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206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
Raasay
Raasay () or the Isle of Raasay is an island between the Isle of Skye and the mainland of Scotland. It is separated from Skye by the Sound of Raasay and from Applecross by the Inner Sound. It is most famous for being the birthplace of Gaelic poet Sorley MacLean, an important figure in the Scottish Renais... | 28,500 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
of the Roe Deer" and is home to an endemic subspecies of bank vole. The current Chief of the Island is Roderick John Macleod of Raasay.
# Geology and geography.
About north to south and east to west (at its widest), Raasay's terrain is varied. The highest point at 443 metres (1,453 ft) is Dùn Caan, an unusual,... | 28,501 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
interesting, the island is visited by many students engaged in mapping projects. The south is mainly Torridonian sandstone and shale; the north is grey-banded Archaean Lewisian gneiss and granulite. There are also smaller outcrops of Jurassic shales and sandstones occasionally interspersed with limestone. The re... | 28,502 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
company, crofting and fishing, or commuting to work on Skye. A twenty-five-minute ride by the car and passenger ferry connects the island with Sconser on Skye. There is a primary school, but older students go to Portree High School by the ferry and bus.
Sites of interest include the remains of a broch, the ruin... | 28,503 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
900 in 1803 to 194 in 2001. Some inhabitants belong to the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, which strictly observes the Sabbath. On Sundays there are no public services, the playground is closed and, until 2004, the ferry did not run.
In early 2007 the Raasay Community Association signed a contract with a ... | 28,504 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
However, in the early hours of 18 January 2009 the building was severely damaged by fire. Restoration work commenced in August 2010 but was suspended in November when the main contractor, ROK, went into administration. Work restarted with a new contractor, Mansell, in late 2011. Raasay House was officially hande... | 28,505 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
is darker and heavier than the mainland variety and found nowhere else in the world. It is possibly a survivor of a Scandinavian race. Murray (1973) states that a single specimen of a pine marten, otherwise missing from the Hebrides, was found on the island in 1971. No other records for this species exist. Raasa... | 28,506 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
including red broomrape, dark red helleborine, mountain avens and numerous other saxifrages, orchids, alpines and ferns. The carline thistle ("Carlina vulgaris") was apparently extant in the 1970s, but a recent survey found no evidence of its continued existence. There are several stands of mixed woodland.
# Hi... | 28,507 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
and for much of the period religious observance came under the jurisdiction of the Bishopric of the Isles. The Hebrides were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland as a result of the 1266 Treaty of Perth, after which time control of the islands north of Ardnamurchan was in the hands of the Earls of Ross. In addition... | 28,508 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
younger son of the MacLeod Chief of Lewis was granted title. Martin Martin visited towards the end of the 17th century and noted:
it has some wood on all the quarters of it, the whole is fitter for pasturage than cultivation, the ground being generally very unequal, but very well watered with rivulets and sprin... | 28,509 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
&c., resort thither in the summer. On the west side, particularly near to the village Clachan, the shore abounds with smooth stones of different sizes, variegated all over. The same cattle, fowl, and fish are produced here that are found in the isle of Skye. There is a law observed by the natives that all their ... | 28,510 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
cousin to the king of Denmark. The other lies on the side, is an artificial fort, three stories high, and is called Castle Vreokle.
Brochel Castle, as it is more commonly known, was built by the MacSweens in the 15th century on the north-east coast of Raasay. Latterly, it became a base for the MacLeod of Lewis'... | 28,511 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
After the defeat at the Battle of Culloden, the Prince spent 2 days hiding from the British troops on Raasay and as a consequence of the island's support for the Jacobite cause the original Raasay House and many dwellings were burnt down by government troops. In conversation with Malcolm MacLeod of Raasay during... | 28,512 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
to be so great a general cannot be guilty of such cruelties. I cannot believe it."
In 1773 James Boswell and Samuel Johnson arrived on the island during their Hebridean tour. They visited Raasay House and Johnson wrote:
Our reception exceeded our expectations. We found nothing but civility, elegance, and plent... | 28,513 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
as the mansions of pleasure, struck the imagination with a delightful surprise, analogous to that which is felt at an unexpected emersion from darkness into light.
