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664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
are familiar with the International Space Station so they know what they must do when they get there.
## NASA candidacy requirements.
- Be citizens of the United States.
- Pass a strict physical examination, and have a near and distant visual acuity correctable to 20/20 (6/6). Blood pressure, while sitting... | 28,400 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
visual acuity must be correctable to 20/20 in each eye.
- The refractive surgical procedures of the eye, PRK (Photorefractive keratectomy) and LASIK, are now allowed, providing at least 1 year has passed since the date of the procedure with no permanent adverse after effects. For those applicants under final... | 28,401 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
years or more).
- Applicant's height must be between 4 ft 10.5 in and 6 ft 4 in (1.49 m and 1.93 m).
### Mission Specialist Educator.
- Applicants must have a bachelor's degree with teaching experience, including work at the kindergarten through twelfth grade level. An advanced degree, such as a master's d... | 28,402 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
sickness, barotrauma, immunodeficiencies, loss of bone and muscle, loss of eyesight, orthostatic intolerance, sleep disturbances, and radiation injury. A variety of large scale medical studies are being conducted in space via the National Space and Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) to address these issues... | 28,403 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
injuries as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in medical and high school students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.
A 2006 Space Shuttle experiment found... | 28,404 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
spaceflight may harm the brain and accelerate the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
In October 2015, the NASA Office of Inspector General issued a health hazards report related to space exploration, including a human mission to Mars.
Over the last decade, flight surgeons and scientists at NASA have seen a patte... | 28,405 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
in astronauts who have taken trips in space, based on MRI studies. Astronauts who took longer space trips were associated with greater brain changes.
Being in space can be physiologically deconditioning on the body. It can affect the otolith organs and adaptive capabilities of the central nervous system. Zer... | 28,406 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the International Space Station (ISS) of five "Enterobacter bugandensis" bacterial strains, none pathogenic to humans, that microorganisms on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for astronauts.
A recent study... | 28,407 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
mice exposed to neutron and gamma radiation didn't impact the rodents' intellectual capabilities.
# Food and drink.
An astronaut on the International Space Station requires about 0.83 kilograms (1.83 pounds) weight of food inclusive of food packaging per meal each day. (The packaging for each meal weighs ar... | 28,408 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
determined using a basal energy expenditure (BEE) formula.
On Earth, the average American uses about 35 gallons (132 liters) of water every day. On board the ISS astronauts limit water use to only about three gallons (11 liters) per day.
# Insignia.
In Russia, cosmonauts are awarded Pilot-Cosmonaut of the ... | 28,409 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
astronauts who also have active-duty military status receive a special qualification badge, known as the Astronaut Badge, after participation on a spaceflight. The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed in altitude.
# Deaths.
Eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and f... | 28,410 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments.
The Space Mirror Memorial, which stands on the grounds of the John F. Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, commemorates the lives of the men and women who have died during spaceflight and during training in the space programs of the United States. In a... | 28,411 |
664 | Astronaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut | Astronaut
o have died during spaceflight and during training in the space programs of the United States. In addition to twenty NASA career astronauts, the memorial includes the names of a U.S. Air Force X-15 test pilot, a U.S. Air Force officer who died while training for a then-classified military space program, and a... | 28,412 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
Anne Bancroft
Anna Maria Louisa Italiano (September 17, 1931 – June 6, 2005), known professionally as Anne Bancroft, was an American actress, director, screenwriter, and singer associated with the method acting school, having studied under Lee Strasberg. Respected for her acting prowess and versatility, ... | 28,413 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
Miracle Worker" (1962) as the teacher of young Helen Keller, reprising her role in the Broadway stage play, winning a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. On Broadway in 1965, she played a medieval nun obsessed with a priest (Jason Robards) in John Whiting's play "The Devils", based on the Aldous Huxley... | 28,414 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
starred with Anthony Hopkins in "84 Charing Cross Road". She appeared in several movies directed or produced by her second husband, comedian Mel Brooks, including the award-winning drama "The Elephant Man" (1980), as well as comedies "To Be or Not to Be" (1983) and "" (1995). She received an Emmy Award no... | 28,415 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
a dress pattern maker.
