wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
Stick).
## Tuning.
The original (now called "Classic") tuning consists of 5 bass strings (6 on the Grand Sticks), tuned upwards in all-fifths tuning, with the low string in the middle of the fretboard, and 5 melody strings (6 on Grand Stick), tuned upwards in all-fourths tuning, again with the low strin... | 29,400 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
configurations may change depending on the player's style; a player playing as a lead instrument will choose an overall higher pitch tuning, with more separation or overlap between the melody and bass courses.
The stringing/tuning configuration of the Chapman Stick is advantageous to the player who wishe... | 29,401 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
in each of the two parts of the instrument; regular tunings facilitate learning by beginners, as well as transposition and improvisation by advanced players. Also, the bass/melody division allows microtonal tunings.
The manufacturer's website has more detailed information on tunings.
## Electronics.
Th... | 29,402 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
waveform transient that is easily tracked by this type of device.
Standard output is 2-channel, through a TRS 1/4" phone connector, with bass and melody courses output separately. There are separate volume controls for bass and melody. The ACTV-2 and PASV-4 pickup modules also have mono operation modes.
... | 29,403 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
this modified instrument the "Virtual Stick".
## Models.
Currently there are eight models of the Chapman Stick. Some string configurations are mentioned below, but current production models offer any tuning within physical limitations of stringing:
- The Stick (10 strings, 5 melody & 5 bass/6 melody & ... | 29,404 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
or laminated bamboo "blanks" for the Grand Stick 12-string model, thus creating a wider fretboard & string spacing for a 10-string Stick. Center-to-center string spacing is 0.350" as opposed to 0.315" on standard 10-string Sticks. The space between the "melody" & "bass" groups of strings is also wider, at... | 29,405 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
plucking, strumming, or tapping in standard bass or guitar intervals, standard Stick 5 melody & 5 bass, other custom tunings and set-ups; co-invented by Chapman & Ned Steinberger, 34" scale length)
- Alto Stick (10 strings, 5 melody + 5 accompaniment, with shorter scale length for a more guitar-like rang... | 29,406 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
close to the current 10-string Chapman Stick, which is narrower than the SB8 8-string Stick Bass. 2 Bartolini bass pickups (1 "Soapbar" & 1 "Single Coil"-sized: only 1 selectable at a time) with mono-only output as opposed to virtually all the previously built and current to the original & upgraded over t... | 29,407 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
version of the Chapman Stick made for Bob Culbertson.
- StickXBL – A prototype Stick with body construction by BassLab using a hollow "tunable composite" material. Only a small number of these prototypes exist.
# List of notable players and ensembles.
- Tony Levin solo and with Peter Gabriel, King Crim... | 29,408 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
of the Chapman Stick Touchboard and the Free Hands Two-Handed Tapping Technique
- Bob Culbertson solo Stick performer
- Peter Gifford plays Chapman Stick on the tracks 'Sleep' and 'Who Can Stand in the Way' on the Midnight Oil album "Red Sails in the Sunset" and in concert
- Trey Gunn played Chapman St... | 29,409 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
Dave Matthews Band album "Before These Crowded Streets"
- Alphonso Johnson Weather Report, Santana, Gregg Rolie Band
- Sean Malone of Cynic and Gordian Knot
- Fergus Marsh of Bruce Cockburn
- Mark McCullough with Red Wanting Blue
- John Myung of Dream Theater and Gordian Knot.
- Mike Oldfield plays ... | 29,410 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
Jazz Cowboys Chyi Chin and Radio Chongqing
- Mauricio Sotelo from , Mexican progressive band.
