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206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
project's tax-exempt bonds. Those taxes will be kept below the authorized 10% to preserve the tax-exempt status, but the percentage will be increased to the full amount when the bonds are completely paid in 2021. At such time, they will become dedicated funding sources for maintenance and modernizatio... | 29,300 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
other twenty percent is allotted to a state education fund. First & Goal is responsible for all operating and maintenance costs, expected to be $6 million a year, and must keep the facility in "first-class" condition. Other details of the lease include the availability of affordable seats, a coordinat... | 29,301 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
was closely involved during the design process. While growing up he attended games at the University of Washington's outdoor Husky Stadium. His goal was to create a similar experience and atmosphere at the new venue. The exhibition center portion of the project was designed over a period of 14 months ... | 29,302 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
up 19% of the workforce through another program with local trade unions.
In September 1998 construction began on the new exhibition center and parking garage. By October 1999 the exhibition center was open and hosting events. On March 26, 2000, to make way for the stadium, the Kingdome was demolished... | 29,303 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
that had leveled portions of Seattle's hills. To account for the soft soil, the complex sits on over 2,200 pilings driven below the ground to form what is essentially a pier for the foundation. Eight individually connected sections were built to account for the soil concerns, temperature effects, and ... | 29,304 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
closer to the field, this provided a better view of the field than typically seen throughout the country and allowed for a 67,000-seat capacity. Space is available to increase the total capacity to 72,000 for special events. Included in the capacity are 111 suites and over 7,000 club seats. The stadiu... | 29,305 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
to the southeast can be seen from the partially open south end. The stadium's concourses were built to be wide, and they provide additional views of the surrounding area. A 13-story tower was erected at the north end of the stadium that visually complements the Seattle skyline. The tower features a ve... | 29,306 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
to the elements, provided better views, and reduced the total cost of the project. The roof, at 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m), covers 70% of the seats but leaves the field open. The roof spans between concrete pylon supports at the north and south ends of the stadium. Its two expansive sections are held fr... | 29,307 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
to a large-scale roof before CenturyLink Field.
The roof was originally painted white to aesthetically distinguish it from both T-Mobile Park and the nearby industrial area. The east side of the stadium has a large glass curtain wall that faces the nearby International District. The exterior of the s... | 29,308 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
responded as expected by the designers, and there was minimal damage. The project was completed on budget and a month ahead of schedule.
In 2015, the stadium was expanded with the addition of the Toyota Fan Deck including a new 12 Flag raising platform. This expansion was privately funded by the Seah... | 29,309 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
to voters according to the Public Stadium Authority. Seahawks management reconsidered surface after the Seahawks played on FieldTurf at Husky Stadium during the 2000 and 2001 seasons. Artificial turf was installed because it was easier to maintain than natural grass. The potential damage to a natural ... | 29,310 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
love it, and I think this surface will offer a better product on the field for the fans." Local soccer fans were concerned that the lack of a natural grass field would hinder Seattle's chances of receiving an MLS expansion franchise. They asserted that voters had approved the facility with the underst... | 29,311 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
of 2008 after tests showed that compression of the sand and rubber increased the risk of player injuries. FieldTurf won the bid for the second installation over Polytan. For the replacement surface, a one-inch (two and one-half centimeters) poured rubber foundation was added to prevent the compression... | 29,312 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
testing. A new turf field, using the FieldTurf Revolution 360, was installed in February 2016 ahead of the 2016 Sounders season.
There have been various opinions regarding both the artificial surface and temporary grass surfaces used for soccer matches. After the Brazilian national team defeated Cana... | 29,313 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
manager of D.C. United speculated that RFK's grass field was one of the reasons his team had a stronger bid. The general manager of the Sounders, Adrian Hanauer, told "The Seattle Times" in 2010 that replacement of the surface was a continuing conversation between the Sounders and Allen's Vulcan Inc. ... | 29,314 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
It's the crawling out of bed or trying to lift kids up the day after. I'm putting dishes in the dishwasher, and I can barely bend down because of the turf.” The 10-year lease extension between Sounders FC and First & Goal announced in 2015 mandates new turf every four years.