Bancroft's parents were both children of Italian immigrants. In an interview, she stated her family was originally from Muro Lucano, in the province of Potenza. She was brought up Roman Catholic. She was raised in the Belmont neighborhood of the Bronx, later moving to 1580 Zerega A... | 28,416 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
for movies"; she chose Bancroft "because it sounded dignified."
# Career.
In 1958, Bancroft made her Broadway debut as lovelorn, Bronx-accented Gittel Mosca opposite Henry Fonda (as the married man Gittel loves) in William Gibson's two-character play "Two for the Seesaw", directed by Arthur Penn. For Gi... | 28,417 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
the 1962 Academy Award for Best Actress, with Patty Duke repeating her own success as Keller alongside Bancroft. She had returned to Broadway to star in "Mother Courage and Her Children", so Joan Crawford accepted Bancroft's Oscar on her behalf, and later presented the award to her in New York.
Bancroft ... | 28,418 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
for her performance in the 1964 film "The Pumpkin Eater".
Bancroft was widely known during this period for her role as Mrs. Robinson in "The Graduate" (1967), for which she received a third Academy Award nomination. In the film, she played an unhappily married woman who seduces the son of her husband's b... | 28,419 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
six years older than Hoffman.
A CBS television special, "Annie: the Women in the Life of a Man" (1970), won Bancroft an Emmy Award for her singing and acting.
Bancroft is one of very few entertainers to win an Oscar, an Emmy and a Tony award. This rare achievement is also known as the Triple Crown of Ac... | 28,420 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
Shirley MacLaine, and a fifth nomination for Best Actress in 1985 for her performance in "Agnes of God" (1985) opposite Jane Fonda.
Bancroft made her debut as a screenwriter and director in "Fatso" (1980), in which she starred with Dom DeLuise.
Bancroft was the original choice to play Joan Crawford in t... | 28,421 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
and the first half of the 2000s, Bancroft took supporting roles in a number of films in which she co-starred with major film stars—including "Honeymoon in Vegas" (1992) with Nicolas Cage, "Love Potion No. 9" (1992) with Sandra Bullock, "Malice" (1993) with Nicole Kidman, "Point of No Return" (1993) with B... | 28,422 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
voice to the animated film "Antz" (1998), which also featured performances from Jennifer Lopez, Sharon Stone, and Woody Allen.
Bancroft also starred in several television movies and mini-series, receiving six Emmy Award nominations (winning once for herself and shared for "Annie, The Women in the Life of... | 28,423 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
in television. At the time of her star's installation (1960), she had recently appeared in several TV series. Bancroft is also a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame, having been inducted in 1992.
# Marriage and family.
Bancroft's first husband was lawyer Martin May; they married in 1953, separat... | 28,424 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
on the screen: once dancing a tango in Brooks's "Silent Movie" (1976); in his remake of "To Be or Not to Be" (1983); and in the episode entitled "Opening Night" (2004) of the HBO show, "Curb Your Enthusiasm". They were also in "" (1995), but never appeared together. Brooks produced the film "The Elephant ... | 28,425 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
can't get rid of him!"
In a 2010 interview, Brooks credited Bancroft as being the guiding force behind his involvement in developing "The Producers" and "Young Frankenstein" for the musical theatre. In the same interview, he said of their first meeting in 1961, "From that day, until her death on June 6, ... | 28,426 |
206724 | Anne Bancroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20Bancroft | Anne Bancroft
boy, Henry Michael Brooks.
# Death.
Anne Bancroft died of uterine cancer at age 73 on June 6, 2005, at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan. Her death surprised many, including some of her friends, as the intensely private Bancroft had not released details of her illness. Her body was interred at Kensico C... | 28,427 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
Apollo 8
Apollo 8 was the second crewed spaceflight mission flown in the United States Apollo space program, the first having been Apollo 7 which stayed in Earth orbit. Apollo 8 was launched on December 21, 1968, and became the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit, reach the Moon, orbit it, and re... | 28,428 |
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Air Force Station in Florida.