When it was time to sup, the dance ceased, and six and thirty persons sat down to two tables in the same room. After supper the ladies sung Erse son... | 28,514 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
walk. Old Mr Malcolm M’Cleod, who had obligingly promised to accompany me, was at my bedside between five and six. I sprang up immediately, and he and I, attended by two other gentlemen, traversed the country during the whole of this day. Though we had passed over not less than four-and-twenty miles of very rugg... | 28,515 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
the observations upon it, which I find registered in my journal. It is about fifteen English miles long, and four broad. On the south side is the laird’s family seat, situated on a pleasing low spot. The old tower of three stories, mentioned by Martin, was taken down soon after 1746, and a modern house supplies ... | 28,516 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
to George Rainy. After the failure of the potato harvests in the 1840s the new owner decided to convert as much arable land as possible to sheep farming. This required the removal of the islanders and his solution was to ban marriage. Several townships were cleared including Hallaig and Screapadal. Two boat load... | 28,517 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
"Spindrift" is also recorded as having become jammed under the ferry pier at the sound end of the island and broken in two by the rising tide at an unspecified date.
Near Oskaig, there is a row of six houses which are known as Manitoba. Locals believe that this was a gathering place for people about to embark o... | 28,518 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
public support for them was strong and they were eventually freed and allowed to remain on Raasay.
The island was purchased by the government in 1922 after the mine closed. In 1949 The Forestry Commission was granted land bringing much-needed employment, and in 1956 The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board de... | 28,519 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
Manchester-born Alan Evans (who lived in Loanhead and worked for Ferranti, but owned several small properties around Raasay) set up Isle of Raasay Enterprises, a private initiative intended to encourage local enterprise such as the production of tourist postcards. Little progress was made before his death in 196... | 28,520 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
following year (with completion in 1912).
Baird's original plan was for a railway from the outcrop site down to just south of Suisnish point with the erection of five kilns. Objections led to the plan being revised for two kilns further south, where the current pier is. This pier was a public pier with landing ... | 28,521 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
terraces is a broad open area. Numbers 1—32 are the western row, 33—64 the eastern. The lower, southern terraces were built first (1—16 and 33—48) between 1912 and 1913. The first terraces were stone built and by 1914–15 were about half occupied. By the time of the 1915–16 valuation some of numbers 1-16 were uno... | 28,522 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
amongst others which opened up domestic mines in order to supply the war effort. In May 1916 Baird's signed an agreement to run the mine on behalf of the Ministry, although there was a minor skirmish over the amount of processing to be done on the island. The first prisoners were on the island by June and were h... | 28,523 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
the island's population fell by over 16% since that time to the date of the 2011 census During the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702. With 36% in the 2001 census there was still a relatively high density of Gaelic speakers (down from over 75% in 1901 and 1921).
# Culture a... | 28,524 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
Sorley MacLean.
The poet Sorley MacLean was born in Osgaig, a small crofting community on the west coast of the island; perhaps his most famous poem is about "Hallaig", an abandoned community on the east coast. MacLean's writings often combine an ancient traditional awareness, with a modernist political outlook... | 28,525 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
lived much of his life off the island, but some of his time was spent in nearby Sleat on Skye and Plockton on the neighbouring mainland.
## Calum's Road.
The two miles (3 km) of road between Brochel Castle and Arnish were built using hand-tools by Calum MacLeod BEM over ten years. Only when complete was the ro... | 28,526 |
206719 | Raasay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raasay | Raasay
well as in a book by Roger Hutchinson. The BBC Radio 4 drama "Calum's Road", based on Hutchinson's book and dramatised by Colin MacDonald, was first broadcast on 5 October 2013 starring Ian McDiarmid as Calum MacLeod.
## Harrison Birtwistle.
The composer Sir Harrison Birtwistle lived on Raasay from 1975 to 198... | 28,527 |
206733 | Sweet Bird of Youth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet%20Bird%20of%20Youth | Sweet Bird of Youth
Sweet Bird of Youth
Sweet Bird of Youth is a 1959 play by Tennessee Williams which tells the story of a gigolo and drifter, Chance Wayne, who returns to his home town as the companion of a faded movie star, Alexandra Del Lago (travelling incognito as Princess Kosmonopolis), whom he hopes to use to ... | 28,528 |
206733 | Sweet Bird of Youth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet%20Bird%20of%20Youth | Sweet Bird of Youth
and a one-act play titled The Pink Bedroom that was later developed into Act Two of the play, featuring Boss Finley and his family.
