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662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
landed.
"Eagle" landed at 20:17:40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with of usable fuel remaining. Information available to the crew and mission controllers during the landing showed the LM had enough fuel for another 25 seconds of powered flight before an abort without touchdown would have become unsafe, but post-miss... | 28,300 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
this.
Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post landing checklist with "Engine arm is off", before responding to the CAPCOM, Charles Duke, with the words, "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The "Eagle" has landed." Armstrong's unrehearsed change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquility Base" emph... | 28,301 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
privately. At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair (who had objected to the Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space. As such, Aldrin chose to refrain from direc... | 28,302 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
a five-hour sleep period, but they chose to begin preparations for the EVA early, thinking they would be unable to sleep.
## Lunar surface operations.
Preparations for Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to walk on the Moon began at 23:43. These took longer than expected; three and a half hours instead of two. D... | 28,303 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his portable life support system (PLSS). Some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress. At 02:51 Armstrong began his descent to the lunar surface. The remote control unit on his chest kept him from seein... | 28,304 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
the picture. The signal was received at Goldstone in the United States, but with better fidelity by Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station near Canberra in Australia. Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive Parkes radio telescope in Australia. Despite some technical and weather difficulties, gho... | 28,305 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
a plaque mounted on the LM descent stage bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon. The inscription read:
At the behest of the Nixon administration to add a reference to God, NASA included the vague date as a r... | 28,306 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
intended to say "That's one small step for a man", but the word "a" is not audible in the transmission, and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast. When later asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he said "for a man", and subsequent printed versions of the quote in... | 28,307 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon ... | 28,308 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
space suit. Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface. He described the view with the simple phrase: "Magnificent desolation."
Armstrong said moving in the lunar gravity, one-sixth of Earth's, was "even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It's absolutely no trouble to walk around." Aldrin joined him on the ... | 28,309 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
moving from sunlight into "Eagle" shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, but the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow. The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soi... | 28,310 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
inches (5 cm) into the hard lunar surface. Aldrin was afraid it might topple in front of TV viewers. But he gave "a crisp West Point salute". Before Aldrin could take a photo of Armstrong with the flag, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission which Nixon called "the most h... | 28,311 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
the lunar laser ranging experiment. Then Armstrong walked from the LM to snap photos at the rim of Little West Crater while Aldrin collected two core samples. He used the geologist's hammer to pound in the tubes – the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11, but was unable to penetrate more than deep. The ... | 28,312 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts: armalcolite, tranquillityite, and pyroxferroite. Armalcolite was named after Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. All have subsequently been found on Earth.
Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong his metabolic rates... | 28,313 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
of how much cooling water the astronauts' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon.
## Lunar ascent.
Aldrin entered "Eagle" first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing of lunar surface material to the LM hatch usin... | 28,314 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
to LM life support, the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, an empty Hasselblad camera, and other equipment. The hatch was closed again at 05:11:13. They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep.
Presidential speech... | 28,315 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
would "close down communications" with the LM, and a clergyman would "commend their souls to the deepest of the deep" in a public ritual likened to burial at sea. The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to Rupert Brooke's First World War poem, "The Soldier".
While moving inside the cabin, Al... | 28,316 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
surface, in addition to the scientific instruments, the astronauts left behind: an Apollo 1 mission patch in memory of astronauts Roger Chaffee, Gus Grissom, and Edward White, who died when their command module caught fire during a test in January 1967; two memorial medals of Soviet cosmonauts Vladimir Komaro... | 28,317 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and present top management.
After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight. Two and a half hours later, at 17... | 28,318 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the attitude indicator, but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over." Subsequent Apollo missions planted their flags farther from the LM.
## "Columbia" in lunar orbit.
During his day flying solo around the Moon, Collins never felt lonely. A... | 28,319 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
side of the Moon, the feeling he reported was not fear or loneliness, but rather "awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation".
One of Collins' first tasks was to identify the lunar module on the ground. To give Collins an idea where to look, Mission Control radioed that they believe... | 28,320 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
side on the third orbit, Mission Control informed Collins there was a problem with the temperature of the coolant. If it became too cold, parts of "Columbia" might freeze. Mission Control advised him to assume manual control and implement Environmental Control System Malfunction Procedure 17. Instead, Collins... | 28,321 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
Moon as "relaxing". After Aldrin and Armstrong completed their EVA, Collins slept so he could be rested for the rendezvous. While the flight plan called for "Eagle" to meet up with "Columbia", Collins was prepared for a contingency in which he would fly "Columbia" down to meet "Eagle".
