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206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
Mogao Caves
The Mogao Caves, also known as the Thousand Buddha Grottoes or Caves of the Thousand Buddhas, form a system of 492 temples southeast of the center of Dunhuang, an oasis located at a religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, in Gansu province, China. The caves may also be known as the ... | 29,200 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
of Buddhist meditation and worship. The Mogao Caves are the best known of the Chinese Buddhist grottoes and, along with Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Grottoes, are one of the three famous ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China.
An important cache of documents was discovered in 1900 in the so-called "Lib... | 29,201 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
destination, with a number open for visiting.
# Etymology.
The caves are commonly referred to in Chinese as the Thousand Buddha Caves (), a name that some scholars have speculated to have come from the legend of its founding, when a monk Yuezun had a vision of a thousand Buddhas at the site. This name how... | 29,202 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
""mo"" means "none", and ""gao"" means "high"); an alternative reading may be "high in the desert" if "mo" is read as a variant of the Chinese term for "desert". Mogao is also used as the name of a modern town that is administered by Dunhuang city: Mogao Town (). The Mogao Caves are also often referred to a... | 29,203 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
Emperor Wudi to protect against the Xiongnu in 111 BC. It also became an important gateway to the West, a centre of commerce along the Silk Road, as well as a meeting place of various people and religions such as Buddhism.
The construction of the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang is generally taken to have begun s... | 29,204 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
such as in inscriptions on a stele in cave 332; an earlier date of 353 however was given in another document, "Shazhou Tujing" (, "Geography of Shazhou"). He was later joined by a second monk Faliang (), and the site gradually grew, by the time of the Northern Liang a small community of monks had formed at ... | 29,205 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
Caves had become a place of worship and pilgrimage for the public. From the 4th until the 14th century, caves were constructed by monks to serve as shrines with funds from donors. These caves were elaborately painted, the cave paintings and architecture serving as aids to meditation, as visual representatio... | 29,206 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
the Tang Dynasty, Dunhuang became the main hub of commerce of the Silk Road and a major religious centre. A large number of the caves were constructed at Mogao during this era, including the two large statues of Buddha at the site, the largest one constructed in 695 following an edict a year earlier by Tang... | 29,207 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
Yuan Dynasty. By then Islam had conquered much of Central Asia, and the Silk Road declined in importance when trading via sea-routes began to dominate Chinese trade with the outside world. During the Ming Dynasty, the Silk Road was finally officially abandoned, and Dunhuang slowly became depopulated and lar... | 29,208 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
in the ancient Silk Road and the lost cities of Central Asia, and those who passed through Dunhuang noted the murals, sculptures, and artifacts such as the Stele of Sulaiman at Mogao. The biggest discovery, however, came from a Chinese Taoist named Wang Yuanlu who appointed himself guardian of some of these... | 29,209 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
few years, Wang took some manuscripts to show to various officials who expressed varying level of interest, but in 1904 Wang re-sealed the cave following an order by the governor of Gansu.
Words of Wang's discovery drew the attention of a joint British/Indian group led by the Hungarian-born British archaeo... | 29,210 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
Russian expedition under Sergei F. Oldenburg in 1914. A well-known scholar Luo Zhenyu edited some of the manuscripts Pelliot acquired into a volume which was then published in 1909 as "Manuscripts of the Dunhuang Caves" ().
Stein and Pelliot provoked much interest in the West about the Dunhuang Caves; howe... | 29,211 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
were damaged and vandalized by White Russian soldiers when they were used by the local authority in 1921 to house Russian soldiers fleeing the civil war following the Russian Revolution. In 1924, American explorer Langdon Warner removed a number of murals as well as a statue from some of the caves. In 1939 ... | 29,212 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
in 1943, which helped to publicize and give much prominence to the art of Dunhuang within China. Historian Xiang Da then persuaded Yu Youren, a prominent member of the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party), to set up an institution, the Research Institute of Dunhuang Art (which later became the Dunhuang Ac... | 29,213 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
soon afterwards. The site escaped the widespread damage caused to many religious sites during the Cultural Revolution.