Between August and Novemb... | 29,315 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
solution, a process that the company describes as environmentally friendly. With the new paint, converting the field between American football and soccer takes 14 hours in dry weather, though painting logos and other colors takes additional time.
# Football.
## Seahawks.
Prior to the stadium openin... | 29,316 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
of season tickets available at Qwest was capped at 61,000 following the Super Bowl appearance. The ensuing waiting list was the first for the Seahawks since the early 1990s.
The team's first season at their new home was in 2002. Their first game at the new facility was a 28–10 preseason loss to the I... | 29,317 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
on January 8, 2005. In that game, they lost to the St. Louis Rams who had already defeated them twice that season. The following season, the Seahawks went undefeated at home for the second time in three years and won their first-ever NFC Championship, but lost in Super Bowl XL. Between 2002 and 2005, ... | 29,318 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
again the site for their wild card game, and they defeated the Washington Redskins 35–14. In 2008, the Seahawks went 4–12 and had only two home wins. Holmgren left the organization after the season. When he was interviewed about memorable moments and the fans, he said that CenturyLink Field was "a rem... | 29,319 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
Terrill said after the game in reference to the stadium's importance to the franchise.
Under Pete Carroll, the Seahawks were undefeated at home during the 2012 season. Season tickets for 2013 sold-out with a franchise-record 98% renewal rate.
CenturyLink Field often sells out for Seahawks games. Alt... | 29,320 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
was increased to 62,000. The largest crowd to attend a Seahawks game at CenturyLink Field was 69,055 vs the Pittsburgh Steelers on November 29, 2015.
### Home field advantage.
CenturyLink Field has earned a reputation as one of the loudest stadiums in the NFL. It was, at one point in time, in the Gu... | 29,321 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
plays to the offense. From 2002 through 2012, there have been 143 false-start penalties on visiting teams in Seattle, second only to the Minnesota Vikings. During that same time period, the Seahawks have accumulated a home win record of 59-29, with a simultaneous road record of 33-55.
When Tod Leiwek... | 29,322 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
2005, the stadium gained national attention when the visiting New York Giants committed 11 false start penalties. Seahawks head coach Mike Holmgren attributed the penalties to the enthusiasm and noise from the crowd. He dedicated the ball used to make the game-winning field goal to the fans, and it is... | 29,323 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
louder than usual when the Giants returned to CenturyLink Field. Since 2005 the Seahawks have tracked the number of false starts committed by visiting teams and display the statistic on a scoreboard to motivate the crowd. As of 2013, the stadium has had a league-high number of false starts since. In p... | 29,324 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
Former Seahawks kicker Josh Brown adjusted to the winds, and he believed the moisture in the air caused trouble for others.
On September 15, 2013, Seattle Seahawks fans successfully broke the Guinness World Records for the loudest stadium in the world. The 131.9-decibel record occurred during the sac... | 29,325 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
by the Seahawks fans on December 2, 2013 with 137.6 decibels against the New Orleans Saints, but lost once again to Arrowhead Stadium in a Monday Night Football game between the Kansas City Chiefs and New England Patriots on September 29, 2014, setting the record at 142.2 decibels.
## College.
Centu... | 29,326 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
The Huskies also played their entire 2012 home football schedule at CenturyLink Field.
Except for in 2010, the stadium hosted a Washington State Cougars non-conference home game each season between 2002 and 2014. This included the 86th "Battle of the Palouse" against the Idaho Vandals in 2003. The Co... | 29,327 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
side of the state.
In April 2009, it was proposed that the annual Apple Cup between the Seattle-based Huskies and the Pullman-based Cougars be hosted at CenturyLink Field for six years beginning in 2010. The two programs could not reach an agreement on how to divide tickets. Pullman's business commun... | 29,328 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
The Seattle Sports Commission is pushing for a proposal of a new bowl game. In 2008 a business plan was begun for a game in 2010 that would be a fundraiser for Seattle Children's Hospital.