## Return.
"Eagle" re... | 28,322 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented:
Aldrin added:
Armstrong concluded:
On the return to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed, potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return. A regula... | 28,323 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
11 on June 5, replacing its sister ship, the LPH , which had recovered Apollo 10 on May 26. "Hornet" was then at her home port of Long Beach, California. On reaching Pearl Harbor on July 5, "Hornet" embarked the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopters of HS-4, a unit which specialized in recovery of Apollo spacecr... | 28,324 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
area in the central Pacific, in the vicinity of . A presidential party consisting of Nixon, Borman, Secretary of State William P. Rogers and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger flew to Johnston Atoll on Air Force One, then to the command ship in Marine One. After a night on board, they would fly to "Hor... | 28,325 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
had access to top secret spy satellite images. He realized that a storm front was headed for the Apollo recovery area. Poor visibility which could make locating the capsule, and strong upper level winds which “would have ripped their parachutes to shreds” according to Brandii; posed a serious threat to the sa... | 28,326 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
altered the flight plan. A different sequence of computer programs was used, one never before attempted. In a conventional entry, P64 was followed by P67. For a skip-out re-entry, P65 and P66 were employed to handle the exit and entry parts of the skip. In this case, because they were extending the re-entry b... | 28,327 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
designated as "air boss" while the third acted as a communications relay aircraft. Two of the Sea Kings carried divers and recovery equipment. The third carried photographic equipment, and the fourth carried the decontamination swimmer and the flight surgeon. At 16:44 UTC (05:44 local time) "Columbia"s drogue... | 28,328 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
Brandli and Houston had predicted.
During splashdown, "Columbia" landed upside down but was righted within ten minutes by flotation bags activated by the astronauts. A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a sea anchor to prevent it from drifting. More divers attached flotation collars to st... | 28,329 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
"Columbia" wiped with Betadine to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The astronauts were winched on board the recovery helicopter. BIGs were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board "Hornet". The raft containing decontamination materials was intentionally sunk.
After touchdown on "Horn... | 28,330 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
dropped. Nixon welcomed the astronauts back to Earth. He told them: "As a result of what you've done, the world has never been closer together before."
After Nixon departed, "Hornet" was brought alongside the "Columbia", which was lifted aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF... | 28,331 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
for deactivation, and its pyrotechnics made safe. It was then taken to Hickham Air Force Base, from whence it was flown to Houston in a Douglas C-133 Cargomaster, reaching the Lunar Receiving Laboratory on July 30.
In accordance with the Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law, a set of regulations promulgated by NAS... | 28,332 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
on the astronauts, on those who had joined them in quarantine (NASA physician William Carpentier and MQF project engineer John Hirasaki), and on "Columbia" itself. Loose equipment from the spacecraft remained in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study.
## Celebrations.
On August 13, the th... | 28,333 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
each astronaut with a presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
The three astronauts spoke before a joint session of Congress on September 16, 1969. They presented two US flags, one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate, that they had carried with them to the surface of the Moo... | 28,334 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins.
# Legacy.
## Cultural significance.
Humans walking on the Moon and returning safely to Earth accomplished Kennedy's goal set eight years earlier. In Mission Control during the Apollo 11 landing, Kennedy's speech flashed on... | 28,335 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
the lunar surface also spun off various parodies.
While most people celebrated the accomplishment, disenfranchised Americans saw it as a symbol of the divide in America, evidenced by protesters outside of Kennedy Space Center the day before Apollo 11 launched. This is not to say they were not awed by it. Ral... | 28,336 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
States that was highlighted by the Space Race. The poem starts with:
Twenty percent of the world's population watched humans walk on the Moon for the first time. While Apollo 11 sparked the interest of the world, the follow-on Apollo missions did not hold the interest of the nation. One possible explanation ... | 28,337 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
most Americans were proud of their nation's achievements in space exploration, only once during the late 1960s did the Gallup Poll indicate that a majority of Americans favored "doing more" in space as opposed to "doing less". By 1973, 59 percent of those polled favored cutting spending on space exploration. ... | 28,338 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
of the Office of Management and Budget, might send a signal that "our best years are behind us".