Today, efforts are continuing to conserve and research the site and its content. The Mogao Caves became one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1987. From 1988 to 1995 a further 248 cave... | 29,214 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
16, and the Library Cave may have been used as his retreat in his lifetime. The cave originally contained his statue which was moved to another cave when it was used to keep manuscripts, some of which bear Hongbian's seal. A large number of documents dating from 406 to 1002 were found in the cave, heaped up... | 29,215 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
first to describe the cave in its original state:
The Library Cave was walled off sometime early in the 11th century. A number of theories have been proposed as the reason for sealing the caves. Stein first proposed that the cave had become a waste repository for venerable, damaged and used manuscripts and... | 29,216 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
and a half, then sealed up when it became full.
Others, such as Pelliot, suggested an alternative scenario, that the monks hurriedly hid the documents in advance of an attack by invaders, perhaps when Xi Xia invaded in 1035. This theory was proposed in light of the absence of documents from Xi Xia and the ... | 29,217 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
to Karakhanids invaders from Kashgar in 1006 and the destruction it caused, so they sealed their library to avoid it being destroyed. The latest date recorded in the documents found in the cave is generally accepted to be 1002, and although other dates have been suggested, the cave was likely to have been s... | 29,218 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
Uigur, Sanskrit, and Sogdian, including the then little-known Khotanese. They may be old hemp paper scrolls in Chinese and many other languages, Tibetan pothis, and paintings on hemp, silk or paper. The subject matter of the great majority of the scrolls is Buddhist in nature, but it also covers a diverse m... | 29,219 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
manuscripts provide a unique insight into the religious and secular matters of Northern China as well as other Central Asian kingdoms from the early periods up to the Tang and early Song Dynasty. The manuscripts found in the Library Cave include the earliest dated printed book, the Diamond Sutra from 868, w... | 29,220 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
provide documentation of mundane secular matters that gives a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people of these eras.
The manuscripts were dispersed all over the world in the aftermath of the discovery. Stein's acquisition was split between Britain and India because his expedition was funded by both ... | 29,221 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
freely, so he was able to pick a better selection of documents than Stein. Pelliot was interested in the more unusual and exotic of the Dunhuang manuscripts, such as those dealing with the administration and financing of the monastery and associated lay men's groups. Many of these manuscripts survived only ... | 29,222 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
Dunhuang covers more than ten major genres, such as architecture, stucco sculpture, wall paintings, silk paintings, calligraphy, woodblock printing, embroidery, literature, music and dance, and popular entertainment.
## Architecture.
The caves are examples of rock-cut architecture, but unlike Longmen Grot... | 29,223 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
worshippers may circumambulate ("parikrama") and gain blessings. Others are hall caves influenced by traditional Chinese and Buddhist temple architecture. These caves may have a truncated pyramidal ceiling sometimes painted to resemble a tent, or they may have a flat or gabled ceiling that imitates traditio... | 29,224 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
surviving examples of Song dynasty wooden architecture. The most prominent wooden building at the site, first built during the Tang dynasty, houses the Great Buddha and was originally 4 storeys high, but it has been repaired at least 5 times and is no longer the original structure. A storey was added betwee... | 29,225 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
within the period. The murals are extensive, covering an area of . The most fully painted caves have paintings all over the walls and ceilings, with geometrical or plant decoration filling the spaces not taken by figurative images, which are above all of the Buddha. Sculpture is also brightly painted. The m... | 29,226 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
after the tenth century.
Early murals showed a strong Indian and Central Asian influence in the painting techniques used, the composition and style of the paintings as well as costumes worn by the figures, but a distinct Dunhuang style began to emerge during Northern Wei Dynasty. Motifs of Chinese, Central... | 29,227 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
beings may be depicted in the ceiling or above the Buddhas, and figures of donors may be shown along the bottom of the walls. The paintings often depict jataka tales which are stories of the life of Buddha, or avadana which are parables of the doctrine of karma.
