wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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639 | Alkane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkane | Alkane
(CH) are transferred by body contact. With others like the tsetse fly "Glossina morsitans morsitans", the pheromone contains the four alkanes 2-methylheptadecane (CH), 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane (CH), 15,19-dimethylheptatriacontane (CH) and 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane (CH), and acts by smell over long... | 28,100 |
639 | Alkane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkane | Alkane
in order to identify a mate; in the case of "A. nigroaenea", the females emit a mixture of tricosane (CH), pentacosane (CH) and heptacosane (CH) in the ratio 3:3:1, and males are attracted by specifically this odor. The orchid takes advantage of this mating arrangement to get the male bee to collect and dissemin... | 28,101 |
639 | Alkane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkane | Alkane
will be dispersed after the departure of the frustrated male to different blooms.
# Production.
## Petroleum refining.
As stated earlier, the most important source of alkanes is natural gas and crude oil. Alkanes are separated in an oil refinery by fractional distillation and processed into many different pro... | 28,102 |
639 | Alkane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkane | Alkane
alkanes are generally unreactive chemically or biologically, and do not undergo functional group interconversions cleanly. When alkanes are produced in the laboratory, it is often a side-product of a reaction. For example, the use of "n"-butyllithium as a strong base gives the conjugate acid, "n"-butane as a sid... | 28,103 |
639 | Alkane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkane | Alkane
also be prepared directly from alkyl halides in the Corey–House–Posner–Whitesides reaction. The Barton–McCombie deoxygenation removes hydroxyl groups from alcohols e.g.
and the Clemmensen reduction removes carbonyl groups from aldehydes and ketones to form alkanes or alkyl-substituted compounds e.g.:
# Applica... | 28,104 |
639 | Alkane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkane | Alkane
and cooling of the gas.
Propane and butane are gases at atmospheric pressure that can be liquefied at fairly low pressures and are commonly known as liquified petroleum gas (LPG). Propane is used in propane gas burners and as a fuel for road vehicles, butane in space heaters and disposable cigarette lighters. B... | 28,105 |
639 | Alkane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkane | Alkane
which causes knocking, than their straight-chain homologues. This propensity to premature ignition is measured by the octane rating of the fuel, where 2,2,4-trimethylpentane ("isooctane") has an arbitrary value of 100, and heptane has a value of zero. Apart from their use as fuels, the middle alkanes are also go... | 28,106 |
639 | Alkane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkane | Alkane
points of these alkanes can cause problems at low temperatures and in polar regions, where the fuel becomes too thick to flow correctly.
Alkanes from hexadecane upwards form the most important components of fuel oil and lubricating oil. In the latter function, they work at the same time as anti-corrosive agents... | 28,107 |
639 | Alkane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkane | Alkane
have little value and are usually split into lower alkanes by cracking.
Some synthetic polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene are alkanes with chains containing hundreds of thousands of carbon atoms. These materials are used in innumerable applications, and billions of kilograms of these materials are ... | 28,108 |
639 | Alkane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkane | Alkane
some microorganisms possessing the metabolic capacity to utilize "n"-alkanes as both carbon and energy sources. Some bacterial species are highly specialised in degrading alkanes; these are referred to as hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria.
# Hazards.
Methane is flammable, explosive and dangerous to inhale, because ... | 28,109 |
639 | Alkane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkane | Alkane
erous to inhale and explosive. Both of these may cause suffocation. Similarly, propane is flammable and explosive. It may cause drowsiness or unconsciousness if inhaled. Butane has the same hazards to consider as propane.
Alkanes also pose a threat to the environment. Branched alkanes have a lower biodegradabil... | 28,110 |
206723 | Bounkhong | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bounkhong | Bounkhong
Bounkhong
Prince Bounkhong, the son of Prince Souvanna Phomma, was the last uparaja of Luang Phrabang. He was granted the title of "Chao Ratsaphakhinay" by King Chulalongkorn of Siam in 1884. From 1911 to 1920, he was a member of the Government Council of French Indochina.