- Akın Ünver, Solo Stick player from Ankara, Turkey
- David Tipton
- Michael Kollwitz solo stick player from Sedona, Arizona, US
- Satoru Tsuji of Juuichi
- Zeta Bosio of Soda Stereo
- John Balance of Coil... | 29,411 |
206908 | Bounds Green tube station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bounds%20Green%20tube%20station | Bounds Green tube station
Bounds Green tube station
Bounds Green is a London Underground station, located at the junction of Bounds Green Road and Brownlow Road in Bounds Green in the London Borough of Haringey, North London. The station is on the Piccadilly line, between Wood Green and Arnos Grove, and is on the boun... | 29,412 |
206908 | Bounds Green tube station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bounds%20Green%20tube%20station | Bounds Green tube station
station was used as an air-raid shelter and people slept on the stairs between the escalators here as well as on the platforms. On the night of 13 October 1940, during The Blitz, a lone German aircraft dropped a single bomb on houses to the north of the station. The destruction of the houses c... | 29,413 |
206908 | Bounds Green tube station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bounds%20Green%20tube%20station | Bounds Green tube station
the civilian deaths held by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission indicate that in fact sixteen people in total died at the scene – of whom three were Belgian refugees – with a seventeenth person dying of injuries in hospital the following day. Approximately twenty people were injured, but su... | 29,414 |
206908 | Bounds Green tube station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bounds%20Green%20tube%20station | Bounds Green tube station
ceiling; large London Underground roundels; and original bronze signs, ventilation grilles and information panel frames. The sub-surface areas of the station are finished in biscuit-coloured tiles lined with red friezes. Holden's designs emphasised functionality combined with balanced geometry... | 29,415 |
206908 | Bounds Green tube station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bounds%20Green%20tube%20station | Bounds Green tube station
2010 the station was listed as Grade II.
# Layout.
Two escalators and a central fixed stairway connect the ticket hall with the platforms. The escalators were installed in 1989 and 1991, replacing the 1932 originals. The current escalators are Otis MH-B type of 15.8 m vertical rise.
The sta... | 29,416 |
206908 | Bounds Green tube station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bounds%20Green%20tube%20station | Bounds Green tube station
Improvements.
The station was refurbished in 2007 as part of Transport for London's £10 billion Investment Programme. The works were carried out at night and in a series of weekend closures. This work involved the restoration of heritage features and included the upgrading of CCTV cameras, re... | 29,417 |
206908 | Bounds Green tube station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bounds%20Green%20tube%20station | Bounds Green tube station
, platform resurfacing and the installation of Help Points. New train indicators were installed. The station was restored to its original condition, complete with red tiled borders. The cable trays above the frieze level are grey. The ticket hall has been retiled light and dark grey with woode... | 29,418 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
Photographic plate
Photographic plates preceded photographic film as a capture medium in photography. The light-sensitive emulsion of silver salts was coated on a glass plate, typically thinner than common window glass, instead of a clear plastic film.
# History.
Glass plates were far superior to ... | 29,419 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
as more convenient and less fragile films were increasingly adopted. However, photographic plates were reportedly still being used by one photography business in London until the 1970s, and they were in wide use by the professional astronomical community as late as the 1990s. Workshops on the use of ... | 29,420 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
taken using photographic plates, including the first Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS) of the 1950s, the follow-up POSS-II survey of the 1990s, and the UK Schmidt survey of southern declinations. A number of observatories, including Harvard College and Sonneberg, maintain large archives of photog... | 29,421 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
in 1898. Pluto was discovered using photographic plates in a blink comparator; its moon Charon was discovered 48 years later in 1978 by U.S. Naval Observatory astronomer James W. Christy by carefully examining a bulge in Pluto's image on a photographic plate.
Glass-backed plates, rather than film, w... | 29,422 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
production of most kinds of plates as the market for them dwindled between 1980 and 2000, terminating most remaining astronomical use, including for sky surveys.
## Physics.
Photographic plates were also an important tool in early high-energy physics, as they are blackened by ionizing radiation. Fo... | 29,423 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
flatter plane compared to plastic films. Beginning in the 1970s, high-contrast, fine grain emulsions coated on thicker plastic films manufactured by Kodak, Ilford and DuPont replaced glass plates. These films have largely been replaced by digitally imaging technologies.
# Medical imaging.
The sensi... | 29,424 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
The plastic was not of very high optical quality and tended to curl and otherwise not provide as desirably flat a support surface as a sheet of glass. Initially, a transparent plastic base was more expensive to produce than glass. Quality was eventually improved, manufacturing costs came down, and mo... | 29,425 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
devices (CCDs), which also provide outstanding dimensional stability. CCD cameras have several advantages over glass plates, including high efficiency, linear light response, and simplified image acquisition and processing. However, even the largest CCD formats (e.g., 8192 × 8192 pixels) still do not... | 29,426 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
which requires a recording medium with a large surface area and a submicroscopic level of resolution that currently (2014) available electronic image sensors cannot provide. In the realm of traditional photography, a small number of historical process enthusiasts make their own wet or dry plates from... | 29,427 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
or resources to make their own. The plates are produced in any size desired by the customer, with several formats in common use in the early 20th century listed as stock items. The initial line of plates, called J. Lane Dry Plates, were an unsensitized (seeing only UV and blue) plate with a nominal s... | 29,428 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
and prevent their valuable historical information from being lost. The emulsion on the plate can deteriorate. In addition, the glass plate medium is fragile and prone to cracking if not stored correctly.