# Plot.
Failed St. Cloud, Mississippi, native son Chance Wayne has fled his home town, seeking to profit from his beauty and youth in New York or Hollywood (whichever... | 28,529 |
206733 | Sweet Bird of Youth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet%20Bird%20of%20Youth | Sweet Bird of Youth
is the public and critical response to her attempt at a cinematic comeback in a recently released film.
Del Lago herself had been running away and burying herself in sex, alcohol, and drugs, until Chance recognized her while hustling in a Florida resort. He saw in her a last chance to build a relat... | 28,530 |
206733 | Sweet Bird of Youth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet%20Bird%20of%20Youth | Sweet Bird of Youth
to Hollywood, where – with del Lago's aid – they will both achieve stardom.
Unfortunately once returned to St. Cloud, Chance discovers Heavenly is only a shadow of the girl he knew. During his last visit to St. Cloud, he had unknowingly infected her with a disease he picked up as a result of his ow... | 28,531 |
206733 | Sweet Bird of Youth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet%20Bird%20of%20Youth | Sweet Bird of Youth
and castrated.
Using Alexandra's car and funds, Chance tries to prove to the town that he is a success, but his old friends call his bluff and see him for what he has become. Meanwhile, Alexandra receives news that the criticism she's been running from is actually praise and that her comeback could... | 28,532 |
206733 | Sweet Bird of Youth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet%20Bird%20of%20Youth | Sweet Bird of Youth
history.
## Pre-Broadway.
Williams began work on the play in the fall of 1959, calling it at first "The Enemy of Time".
As "Sweet Bird of Youth", the work-in-progress had a tryout production starring Tallulah Bankhead and Robert Drivas in Coral Gables, Florida, directed by George Keathley at his ... | 28,533 |
206733 | Sweet Bird of Youth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet%20Bird%20of%20Youth | Sweet Bird of Youth
it starred Paul Newman, Geraldine Page, Sidney Blackmer, Madeleine Sherwood, Diana Hyland, Logan Ramsey, and Rip Torn. Bruce Dern also played a small role. The production was nominated for three Tony Awards, including Best Actress for Page. The play ran for 375 performances.
A revival opened on Dec... | 28,534 |
206733 | Sweet Bird of Youth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet%20Bird%20of%20Youth | Sweet Bird of Youth
Del Lago. James Franco was in talks to co-star, however he dropped out for unknown reasons. In 2012, the production did go ahead at the Goodman Theatre to much acclaim but with Diane Lane in the lead role.
## London.
After 26 years, "Sweet Bird of Youth" appeared in London's West End. It opened on... | 28,535 |
206733 | Sweet Bird of Youth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet%20Bird%20of%20Youth | Sweet Bird of Youth
Elliott and starring Kim Cattrall as Del Lago and Seth Numrich as Chance.
## Chichester.
The play was revived in 2017 at Chichester Festival Theatre, running from June 2 to 24. Directed by Jonathan Kent, it starred Marcia Gay Harden as Alexandra del Lago/The Princess Kosmonopolis and Brian J. Smit... | 28,536 |
206733 | Sweet Bird of Youth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet%20Bird%20of%20Youth | Sweet Bird of Youth
all for acting: Geraldine for Best Actress, Shirley Knight for Best Supporting Actress, and Ed Begley for Best Supporting Actor, which he won.
## 1989 television version.
"Sweet Bird of Youth" was made for television in 1989, directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring Elizabeth Taylor, Mark Harmon, Val... | 28,537 |
206733 | Sweet Bird of Youth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet%20Bird%20of%20Youth | Sweet Bird of Youth
Torn. It was adapted by Gavin Lambert.
# In popular culture.
- "Youth of a Thousand Summers" by Van Morrison is based on the play.
- In the Robert Zemeckis film "Death Becomes Her" (1992), lead character Madeline Ashton is depicted as the star of a Broadway musical adaptation of "Sweet Bird of Yo... | 28,538 |
206757 | Free association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20association | Free association
Free association
Free association may refer to:
- Free association (psychology), a technique of psychoanalysis devised by Sigmund Freud
- Free association (Marxism and anarchism), where there is no state, social class, authority, or private ownership of means of production
- Free association, where... | 28,539 |
206758 | USS Newark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Newark | USS Newark
USS Newark
Multiple ships of the United States Navy have been named USS "Newark", after the city of Newark, New Jersey.
- was a protected cruiser in service from 1891 to 1912.