Chao Maha Oupahat Bounkhong was th... | 28,111 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
Algae
Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic. Included organisms range from unicellular microalgae, such as "Chlorella" and the diatoms, to multicellular forms, such as the g... | 28,112 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
example, "Spirogyra" and stoneworts.
No definition of algae is generally accepted. One definition is that algae "have chlorophyll as their primary photosynthetic pigment and lack a sterile covering of cells around their reproductive cells". Although cyanobacteria are often referred to as "blue-green algae", most... | 28,113 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
brown algae are examples of algae with secondary chloroplasts derived from an endosymbiotic red alga.
Algae exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies, from simple asexual cell division to complex forms of sexual reproduction.
Algae lack the various structures that characterize land plants, such as the phy... | 28,114 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
euglenids, dinoflagellates, and other algae have become heterotrophs (also called colorless or apochlorotic algae), sometimes parasitic, relying entirely on external energy sources and have limited or no photosynthetic apparatus. Some other heterotrophic organisms, such as the apicomplexans, are also derived from... | 28,115 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
years ago.
# Etymology and study.
The singular "alga" is the Latin word for "seaweed" and retains that meaning in English. The etymology is obscure. Although some speculate that it is related to Latin "algēre", "be cold", no reason is known to associate seaweed with temperature. A more likely source is "alliga"... | 28,116 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
eye-shadow used by the ancient Egyptians and other inhabitants of the eastern Mediterranean. It could be any color: black, red, green, or blue.
Accordingly, the modern study of marine and freshwater algae is called either phycology or algology, depending on whether the Greek or Latin root is used. The name "Fucu... | 28,117 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
during different endosymbiotic events. The table below describes the composition of the three major groups of algae. Their lineage relationships are shown in the figure in the upper right. Many of these groups contain some members that are no longer photosynthetic. Some retain plastids, but not chloroplasts, whil... | 28,118 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
(as "Madrepora"), among the animals.
In 1768, Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1744–1774) published the "Historia Fucorum", the first work dedicated to marine algae and the first book on marine biology to use the then new binomial nomenclature of Linnaeus. It included elaborate illustrations of seaweed and marine algae o... | 28,119 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
were discovered and reported by a different group of workers (e.g., O. F. Müller and Ehrenberg) studying the Infusoria (microscopic organisms). Unlike macroalgae, which were clearly viewed as plants, microalgae were frequently considered animals because they are often motile. Even the nonmotile (coccoid) microalg... | 28,120 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
most classifications treated the following groups as divisions or classes of algae: cyanophytes, rhodophytes, chrysophytes, xanthophytes, bacillariophytes, phaeophytes, pyrrhophytes (cryptophytes and dinophytes), euglenophytes, and chlorophytes. Later, many new groups were discovered (e.g., Bolidophyceae), and ot... | 28,121 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
in Protista, later also abandoned in favour of Eukaryota. However, as a legacy of the older plant life scheme, some groups that were also treated as protozoans in the past still have duplicated classifications (see ambiregnal protists).
Some parasitic algae (e.g., the green algae "Prototheca" and "Helicosporidiu... | 28,122 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
of fish) had their relationship with algae conjectured early. In other cases, some groups were originally characterized as parasitic algae (e.g., "Chlorochytrium"), but later were seen as endophytic algae. Some filamentous bacteria (e.g., "Beggiatoa") were originally seen as algae. Furthermore, groups like the ap... | 28,123 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
Fossils of isolated land plant spores suggest land plants may have been around as long as 475 million years ago.
# Morphology.
A range of algal morphologies is exhibited, and convergence of features in unrelated groups is common. The only groups to exhibit three-dimensional multicellular thalli are the reds and... | 28,124 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
trait; they appear in the coralline algae and the Hildenbrandiales, as well as the browns.
Most of the simpler algae are unicellular flagellates or amoeboids, but colonial and nonmotile forms have developed independently among several of the groups. Some of the more common organizational levels, more than one of... | 28,125 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
a thallus with partial differentiation of tissues
In three lines, even higher levels of organization have been reached, with full tissue differentiation. These are the brown algae,—some of which may reach 50 m in length (kelps)—the red algae, and the green algae. The most complex forms are found among the charop... | 28,126 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
Characeae, have served as model experimental organisms to understand the mechanisms of the water permeability of membranes, osmoregulation, turgor regulation, salt tolerance, cytoplasmic streaming, and the generation of action potentials.