Lower division NCAA teams have played at the stadium throughout the years. From 2003 to 2008, the Division II fo... | 29,329 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
2009 and 2010. "Battle in Seattle VII" saw Central make a comeback to win 23–21 in front of 5,374.
On October 31, 2009, the Division I FCS Eastern Washington University Eagles played a home game in Seattle for the first time. Along with the goal of drawing alumni from the metropolitan area, the athle... | 29,330 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
Field has been used for high school football. The Washington Interscholastic Activities Association puts on the annual Emerald City Kickoff Classic at the stadium. The event is a season-opening series of games between some of the best teams in the state.
The stadium features a meeting between one of ... | 29,331 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
another highly regarded California school at Qwest Field in a 30–16 victory over Long Beach Polytechnic. "USA Today" had recently rated both teams highly with Long Beach third and Bellevue at 16th in the nation.
After the organizer of the event announced a match-up between Washington's Skyline High S... | 29,332 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
piece features a depiction of Washington and holds replica football helmets from every high school football team in the state. The installation is part of the Stadium Art Program commissioned through First & Goal's lease of the facility, costing nearly $1.75 million.
# Soccer.
CenturyLink Field is a... | 29,333 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
These games have proved to be highly popular, and the first sell-out of 66,772 fans at CenturyLink Field was a soccer match between Manchester United and Celtic. National teams such as Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, and China have played exhibition games at the stadium. The artificial turf has been tempor... | 29,334 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
their first major international competition, 4–0. The Gold Cup returned in 2013 with Panama beating Martinique and Mexico defeating Canada in opening group play matches. CenturyLink Field also hosted three matches during the 2016 Copa América Centenario, a special inter-continental tournament, includi... | 29,335 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
for an MLS Cup.
CenturyLink Field was among the 58 facilities in the United States being considered for FIFA World Cup matches had the country's bid for the tournament in 2018 or 2022 was successful. When discussing Seattle as a candidate, Sunil Gulati of the U.S. Soccer Federation called it "a world... | 29,336 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
was awarded by FIFA. Under preliminary plans by the city government, it would cost up to $10.5 million to host the World Cup matches, including installation of a temporary grass surface, policing the venue and practice fields, and managing a fan festival at the Seattle Center or on the city's waterfro... | 29,337 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
team management was concerned with the high rent and the underused seating capacity, they were drawn by the sponsorship opportunities and location. The Sounders increased their average attendance from 2,583 at Seattle's Memorial Stadium in 2002 to 3,452 at the new stadium in 2003. In 2005, the Sounder... | 29,338 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
practicing and playing at Starfire could provide a better transition for those hoping to play for the new MLS team. The last match for the USL Sounders at Qwest Field was the 2008 season opener against the rival Portland Timbers. The game ended in a scoreless draw in front of 10,184.
## Sounders FC.
... | 29,339 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
Montero scored the first goal in a 3–0 Seattle victory.
Before the opening of their first season, the Sounders already had the highest number of season ticket holders in the MLS after they sold all 22,000 of the offered season ticket packages. The team created a web site that was used to identify sea... | 29,340 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
holders and encourage early purchase of seats. The stadium has continuously sold out league matches in the limited seating configuration. However, majority owner Joe Roth has said that he "won't be happy" until the entire venue is open.
The stadium was designed to easily open seating sections in stag... | 29,341 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
increased again to 38,500 with the opening of the Hawk's Nest for the 2012 season. The team averaged 44,247 spectators in the 2015 MLS season, its all-time record. , the regular season MLS capacity at CenturyLink Field is listed as 37,722 seats, with four matches scheduled to use larger sections of th... | 29,342 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
record was broken when 66,452 fans were present for a 3–0 win over the Portland Timbers, following a ceremony awarding retired Forward Roger Levesque a Golden Scarf.
CenturyLink Field has hosted two U.S. Open Cup tournament finals. On October 5, 2010, the tournament's 81-year-old attendance record wa... | 29,343 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
and game-day atmosphere has been set" due to the loud sellout crowds. The passionate Emerald City Supporters have dubbed the general admission sections behind the south goal the "Brougham End" for the street that runs along the south edge of the complex.