- was a minesweeper and tug in commission from 1917 to 1919.
- was a planned light cruiser; construction was cancelled in 1940.
... | 28,540 |
206753 | Trapdoor function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trapdoor%20function | Trapdoor function
Trapdoor function
A trapdoor function is a function that is easy to compute in one direction, yet difficult to compute in the opposite direction (finding its inverse) without special information, called the "trapdoor". Trapdoor functions are widely used in cryptography.
In mathematical terms, if "f"... | 28,541 |
206753 | Trapdoor function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trapdoor%20function | Trapdoor function
is the trapdoor function.
An example of a simple mathematical trapdoor is "6895601 is the product of two prime numbers. What are those numbers?" A typical solution would be to try dividing 6895601 by several prime numbers until finding the answer. However, if one is told that 1931 is one of the numbe... | 28,542 |
206753 | Trapdoor function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trapdoor%20function | Trapdoor function
public-key) encryption techniques by Diffie, Hellman, and Merkle. Indeed, coined the term. Several function classes have been proposed, and it soon became obvious that trapdoor functions are harder to find than was initially thought. For example, an early suggestion was to use schemes based on the sub... | 28,543 |
206753 | Trapdoor function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trapdoor%20function | Trapdoor function
defined over an elliptic curve) are "not" known to be trapdoor functions, because there is no known "trapdoor" information about the group that enables the efficient computation of discrete logarithms.
A trapdoor in cryptography has the very specific aforementioned meaning and is not to be confused w... | 28,544 |
206753 | Trapdoor function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trapdoor%20function | Trapdoor function
function is a collection of one-way functions { "f" : "D" → "R" } ("k" ∈ "K"), in which all of "K", "D", "R" are subsets of binary strings {0, 1}, satisfying the following conditions:
- There exists a probabilistic polynomial time (PPT) "sampling" algorithm Gen s.t. Gen(1) = ("k", "t") with "k" ∈ "K"... | 28,545 |
206753 | Trapdoor function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trapdoor%20function | Trapdoor function
any "k" ∈ "K", there exists a PPT algorithm "A" s.t. for any "x" ∈ "D", let "y" = "A" ( "k", "f"("x"), "t" ), and then we have "f"("y") = "f"("x"). That is, given trapdoor, it is easy to invert.
- For any "k" ∈ "K", without trapdoor "t", for any PPT algorithm, the probability to correctly invert "f" ... | 28,546 |
206753 | Trapdoor function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trapdoor%20function | Trapdoor function
having the inverse of "e" modulo φ("n"), the Euler's totient function of "n", is the trapdoor:
If the factorization is known, φ("n") can be computed, so then the inverse of can be computed = "e" mod φ("n"), and then given "y" = "f"("x") we can find "x" = "y" mod "n" = "x" mod "n" = "x" mod "n". Its h... | 28,547 |
206753 | Trapdoor function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trapdoor%20function | Trapdoor function
primes such that "p" ≡ 3 mod 4, "q" ≡ 3 mod 4, and kept confidential to adversarial. The problem is to compute "z" given "a" such that "a" ≡ "z" mod "n". The trapdoor is the factorization of "n". With trapdoor, the solutions of "z" can be given as "cx" + "dy", "cx" - "dy", - "cx" + "dy", - "cx" - "dy"... | 28,548 |
206754 | Gila River Indian Community | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20River%20Indian%20Community | Gila River Indian Community
Gila River Indian Community
The Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) is an Indian reservation in the U.S. state of Arizona, lying adjacent to the south side of the city of Phoenix, within the Phoenix Metropolitan Area in Pinal and Maricopa counties. Gila River Indian Reservation was establish... | 28,549 |
206754 | Gila River Indian Community | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20River%20Indian%20Community | Gila River Indian Community
offices and departments are located in Sacaton. The Community operates its own telecom company, electric utility, industrial park and healthcare clinic, and publishes a monthly newspaper. It has one of the highest rates of Type 2 diabetes in the world, around 50% of the population. The commu... | 28,550 |
206754 | Gila River Indian Community | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20River%20Indian%20Community | Gila River Indian Community
Governor
- Arzie Hogg, Council Member, Dist 1
- Joey Whitman, Council Member, Dist 1
- Carol A. Schurz, Council Member, Dist 2
- Carolyn Williams, Council Member, Dist 3
- Rodney Jackson, Council Member, Dist 3
- Barney B. Enos Jr., Council Member, Dist 4
- Pamela Johnson, Council Mem... | 28,551 |
206754 | Gila River Indian Community | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20River%20Indian%20Community | Gila River Indian Community
Redbird, Council Member, Dist 7
# Attractions.
The first casino opened in 1994.