Phytohormones are found not only in higher plants, but in algae, too.
# S... | 28,127 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
for Lichenology to be "an association of a fungus and a photosynthetic symbiont resulting in a stable vegetative body having a specific structure." The fungi, or mycobionts, are mainly from the Ascomycota with a few from the Basidiomycota. In nature they do not occur separate from lichens. It is unknown when they... | 28,128 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
fungal species. The association is termed a morphogenesis because the lichen has a form and capabilities not possessed by the symbiont species alone (they can be experimentally isolated). The photobiont possibly triggers otherwise latent genes in the mycobiont.
Trentepohlia is an example of a common green alga g... | 28,129 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
(stony corals). These animals metabolize sugar and oxygen to obtain energy for their cell-building processes, including secretion of the exoskeleton, with water and carbon dioxide as byproducts. Dinoflagellates (algal protists) are often endosymbionts in the cells of the coral-forming marine invertebrates, where ... | 28,130 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
condition which leads to the deterioration of a reef.
## Sea sponges.
Endosymbiontic green algae live close to the surface of some sponges, for example, breadcrumb sponges ("Halichondria panicea"). The alga is thus protected from predators; the sponge is provided with oxygen and sugars which can account for 50 ... | 28,131 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
permits efficient population increases, but less variation is possible. Commonly, in sexual reproduction of unicellular and colonial algae, two specialized, sexually compatible, haploid gametes make physical contact and fuse to form a zygote. To ensure a successful mating, the development and release of gametes i... | 28,132 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
of algae.
# Numbers.
The "Algal Collection of the US National Herbarium" (located in the National Museum of Natural History) consists of approximately 320,500 dried specimens, which, although not exhaustive (no exhaustive collection exists), gives an idea of the order of magnitude of the number of algal species... | 28,133 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
before it is possible to provide a reliable estimate of the total number of species ..."
Regional and group estimates have been made, as well:
- 5,000–5,500 species of red algae worldwide
- "some 1,300 in Australian Seas"
- 400 seaweed species for the western coastline of South Africa, and 212 species from th... | 28,134 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
basis or reliable sources, these numbers have no more credibility than the British ones mentioned above. Most estimates also omit microscopic algae, such as phytoplankton.
The most recent estimate suggests 72,500 algal species worldwide.
# Distribution.
The distribution of algal species has been fairly well st... | 28,135 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
is to grow into an organism depends on the combination of the species and the environmental conditions where the spore lands.
The spores of freshwater algae are dispersed mainly by running water and wind, as well as by living carriers. However, not all bodies of water can carry all species of algae, as the chemi... | 28,136 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
by geographical features, such as Antarctica, long distances of ocean or general land masses. It is, therefore, possible to identify species occurring by locality, such as "Pacific algae" or "North Sea algae". When they occur out of their localities, hypothesizing a transport mechanism is usually possible, such a... | 28,137 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
to the "difficulties of undertaking such studies."
# Ecology.
Algae are prominent in bodies of water, common in terrestrial environments, and are found in unusual environments, such as on snow and ice. Seaweeds grow mostly in shallow marine waters, under deep; however, some such as Navicula pennata have been re... | 28,138 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
to monitor pollution in various aquatic systems. In many cases, algal metabolism is sensitive to various pollutants. Due to this, the species composition of algal populations may shift in the presence of chemical pollutants. To detect these changes, algae can be sampled from the environment and maintained in labo... | 28,139 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
associations.
In classical Chinese, the word is used both for "algae" and (in the modest tradition of the imperial scholars) for "literary talent". The third island in Kunming Lake beside the Summer Palace in Beijing is known as the Zaojian Tang Dao, which thus simultaneously means "Island of the Algae-Viewing H... | 28,140 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
to medical dressings. Alginic acid also has been used in the field of biotechnology as a biocompatible medium for cell encapsulation and cell immobilization. Molecular cuisine is also a user of the substance for its gelling properties, by which it becomes a delivery vehicle for flavours.