# Other events.
The stadium became a yearly s... | 29,344 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
pre-game events for the Seahawks and Mariners. According to the Public Stadium Authority's website, the event center contributes more than half a billion dollars to the region's economy. The center was renamed the CenturyLink Field Event Center in June 2011, following the acquisition of Qwest Communic... | 29,345 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
basis within the building and equipment, including the wide stage, can be dismantled and stored in the stadium. The theater's acoustics were improved by installing panels on the ceiling and a large curtain. Depending on the seating configuration, the capacity can be 3,300, 4,000, or 7,000. Seal perfor... | 29,346 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
delivered a 28-minute speech to 50,817 people on April 12, 2008.
# Seismic experiments.
During a Seattle football game on January 8, 2011, the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN) recorded what was dubbed a "Beast Quake", for Marshawn "Beast Mode" Lynch, a player whose performance excited the Qw... | 29,347 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
from the general public. Shaking was detected at the stadium after a 90-yard touchdown run during a January 10, 2015 playoff game, dubbed a "Kam Quake" for the player making the run, Kam Chancellor. The PNSN scientists say that the biggest event of all was the "Dance Quake", which was caused by the al... | 29,348 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
to the agreement, the proceeds must be used for maintenance and upgrades. A portion of any profit then goes into a $10 million fund Allen guaranteed for youth playfields. Due to CenturyLink's recent acquisition of Qwest, the stadium was officially renamed CenturyLink Field on June 23, 2011. CenturyLin... | 29,349 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
Xbox Pitch at CenturyLink Field" as part of a sponsorship deal with Microsoft.
In addition to its 48 concession stands, restaurants and lounges are located throughout the stadium. Along with typical fare, local Pacific salmon sandwiches, Dungeness crab cakes, and microbrews are served. In 2006, Levy ... | 29,350 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
only venue in the NFL that did not have a contract with either Coca-Cola or Pepsi. Jones Soda, known for unusual and holiday-themed soda flavors such as Blue Bubblegum and Turkey & Gravy, said it was working to develop football-related soda flavors, such as "grass-stain". In June 2010, the Seahawks an... | 29,351 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
transportation options. First & Goal's facility lease agreement also included a provision to ease gridlock. A "Dual Event Agreement" with T-Mobile Park was established so that two events with a combined attendance of over 58,000 would not occur within four hours of each other. The agreement was also i... | 29,352 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
Regional commuter trains operate on Sundays if the Seahawks have a home game. Trains also run for mid-day Sounders FC games on Saturdays. In 2008, the commuter trains carried 64,000 event goers to the two nearby stadiums. Amtrak, primarily through the Pacific Northwest corridor's Cascades route, also ... | 29,353 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
5 and 90 to the east. It is bordered by State Route 99 on the Alaskan Way Viaduct to its west. The State Route 519 corridor connects I-90 to the neighborhood. Local governments compromised with both the Seahawks and Mariners on the location of new ramps over the train tracks that run along the east si... | 29,354 |
206812 | CenturyLink Field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CenturyLink%20Field | CenturyLink Field
and 8,400 in the surrounding lots to accommodate automobile traffic. Beginning in December 2011, construction of the Stadium Place mixed-use development project replaced much of the north lot. The developer must replace the 500 lost parking spots and turn over parking revenue to the Public Stadium Aut... | 29,355 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
Program evaluation and review technique
The program (or project) evaluation and review technique (PERT) is a statistical tool used in project management, which was designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a given project.
First developed by the United ... | 29,356 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
and durations of all the activities. It is more of an event-oriented technique rather than start- and completion-oriented, and is used more in these projects where time is the major factor rather than cost. It is applied on very large-scale, one-time, complex, non-routine infrast... | 29,357 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
may utilize three time estimates (optimistic, expected, and pessimistic) and no costs for each activity. Although these are distinct differences, the term PERT is applied increasingly to all critical path scheduling."