Ira H. Hayes Memorial Library
The Ira H. Hayes Memorial Library is located in District 3, Sacaton, Arizona, and provides a variety of services to the Community.
# Current communities.
- Bapchule ("Pihpchul"... | 28,552 |
206754 | Gila River Indian Community | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20River%20Indian%20Community | Gila River Indian Community
Wet Camp Village
# Transportation.
The community owns and operates Gila River Memorial Airport, a small, private-use airport, located 4 miles southwest of the central business district of Chandler. It is used for cropdusting and air charter operations, with no scheduled commercial services... | 28,553 |
206754 | Gila River Indian Community | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila%20River%20Indian%20Community | Gila River Indian Community
graph "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima" in 1945, was born and grew up here. He was living here at the time of his death.
- Jay Morago, served as the first Governor of the Gila River Indian Community from 1954 until 1960, and helped to draft the reservation's 1960 constitution.
- Mary Thomas, ... | 28,554 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
Asphalt
Asphalt, also known as bitumen (, ), is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as a pitch. Before the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used. The word is derived from the Ancient... | 28,555 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, "asphalt" (or "asphalt cement") is commonly used for a refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called "bitumen", and geologists worldwide often prefer the term for ... | 28,556 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
as "refined bitumen". The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural asphalt in the Athabasca oil sands, which cover , an area larger than England.
# Terminology.
## Etymology.
The word "asphalt" is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French "asphalte", based on L... | 28,557 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
itself was expressive of this application. Specifically, Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall. From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French ("asphalte") and English ("asphaltum" and "asphalt"). In French, the term "asphalte" ... | 28,558 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally "gwitu-men" (pertaining to pitch), and by others, "pixtumens" (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to "bitumen", thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo-Saxon word "cwidu" (mastix), the Germ... | 28,559 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
commonly used today.
In Australian English, the word "asphalt" is used to describe a mix of construction aggregate. "Bitumen" refers to the liquid derived from the heavy-residues from crude oil distillation.
In American English, "asphalt" is equivalent to the British "bitumen". However, "asphalt" is also comm... | 28,560 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
petroleum industry, while bitumen "upgraded" to synthetic crude oil is known as "syncrude", and syncrude blended with bitumen is called "synbit".
"Bitumen" is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. "Bituminous rock" is a form of sandst... | 28,561 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
on the other hand, was formed naturally when vast quantities of organic animal materials were deposited by water and buried hundreds of metres deep at the diagenetic point, where the disorganized fatty hydrocarbon molecules joined together in long chains in the absence of oxygen. Bitumen occurs as a solid or hi... | 28,562 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
hydrogenated polycyclic aromatic compounds
- Polar aromatics, consisting of high molecular weight phenols and carboxylic acids produced by partial oxidation of the material
- Saturated hydrocarbons; the percentage of saturated compounds in asphalt correlates with its softening point
- Asphaltenes, consisting... | 28,563 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase. "It is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large".
Asphalt may be con... | 28,564 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural ... | 28,565 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
-- "REOB" or "REOBs"—the residue of recycled automotive engine oil collected from the bottoms of re-refining vacuum distillation towers, in the manufacture of asphalt. REOB contains various elements and compounds found in recycled engine oil: additives to the original oil and materials accumulating from its cir... | 28,566 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 °C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as bitumen, kerogen,... | 28,567 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
reserves, in three huge deposits covering , an area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the outpu... | 28,568 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surfac... | 28,569 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
US, where there is a swarm of laterally and vertically extensive veins composed of a solid hydrocarbon termed Gilsonite. These veins formed by the polymerization and solidification of hydrocarbons that were mobilized from the deeper oil shales of the Green River Formation during burial and diagenesis.
Bitumen ... | 28,570 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of . Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres and trapped into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean b... | 28,571 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
in Mohenjo-daro.
In the ancient Middle East, the Sumerians used natural bitumen deposits for mortar between bricks and stones, to cement parts of carvings, such as eyes, into place, for ship caulking, and for waterproofing. The Greek historian Herodotus said hot bitumen was used as mortar in the walls of Babyl... | 28,572 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
the Dead Sea, which the Romans knew as "Palus Asphaltites" (Asphalt Lake).