Between 100,000 and 170,... | 28,141 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
per unit area in a year than any other form of biomass. The break-even point for algae-based biofuels is estimated to occur by 2025.
## Fertilizer.
For centuries, seaweed has been used as a fertilizer; George Owen of Henllys writing in the 16th century referring to drift weed in South Wales:This kind of ore the... | 28,142 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
lande, which doth very much better the ground for corn and grass.
Today, algae are used by humans in many ways; for example, as fertilizers, soil conditioners, and livestock feed. Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and are either harvested or used to treat effluents pumped throu... | 28,143 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
cultivated microalgae, including both algae and cyanobacteria, are marketed as nutritional supplements, such as spirulina, "Chlorella" and the vitamin-C supplement from "Dunaliella", high in beta-carotene.
Algae are national foods of many nations: China consumes more than 70 species, including "fat choy", a cyan... | 28,144 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
ingredients in Scotland, Ireland, Greenland, and Iceland. Algae is being considered a potential solution for world hunger problem.
The oils from some algae have high levels of unsaturated fatty acids. For example, "Parietochloris incisa" is very high in arachidonic acid, where it reaches up to 47% of the triglyc... | 28,145 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
emerged in recent years as a popular source of omega-3 fatty acids for vegetarians who cannot get long-chain EPA and DHA from other vegetarian sources such as flaxseed oil, which only contains the short-chain alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).
## Pollution control.
- Sewage can be treated with algae, reducing the use ... | 28,146 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
Research Service scientists found that 60–90% of nitrogen runoff and 70–100% of phosphorus runoff can be captured from manure effluents using a horizontal algae scrubber, also called an algal turf scrubber (ATS). Scientists developed the ATS, which consists of shallow, 100-foot raceways of nylon netting where alg... | 28,147 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
corn seedlings grew just as well using ATS organic fertilizer as they did with commercial fertilizers. Algae scrubbers, using bubbling upflow or vertical waterfall versions, are now also being used to filter aquaria and ponds.
## Polymers.
Various polymers can be created from algae, which can be especially usef... | 28,148 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
the synthetic substance.
## Pigments.
The natural pigments (carotenoids and chlorophylls) produced by algae can be used as alternatives to chemical dyes and coloring agents.
The presence of some individual algal pigments, together with specific pigment concentration ratios, are taxon-specific: analysis of thei... | 28,149 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
AlgaePARC
- Toxoid – anatoxin
- Eutrophication
- "Marimo" algae
- Iron fertilization
- Microbiofuels
- Microphyte
- Photobioreactor
- Plant
# Bibliography.
## General.
- Fritsch, F.E. (1935/1945). "The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae". I. and II. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press
... | 28,150 |
633 | Algae | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae | Algae
and: Cambridge University Press
- van den Hoek, C., D.G. Mann, and H.M. Jahns (1995). "Algae: an introduction to phycology". Cambridge University Press (623 pp).
- .
- Smith, G.M. (1938). "Cryptogamic Botany", vol. 1. McGraw-Hill, New York.
## Regional.
- Britain and Ireland
- Australia
- New Zealand
- Eu... | 28,151 |
206713 | Piper Laurie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper%20Laurie | Piper Laurie
Piper Laurie
Piper Laurie (born Rosetta Jacobs; January 22, 1932) is an American stage and screen actress known for her roles in the films "The Hustler" (1961), "Carrie" (1976), and "Children of a Lesser God" (1986), all of which brought her Academy Award nominations. She is also known for her performance... | 28,152 |
206713 | Piper Laurie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper%20Laurie | Piper Laurie
Early life.
Piper Laurie was born Rosetta Jacobs on January 22, 1932, in Detroit, Michigan. She was the younger daughter of Charlotte Sadie (née Alperin) and Alfred Jacobs, a furniture dealer. Her grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Poland on her father's side and Russia on her mother's.
She was del... | 28,153 |
206713 | Piper Laurie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper%20Laurie | Piper Laurie
of her early childhood, her parents placed Laurie and her older sister in a children's home, which they both despised.