After the Apollo 11 mission, officials from the Soviet Union said landing humans on the Moon was dangerous and unnecessary. At the time the Soviet Union was attempting to retrieve lunar samples robotically. The S... | 28,339 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
The Soviet government limited the release of information about the lunar landing, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it any attention, and another portion was angered by it.
## Spacecraft.
The Command Module "Columbia" went on a tour of the United States, visiting 49 state c... | 28,340 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
"Spirit of St. Louis", Bell X-1, North American X-15 and "Friendship 7".
"Columbia" was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, to be readied for a four-city tour titled "Destination Moon: The Apollo 11 Mission". This included S... | 28,341 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
museum's "Apollo to the Moon" exhibit, until it closed for good on December 3, 2018, to be replaced by a new gallery which was scheduled to open in 2022. A special display of Armstrong's suit is planned for the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 in July 2019. The quarantine trailer, the flotation collar and the fl... | 28,342 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules, scientific instruments, and foot trails made by the astronauts. The remains of the ascent stage lie at an unknown location on the lunar surface, after being abandoned and impacting the Moon. The location is uncertain because "Eagle" as... | 28,343 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
scanning. His team brought parts of two of the five engines to the surface. In July 2013, a conservator discovered a serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the Atlantic, which NASA confirmed was from Apollo 11. The S-IVB third stage which performed Apollo 11's trans-lunar injection rem... | 28,344 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
They are handled only indirectly, using special tools. Over 100 research laboratories around the world conduct studies of the samples, and approximately 500 samples are prepared and sent to investigators every year.
In November 1969, Nixon asked NASA to make up about 250 presentation Apollo 11 lunar sample d... | 28,345 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
Apollo 11 lunar sample displays were given out as goodwill gifts by Nixon in 1970.
## Experiment results.
The Passive Seismic Experiment ran until the command uplink failed on August 25, 1969. The downlink failed on December 14, 1969. , the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment remains operational.
## Armstrong's... | 28,346 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
display at the National Air and Space Museum. However, there are 12 Hasselblad cameras currently sitting on the surface of the Moon, where only the film magazines were brought back to Earth.
## Anniversary events.
### 40th anniversary events.
On July 15, 2009, Life.com released a photo gallery of previousl... | 28,347 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronized and released for the first time. The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum set up an Adobe Flash website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon.
... | 28,348 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
August 7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator Bill Nelson and Florida Representative Alan Grayson.
A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary even... | 28,349 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
Mint released the Apollo 11 Fiftieth Anniversary commemorative coins to the public on its website.
A documentary film, "Apollo 11", with restored footage of the 1969 event, premiered in IMAX on March 1, 2019, and broadly in theaters on March 8.
The Smithsonian Institute's National Air and Space Museum and N... | 28,350 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
20th from 9:30pm until 11:30pm (EDT). There was also a 17-minute show that combined full-motion video projected on the Washingtom Monument to recreate the assembly and launch of the Saturn V rocket. The projection was combined with a wide recreation of the Kennedy Space Center countdown clock and two large vi... | 28,351 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
July 19, 2019, the Google Doodle paid tribute to the Apollo 11 Moon Landing, complete with a link to an animated YouTube video with voiceover by astronaut Michael Collins.
Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins, Neil Armstrong's sons, and others were hosted by President Donald Trump in the Oval Office. Trump had also ... | 28,352 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
by Al Reinert about the Apollo program (1969–1972).
- "In the Shadow of the Moon", a 2007 documentary by David Sington and Christopher Riley about the Apollo program.
- "Apollo 11", a 2019 documentary film by Todd Douglas Miller with restored footage of the 1969 event.
- "Chasing the Moon", a July 2019 PBS... | 28,353 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
imagery.
# Notes.
In some of the following sources, times are shown in the format "hours:minutes:seconds" (e.g. 109:24:15), referring to the mission's Ground Elapsed Time (GET), based on the official launch time of July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 UTC (000:00:00 GET).
# External links.
- "Apollo 11 transcripts" at... | 28,354 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
Times" (London)
- NASA website honoring the mission
- "The untold story: how one small silicon disc delivered a giant message to the Moon" at collectSPACE.com
- "Coverage of the Flight of Apollo 11 – (1969)" provided by Todd Kosovich for RadioTapes.com. Radio station recordings (airchecks) covering the fli... | 28,355 |
662 | Apollo 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%2011 | Apollo 11
ions" at Buzz Aldrin's official website
- What You Didn’t Know About the Apollo 11 Mission, Smithsonian.