Bodhisattvas started appearing during the No... | 29,228 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
transformed into large complete and detailed narrative paintings. One of the central features of Tang art in Mogao is the representation of the paradise of the Pure Land, indicating the increasing popularity of this school of Mahayana Buddhism in the Tang era. The iconography of Tantric Buddhism, such as th... | 29,229 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
(insofar as we know of this), especially those depicting secular scenes. Donor figures are generally depicted in secular style, and may include secular events associated with them. For example, scenes depicting General Zhang Yichao, who ruled over Dunhuang in a quasi-autonomous manner during the Late Tang p... | 29,230 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
have darkened due to oxidation of the lead-based pigments from exposure to air and light. Many early figures in the murals in Dunhuang also used painting techniques originated from India where shading was applied to achieve a 3-dimensional or chiaroscuro effect. However, the darkening of the paint used in s... | 29,231 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
that are semi-nude, occasionally fully nude, as figures are generally fully clothed in Chinese paintings. Many of the murals have been repaired or plastered over and repainted over the centuries, and older murals may be seen where sections of later paintings had been removed.
## Sculptures.
There are arou... | 29,232 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
figures are relatively simple and mainly of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. The Buddhas of Northern Wei may have two attendant Bodhisattvas, and two further disciples were added in Northern Zhou, forming a group of five. Figures from the Sui and Tang periods may be present as larger groups of seven or nine, and s... | 29,233 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
in 695 under the edicts from Empress Wu Zetian who instructed the constructions of monasteries in 689 and giant statues in 694. The smaller one is 27 m tall and was constructed in 713-41. The larger northern giant Buddha was damaged in an earthquake and had been repaired and restored multiple times, consequ... | 29,234 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
covers the entire length of the hall. Figures of mourners in murals or in sculptural forms are also depicted along the length of the hall behind the Buddha. The Buddha figure in cave 158 measures 15.6 m long.
The original function of the "Library Cave" was as a shrine commemorating Hong Bian, the 9th-centu... | 29,235 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
composition is very common at the site.
## Paintings on silk and paper.
Before the discovery in the Library Cave, original paintings on silk and paper from the Tang dynasty, a formative period in Chinese art, were very rare, and most of the surviving examples were copies made in later periods. Over a thou... | 29,236 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
but many also reflect Indian, Tibetan and Uighur painting styles.
There are brush paintings in ink alone, some in just two colours, as well as many in full colour. Most common are single figures, and most paintings were probably donated by an individual, who is often portrayed on a diminutive scale. The do... | 29,237 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
the pious commissioner; at least two prints were commissioned by Cao Yuanzhong, Imperial Commissioner at Dunhuang in 947. Many of the images have colour added by hand to the printed outline. Several sheets contain repeated impressions of the same block with a Buddha image. Possibly these reflect stock for c... | 29,238 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
and monks' apparel (kāṣāya). The monks normally used fabrics consisting of a patchwork of different scraps of cloth as a sign of humility; these therefore provide valuable insights into the various type of silk cloth and embroidery available at the time. Silk banners were used to adorn the cliff-face at the... | 29,239 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
there were more than a thousands caves, but over time many of the caves were lost, including the earliest caves. 735 caves currently exist in Mogao; the best-known ones are the 487 caves located in the southern section of the cliff which are places of pilgrimage and worship. 248 caves have also been found t... | 29,240 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
the caves, the dates of around five hundred caves have been determined. Following is a list of the caves by era, compiled in the 1980s (more have been identified since):
- Sixteen Kingdoms (366–439) - 7 caves, the oldest dated to Northern Liang period.
- Northern Wei (439–534) and Western Wei (535-556) - ... | 29,241 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
Xia period are also known collectively as the Guiyijun period (, 848–1036) when Dunhuang was ruled by the Zhang and Cao families.)
- The Five Dynasty (907–960) - 32 caves
- Song Dynasty (960–1035)- 43 caves
- Western Xia (1036–1226) - 82 caves
- Yuan Dynasty (1227–1368) - 10 caves
# See also.
- List o... | 29,242 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
Duan Wenjie (editor-in-chief), "Mural Paintings of the Dunhuang Mogao Grotto" (1994) Kenbun-Sha, Inc. / China National Publications Import and Export Corporation,
- Fan Jinshi, "The Caves of Dunhuang". (2010) The Dunhuang Academy.