# Career.
In 1949, Rosetta Jacobs signed a contract with Universal Studios, and changed her screen name to Piper Laurie, which she has used since then. At Universal, she met other soon-t... | 28,154 |
206713 | Piper Laurie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper%20Laurie | Piper Laurie
Tony Curtis); and "Ain't Misbehavin'" (1955, co-starring Rory Calhoun).
To enhance her image, Universal Studios told gossip columnists that Laurie bathed in milk and ate flower petals to protect her luminous skin. Discouraged by the lack of substantial film roles, she moved to New York to study acting and... | 28,155 |
206713 | Piper Laurie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper%20Laurie | Piper Laurie
to co-star with Paul Newman in "The Hustler", which was released in 1961. She played Newman's girlfriend, Sarah Packard, and for her performance she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. Substantial movie roles did not come her way after "The Hustler", so she and her husband moved to New Y... | 28,156 |
206713 | Piper Laurie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper%20Laurie | Piper Laurie
film until she accepted the role of Margaret White in the horror film "Carrie" (1976). She received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in that role, and it, along with the commercial success of the film, relaunched her career. Her co-star, Sissy Spacek, praised her acting s... | 28,157 |
206713 | Piper Laurie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper%20Laurie | Piper Laurie
same year, she was awarded an Emmy for her performance in "Promise", a "Hallmark Hall of Fame" television movie, co-starring James Garner and James Woods. She had a featured role in the Off-Broadway production of "The Destiny of Me" in 1992, and returned to Broadway for Lincoln Center's acclaimed 2002 revi... | 28,158 |
206713 | Piper Laurie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper%20Laurie | Piper Laurie
character's mother on "ER". In 1997, she appeared in the film "A Christmas Memory" with Patty Duke (then known as Patty Duke Astin), and in 1998, she appeared in the sci-fi thriller "The Faculty". She made guest appearances on television shows such as "Frasier", "Matlock", "State of Grace", and "Will & Gra... | 28,159 |
206713 | Piper Laurie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper%20Laurie | Piper Laurie
actress Toni Collette.
# Personal life.
Laurie married once, to "New York Herald Tribune" entertainment writer Joe Morgenstern. They met shortly after the release of "The Hustler" in 1961 when Morgenstern interviewed her during the film's promotion. They soon began dating, and nine months after the inter... | 28,160 |
206713 | Piper Laurie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper%20Laurie | Piper Laurie
and in 2000 she received "The Spirit of Hope Award" in Korea for her service during the Korean War. Laurie is a sculptor working in marble and clay and exhibits her work. As of 2010, she still resides in Southern California; her daughter is in New York.
She appeared at the September 2014 Mid-Atlantic Nost... | 28,161 |
206713 | Piper Laurie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper%20Laurie | Piper Laurie
her role in the 1986 TV movie "Promise", opposite James Garner and James Woods. In addition, she received several Emmy nominations, including one for playing Magda Goebbels, wife of Joseph Goebbels, in "The Bunker", opposite Anthony Hopkins as Hitler; and for her role in the miniseries, "The Thorn Birds", ... | 28,162 |
206726 | The Miracle Worker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Miracle%20Worker | The Miracle Worker
The Miracle Worker
The Miracle Worker is a cycle of 20th-century dramatic works derived from Helen Keller's
autobiography "The Story of My Life". Each of the various dramas describes the relationship between Helen, a deafblind and initially almost feral child, and Anne Sullivan, the teacher who int... | 28,163 |
206726 | The Miracle Worker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Miracle%20Worker | The Miracle Worker
1962. Subsequent made-for-television movies were released in 1979 and 2000.
# Source of the name.
The title originates in Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as a "miracle worker". The famed American humorist and author was an admirer of both women, and although his own personal finances were prob... | 28,164 |
206726 | The Miracle Worker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Miracle%20Worker | The Miracle Worker
rce of the name.