- Apollo 11 in real time
## NASA reports.
- – 200+ pages
- – 230 pages
## Multimedia.
- – "Life" magazine Special Edition, August 11, 1969
- – slideshow by "Life" magazine
- – Remastered videos of... | 28,356 |
206744 | Chlorarachniophyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorarachniophyte | Chlorarachniophyte
Chlorarachniophyte
The chlorarachniophytes are a small group of algae occasionally found in tropical oceans. They are typically mixotrophic, ingesting bacteria and smaller protists as well as conducting photosynthesis. Normally they have the form of small amoebae, with branching cytoplasmic extensio... | 28,357 |
206744 | Chlorarachniophyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorarachniophyte | Chlorarachniophyte
reticulum, and contain a small nucleomorph between the middle two, which is a remnant of the alga's nucleus. This contains a small amount of DNA and divides without forming a mitotic spindle. The origin of the chloroplasts from green algae is supported by their pigmentation, which includes chlorophyl... | 28,358 |
206744 | Chlorarachniophyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorarachniophyte | Chlorarachniophyte
amoeboid and amoeboid-like protozoa.
The chlorarachniophytes were placed before in the order Rhizochloridales, class Xanthophyceae (e.g., Smith, 1938), as algae, or in order Rhizochloridea, class Xanthomonadina (e.g., Deflandre, 1956), as protozoa.
So far sexual reproduction has only been reported ... | 28,359 |
206744 | Chlorarachniophyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorarachniophyte | Chlorarachniophyte
Species "Amorphochlora amoebiformis" ["Lotharella amoeboformis" ]
- Genus "Bigelowiella"
- Species "B. longifila"
- Species "B. natans"
- Genus "Chlorarachnion"
- Species "Chlorarachnion reptans"
- Genus "Cryptochlora"
- Species "Cryptochlora perforans"
- Genus "Gymnochlora"
- Species "G. di... | 28,360 |
206744 | Chlorarachniophyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorarachniophyte | Chlorarachniophyte
"B. natans"
- Genus "Chlorarachnion"
- Species "Chlorarachnion reptans"
- Genus "Cryptochlora"
- Species "Cryptochlora perforans"
- Genus "Gymnochlora"
- Species "G. dimorpha"
- Species "G. stellata"
- Genus "Lotharella"
- Species "L. scrobicolata"
- Species "L. polymorpha"
- Species "L. v... | 28,361 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
The current flag of the State of Georgia was adopted on May 8, 2003. The flag bears three stripes consisting of red-white-red, featuring a blue canton containing a ring of 13 white stars encompassing the state's coat of arms in gold. In the coat of arms, the ar... | 28,362 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
Trust, featured below these elements. The ring of stars that encompass the state's coat of arms represents Georgia as one of the original Thirteen Colonies. The design principle is based on the First National Flag of the Confederacy, which was nicknamed the Stars and Bars.
# History.
## E... | 28,363 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
was adopted to memorialize Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War. Perry was a former colonel in the Confederate army during the war, and he presumably based the design on the First National Flag of the Confederacy, commonly known as the Stars and Bars. Over the years the flag w... | 28,364 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
depicting the coat of arms directly on the blue band, suggesting that no such flag was ever actually produced. Instead, no later than 1904, the coat of arms began to be depicted on a white shield, possibly with a gold outline. This version also added a red ribbon with the word "GEORGIA" bel... | 28,365 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
coat of arms began to be replaced with the state seal. The Senate report indicates this happened sometime in the 1910s or 1920s, and may have been connected to the 1914 change in the state seal's date and the need to conform newly produced flags to that change. The report notes that the fir... | 28,366 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
by Southern Democrat John Sammons Bell, a World War II veteran and an attorney who was an outspoken supporter of segregation.