- Hopkirk, Peter. "Foreign Devils on the Silk Road: The Search for the Lost... | 29,243 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
the Thousand Buddhas: Chinese Art from the Silk Route" (1990), British Museum Publications,
- Whitfield, Roderick, Susan Whitfield, and Neville Agnew. "Cave Temples of Mogao: Art and History on the Silk Road" (2000). Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
- Wood, Frances, "The Caves of the Thousan... | 29,244 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
in Central Asia and Westernmost China", volume 2 (1912). London: Macmillan.
- Pelliot, Paul "Les grottes de Touen-Houang" 1920. Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.1 Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.2 Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.3 Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.4 Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.5... | 29,245 |
206829 | Mogao Caves | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogao%20Caves | Mogao Caves
rottes de Touen-Houang : vol.3 Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.4 Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.5 Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.6
# External links.
- Dunhuang Academy
- A large collections of images of murals and other artifacts from the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang
- International Dunhuang Project
... | 29,246 |
206872 | Cornmarket Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornmarket%20Street | Cornmarket Street
Cornmarket Street
Cornmarket Street (Otherwise colloquially referred to as Cornmarket or historically The Corn) is a major shopping street and pedestrian precinct in Oxford, England that runs north to south between Magdalen Street and Carfax Tower.
To the east is the Golden Cross arcade of small jew... | 29,247 |
206872 | Cornmarket Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornmarket%20Street | Cornmarket Street
due largely to the first attempt to repave the street in 2001. This work was a failure as the granite setts, which had been laid extensively, cracked and the contractor went into liquidation. In 2003 it was repaved again and new benches installed, amidst reports of budgetary problems.
# History of sh... | 29,248 |
206872 | Cornmarket Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornmarket%20Street | Cornmarket Street
on Broad Street, but it still retains an entrance on Cornmarket Street.
The Victorian photographer Henry Taunt set up a shop at 33 Cornmarket Street in 1869. It was a small shop and in 1874 he moved to larger premises in Broad Street.
Woolworth's bought the historic Clarendon Hotel on the west side ... | 29,249 |
206872 | Cornmarket Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornmarket%20Street | Cornmarket Street
It was a complex of 16th- and 17th-century buildings, one of which had a vaulted Norman cellar dating from the second half of the 12th century: possibly the oldest vaulted structure in Oxford. After demolition of all the buildings above the surface, parts of the 12th-century vault were destroyed to ma... | 29,250 |
206872 | Cornmarket Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornmarket%20Street | Cornmarket Street
ow part of the Clarendon Shopping Centre.
# St Michael at the Northgate.
The tower of the Church of England parish church of St Michael at the Northgate is the oldest building in Oxford. It is Saxon and dates from about 1000–1050. The church is named after the medieval gate of Oxford's city walls th... | 29,251 |
206874 | YWCA USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YWCA%20USA | YWCA USA
YWCA USA
YWCA USA is a nonprofit organization dedicated to eliminating racism, empowering women, and promoting peace, justice, freedom, and dignity for all. It is one of the "oldest and largest multicultural organizations promoting solutions to enhance the lives of women, girls and families."
# History.
YWC... | 29,252 |
206874 | YWCA USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YWCA%20USA | YWCA USA
segregated or operated as separate organizations. Advocates like Helen L. Seaborg in Washington, D.C., worked successfully to mediate mergers between the segregated groups. Mary Ingraham was president of the National Board of the YWCA from 1940 to 1946 and involved with the YWCA's war work and interracial effo... | 29,253 |
206874 | YWCA USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YWCA%20USA | YWCA USA
followed by the adoption of new bylaws in November 2012.
Alejandra Y. Castillo, Esq., is the CEO of YWCA USA.
# Services.
YWCA serves more than 2 million women, girls, and their families in the United States. It is also part of an international movement serving 25 million worldwide in 120 countries.