In approximately 40 AD, Dioscorides described the Dead Sea material as "Judaicum bitumen", and noted other places in the region where it could be found. The Sidon bitumen is thought to refer to material found at Hasbeya in Lebanon. Plin... | 28,573 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
on objects became quite hard upon cooling. This was used to cover objects that needed waterproofing, such as scabbards and other items. Statuettes of household deities were also cast with this type of material in Japan, and probably also in China.
In North America, archaeological recovery has indicated that bi... | 28,574 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in the Republic of Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia) for tarring of ships.
An 1838 edition of "Mechanics Magazine" cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) ... | 28,575 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation".
But the substance was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. In the 1830s there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widel... | 28,576 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.
## United Kingdom.
Among the earlier uses of bitumen in the United Kingdom was for etching. William Salmon's "Polygraphice" (1673) provides a recipe for varnish used in etching, consisting of three ounces of virgin... | 28,577 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also "instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)".
Claridge ob... | 28,578 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
in France",—"laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, "and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Clar... | 28,579 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving "continue(d) in good order".
In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also be use... | 28,580 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, "Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s".
In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted... | 28,581 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
up, ceasing operations in 1917, having invested a substantial amount of funds into the new venture, both at the outset and in a subsequent attempt to save the Clarmac Company.
Bitumen was thought in 19th century Britain to contain chemicals with medicinal properties. Extracts from bitumen were used to treat ca... | 28,582 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
used the substance as an adhesive. It is found on many different artifacts of tools and ceremonial items. For example, it was used on rattles to adhere gourds or turtle shells to rattle handles. It was also used in decorations. Small round shell beads were often set in asphaltum to provide decorations. It was u... | 28,583 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial.
In the horse-drawn era, US streets were mostly unpaved and covered with dirt or gravel. Especially where mud or trenching often made streets difficult to pass. pavements were some... | 28,584 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
automobile. Asphalt gradually became an ever more common method of paving. St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans was paved its whole length with asphalt by 1889 .
In 1900 Manhattan alone had 130,000 horses, pulling streetcars, wagons, and carriages, and leaving their waste behind. They were not fast, and pedestria... | 28,585 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
better was asphalt paving, which was easy to install and to cut through to get at sewers. With London and Paris serving as models, Washington laid 400,000 square yards of asphalt paving by 1882; it became the model for Buffalo, Philadelphia and elsewhere. By the end of the century, American cities boasted 30 mi... | 28,586 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
Canada.
Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands, and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson's Bay Company, who was the firs... | 28,587 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
the means of extracting the bitumen was not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta, was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techn... | 28,588 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
1925 and 1958 produced up to per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust- and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. E... | 28,589 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary p... | 28,590 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact. The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many pa... | 28,591 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
primarily as a constituent of products used in paving and roofing applications. According to the requirements of the end use, asphalt is produced to specification. This is achieved either by refining or blending. It is estimated that the current world use of asphalt is approximately 102 million tonnes per year.... | 28,592 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
polymers (e.g., rubber tyres), may be added to the asphalt to modify its properties according to the application for which the asphalt is ultimately intended.
A further 10% of global asphalt production is used in roofing applications, where its waterproofing qualities are invaluable.
The remaining 5% of aspha... | 28,593 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
Damp proofing
- Dams
- Reservoir and pool linings
- Soundproofing
- Pipe coatings
- Cable coatings
- Paints
- Building water proofing
- Tile underlying waterproofing
- Newspaper ink production
- and many other applications
## Rolled asphalt concrete.
The largest use of asphalt is for making asphalt ... | 28,594 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
so it can be mixed with the aggregates at the asphalt mixing facility. The temperature required varies depending upon characteristics of the asphalt and the aggregates, but warm-mix asphalt technologies allow producers to reduce the temperature required.
The weight of an asphalt pavement depends upon the aggre... | 28,595 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavement mixes. With some 95% of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt, a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year. According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the Natio... | 28,596 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
asphalt is a type of asphalt that differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% asphalt. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the bu... | 28,597 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
water to turn the asphalt into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal invo... | 28,598 |
657 | Asphalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt | Asphalt
emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements.
## Synthetic crude oil.
Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton c... | 28,599 |
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