The 1956 flag was adopted in an era when the Georgia General Assembly "was entirely devoted to passing legislation that would preserve segregation and white suprema... | 28,367 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
who opposed the change, later stated, "There was only one reason for putting the flag on there: like the gun rack in the back of a pickup truck, it telegraphs a message." Additionally, the 2000 report concluded that the "1956 General Assembly changed the state flag" during "an atmosphere of... | 28,368 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
Civil War." Bell, who designed the 1956 flag and supported its adoption during the 1950s as a defense of the state's "institutions", which at the time included segregation, claimed years later that he did so to honor Confederate soldiers. The 2000 report states that the claims that the flag... | 28,369 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
and that "no one in 1956, including the flag’s sponsors, claimed that the change was in anticipation of the coming anniversary".
At the time, opposition to changing the flag came from various sides, including from Confederate historical groups like the United Daughters of the Confederacy (... | 28,370 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
also said that there was nothing wrong with the 1920 flag and that people were content with it. Others opposed changing the flag out of the burden it would place on those who would have to purchase a new flag to replace the outdated one.
The 2000 Georgia senate report and other critics hav... | 28,371 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
during the run-up to the 1996 Olympic Games that were held in Atlanta. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) focused on the Georgia flag as a major issue and some business leaders in Georgia felt that the perceptions of the flag were causing economic harm to... | 28,372 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
responded to the increasing calls for a new state flag, and in 2001 hurried a replacement through the Georgia General Assembly. His new flag, designed by architect Cecil Alexander, sought a compromise, by featuring small versions of some (but not all) of Georgia's former flags, including th... | 28,373 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia flag was ranked the worst by a wide margin. The group stated that the flag "violates all the principles of good flag design." After the 1956 state flag was replaced in 2001, the Georgia city of Trenton adopted a modified version as its official city flag, to protest its discontinuat... | 28,374 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
to draft a new flag in 2003.
The Georgia General Assembly's proposed flag combined elements of Georgia's previous flags, creating a composition that was inspired by the First National Flag of the Confederacy, the Stars and Bars, rather than the Confederate Battle Flag. Perdue signed the le... | 28,375 |
206736 | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag%20of%20Georgia%20(U.S.%20state) | Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
esidential primary election. If the 2003 flag was rejected, the pre-2001 design would have been put to a vote. The 2003 design won 73.1% of the vote in the referendum.
# See also.
- Flaggers (Confederate flag erectors)
- State of Georgia
- History of Georgia
- Great Seal of the State o... | 28,376 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
Astronaut
An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politician... | 28,377 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
on the point where the atmosphere becomes so thin that centrifugal force, rather than aerodynamic force, carries a significant portion of the weight of the flight object. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed the Kármán line, at an ... | 28,378 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
a loop around the Moon. Three of the 24—Jim Lovell, John Young and Eugene Cernan—did so twice.
, under the U.S. definition, 558 people qualify as having reached space, above altitude. Of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded in altitude, only one exceeded 100 kilometers (about 62 miles). Space travelers have spent ... | 28,379 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
humans into space, NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan and his Deputy Administrator, Dr. Hugh Dryden, discussed whether spacecraft crew members should be called "astronauts" or "cosmonauts". Dryden preferred "cosmonaut", on the grounds that flights would occur in the "cosmos" (near space), while the "astro" p... | 28,380 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
term derives from the Greek words "ástron" (ἄστρον), meaning "star", and "nautes" (ναύτης), meaning "sailor". The first known use of the term "astronaut" in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his 1930 short story "The Death's Head Meteor". The word itself had been known earlier; for example, in Percy Gr... | 28,381 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
Astronaut", appearing in the November 1934 "Bulletin of the British Interplanetary Society".
The first known formal use of the term astronautics in the scientific community was the establishment of the annual International Astronautical Congress in 1950, and the subsequent founding of the International Astro... | 28,382 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
Federal Space Agency (or its Soviet predecessor) is called a "cosmonaut" in English texts. The word is an anglicisation of the Russian word "kosmonavt" (, ), one who works in space outside the Earth's atmosphere, a space traveler, which derives from the Greek words "kosmos" (κόσμος), meaning "universe", and "... | 28,383 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
Force pilot Yuri Gagarin, also the first person in space. He was part of the first six Russians, with German Titov, Yevgeny Khrunov, Andriyan Nikolayev, Pavel Popovich, and Grigoriy Nelyubov, who were given the title of pilot-cosmonaut in January 1961. Valentina Tereshkova was the first female cosmonaut and t... | 28,384 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
as the navigation of outer space within the local star system, i.e. solar system. The phrase (, "spaceman") is often used in Hong Kong and Taiwan.