## Historical archives.
The United States Library of Congress has a large collection of both we... | 29,429 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
discovered at that time. These images were taken in 1875 by Charles Bayliss and formed the "Shore Tower" panorama of Sydney Harbour. Albumen contact prints made from these negatives are in the holdings of the Holtermann Collection, the negatives are listed among the current holdings of the Collection... | 29,430 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
to preserve them. This approach was applied at the Baldone Astrophysical Observatory where about 22000 glass and film plates of the Schmidt Telescope were scanned and cataloged. Another example of an astronomical plate archive is the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive (APDA) at the Pisgah Astrono... | 29,431 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
is dedicated to housing and cataloging unwanted plates, with the goal to eventually catalog the plates and create a database of images that can be accessed via the Internet by the global community of scientists, researchers, and students. APDA now has a collection of more than 200,000 photographic im... | 29,432 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
are used to guide and direct the Hubble Space Telescope. APDA's networked storage system can store and analyze more than 100 terabytes of data.
# See also.
- Camera
- Film base
- Photographic film
# Further reading.
- Peter Kroll, Constanze La Dous, Hans-Jürgen Bräuer: ""Treasure Hunting in Ast... | 29,433 |
206897 | Photographic plate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic%20plate | Photographic plate
al Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 410 (2009),
- Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) Astronomical Photographic Data Archive (APDA) http://www.pari.edu/about_pari/pari-photos/archived-photos/apda
# External links.
- The Sonneberg Plates Archiv (Sonneberg Observatory)
- The... | 29,434 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
CinemaScope
CinemaScope is an anamorphic lens series used, from 1953 to 1967, and less often later, for shooting widescreen movies that, crucially, could be screened in theatres using existing equipment, albeit with a lens adapter. Its creation in 1953 by Spyros P. Skouras, the president of 20th Century Fo... | 29,435 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
primarily advanced by Panavision, CinemaScope's anamorphic format has continued to this day. In film-industry jargon, the shortened form, 'Scope, is still widely used by both filmmakers and projectionists, although today it generally refers to any 2.35:1, 2.39:1, 2.40:1 or 2.55:1 presentation or, sometimes,... | 29,436 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
trick which produced an image twice as wide as those that were being produced with conventional lenses; this was done using an optical system called "Hypergonar", which was the process of compressing (at shoot time) and dilating (at projection time) the image laterally. He attempted to interest the motion p... | 29,437 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
that technical innovation could help to meet the challenge. Skouras tasked Earl Sponable, head of Fox's research department, with devising a new, impressive, projection system, but something that, unlike Cinerama, could be retrofitted to existing theatres at a relatively modest costand then Herbert Brag, Sp... | 29,438 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
footage shot with these lenses was screened for Skouras, who gave the go-ahead for development of a widescreen process based on Chrétien's invention, which was to be known as "CinemaScope".
Twentieth Century-Fox's pre-production of "The Robe", originally committed to origination, was halted so that the fil... | 29,439 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
working on their own versions. The introduction of CinemaScope enabled Fox and other studios to reassert its distinction from the new competitor, television.
Chrétien's Hypergonars proved to have significant optical and operational defects (primarily loss-of-squeeze at close camera-to-subject distances, pl... | 29,440 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
"combined" lens designs incorporated both the "prime" lens and the anamorphic lens in one unit (initially in 35, 40, 50, 75, 100 and 152 mm focal lengths, and later including a 25 mm focal length). These "combined" lenses continue to be used to this day, particularly in special effects units. Other manufact... | 29,441 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
applied that would allow an aspect ratio of 2.66:1. When, however, developers found that magnetic stripes could be added to the film to produce a composite picture/sound print, the ratio of the image was reduced to 2.55:1. This reduction was kept to a minimum by reducing the width of the normal KS perforati... | 29,442 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
negatives, as was this studio's practice for all films, whether anamorphic or not.