Each y... | 29,254 |
206874 | YWCA USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YWCA%20USA | YWCA USA
education and training programs.
# YWCA of The City of New York.
The YWCA of The City of New York, the oldest of all of the YWCAs in the United States, was founded in 1858. It is unique in that the organization is guided purely by human service-oriented programs rather than physical services. Such programs i... | 29,255 |
206874 | YWCA USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YWCA%20USA | YWCA USA
York produces several fundraising events annually including the Salute to Women Leaders Luncheon, the YWCA-NYC Theatre Benefit (featuring the Broadway hit "The Color Purple" in 2005 and the revival of Michael Bennett's "A Chorus Line" in 2006).
During their annual Summer Soirée (held at the W Hotel in 2005 an... | 29,256 |
206874 | YWCA USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YWCA%20USA | YWCA USA
Metropolitan Chicago is the oldest and largest women's organization in the region, with a mission to eliminate racism and empower women. For more than 140 years, YWCA Metropolitan Chicago has been committed to serving the evolving needs of women and families.
The Monroe Gallery at the YWCA started in 1961. Or... | 29,257 |
206874 | YWCA USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YWCA%20USA | YWCA USA
provide support to other YWCA groups and individuals to use, and teach video equipment usage and guiding video projects. Judy Hoffman made equipment recommendations early on, and by 1974 the first grant assistance had come in. At that time seven women led by video maker Eleanor Boyer went to work setting the e... | 29,258 |
206874 | YWCA USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YWCA%20USA | YWCA USA
on Rape (1974) documenting attitudes and beliefs about rape held by men and women, Getting Strong: Self Defense for Women (1976) discussing the dimensions and politics of self-defense for women, Breast Cancer Tapes (1977) opening up the subject of breast cancer from the point of view of women who had undergone... | 29,259 |
206874 | YWCA USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YWCA%20USA | YWCA USA
uipment that was lighter, was easier to use, and recorded in color. The members of the Video Project wrote letters of support for the newly founded and artist-run Chicago Editing Center, which later became known as the Center for New Television, and moved much of their work there.
# See also.
- 92nd Street Y... | 29,260 |
206877 | Anotia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anotia | Anotia
Anotia
Anotia ("no ear") describes a rare congenital deformity that involves the complete absence of the pinna, the outer projected portion of the ear, and narrowing or absence of the ear canal. This contrasts with microtia, in which a small part of the pinna is present. Anotia and microtia may occur unilateral... | 29,261 |
206877 | Anotia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anotia | Anotia
sink inward forming pits which close themselves off for the outer surface ectoderm and begin forming the inner ear labyrinthe on the inside.
Outer ear development begins in about the fifth week of human embryonic development. Upon the pharyngeal arches Auricle Hillocks begin to form. By the seventh week the thr... | 29,262 |
206877 | Anotia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anotia | Anotia
into three sections. Each section has possesses its own specialized function.
1. The outer ear acts like a funnel and takes in the sound.
2. The middle ear holds the tympanic membrane, or ear drum and several little bones that are moved by the sound waves that have entered the ear via the canal. These movement... | 29,263 |
206877 | Anotia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anotia | Anotia
of anotia or microtia is not known, though it is believed to be of genetic basis.
Developmentally anotia/microtia occurs when certain tissues associated with the auricle do not develop. This rare defect may occur as part of a syndrome or as an isolated abnormality.
Type I: External portion of the ear is small ... | 29,264 |
206877 | Anotia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anotia | Anotia
from malformation or suppression of the auricular hillocks, which are small swellings on the embryonic visceral arches or the beginnings of the external ears; the small swellings are derived from the first and second pharyngeal arches.
Because the ears and the kidneys develop simultaneously, children with ear d... | 29,265 |
206877 | Anotia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anotia | Anotia
The effects may be mild, undiagnosed to severe, leading to death. Because the ear defects are much different in this disorder and not only affect the outer ear, but the middle ear as well, reconstructive surgery may not help with the child's hearing and in this case a Bone Anchored Hearing Aid would be best. BAH... | 29,266 |
206877 | Anotia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anotia | Anotia
with the abnormality.
Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome : (AMS) A rare genetic disorder characterized by various physical anomalies which affect the craniofacial area, the skin, the fingers, and the genitals.
# Treatment.
The treatment will vary with the different grades, but the most common is a surgical repai... | 29,267 |
206877 | Anotia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anotia | Anotia
t common is a surgical repair. The surgical option is cosmetic reconstruction of the external ear's normal shape and repair of the ear canal. In less severe cases the reconstruction will be sufficient to restore hearing. In grades of anotia/microtia that affect the middle ear the surgery with the use of a Bone A... | 29,268 |
206871 | Carfax, Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carfax,%20Oxford | Carfax, Oxford
Carfax, Oxford
Carfax is at the junction of St Aldate's (south), Cornmarket Street (north), Queen Street (west) and the High Street (east) in Oxford, England. It is considered to be the centre of the city, and is at . The name "Carfax" derives from the Latin "quadrifurcus" via the French "carrefour", bo... | 29,269 |
206871 | Carfax, Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carfax,%20Oxford | Carfax, Oxford
was demolished to make more room for road traffic. In 1896 the City Church was moved to All Saints Church in the High Street.
The tower is tall, and no building in central Oxford may be built higher than it. It is a Grade II* listed building.
The tower still has a ring of six bells: five recast from th... | 29,270 |
206871 | Carfax, Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carfax,%20Oxford | Carfax, Oxford
1938–39 the clock mechanism was replaced with an electric one made by Gents' of Leicester.
It is possible to climb to the top of the tower for a view of the Oxford skyline. The tower is open 10am–5.30pm Easter to October, and 10am–3.30pm October to Easter.
# Events.
The St Scholastica Day riot of 1355... | 29,271 |
206871 | Carfax, Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carfax,%20Oxford | Carfax, Oxford
the church was demolished to make way for road improvements and as a consequence the grave and tombstone were forgotten. It is probable the tombstone was made by either John Gibbs of Oxford (father of Butler's second wife) or one of Gibbs's employees. The tombstone is still "in situ" and can be seen behi... | 29,272 |
206871 | Carfax, Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carfax,%20Oxford | Carfax, Oxford
e grave and tombstone were forgotten. It is probable the tombstone was made by either John Gibbs of Oxford (father of Butler's second wife) or one of Gibbs's employees. The tombstone is still "in situ" and can be seen behind the tower. There is a campaign to protect the tombstone for posterity.
# Role i... | 29,273 |
206880 | Fetish magazine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fetish%20magazine | Fetish magazine
Fetish magazine
A fetish magazine is a type of magazine originating in the late 1940s which is devoted to sexual fetishism. The content is generally aimed at being erotic rather than pornographic.
The most well-known early examples are "Bizarre" (1946-1959) published by John Willie and Leonard Burtman... | 29,274 |
206880 | Fetish magazine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fetish%20magazine | Fetish magazine
by Gillian Freeman (1967), concluded that such magazines provide a catharsis for those whose sexual needs are otherwise unsatisfied: she identified rubberwear magazines as the most popular at the time.
# Rubberist magazines.
- "AtomAge"
- "Dressing for Pleasure"
- "Marquis"
- "«O»"
- "Pussy Cat" (... | 29,275 |
206880 | Fetish magazine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fetish%20magazine | Fetish magazine
Milan, 1972 - 1992)
- "Hogtied" (House of Milan, 1993 - 1999)
- "Knotty" (House of Milan, 1971 - 2002)
- "Secret" (1991-2008)
# Spanking magazines.
- "Blushes" (UK, c. 1980s)
- "Corporal" (Consolidated Publishing/Eros-Goldstripe, 1960s-70s)
- "Februs" (UK, 1994-2003)
- "Janus" (UK, 1971-2007)
-... | 29,276 |
206880 | Fetish magazine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fetish%20magazine | Fetish magazine
"Domination Directory International"
- "Fetish World"
- "Forced Womanhood"
- "Obey"
- "The Vault"
- "Whap!"