The term "taikonaut" is used by some English-language news media organizations for professional space travelers from China. The word has featured in the Longman a... | 28,385 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
Chinese space program. The origin of the term is unclear; as early as May 1998, Chiew Lee Yih () from Malaysia, used it in newsgroups.
## Other terms.
With the rise of space tourism, NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency agreed to use the term "spaceflight participant" to distinguish those space travele... | 28,386 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage. For example, the term "spationaut" (French spelling: ) is sometimes used to describe French space travelers, from the Latin word for "space", the Malay term was used to describe participants in the Angkasawan program, and the Indian Space Research ... | 28,387 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
in a vehicle above 50 statute miles for NASA or the military is considered an "astronaut" (with no qualifier)
- one who flies in a vehicle to the International Space Station in a mission coordinated by NASA and Roscosmos is a "spaceflight participant"
- one who flies above 50 miles in a non-NASA vehicle as ... | 28,388 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
above 50 statute miles is a "space tourist" (as of 2019, nobody has yet qualified for this status)
# Space travel milestones.
The first human in space was Soviet Yuri Gagarin, who was launched on April 12, 1961, aboard Vostok 1 and orbited around the Earth for 108 minutes. The first woman in space was Sovie... | 28,389 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
Challenger's mission STS-7, on June 18, 1983. In 1992 Mae Jemison became the first African American woman to travel in space aboard STS-47.
Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was the first person to conduct an extravehicular activity (EVA), (commonly called a "spacewalk"), on March 18, 1965, on the Soviet Union's Voskh... | 28,390 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
(i.e. Warsaw Pact and other Soviet-allied) countries to fly on its missions, with the notable exception of France participating in Soyuz TM-7. An example is Czechoslovak Vladimír Remek, the first cosmonaut from a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States, who flew to space in 1978 on a Soyuz-U ... | 28,391 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
African American to fly into space. In April 1985, Taylor Wang became the first ethnic Chinese person in space. The first person born in Africa to fly in space was Patrick Baudry (France), in 1985. In 1985, Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud became the first Arab Muslim astronaut in ... | 28,392 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
space (through 2010).
In 1985, Rodolfo Neri Vela became the first Mexican-born person in space. In 1991, Helen Sharman became the first Briton to fly in space.
In 2002, Mark Shuttleworth became the first citizen of an African country to fly in space, as a paying spaceflight participant. In 2003, Ilan Ramon ... | 28,393 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
in space is John Glenn, who was 77 when he flew on STS-95.
## Duration and distance milestones.
438 days is the longest time spent in space, by Russian Valeri Polyakov.
As of 2006, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven, a record held by both Jerry L. Ross and Franklin Chang-Diaz. The fa... | 28,394 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
Force, which did not accept female pilots at that time. A month later, Joseph Albert Walker became the first American civilian in space when his X-15 Flight 90 crossed the line, qualifying him by the international definition of spaceflight. Walker had joined the US Army Air Force but was not a member during h... | 28,395 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
as a reporter for Tokyo Broadcasting System, a visit to Mir as part of an estimated $12 million (USD) deal with a Japanese TV station, although at the time, the term used to refer to Akiyama was "Research Cosmonaut". Akiyama suffered severe space sickness during his mission, which affected his productivity.
... | 28,396 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
have paid the Russian Space Agency to fly into space:
- 1. Dennis Tito (American): April 28 – May 6, 2001 (ISS)
- 2. Mark Shuttleworth (South African): April 25 – May 5, 2002 (ISS)
- 3. Gregory Olsen (American): October 1–11, 2005 (ISS)
- 4. Anousheh Ansari (Iranian / American): September 18–29, 2006 (ISS... | 28,397 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
training were often cited as prerequisites for selection as an astronaut at NASA, although neither John Glenn nor Scott Carpenter (of the Mercury Seven) had any university degree, in engineering or any other discipline at the time of their selection. Selection was initially limited to military pilots. The ear... | 28,398 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
(microgravity) in an aircraft called the "Vomit Comet," the nickname given to a pair of modified KC-135s (retired in 2000 and 2004, respectively, and replaced in 2005 with a C-9) which perform parabolic flights. Astronauts are also required to accumulate a number of flight hours in high-performance jet aircra... | 28,399 |
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