In order to better hide so-called "negative assembly" splices, the ratio of the image was later changed by others to 2.39:1 (1024:429) and, finally, to 2.40:1. All professional cameras are capable of shooting 2.55:1 (special... | 29,443 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
the 12-Mile Reef" also went into Cinemascope production. "Millionaire" finished production first, before "The Robe", but because of its importance, "The Robe" was released first.
Fox used its influential people to promote CinemaScope. With the success of "The Robe" and "How to Marry a Millionaire," the pro... | 29,444 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
one of the best examples of early CinemaScope productions. Walt Disney Productions' "Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom", which won an Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) in 1953, was the first cartoon produced in Cinemascope. The first animated feature film to use CinemaScope was "Lady and the Tramp... | 29,445 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
and white were begun in 1956 at Fox under the trade name, "RegalScope." The latter used the very same optics as CinemaScope, but, usually, a different camera system (such as Mitchell BNCs at TCF-TV studios for RegalScope rather than Fox Studio Cameras at Fox Hills studios for CinemaScope).
# Audio.
Fox of... | 29,446 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
three-channel soundtrack played from separate optical film. Early post-war stereo systems used with Cinerama and some 3-D films had used multichannel audio played from a separate magnetic film. Fox had initially intended to use 3-channel stereo from magnetic film for CinemaScope.
However, Hazard E. Reeves'... | 29,447 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
picture and perforations on the other side of the film; this fourth track was used for a surround channel, also sometimes known at the time as an "effects" channel. In order to avoid hiss on the surround/effects channel from distracting the audience the surround speakers were switched on by a 12 kHz tone re... | 29,448 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
and 3-D. Cinerama was relatively unaffected by CinemaScope, as it was a quality-controlled process that played in select venues, similar to the IMAX films of recent years. 3-D was hurt, however, by studio advertising surrounding CinemaScope's promise that it was the "miracle you see without glasses." Techni... | 29,449 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
by the use of an aperture plate, also known as a soft matte. Most films shot today use this technique, cropping the top and bottom of a 1.37:1 image to produce one at a ratio of 1.85:1.
Aware of Fox's upcoming CinemaScope productions, Paramount introduced this technique in March's release of "Shane" with t... | 29,450 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
flat wide-screen aspect ratios in their filming, which would become the standard of that time.
By this time Chrétien's 1926 patent on the Hypergonar lens had expired while the fundamental technique that CinemaScope utilised was not patentable because the anamorphoscope had been known for centuries. Anamorp... | 29,451 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
4-perf vertical 35 mm. Thus, a negative with a finer grain was created and release prints had less grain. The first Paramount film in VistaVision was "White Christmas". VistaVision died out for feature production in the late 1950s with the introduction of faster film stocks, but was revived by Industrial Li... | 29,452 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
in the early 1960s, using normal 35 mm cameras modified for two perforations per (half) frame instead of the regular four and later converted into an anamorphic print. Techniscope was mostly used in Europe, especially with low-budget films.
Many European countries and studios used the standard anamorphic p... | 29,453 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
license it from Fox instead.
# Technical difficulties.
Although CinemaScope was capable of producing a 2.66:1 image, the addition of magnetic sound tracks for multi-channel sound reduced this to 2.55:1.
The fact that the image was expanded horizontally when projected meant that there could be visible gra... | 29,454 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
reduced thanks to improvements in film stock and lenses.
The CinemaScope lenses were optically flawed, however, by the fixed anamorphic element, which caused the anamorphic effect to gradually drop off as objects approached closer to the lens. The effect was that close-ups would slightly overstretch an act... | 29,455 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
and a few features were filmed in CinemaScope during the 1950s, including Walt Disney's "Lady and the Tramp" (1955).
# CinemaScope 55.
CinemaScope 55 was a large-format version of CinemaScope introduced by Twentieth Century Fox in 1955, which used a film width of 55.625 mm.
Fox had introduced the origina... | 29,456 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
film systems introduced in the mid-1950s, the other two being Paramount's VistaVision and the Todd-AO 70 mm film system.