# History.
"PERT" was developed primarily to simplify the pl... | 29,358 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
scientific management, founded by Frederick Taylor (Taylorism) and later refined by Henry Ford (Fordism). DuPont's critical path method was invented at roughly the same time as PERT.
Initially PERT stood for "Program Evaluation Research Task," but by 1959 was already renamed. It... | 29,359 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
of PERT in 1958 the American librarian Maribeth Brennan published a selected bibliography with about 150 publications on PERT and CPM, which had been published between 1958 and 1968. The origin and development was summarized as follows:
For the subdivision of work units in PERT ... | 29,360 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
"PERT event": a point that marks the start or completion of one or more activities. It consumes no time and uses no resources. When it marks the completion of one or more activities, it is not "reached" (does not occur) until "all" of the activities leading to that event have bee... | 29,361 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
events, PERT also knows activities and sub-activities:
- "PERT activity": the actual performance of a task which consumes time and requires resources (such as labor, materials, space, machinery). It can be understood as representing the time, effort, and resources required to mo... | 29,362 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
can be decomposed again into finer-grained sub-activities.
## Time.
PERT has defined four types of time required to accomplish an activity:
- "optimistic time": the minimum possible time required to accomplish an activity (o) or a path (O), assuming everything proceeds better ... | 29,363 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
(te) or a path (TE), accounting for the fact that things don't always proceed as normal (the implication being that the expected time is the average time the task would require if the task were repeated on a number of occasions over an extended period of time).
- "standard devia... | 29,364 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
or the whole project ("total float"). Positive slack would indicate "ahead of schedule"; negative slack would indicate "behind schedule"; and zero slack would indicate "on schedule".
- "critical path": the longest possible continuous pathway taken from the initial event to the t... | 29,365 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
a "predecessor event" must be completed in order to allow sufficient time for the activities that must elapse before a specific PERT event reaches completion.
- "lag time": the earliest time by which a "successor event" can follow a specific PERT event.
- "fast tracking": perfo... | 29,366 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
for others (there are two areas that need to be graded, but there are only enough bulldozers to do one). Additionally, the time estimates usually reflect the normal, non-rushed time. Many times, the time required to execute the task can be reduced for an additional cost or a redu... | 29,367 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
time estimate ("p"). The expected time ("te") is computed using the formula ("o" + 4"m" + "p") ÷ 6.
Once this step is complete, one can draw a Gantt chart or a network diagram.
## Next step, creating network diagram by hand or by using diagram software.
A network diagram can b... | 29,368 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
("a" and "b" in this example) and connect them with an arrow from start to each node. Next, since both "c" and "d" list "a" as a predecessor activity, their nodes are drawn with arrows coming from "a". Activity "e" is listed with "b" and "c" as predecessor activities, so node "e"... | 29,369 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
the network diagram pictured above does not give much more information than a Gantt chart; however, it can be expanded to display more information. The most common information shown is:
- 1. The activity name
- 2. The expected duration time
- 3. The early start time (ES)
- 4.... | 29,370 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
EF is the ES plus the task duration (EF = ES + duration).
- The ES for "start" is zero since it is the first activity. Since the duration is zero, the EF is also zero. This EF is used as the ES for "a" and "b".
- The ES for "a" is zero. The duration (4 work days) is added to th... | 29,371 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
the greatest EF of its predecessor activities ("b" and "c"). Since "b" has an EF of 5.33 and "c" has an EF of 9.17, the ES of "e" is 9.17. The duration (5.17 work days) is added to the ES to get an EF of 14.34. This EF is used as the ES for "g".
- The ES for "f" is 10.33. The du... | 29,372 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
19.51.
Barring any unforeseen events, the project should take 19.51 work days to complete. The next step is to determine the late start (LS) and late finish (LF) of each activity. This will eventually show if there are activities that have slack. The LF is defined as the minimum... | 29,373 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
duration (5.17 work days) is subtracted from the LF to get an LS of 14.34 work days. This will be used as the LF for "e".