Originally planned as the second crewed Apollo Lunar Module and command module test, to be flown in an elliptical medium Earth orbit in early 1969, the mission profile was changed in August 1968 to a more ambitious command-module-only lunar orbital flight to be flown in December,... | 28,429 |
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the planned lunar module training with translunar navigation training.
Apollo 8 took 68 hours (almost three days) to travel the distance to the Moon. The crew orbited the Moon ten times over the course of twenty hours, during which they made a Christmas Eve television broadcast in which they read the first te... | 28,430 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
Ocean. The crew members were named "Time" magazine's "Men of the Year" for 1968 upon their return.
# Background.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the Cold War, a geopolitical rivalry with the Soviet Union. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first a... | 28,431 |
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F. Kennedy believed that not only was it in the national interest of the United States to be superior to other nations, but that the perception of American power was at least as important as the actuality. It was therefore intolerable to him for the Soviet Union to be more advanced in the field of space explor... | 28,432 |
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even if it could not be justified on military, economic, or scientific grounds. After consulting with his experts and advisors, he chose such a project: to land a man on the Moon and return him to the Earth. This project already had a name: Project Apollo.
An early and crucial decision was the adoption of lun... | 28,433 |
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(LM), which comprised a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to return the astronauts to lunar orbit. This configuration could be launched by the Saturn V rocket that was then under development.
# Framework.
## Prime crew.
The initial crew assignment of Frank Borman as Commander, Michae... | 28,434 |
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experienced member of the crew: Lovell had flown twice before, on Gemini VII and Gemini XII. This would also be the first case of a commander of a previous mission (Lovell, Gemini XII) flying as a non-commander.
## Backup crew.
The backup crew assignment of Neil Armstrong as Commander, Lovell as CMP, and Buz... | 28,435 |
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Support personnel.
During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, a third crew of astronauts was added, known as the support crew. The support crew maintained the flight plan, checklists, and mission ground rules, and ensured that the prime and backup crews were ap... | 28,436 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
in Houston, Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew. For Apollo 8, the CAPCOMs were Michael Collins, Gerald Carr, Ken Mattingly, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Vance Brand, and Fred Haise.
The mission control teams rotated in three shifts, each led by a flight director. The... | 28,437 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
of the 8 are the names of the three astronauts. The initial design of the insignia was developed by Jim Lovell, who reportedly sketched it while riding in the back seat of a T-38 flight from California to Houston shortly after learning of the Apollo 8's re-designation as a lunar-orbital mission.
The crew want... | 28,438 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
with the final step being a Moon landing. Apollo 4 and Apollo 6 were "A" missions, tests of the Saturn V launch vehicle using an uncrewed Block I production model of the command and service module (CSM) in Earth orbit. Apollo 5 was a "B" mission, a test of the LM in Earth orbit. Apollo 7, scheduled for October... | 28,439 |
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crew would fly the "E" mission, a more rigorous LM test in an elliptical medium Earth orbit as Apollo 9, in early 1969. The "F" Mission would test the CSM and LM in lunar orbit, and the "G" mission would be the finale, the Moon landing.
Production of the LM fell behind schedule, and when Apollo 8's LM-3 arriv... | 28,440 |
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the "D" and subsequent missions, and endangering the program's goal of a lunar landing before the end of 1969. George Low, the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, proposed a solution in August 1968 to keep the program on track despite the LM delay. Since the next CSM (designated as "CSM-103") woul... | 28,441 |
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the scheduled "F" mission. This also meant that the medium Earth orbit "E" mission could be dispensed with. The net result was that only the "D" mission had to be delayed, and the plan for lunar landing in mid-1969 could remain on timeline.
On August 9, 1968, Low discussed the idea with Gilruth, Flight Direct... | 28,442 |
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next Saturn V, AS-503, could be made ready by December 1; and von Braun was confident that the pogo oscillation problems that had afflicted Apollo 6 had been fixed. Almost every senior manager at NASA agreed with this new mission, citing confidence in both the hardware and the personnel, along with the potenti... | 28,443 |
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to fly it. McDivitt turned it down; his crew had spent a great deal of time preparing to test the LM, and that was what he still wanted to do. Slayton then decided to swap the prime and backup crews of the D and E missions. This swap also meant a swap of spacecraft, requiring Borman's crew to use CSM-103, whil... | 28,444 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
balance, Apollo 8 would carry LM test article, a boilerplate model of LM-3.