The title originates in Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as a "miracle worker". The famed American humorist and author was an admirer of both women, and although his own personal finances were problematic, he helped arrange the funding of Keller's Radcliffe College education by ... | 28,165 |
206725 | Karl-Birger Blomdahl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Birger%20Blomdahl | Karl-Birger Blomdahl
Karl-Birger Blomdahl
Karl-Birger Blomdahl (19 October 1916 – 14 June 1968) was a Swedish composer and conductor born in Växjö. He was educated in biochemistry, but was primarily active in music and by his experimental compositions he became one of the big names in Swedish modernism. His teachers i... | 28,166 |
206725 | Karl-Birger Blomdahl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Birger%20Blomdahl | Karl-Birger Blomdahl
winds and percussion, at least one other opera ("Herr von Hancken"), and much chamber music, including a trio for clarinet, cello and piano.
# Works.
## Stage.
- (1958) "Aniara", (libretto by Erik Lindegren based on a poem by Harry Martinson) Recorded and released by Columbia Masterworks as a d... | 28,167 |
206725 | Karl-Birger Blomdahl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Birger%20Blomdahl | Karl-Birger Blomdahl
Bernstein.
- (1962) "Herr von Hancken" (libretto by Erik Lindegren based on a book by Hjalmar Bergmans)
- (1949) "Agamemnon"
## Ballet.
- (1954) "Sisyfos"
- (1957) "Minotaurus"
- (1962) "Spel för åtta"
## Orchestra.
- (1939) "Symphonic Dances"
- (1943) Symphony No. 1
- (1947) Symphony No.... | 28,168 |
206725 | Karl-Birger Blomdahl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Birger%20Blomdahl | Karl-Birger Blomdahl
(1946) Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra"
- (1953) Chamber Concerto for Piano, Winds and Percussion
## Choir.
- (1951–52) "I speglarnas sal" (after a poem by Erik Lindegren)
## Film music.
- (1953) "Gycklarnas afton"
- (1965) "Så börjar livet"
## Chamber music.
- (1938) Trio for Bras... | 28,169 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. The history of agriculture began thousan... | 28,170 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
output, though about 2 billion people still depended on subsistence agriculture into the twenty-first.
Modern agronomy, plant breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, and technological developments have sharply increased yields, while causing widespread ecological and environmental damag... | 28,171 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
used, although some are banned in certain countries.
The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels and raw materials (such as rubber). Food classes include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, oils, meat, milk, fungi and eggs. Over one-third of the world's workers are em... | 28,172 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
agriculture usually refers to human activities, certain species of ant, termite and ambrosia beetle also cultivate crops. Agriculture is defined with varying scopes, in its broadest sense using natural resources to "produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultur... | 28,173 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa, in at least 11 separate centres of origin. Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago. From around 11,500 years ago, the eight Neolithic founder crops, emmer and einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chi... | 28,174 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
emerged in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia, where wild boar were first domesticated about 10,500 years ago. In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans, coca, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs. Sugarcane and some root... | 28,175 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
agriculture. Studies of the transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies indicate an initial period of intensification and increasing sedentism; examples are the Natufian culture in the Levant, and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China. Then, wild stands that had previously been harvested starte... | 28,176 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
dates, grapes, and figs. Ancient Egyptian agriculture relied on the Nile River and its seasonal flooding. Farming started in the predynastic period at the end of the Paleolithic, after 10,000 BC. Staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as flax and papyrus. In ... | 28,177 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
granary system and widespread silk farming. Water-powered grain mills were in use by the 1st century BC, followed by irrigation. By the late 2nd century, heavy ploughs had been developed with iron ploughshares and mouldboards. These spread westwards across Eurasia. Asian rice was domesticated 8,200–13,500 y... | 28,178 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
(apart from teosinte) include squash, beans, and cocoa. Cocoa was being domesticated by the Mayo Chinchipe of the upper Amazon around 3,000 BC.
The turkey was probably domesticated in Mexico or the American Southwest. The Aztecs developed irrigation systems, formed terraced hillsides, fertilized their soil... | 28,179 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
East domesticated crops such as sunflower, tobacco, squash and "Chenopodium". Wild foods including wild rice and maple sugar were harvested. The domesticated strawberry is a hybrid of a Chilean and a North American species, developed by breeding in Europe and North America. The indigenous people of the Sout... | 28,180 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
and climbing beans.