Fox determined that a system that produced a frame area approximately 4 times that of the 35mm CinemaScope frame would be the optimal trade-off between performance and cost, and it chose... | 29,457 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
negative film had the perforations (of the CS "Fox-hole" type) close to the edge of the film and the camera aperture was 1.824" by 1.430" (approx. 46 mm x 36 mm), giving an image area of 2.61 sq. inch. This compares to the 0.866" by 0.732" (approx. 22 mm x 18.6 mm) frame of a modern anamorphic 35 mm negativ... | 29,458 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
the perforations and the image. The pull-down for the negative was 8 perforations, while for the smaller frame on the print film, it was 6 perforations. In both cases, however, the frame had an aspect ratio of 1.275:1, which when expanded by a 2:1 anamorphic lens resulted in an image of 2.55:1.
A camera or... | 29,459 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
"Carousel", and "The King and I". But it did not make 55 mm release prints for either film; both were released in conventional 35 mm CinemaScope with a limited release of "The King and I" being shown in 70 mm.
Fox soon discontinued this process, as it was too impractical for theaters to re-equip for 55 mm ... | 29,460 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
the 55/35mm dual gauge "penthouse" magnetic sound reproducer head specifically for CinemaScope 55, abandoned this product (but six-channel Ampex theater systems persisted, these being re-purposed from 55/35mm to 70mm Todd-AO/35mm CinemaScope).
Although commercial 55 mm prints were not made, some 55 mm prin... | 29,461 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
visual image, as with Cinerama. This proved too impractical, and all other engagements of "Carousel" had the standard four-track stereo soundtrack ("sounded" on the actual film) as was then used in all CinemaScope releases.
In 2005 both CinemaScope 55 films were restored from the original 55 mm negatives.
... | 29,462 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
lenses, Panavision founder Robert Gottschalk soon improved upon the anamorphic camera lenses by creating a new lens set that included dual rotating anamorphic elements which were interlocked with the lens focus gearing. This innovation allowed the Panavision lenses to keep the plane of focus at a constant a... | 29,463 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
by a rival studio. Confusingly, some studios, particularly MGM, continued to use the CinemaScope credit even though they had switched to Panavision lenses. Virtually all MGM "CinemaScope" films after 1958 are actually in Panavision.
By 1967, even Fox had begun to abandon CinemaScope for Panavision (famousl... | 29,464 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
sound only, and although in certain areas, such as Los Angeles and New York City, the vast majority of theaters were equipped for 4-track magnetic sound (4-track magnetic sound achieving nearly 90 percent penetration of theaters in the greater Los Angeles area) the owners of many smaller theaters were dissa... | 29,465 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
in 1957, and added a half-width optical soundtrack, while keeping the magnetic tracks for those theaters that were able to present their films with stereophonic sound. These so-called "mag-optical" prints provided a somewhat sub-standard optical sound and were also expensive to produce. It made little econo... | 29,466 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
print with a standard optical soundtrack only. Furthermore, these striped prints wore out faster than optical prints and caused more problems in use, such as flakes of oxide clogging the replay heads. Due to these problems, and also because many cinemas never installed the necessary playback equipment, magn... | 29,467 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
of Dolby Stereo – which provided similar performance to striped magnetic prints albeit more reliable and at a far lower cost – caused the 4-track magnetic system to become totally obsolete.
# Modern references.
The song "Stereophonic Sound" written by Cole Porter for the 1955 Broadway musical "Silk Stocki... | 29,468 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
song refers to Technicolor, the film was actually made in Metrocolor.)
While the lens system has been retired for decades, Fox has used the trademark in recent years on at least three films: "Down with Love", which was shot with Panavision optics but used the credit as a throwback to the films it reference... | 29,469 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
digitally) with Panavision equipment in a 2.55:1 widescreen format, but not true CinemaScope. However, the film's opening credits do say "Presented in CinemaScope" ("presented," not "shot") as a tribute to 1950s musicals in that format. This credit appears initially in black-and-white and in a narrow format... | 29,470 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
of 1999's "The Iron Giant," director Brad Bird wanted to use CinemaScope on the film's promotion, but Fox disapproved of this, so it was not used. The joke was later realized during the end credits of the 2015 "Signature Edition" re-release.
Recently, the two 2018 blockbuster films "" and "Deadpool 2" were... | 29,471 |
206869 | CinemaScope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CinemaScope | CinemaScope
"The Iron Giant," director Brad Bird wanted to use CinemaScope on the film's promotion, but Fox disapproved of this, so it was not used. The joke was later realized during the end credits of the 2015 "Signature Edition" re-release.