Added pressure on the Apollo program to make its 1969 landing goal was provided by the Soviet Union's Zond 5 mission, which flew some living creatures, including Russian tortoises, in a cislunar loop around the Moon and returned them ... | 28,445 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
his 1927 flight, Lindbergh had used a piece of string to measure the distance from New York City to Paris on a globe and from that calculated the fuel needed for the flight. The total he had carried was a tenth of the amount that the Saturn V would burn every second. The next day, the Lindberghs watched the la... | 28,446 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
boilerplate command and service module. Apollo 6 had suffered several major problems during its April 1968 flight, including severe pogo oscillation during its first stage, two second-stage engine failures, and a third stage that failed to reignite in orbit. Without assurances that these problems had been rect... | 28,447 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
and MSFC researchers concluded that the engines vibrated at a frequency similar to the frequency at which the spacecraft itself vibrated, causing a resonance effect that induced oscillations in the rocket. A system that used helium gas to absorb some of these vibrations was installed.
Of equal importance was ... | 28,448 |
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three failed within one second of engine two's shutdown. Further investigation revealed the same problem for the third-stage engine – a faulty igniter line. The team modified the igniter lines and fuel conduits, hoping to avoid similar problems on future launches.
The teams tested their solutions in August 19... | 28,449 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
a crewed mission using AS-503.
The Apollo 8 spacecraft was placed on top of the rocket on September 21, and the rocket made the slow journey to the launch pad on October 9. Testing continued all through December until the day before launch, including various levels of readiness testing from December 5 through... | 28,450 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
maneuver. Apollo lunar missions would begin with a nominal circular Earth parking orbit. Apollo 8 was launched into an initial orbit with an apogee of and a perigee of , with an inclination of 32.51° to the Equator, and an orbital period of 88.19 minutes. Propellant venting increased the apogee by over the 2 h... | 28,451 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
less than the Earth's escape velocity of , but put Apollo 8 into an elongated elliptical Earth orbit, close enough to the Moon to be captured by the Moon's gravity.
The standard lunar orbit for Apollo missions was planned as a nominal circular orbit above the Moon's surface. Initial lunar orbit insertion was ... | 28,452 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
to by .
Apollo 8 achieved a maximum distance from Earth of .
## Launch and trans-lunar injection.
Apollo 8 launched at 12:51:00 UTC (07:51:00 Eastern Standard Time) on December 21, 1968, using the Saturn V's three stages to achieve Earth orbit. The S-IC first stage landed in the Atlantic Ocean at , and the ... | 28,453 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
The proper operation of the S-IVB third stage of the rocket was crucial, and in the last uncrewed test, it had failed to reignite for this burn. Collins was the first CAPCOM on duty, and at 2 hours, 27 minutes and 22 seconds after launch he radioed, "Apollo 8. You are Go for TLI." This communication meant that... | 28,454 |
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rotated the spacecraft to take photographs of the spent stage and then practiced flying in formation with it. As the crew rotated the spacecraft, they had their first views of the Earth as they moved away from it – this marked the first time humans had viewed the whole Earth at once. Borman became worried that... | 28,455 |
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the crew and Mission Control decided to burn in the Earth direction to increase speed, but at instead. The time needed to prepare and perform the additional burn put the crew an hour behind their onboard tasks.