Indigenous Australians, long supposed to have been nomadic hunter-gatherers, practised systematic burning to enhance natural productivity in fire-stick farming. The Gunditjmara and other groups developed eel farming and fish trapping systems from some 5,000 years ago. There is evidence ... | 28,181 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees such as the orange to Europe by way of Al-Andalus. After 1492, the Columbian exchange brought New World crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet potatoes and manioc to Europe, and Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice and ... | 28,182 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
was replaced by mechanization, and assisted by synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and selective breeding. The Haber-Bosch method allowed the synthesis of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on an industrial scale, greatly increasing crop yields and sustaining a further increase in global population. Modern agricult... | 28,183 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
This type of farming is practised in arid and semi-arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India.
In shifting cultivation, a small area of forest is cleared by cutting and burning the trees. The cleared land is used for growing crops for a few years until the soil becomes too infertile, and ... | 28,184 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
It is intensively practiced in Monsoon Asia and South-East Asia. An estimated 2.5 billion subsistence farmers worked in 2018, cultivating about 60% of the earth's arable land.
Intensive farming is cultivation to maximise profit, with a low fallow ratio and a high use of inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticide... | 28,185 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic, regenerative, and sustainable agriculture movements. One of the major forces behind this movement has been the European Union, which first certified organic food in 1991 and began reform of its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2005 to phase out commo... | 28,186 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
costs, climate change, growing consumer demand in China and India, and population growth, are threatening food security in many parts of the world. The International Fund for Agricultural Development posits that an increase in smallholder agriculture may be part of the solution to concerns about food prices... | 28,187 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
of agriculture and by this measure agriculture in the United States is roughly 1.7 times more productive than it was in 1948.
## Workforce.
Following the three-sector theory, the number of people employed in agriculture and other primary activities (such as fishing) can be more than 80% in the least devel... | 28,188 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
to between 35 and 65%. In the same countries today, the figure is less than 10%.
At the start of the 21st century, some one billion people, or over 1/3 of the available work force, were employed in agriculture. It constitutes approximately 70% of the global employment of children, and in many countries emp... | 28,189 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
use and prolonged sun exposure. On industrialized farms, injuries frequently involve the use of agricultural machinery, and a common cause of fatal agricultural injuries in developed countries is tractor rollovers. Pesticides and other chemicals used in farming can also be hazardous to worker health, and wo... | 28,190 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
motor accidents, including with all-terrain vehicles.
The International Labour Organization considers agriculture "one of the most hazardous of all economic sectors". It estimates that the annual work-related death toll among agricultural employees is at least 170,000, twice the average rate of other jobs.... | 28,191 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
agriculture has been identified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda to identify and provide intervention strategies for occupational health and safety issues.
In the European Union, the European Agency for S... | 28,192 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
because it makes you think of it as something separate from your work. Safety is not an interruption to your work. It’s the way you get your work done.”
# Production.
Overall production varies by country as listed.
## Crop cultivation systems.
Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available... | 28,193 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
regrow forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10–20). This fallow period is shortened if population density grows, requiring the input of nutrients (fertilizer or manure) and some manual pest control. Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity in which there is n... | 28,194 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
in one year, and intercropping, when several crops are grown at the same time, are other kinds of annual cropping systems known as polycultures.
In subtropical and arid environments, the timing and extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple annual crops in a year, or req... | 28,195 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Specific crops are cultivated in distinct growing regions throughout the world. Production is listed in millions of metric tons, based on FAO estimates.
## Livestock production systems.
Animal husbandry is the breeding and raising of animals for meat, milk... | 28,196 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
, 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people. Between the 1960s and the 2000s, there was a significant increase in livestock production, both by numbers and by carcass weight, especially among beef, pigs and chickens, ... | 28,197 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
fastest growing sectors of food production, growing at an average of 9% a year between 1975 and 2007.
During the second half of the 20th century, producers using selective breeding focused on creating livestock breeds and crossbreeds that increased production, while mostly disregarding the need to preserve... | 28,198 |
627 | Agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture | Agriculture
nutrient inputs may be used, however manure is returned directly to the grassland as a major nutrient source. This system is particularly important in areas where crop production is not feasible because of climate or soil, representing 30–40 million pastoralists. Mixed production systems use grassland, fodd... | 28,199 |
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