cases the proper
application of the method is best determined by problem pattern recognition
followed by the consulta... | 27,783 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
any effects on the experimental results due to a known change in raw materials, operators, machines, etc., become concentrated in the levels of the blocking variable. The reason for blocking is to isolate a systematic effect and prevent it from obscuring the main effects. Blocking is achieved by re... | 27,784 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
called a main effect.
- Error: Unexplained variation in a collection of observations. DOE's typically require understanding of both random error and lack of fit error.
- Experimental unit: The entity to which a specific treatment combination is applied.
- Factors: Process inputs that an investig... | 27,785 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
or more factors.
- Random error: Error that occurs due to natural variation in the process. Random error is typically assumed to be normally distributed with zero mean and a constant variance. Random error is also called experimental error.
- Randomization: A schedule for allocating treatment mat... | 27,786 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
a process. Sometimes called dependent variable(s).
- Treatment: A treatment is a specific combination of factor levels whose effect is to be compared with other treatments.
# Classes of models.
There are three classes of models used in the analysis of variance, and these are outlined here.
## F... | 27,787 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
models.
Random-effects model (class II) is used when the treatments are not fixed. This occurs when the various factor levels are sampled from a larger population. Because the levels themselves are random variables, some assumptions and the method of contrasting the treatments (a multi-variable ge... | 27,788 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
with each text considered a
treatment. The fixed-effects model would compare a list of candidate
texts. The random-effects model would determine whether important
differences exist among a list of randomly selected texts. The
mixed-effects model would compare the (fixed) incumbent texts to
ran... | 27,789 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
across factor levels. Interpretation is easy when data is balanced across factors but much deeper understanding is needed for unbalanced data.
## Textbook analysis using a normal distribution.
The analysis of variance can be presented in terms of a linear model, which makes the following assumpti... | 27,790 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
that the errors are independently, identically, and normally distributed for fixed effects models, that is, that the errors (formula_1) are independent and
## Randomization-based analysis.
In a randomized controlled experiment, the treatments are randomly assigned to experimental units, following... | 27,791 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
University. Kempthorne and his students make an assumption of "unit treatment additivity", which is discussed in the books of Kempthorne and David R. Cox.
### Unit-treatment additivity.
In its simplest form, the assumption of unit-treatment additivity states that the observed response formula_3 f... | 27,792 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
cannot be directly falsified, according to Cox and Kempthorne. However, many "consequences" of treatment-unit additivity can be falsified. For a randomized experiment, the assumption of unit-treatment additivity "implies" that the variance is constant for all treatments. Therefore, by contrapositio... | 27,793 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
very similar to the textbook model discussed previously. The test statistics of this derived linear model are closely approximated by the test statistics of an appropriate normal linear model, according to approximation theorems and simulation studies. However, there are differences. For example, t... | 27,794 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
and extensive time. Since the randomization-based analysis is complicated and is closely approximated by the approach using a normal linear model, most teachers emphasize the normal linear model approach. Few statisticians object to model-based analysis of balanced randomized experiments.
### Stat... | 27,795 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
generally are often inconsistent. In practice, "statistical models" and observational data are useful for suggesting hypotheses that should be treated very cautiously by the public.
## Summary of assumptions.
The normal-model based ANOVA analysis assumes the independence, normality and
homogenei... | 27,796 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
analysis.
However, studies of processes that
change variances rather than means (called dispersion effects) have
been successfully conducted using ANOVA. There are
"no" necessary assumptions for ANOVA in its full generality, but the
"F"-test used for ANOVA hypothesis testing has assumptions an... | 27,797 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
of probability distributions, then the statistician may specify (in the protocol for the experiment or observational study) that the responses be transformed to stabilize the variance. Also, a statistician may specify that logarithmic transforms be applied to the responses, which are believed to fo... | 27,798 |
634 | Analysis of variance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysis%20of%20variance | Analysis of variance
two
variances. This ratio is independent of several possible alterations
to the experimental observations: Adding a constant to all
observations does not alter significance. Multiplying all
observations by a constant does not alter significance. So ANOVA
statistical significance result is inde... | 27,799 |
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