Five hours after launch, Mission Control sent a command to the S-IVB to vent its remaining fuel, ch... | 28,456 |
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Allen radiation belts, which extend up to from Earth. Scientists predicted that passing through the belts quickly at the spacecraft's high speed would cause a radiation dosage of no more than a chest X-ray, or 1 milligray (mGy; during a year, the average human receives a dose of 2 to 3 mGy). To record the actu... | 28,457 |
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Mission Control normally performed all the actual navigation calculations, it was necessary to have a crew member adept at navigation so that the crew could return to Earth in case communication with Mission Control was lost. Lovell navigated by star sightings using a sextant built into the spacecraft, measuri... | 28,458 |
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the spacecraft into Passive Thermal Control (PTC), also called "barbecue roll", in which the spacecraft rotated about once per hour around its long axis to ensure even heat distribution across the surface of the spacecraft. In direct sunlight, parts of the spacecraft's outer surface could be heated to over , w... | 28,459 |
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crew had been awake for more than 16 hours. Before launch, NASA had decided that at least one crew member should be awake at all times to deal with problems that might arise. Borman started the first sleep shift but found sleeping difficult because of the constant radio chatter and mechanical noises. Testing o... | 28,460 |
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of helium in the oxidizer lines, which caused unexpectedly low propellant pressure. The crew had to use the small RCS thrusters to make up the shortfall. Two later planned mid-course corrections were canceled because the Apollo 8 trajectory was found to be perfect.
About an hour after starting his sleep shift... | 28,461 |
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problems, but Lovell and Anders wanted to inform Mission Control. The crew decided to use the Data Storage Equipment (DSE), which could tape voice recordings and telemetry and dump them to Mission Control at high speed. After recording a description of Borman's illness they asked Mission Control to check the r... | 28,462 |
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to worry about and that Borman's illness was either a 24-hour flu, as Borman thought, or a reaction to the sleeping pill. Researchers now believe that he was suffering from space adaptation syndrome, which affects about a third of astronauts during their first day in space as their vestibular system adapts to ... | 28,463 |
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during Apollo 9.
The cruise phase was a relatively uneventful part of the flight, except for the crew checking that the spacecraft was in working order and that they were on course. During this time, NASA scheduled a television broadcast at 31 hours after launch. The Apollo 8 crew used a camera that broadcast... | 28,464 |
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impossible. Additionally, without proper filters, the Earth image became saturated by any bright source. In the end, all the crew could show the people watching back on Earth was a bright blob. After broadcasting for 17 minutes, the rotation of the spacecraft took the high-gain antenna out of view of the recei... | 28,465 |
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Moon for much of the outward cruise. Two factors made the Moon almost impossible to see from inside the spacecraft: three of the five windows fogging up due to out-gassed oils from the silicone sealant, and the attitude required for passive thermal control. It was not until the crew had gone behind the Moon th... | 28,466 |
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television pictures of the Earth. The crew spent the transmission describing the Earth, what was visible, and the colors they could see. The transmission lasted 23 minutes.
## Lunar sphere of influence.
At about 55 hours and 40 minutes into the flight, and 13 hours before entering lunar orbit, the crew of Ap... | 28,467 |
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calculating their trajectory with respect to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center. They would continue to do so until they performed their last mid-course correction, switching to a reference frame based on ideal orientation for the second engine burn they would make in lunar orbit.
The last major event bef... | 28,468 |
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64 hours into the flight, the crew began to prepare for Lunar Orbit Insertion 1 (LOI-1). This maneuver had to be performed perfectly, and due to orbital mechanics had to be on the far side of the Moon, out of contact with the Earth. After Mission Control was polled for a "go/no go" decision, the crew was told ... | 28,469 |
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that time, they finally got their first glimpses of the Moon. They had been flying over the unlit side, and it was Lovell who saw the first shafts of sunlight obliquely illuminating the lunar surface. The LOI burn was only two minutes away, so the crew had little time to appreciate the view.
## Lunar orbit.
... | 28,470 |
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been flung off into space. If it had lasted too long, they could have struck the Moon. After making sure the spacecraft was working, they finally had a chance to look at the Moon, which they would orbit for the next 20 hours.
On Earth, Mission Control continued to wait. If the crew had not burned the engine, ... | 28,471 |
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describe the terrain they were passing over. One of the crew's major tasks was reconnaissance of planned future landing sites on the Moon, especially one in Mare Tranquillitatis that was planned as the Apollo 11 landing site. The launch time of Apollo 8 had been chosen to give the best lighting conditions for ... | 28,472 |
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was in contact with Earth, Borman kept asking how the data for the SPS looked. He wanted to make sure that the engine was working and could be used to return early to the Earth if necessary. He also asked that they receive a "go/no go" decision before they passed behind the Moon on each orbit.