Recently, the two 2018 blockbuster films "" and "Deadpool 2" were shot in C... | 29,472 |
206917 | Durham Students' Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durham%20Students'%20Union | Durham Students' Union
Durham Students' Union
Durham Students' Union (DSU) is the students' union of Durham University in Durham, England. It is an organisation, originally set up as the Durham Colleges Students’ Representative Council in 1899 and renamed in 1969, with the intention of representing and providing welfa... | 29,473 |
206917 | Durham Students' Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durham%20Students'%20Union | Durham Students' Union
Bridge, adjacent, opened two years earlier. Built into the steeply sloping bank of the River Wear, Dunelm House is notable internally for the fact that the main staircase linking all five levels of the building runs in an entirely straight line. This was intended by the building's architects to c... | 29,474 |
206917 | Durham Students' Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durham%20Students'%20Union | Durham Students' Union
Local Plan notes that the "powerful" building, together with Kingsgate Bridge, "provides an exhilarating pedestrian route ... out into open space over the river gorge".
# Services.
## Welfare.
The SU provides a number of student welfare services, in addition to those provided by the University... | 29,475 |
206917 | Durham Students' Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durham%20Students'%20Union | Durham Students' Union
Social events.
During the late 1960s and the 1970s Dunelm House was a popular music venue, hosting bands including Pink Floyd, Wishbone Ash and Procol Harum. According to their drummer Simon Kirke, Free's most popular song "All Right Now" was written by bassist Andy Fraser and singer Paul Rodger... | 29,476 |
206917 | Durham Students' Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durham%20Students'%20Union | Durham Students' Union
250 registered student groups. A full and up-to-date list of the Durham SU's societies can be found on the Durham Students' Union website.
## DUCK.
Unlike many students' unions, Durham Students' Union does not have "RAG week", but instead, DUCK - Durham University Charities' Kommittee - organis... | 29,477 |
206917 | Durham Students' Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durham%20Students'%20Union | Durham Students' Union
intention of throwing them in the river. At the time the story went to print the student officers were the front runners.
DUCK was formed in the 1970s to raise money for local, national and international charities. It runs a number of expeditions to destinations including India, Kilimanjaro and ... | 29,478 |
206917 | Durham Students' Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durham%20Students'%20Union | Durham Students' Union
Union are made with the involvement of JCR SU Representatives. This gives Durham SU an avenue for encouraging involvement not available to SU's in most universities; but also limits participation, as many people choose to get involved with their JCR, which deals with many of the issues with immed... | 29,479 |
206917 | Durham Students' Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durham%20Students'%20Union | Durham Students' Union
Durham SU's debt to the bank and its parent institution stood at £303,000 in June 2005. Restructuring of the organisation followed and resulted in a small surplus being posted for the year 2005/06. In 2007/08 a reorganisation took place, which resulted in the adoption of a new constitution. Gover... | 29,480 |
206917 | Durham Students' Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durham%20Students'%20Union | Durham Students' Union
a referendum took place proposing that Durham SU should stay affiliated to the NUS. Students voted convincingly in favour of affiliation with 80% (2564) of students who voted voting to stay affiliated and 20% (624) voting to disaffiliate.
Shortly after this, controversy arose regarding a planned... | 29,481 |
206917 | Durham Students' Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durham%20Students'%20Union | Durham Students' Union
ng students voting to disaffiliate from the NUS, meaning that Durham Students' Union disaffiliated from the NUS after the end of the 2009-2010 academic year.
A third referendum on NUS affiliation was held in January 2011 with 60% of students voting to reaffiliate with NUS.
# Notable former offi... | 29,482 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
New Zealand wren
The New Zealand wrens are a family (Acanthisittidae) of tiny passerines endemic to New Zealand. They were represented by six known species in four or five genera, although only two species survive in two genera today. They are understood to form a distinct lineage within the passerine... | 29,483 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
of that family.
New Zealand wrens are mostly insectivorous foragers of New Zealand's forests, with one species, the New Zealand rock wren, being restricted to alpine areas. Both the remaining species are poor fliers and four of the five extinct species are known to be, or are suspected of having been,... | 29,484 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
in small nests in trees or amongst rocks. They are diurnal and like all New Zealand passerines, for the most part, are sedentary.
New Zealand wrens, like many New Zealand birds, suffered several extinctions after the arrival of humans in New Zealand. Two species became extinct after the arrival of the... | 29,485 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
North and South Islands, while the New Zealand rock wren is restricted to the alpine areas of the South Island and is considered vulnerable.