# Cultural magazines.
- "Bizarre" (UK, Dennis Publishing, 1997–2015)
- "Fet-X"
- "Fetish Times" (UK, editor Mark Ramsden, 1994–?)
- "KFS Magazine
# Other.
- "Splosh!" (UK, 1989–2001) –... | 29,277 |
206880 | Fetish magazine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fetish%20magazine | Fetish magazine
" (UK, Dennis Publishing, 1997–2015)
- "Fet-X"
- "Fetish Times" (UK, editor Mark Ramsden, 1994–?)
- "KFS Magazine
# Other.
- "Splosh!" (UK, 1989–2001) – wet and messy fetishism
- "Girl in the Fishnet!" – fishnet fetishism
- "Leash Magazine" (Canada) – fetish and BDSM magazine
- "Whiplash" (Canad... | 29,278 |
206881 | East Riddlesden Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East%20Riddlesden%20Hall | East Riddlesden Hall
East Riddlesden Hall
East Riddlesden Hall is a 17th-century manor house in Keighley, West Yorkshire, England, now owned by the National Trust. The hall was built in 1642 by a wealthy Halifax clothier, James Murgatroyd. The hall is a Grade I listed building. There is a medieval tithebarn in the gro... | 29,279 |
206881 | East Riddlesden Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East%20Riddlesden%20Hall | East Riddlesden Hall
was extended and re-built by James Murgatroyd and his wife Hannah, using local Yorkshire stone, in 1648. He also built other stone manor houses throughout the West Riding of Yorkshire. In the great hall, a small fireplace can be seen above the main fireplace, where the floor for the first floor acc... | 29,280 |
206881 | East Riddlesden Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East%20Riddlesden%20Hall | East Riddlesden Hall
the Murgatroyd Baronets in the comic opera "Ruddigore" by Gilbert and Sullivan, and the opera has been performed at the Hall. W. S. Gilbert is supposed to have often stayed at the Hall. The feature comments that the Murgatroyds became notorious "for their profanity and debauchery". A legend arose t... | 29,281 |
206881 | East Riddlesden Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East%20Riddlesden%20Hall | East Riddlesden Hall
"Members of the family were fined, imprisoned and excommunicated". It asserts that the character of Sir Despard Murgatroyd in "Ruddigore" is based on James Murgatroyd.
# Filming location.
East Riddlesden Hall has been used as a filming location for the 1992 film "Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights"... | 29,282 |
206876 | Caprimulgiformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprimulgiformes | Caprimulgiformes
Caprimulgiformes
The Caprimulgiformes is an order of birds that includes a number of birds with global distribution (except Antarctica). They are generally insectivorous and nocturnal. The order gets its name from the Latin for "goat-milker", an old name based on an erroneous view of the European nigh... | 29,283 |
206876 | Caprimulgiformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprimulgiformes | Caprimulgiformes
15 species in 3 genera)
- Family Nyctibiidae (potoos, about 5 species in 1 genus)
- Family Caprimulgidae (Nightjars)
- Subfamily Chordeilinae (New World nighthawks)
- Subfamily Caprimulginae (typical nightjars)
- Subfamily Eurostopodinae (eared nightjars)
Traditionally, they were regarded, on mor... | 29,284 |
206876 | Caprimulgiformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprimulgiformes | Caprimulgiformes
on analysis of DNA sequence data – notably β-fibrinogen intron 7 – Fain and Houde considered the families of the Caprimulgiformes to be members of the proposed clade Metaves, which also includes the hoatzin, tropicbirds, sandgrouse, pigeons, kagu, sunbittern, mesites, flamingos, grebes and swifts and h... | 29,285 |
206876 | Caprimulgiformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprimulgiformes | Caprimulgiformes
been found that uniquely unite Metaves (or Caprimulgiformes for that matter), but numerous unlinked nuclear genes independently support their monophyly either in majority or whole. Ericson "et al." (2006) concluded that if valid, the "Metaves" must originate quite some time before the Paleogene, and th... | 29,286 |
206876 | Caprimulgiformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprimulgiformes | Caprimulgiformes
seemed rather distinct. The other lineages appeared to form a clade, but this is now known to have been caused by methodological limitiations.