As they reappea... | 28,473 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
the Moon. During the third pass, Borman read a small prayer for his church. He had been scheduled to participate in a service at St. Christopher's Episcopal Church near Seabrook, Texas, but due to the Apollo 8 flight, he was unable to attend. A fellow parishioner and engineer at Mission Control, Rod Rose, sugg... | 28,474 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
23, 1966. Anders saw the Earth emerging from behind the lunar horizon and called in excitement to the others, taking a black-and-white photograph as he did so. Anders asked Lovell for color film and then took "Earthrise", a now famous color photo, later picked by "Life" magazine as one of its hundred photos of... | 28,475 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
locations near the Moon's limb, where libration carries the Earth slightly above and below the lunar horizon.
Anders continued to take photographs while Lovell assumed control of the spacecraft so that Borman could rest. Despite the difficulty resting in the cramped and noisy spacecraft, Borman was able to sl... | 28,476 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
and Lovell to get some sleep and that the rest of the flight plan regarding observing the Moon be scrubbed. Anders initially protested, saying that he was fine, but Borman would not be swayed. Anders finally agreed under the condition that Borman would set up the camera to continue to take automatic pictures o... | 28,477 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
by each man giving his impression of the lunar surface and what it was like to be orbiting the Moon. Borman described it as being "a vast, lonely, forbidding expanse of nothing". Then, after talking about what they were flying over, Anders said that the crew had a message for all those on Earth. Each man on bo... | 28,478 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
of you—all of you on the good Earth."
The only task left for the crew at this point was to perform the trans-Earth injection (TEI), which was scheduled for hours after the end of the television transmission. The TEI was the most critical burn of the flight, as any failure of the SPS to ignite would strand the... | 28,479 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
announced, "Please be informed, there is a Santa Claus", to which Ken Mattingly, the current CAPCOM, replied, "That's affirmative, you are the best ones to know." The spacecraft began its journey back to Earth on December 25, Christmas Day.
## Unplanned manual realignment.
Later, Lovell used some otherwise i... | 28,480 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
the module's attitude.
Once the crew realized why the computer had changed the module's attitude, they realized that they would have to reenter data to tell the computer the module's actual orientation. It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the right numbers, using the thrusters to get the stars Rigel and ... | 28,481 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
relax and monitor the spacecraft. As long as the trajectory specialists had calculated everything correctly, the spacecraft would reenter Earth's atmosphere two-and-half days after TEI and splash down in the Pacific.
On Christmas afternoon, the crew made their fifth television broadcast. This time, they gave ... | 28,482 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
landed. They remained unopened, even years after the flight. There were also small presents to the crew from their wives. The next day, at about 124 hours into the mission, the sixth and final TV transmission showed the mission's best video images of the Earth, during a four-minute broadcast. After two unevent... | 28,483 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
module would burn up in the atmosphere as planned. Six minutes before they hit the top of the atmosphere, the crew saw the Moon rising above the Earth's horizon, just as had been calculated by the trajectory specialists. As the module hit the thin outer atmosphere, the crew noticed that it was becoming hazy ou... | 28,484 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
The spacecraft splashdown position was officially reported as in the North Pacific Ocean, southwest of Hawaii at 15:51:42 UTC on December 27, 1968.
When the spacecraft hit the water, the parachutes dragged it over and left it upside down, in what was termed Stable 2 position. As they were buffeted by a swell,... | 28,485 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
Historical importance.
Apollo 8 came at the end of 1968, a year that had seen much upheaval in the United States and most of the world. Even though the year saw political assassinations, political unrest in the streets of Europe and America, and the Prague Spring, "Time" magazine chose the crew of Apollo 8 as... | 28,486 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
up in a telegram from a stranger, received by Borman after the mission, that stated simply, "Thank you Apollo 8. You saved 1968."