# Taxonomy and systematics.
The taxonomy of the New Zealand wrens has been a subject of considerable debate since their discovery, although they have long been ... | 29,486 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
the family was a sister taxon to the subocines and the oscines. This theory has proven most robust since then and the New Zealand wrens might be the survivors of a lineage of passerines that was isolated when New Zealand broke away from Gondwana 82–85 million years ago (Mya), though a pre-Paleogene ori... | 29,487 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
the acanthisittids' ancestors likely arrived in the Late Paleocene from Australia or the then-temperate Antarctic coasts. Plate tectonics indicate that the shortest distance between New Zealand and those two continents was roughly 1,500 km (1,000 miles) at that time. New Zealand's minimum distance from... | 29,488 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
Miocene Saint Bathans Fauna.
The relationships between the genera and species are poorly understood. The extant genus "Acanthisitta" has one species, the rifleman and the other surviving genus, "Xenicus", includes the New Zealand rock wren and the recently extinct bushwren. Some authorities have retai... | 29,489 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
†Bushwren, "Xenicus longipes"
- New Zealand rock wren or South Island wren, "Xenicus gilviventris"
- "'Genus "Traversia"
- †Lyall's wren or Stephens Island wren, "Traversia lyalli"
- Genus "Pachyplichas"
- †Stout-legged wren or Yaldwin's wren, "Pachyplichas yaldwyni"
- †"Pachyplichas jagmi"
- Ge... | 29,490 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
(and probably the bushwren) weighs between 14 and 22 g and the extinct long-billed wren weighed around 30 g.
The plumage of the New Zealand wrens is only known for the four species seen by European scientists. All these species have dull green and brown plumage and all except Lyall's wren have a promi... | 29,491 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
dimorphism in size; unusually for passerines, the female is larger than the male. The female rifleman also exhibits other differences from the male, having a slightly more upturned bill than the male and a larger hind claw.
The New Zealand wrens evolved in the absence of mammals for many millions of y... | 29,492 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
as scurrying on the ground rather than flying.
# Distribution and habitat.
The New Zealand wrens are endemic and restricted to the main and offshore islands of New Zealand; they have not been found on any of the outer islands such as the Chatham Islands or the Kermadec Islands. Prior to the arrival o... | 29,493 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
for the alpine environment, in areas of low scrub and scree from 900 m up to 2,400 m. Contrary to its other common name (the South Island wren), fossil evidence shows it was more widespread in the past and once lived in the North Island. Lyall's wren was once thought to have been restricted to the tiny... | 29,494 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
in New Zealand.
After the wave of extinctions and range contractions caused by the arrival of mammals in New Zealand, the New Zealand wrens have a much reduced range. The New Zealand rock wren is now restricted to the South Island and is declining in numbers. The range of the rifleman initially contra... | 29,495 |
206915 | New Zealand wren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20Zealand%20wren | New Zealand wren
dentary and are not thought to undertake any migrations. It is not known if the extinct species migrated, but it is considered highly unlikely, as three of the extinct species were flightless. The situation with the New Zealand rock wren is an ornithological mystery, as they are thought to live above t... | 29,496 |
206924 | Youssef Chahine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youssef%20Chahine | Youssef Chahine
Youssef Chahine
Youssef Chahine (; 25 January 1926 – 27 July 2008) was an Egyptian film director, of Lebanese and Greek origin.
He was active in the Egyptian film industry from 1950 until his death. A winner of the Cannes 50th Anniversary Award (for lifetime achievement), Chahine was credited with lau... | 29,497 |
206924 | Youssef Chahine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youssef%20Chahine | Youssef Chahine
at a Frères' school Collège Saint Marc. Growing up, he attended Alexandria's elite Victoria College.After graduating from Victoria college in 1944, he was determined to go abroad to fulfill his passions. His parents refused, and tried to talk him out of him. They enrolled him in the college of Engineeri... | 29,498 |
206924 | Youssef Chahine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youssef%20Chahine | Youssef Chahine
ranking first.
After returning from Pasadena, Chahine didn’t work in Egyptian theater or film. Instead, he worked in Twentieth-Century in FOX’s publicity department, where he worked with and Alvise Orfanelli. In one instance, a producer and a director had a quarrel, and the director walked off the set... | 29,499 |
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