- The LF for "f" is 19.51 work days. The duration (4.5 work days) is subtracted from the LF to get an LS of 15.01 work days. This will be used as the LF for ... | 29,374 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
The LF for "b" is 9.17 work days. The duration (5.33 work days) is subtracted from the LF to get an LS of 3.84 work days.
- The LF for "a" is the minimum LS of its successor activities. Since "c" has an LS of 4 work days and "d" has an LS of 8.68 work days, the LF for "a" is 4 w... | 29,375 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
is the path that takes the longest to complete. To determine the path times, add the task durations for all available paths. Activities that have slack can be delayed without changing the overall time of the project. Slack is computed in one of two ways, slack = LF − EF "or" slac... | 29,376 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
that the critical path can change. For example, let's say that activities "d" and "f" take their pessimistic (b) times to complete instead of their expected (T) times. The critical path is now "adf" and the critical time is 22 work days. On the other hand, if activity "c" can be ... | 29,377 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
by definition have a slack of zero; however, it is always a good idea to check the math anyway when drawing by hand.
- LF – EF = 4 − 4 = 0
- LF – EF = 9.17 − 9.17 = 0
- LF – EF = 14.34 − 14.34 = 0
- LF – EF = 19.51 − 19.51 = 0
- Activity "b" has an LF of 9.17 and an EF of 5.... | 29,378 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
"f" can be delayed 2.34 work days each).
# As project scheduling tool.
## Advantages.
- PERT chart explicitly defines and makes visible dependencies (precedence relationships) between the work breakdown structure (commonly WBS) elements.
- PERT facilitates identification of t... | 29,379 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
can provide a probability of completing before a given time.
## Disadvantages.
- There can be potentially hundreds or thousands of activities and individual dependency relationships.
- PERT is not easily scalable for smaller projects.
- The network charts tend to be large and... | 29,380 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
resulting from subjective estimates that are prone to human errors or can be the result of variability arising from unexpected events or risks. The main reason that PERT may provide inaccurate information about the project completion time is due to this schedule uncertainty. This... | 29,381 |
206886 | Program evaluation and review technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program%20evaluation%20and%20review%20technique | Program evaluation and review technique
he anticipated disruptions. This is called "proactive scheduling". A pure proactive scheduling is a utopia; incorporating safety in a baseline schedule which allows for every possible disruption would lead to a baseline schedule with a very large make-span. A second approach, ter... | 29,382 |
206913 | Collingwood College, Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collingwood%20College,%20Durham | Collingwood College, Durham
Collingwood College, Durham
Collingwood College is a college of Durham University in England. It is the second largest of Durham's undergraduate colleges with around 1100 students. Founded in 1972 as the first purpose-built, mixed-sex college in Durham, it is named after the mathematician S... | 29,383 |
206913 | Collingwood College, Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collingwood%20College,%20Durham | Collingwood College, Durham
the following year . The remnants of the Oswald House estate can be seen in the landscaped grounds and mature trees that surround the college. Over the following years a series of funding issues and debates over the student composition of the new college meant that building on the site did n... | 29,384 |
206913 | Collingwood College, Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collingwood%20College,%20Durham | Collingwood College, Durham
city centre, on South Road. The steep incline of this road leads to Collingwood and the surrounding colleges being commonly referred to as 'Hill' colleges. Extended in 1994, Collingwood now has over a thousand students allocated to it, and approximately 550 bed spaces within the college. Acc... | 29,385 |
206913 | Collingwood College, Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collingwood%20College,%20Durham | Collingwood College, Durham
in their final year are allocated a place.
Although most Durham colleges are not used for teaching purposes, the college is equipped with a moderate library, music practice rooms and public computing facilities. Other welfare and entertainment facilities exist, including a bar, student-run ... | 29,386 |
206913 | Collingwood College, Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collingwood%20College,%20Durham | Collingwood College, Durham
and marketed by Event Durham. The income from these is used by the Colleges' Division to maintain and enhance college bedrooms and other facilities.