One of the most famous aspects of the flight was the "Earthrise" picture that the crew took as they came around for their fourth orbit of the Moon. This was the first time that hum... | 28,487 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
as the most historically significant of all the Apollo missions. The mission was the most widely covered by the media since the first American orbital flight, Mercury-Atlas 6 by John Glenn, in 1962. There were 1,200 journalists covering the mission, with the BBC's coverage broadcast in 54 countries in 15 diffe... | 28,488 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
the Moon. The Apollo 8 broadcasts won an Emmy Award, the highest honor given by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences.
Madalyn Murray O'Hair, an atheist, later caused controversy by bringing a lawsuit against NASA over the reading from Genesis. O'Hair wanted the courts to ban American astronauts – who wer... | 28,489 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
he refrained from mentioning this publicly for several years and referred to it only obliquely at the time.
In 1969, the United States Postal Service issued a postage stamp (Scott catalogue #1371) commemorating the Apollo 8 flight around the Moon. The stamp featured a detail of the famous photograph of the Ea... | 28,490 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
the spacecraft was delivered to Osaka, Japan, for display in the U.S. pavilion at Expo '70. It is now displayed at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry, along with a collection of personal items from the flight donated by Lovell and the space suit worn by Frank Borman. Jim Lovell's Apollo 8 space suit is... | 28,491 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
and released by NASA in the 1969 documentary "Debrief: Apollo 8", hosted by Burgess Meredith. In addition, Spacecraft Films released, in 2003, a three-disc DVD set containing all of NASA's TV and 16 mm film footage related to the mission, including all TV transmissions from space, training and launch footage, ... | 28,492 |
663 | Apollo 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo%208 | Apollo 8
e 1970 "UFO" episode "Conflict". Apollo 8's lunar orbit insertion was chronicled with actual recordings in the song "The Other Side", on the album "The Race for Space", by the band Public Service Broadcasting.
A documentary film, "", about Apollo 8 was released in 2018.
# External links.
- "Apollo 8" at Enc... | 28,493 |
206751 | Free River Press | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20River%20Press | Free River Press
Free River Press
Free River Press is a nonprofit publishing house founded in Nashville, Tennessee, USA in 1990, whose mission is to develop a literary mosaic of America written by people from all walks of life. It pursues this goal by conducting writing workshops in farmhouse dining rooms, homeless sh... | 28,494 |
206751 | Free River Press | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20River%20Press | Free River Press
workshop Wolf conducted at a Nashville homeless shelter between 1989 and 1991.
For one year during this period Free River Press ran a Great Books seminar funded by the Tennessee Humanities Council. One of the seminar's purposes was to investigate what several traditional cultures said constituted full... | 28,495 |
206751 | Free River Press | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20River%20Press | Free River Press
six slim volumes by the homeless, including "Five Street Poets" and "Passing Thru". In 1991 Wolf moved to rural Iowa and began a writing workshop with neighboring farmers that ran for two winters. Their writings were issued in three books, "Voices From the Land", "Simple Times", and "More Voices From t... | 28,496 |
206751 | Free River Press | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20River%20Press | Free River Press
towns and cities, and in New Jersey, New York City, Chicago, west Texas, and Santa Fe.
In 1999, Oxford University Press published a sampling from the first nine years of Free River Press books, "".
In 2009, Free River Press published a second edition of "Heartland Portrait: Stories From the Rural Mid... | 28,497 |
206751 | Free River Press | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20River%20Press | Free River Press
as possible to the way they told them. This helps the writing process while giving it authority. The workshop method presupposes that we share an intuitive wisdom about storytelling.
# Award.
In 2006 Free River Press won the Heritage Publication Award for publication from the State of New Mexico for ... | 28,498 |
206751 | Free River Press | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20River%20Press | Free River Press
he way they told them. This helps the writing process while giving it authority. The workshop method presupposes that we share an intuitive wisdom about storytelling.
# Award.
In 2006 Free River Press won the Heritage Publication Award for publication from the State of New Mexico for its anthology "A... | 28,499 |
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