The Aegothelidae (owlet-nightjars) with about a dozen living species in one genus are apparently closer to the Apodiformes; these and the Caprimulgiformes are ... | 29,287 |
206876 | Caprimulgiformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprimulgiformes | Caprimulgiformes
robustly supported, however, the idea that the owlet-nightjars should be considered closer to Caprimulgiformes, unlike the methodologically weaker studies of Mariaux & Braun (1996) and Fain and Houde (2004).
Alternatively, Mayr's phylogenetic taxon Cypselomorphae might be placed at order rank and subs... | 29,288 |
206876 | Caprimulgiformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprimulgiformes | Caprimulgiformes
consensus phylogeny well. The genus "Paraprefica", probably from the Early Eocene (though this is somewhat uncertain), seems to be a basal form that at times has been allied with the oilbird and the potoos, but cannot be assigned to either with certainty. In the consensus scenario, it would represent a... | 29,289 |
206876 | Caprimulgiformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprimulgiformes | Caprimulgiformes
Paleogene birds strongly suggest that the two main extant lineages of cypselomorphs separated about 60-55 mya (Selandian-Thanetian), and that some time around the Lutetian-Bartonian boundary, some 40 mya, the common ancestors of Nyctibiidae, Caprimulgidae and eared nightjars diverged from those of oilb... | 29,290 |
206876 | Caprimulgiformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprimulgiformes | Caprimulgiformes
usually three. With the exception of the Oilbird, which nests colonially in tree hollows, caprimulgiform birds do not build a nest but lay their egg or eggs directly onto the ground or branches. Both parents usually incubate, and for camouflage the semialtricial chicks, covered with down at hatching bu... | 29,291 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
CenturyLink Field
CenturyLink Field is a multi-purpose stadium located in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is the home field for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL) and Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). Originally called Seahawks Stadium, it became Qwest F... | 29,292 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
a parking garage, and a public plaza. The venue hosts concerts, trade shows, and consumer shows along with sporting events. Located within a mile (1.6 km) of Downtown Seattle, the stadium is accessible by multiple freeways and forms of mass transit.
The stadium was built between 2000 and 2002 on the ... | 29,293 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
of an open-air venue with an intimate atmosphere.
The crowd is notoriously loud during Seahawks games. It has twice held the Guinness World Record for loudest crowd roar at an outdoor stadium, first at 136.6 decibels in 2013, followed by a measurement of 137.6 decibels in 2014. The noise has contribu... | 29,294 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
played at the stadium.
CenturyLink Field is also designed for soccer. The first sporting event held included a United Soccer Leagues (USL) Seattle Sounders match. The USL team began using the stadium regularly for home games in 2003. The MLS expansion team Seattle Sounders FC, began its inaugural sea... | 29,295 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
Timbers. The stadium hosted several CONCACAF Gold Cup matches across multiple editions, and the Copa América Centenario in 2016. It is part of Seattle's bid to host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup, which was awarded to the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
# Funding.
The Seahawks played thei... | 29,296 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
not be profitable until they left the Kingdome. He asked the state legislature to hold a special statewide referendum on a proposal to finance a new stadium. Allen also agreed to cover any cost overruns. With Allen agreeing to pay the $4 million cost, the legislature agreed. The vote was scheduled to ... | 29,297 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
17, 1997, with 820,364 (51.1%) in favor and 783,584 against. The vote was close in Seattle, but it received 60% approval in Seattle's northern and eastern suburbs. The public funding was unpopular farther away in the eastern portion of the state. In October, a Thurston County Superior Court judge rule... | 29,298 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
the Seahawks and formed First & Goal Inc. to build and operate the facility. The budget for the project was $430 million. Of this cost, $44 million was allotted to build the Event Center, $26 million for the parking garage, and $360 million for the stadium. First & Goal was to cover cost overruns and ... | 29,299 |
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