In June 2011 contractors began building work on a new gymnasium on the college campus, known as the Mark Hillery Gym. It opened in October 201... | 29,387 |
206913 | Collingwood College, Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collingwood%20College,%20Durham | Collingwood College, Durham
and democratise themselves by creating and running a body known as the Junior Common Room, or more commonly JCR. All students of the college are JCR members unless they specifically request otherwise. The JCR is led by the Exec Committee, which consists of thirteen elected positions. Two of ... | 29,388 |
206913 | Collingwood College, Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collingwood%20College,%20Durham | Collingwood College, Durham
Fashion Show
- Collingwood College Boat Club
- Collingwood College Rugby Football Club
- Collingwood College Cricket Club
- Collingwood College Association Football Club
# Notable alumni.
- James Cary, TV and radio writer
- Benjamin Cook, Journalist and author
- Joe Crabtree, drummer... | 29,389 |
206913 | Collingwood College, Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collingwood%20College,%20Durham | Collingwood College, Durham
Bishop of Salisbury
- Amjad Hussain, Rear Admiral Royal Navy
- Alex Loudon, Warwickshire and England cricketer
- David Kershaw, CEO of M&C Saatchi
- Rt. Hon Lord Justice Andrew McFarlane – BA Hons Law (1975) – High Court Judge, Lord Justice of Appeal
- Stephen Rowbotham, Olympic rower
... | 29,390 |
206913 | Collingwood College, Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collingwood%20College,%20Durham | Collingwood College, Durham
wbotham, Olympic rower
- Jonny Saunders, BBC Radio 2 Sports Presenter
- Will Smith, Durham County Cricket Club cricketer
- David Sproxton, Joint founder of Aardman Animations
- Chris Terrill, documentary maker, writer and adventurer
- Richard Watts, Leader of Islington Council
# See al... | 29,391 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
Chapman Stick
The Chapman Stick is an electric musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s. A member of the guitar family, the Chapman Stick usually has ten or twelve individually tuned strings and has been used on music recordings to play bass lines, melody lines, chords, or textures... | 29,392 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
the strings, rather than plucking them. Instead of one hand fretting and the other hand plucking, both hands sound notes by striking the strings against the fingerboard just behind the appropriate frets for the desired notes.
For this reason, it can sound many more notes at once than some other stringed ... | 29,393 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
and dominant arm through the shoulder strap. The instrument then settles into a position approximately 30 to 40 degrees from vertical, which allows both of the player's hands to naturally and comfortably address the fretboard. The player then hammers onto the strings with the fingertips in the same way th... | 29,394 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
in a similar playing position relative to the player as the standing position) has become somewhat popular wherein a cross-member is laid upon the knees of the seated player and the stick's belthook rests upon the crossmember.
# Origins, history and popular profile.
In 1969, jazz guitarist Emmett Chapma... | 29,395 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
it. The first production model of the Stick was launched in 1974. On October 10 of the same year, Chapman brought his instrument to public attention by demonstrating it on the game show "What's My Line?"
Former Weather Report bassist Alphonso Johnson was among the first musicians to introduce the Chapman... | 29,396 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
consisting of one drummer and two Stick players.
Recordings that have been influential on Stick players, because of the prominent role the Stick plays, include the 1981 King Crimson album "Discipline" (played by Tony Levin) and Emmett Chapman's own album "Parallel Galaxy". Amy Grant's hit single "Angels"... | 29,397 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
of his original song "Back Yard" from a cassette recording.
Wayne Lytle, creator of Animusic, commented that on his piece "Stick Figures", his inspiration for the semi-anthropomorphic bass guitar was the Chapman Stick.
# Technical details.
## Construction.
Chapman Sticks have been made from many mater... | 29,398 |
206882 | Chapman Stick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapman%20Stick | Chapman Stick
Graphite) made of structural graphite, continuous strand carbon fiber. Today, they are made from laminated hardwoods (including padauk, Indian rosewood, tarara, maple, wenge and mahogany), and laminated bamboo, as well as graphite.
In contrast to the guitar or bass, the Stick is set up with very little r... | 29,399 |
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