wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
study showed that two examined specimens of the Columbian mammoth were grouped within a subclade of woolly mammoths. This suggests that the two populations interbred and produced fertile offspring. It also suggested that a North American form known as ""M. jeffersonii"" may be a hybrid between the two species.
... | 3,100 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
1. Early Pleistocene – "Mammuthus meridionalis"
- 2. Middle Pleistocene – "Mammuthus trogontherii"
- 3. Late Pleistocene – "Mammuthus primigenius"
There is speculation as to what caused this variation within the three chronospecies. Variations in environment, climate change, and migration surely played roles... | 3,101 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
accordingly.
# Etymology and early observations.
The word "mammoth" was first used in Europe during the early 17th century, when referring to "maimanto" tusks discovered in Siberia. John Bell, who was on the Ob River in 1722, said that mammoth tusks were well known in the area. They were called "mammon's horn... | 3,102 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
bodies, in eroding river banks, had various interesting explanations for these finds. Among the Khanty people of the Irtysh River basin, a belief existed that the mammoth was some kind of a water spirit. According to other Khanty, the mammoth was a creature that lived underground, burrowing its tunnels as it we... | 3,103 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
the word "mammoth" from a noun describing the prehistoric elephant to an adjective describing anything of surprisingly large size. The first recorded use of the word as an adjective was in a description of a large wheel of cheese (the "Cheshire Mammoth Cheese") given to Jefferson in 1802.
# Description.
Like ... | 3,104 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
A first, small set appeared at about the age of six months, and these were replaced at about 18 months by the permanent set. Growth of the permanent set was at a rate of about per year.
Based on studies of their close relatives, the modern elephants, mammoths probably had a gestation period of 22 months, resul... | 3,105 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
large amounts of nutrients necessary for survival in temperatures as low as . The fat also allowed the mammoths to increase their muscle mass, allowing the mammoths to fight against enemies and live longer.
# Diet.
Depending on the species or race of mammoth, the diet differed somewhat depending on location, ... | 3,106 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
the availability of grasses and trees.
For the Mongochen mammoth, its diet consisted of herbs, grasses, larch, and shrubs, and possibly alder. These inferences were made through the observation of mammoth feces, which scientists observed contained non-arboreal pollen and moss spores.
European mammoths had a m... | 3,107 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
This could have been a major contributor to why the arctic megafauna went extinct.
The Yamal baby mammoth Lyuba, found in 2007 in the Yamal Peninsula in Western Siberia, suggests that baby mammoths, as do modern baby elephants, ate the dung of adult animals. The evidence to show this is that the dentition (tee... | 3,108 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
first few times. Coprophagy may be an adaptation, serving to populate the infant's gut with the needed microbiome for digestion.
Mammoths alive in the Arctic during the Last Glacial Maximum consumed mainly forbs, such as "Artemisia"; graminoids were only a minor part of their diet.
# Extinction.
The woolly m... | 3,109 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
assumed to have vanished from Europe and southern Siberia about 12,000 years ago, but new findings show some were still present there about 10,000 years ago. Slightly later, the woolly mammoths also disappeared from continental northern Siberia. A small population survived on St. Paul Island, Alaska, up until 3... | 3,110 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
suggested as a contributing factor. Forests replaced open woodlands and grasslands across the continent. The available habitat would have been reduced for some megafaunal species, such as the mammoth. However, such climate changes were nothing new; numerous had occurred previously within the ice age of the last... | 3,111 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
reasons or due to overhunting by humans is controversial. During the transition from the Late Pleistocene epoch to the Holocene epoch, there was shrinkage of the distribution of the mammoth because progressive warming at the end of the Pleistocene epoch changed the mammoth's environment. The mammoth steppe was ... | 3,112 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
to suggest that humans did cause the mammoth extinction, although there is no definitive proof. It was found that humans living south of a mammoth steppe learned to adapt themselves to the harsher climates north of the steppe, where mammoths resided. It was concluded that if humans could survive the harsh north... | 3,113 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
years ago, though this may mean only successful scavenging, rather than actual hunting. Later humans show greater evidence for hunting mammoths; mammoth bones at a 50,000-year-old site in South Britain suggest that Neanderthals butchered the animals, while various sites in Eastern Europe dating from 15,000 to 4... | 3,114 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
have allegedly been misinterpreted as such by archaeologists.
Many hypotheses also seek to explain the regional extinction of mammoths in specific areas. Scientists have speculated that the mammoths of Saint Paul Island, an isolated enclave where mammoths survived until about 8,000 years ago, died out as the i... | 3,115 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
idea that many may have drowned. While traveling to the Northern River, many of these mammoths broke through the ice and drowned. This also explains bones remains in the Arctic Coast and islands of the New Siberian Group.
Dwarfing occurred with the pygmy mammoth on the outer Channel Islands of California, but ... | 3,116 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
This has long been discussed theoretically but has only recently become the subject of formal effort due to advances in molecular biology techniques and cloning of mammals.
According to one research team, a mammoth cannot be recreated, but they will try to eventually grow in an "artificial womb" a hybrid eleph... | 3,117 |
20162 | Mammoth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth | Mammoth
w in an "artificial womb" a hybrid elephant with some woolly mammoth traits. Comparative genomics shows that the mammoth genome matches 99% of the elephant genome, so some researchers aim to engineer an elephant with some mammoth genes that code for the external appearance and traits of a mammoth. The outcome w... | 3,118 |
20181 | Marienburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marienburg | Marienburg
Marienburg
Marienburg may refer to:
# Historical German names.
- Ordensburg Marienburg (Malbork Castle), the large brick castle built by the Teutonic Knights
- Malbork, Poland, site of the Ordensburg Marienburg, formerly Marienburg (Royal Prussia/Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1466-1772), Marienburg in W... | 3,119 |
20181 | Marienburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marienburg | Marienburg
Hildesheim, Lower Saxony
- Marienburg Castle, Leutesdorf, Germany, a small baroque castle in Rhineland-Palatinate.
- Köln-Marienburg, a district of Rodenkirchen in the city of Cologne
- Marienburg (Mosel), a former Augustinian monastery built near the ruins of a Roman fortress in Zell an der Mosel near Tr... | 3,120 |
20181 | Marienburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marienburg | Marienburg
ogne
- Marienburg (Mosel), a former Augustinian monastery built near the ruins of a Roman fortress in Zell an der Mosel near Trier, Germany
- Marienburg, Bishopric of Würzburg, a fortress on the River Main, just opposite Würzburg, was sacked by Gustavus Adolphus in 1631.
## Elsewhere.
- Marienburg, Papua... | 3,121 |
20178 | MOO (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOO%20(programming%20language) | MOO (programming language)
MOO (programming language)
The MOO programming language is a relatively simple programming language used to support the MOO Server. It is dynamically typed and uses a prototype-based object-oriented system, with syntax roughly derived from the Algol school of programming languages.
# Histor... | 3,122 |
20178 | MOO (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOO%20(programming%20language) | MOO (programming language)
MOO as "a mishmash of c-like operators and ada-like control structures, combined with prototype-style single-inheritance."
# Features.
The language has explicit exception handling control flow, as well as traditional looping constructs. A verb and property hierarchy provides default values ... | 3,123 |
20178 | MOO (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOO%20(programming%20language) | MOO (programming language)
providing a canonical form of programs.
MOO programs are orthogonally persistent through periodic checkpoints. Objects are identified by a unique integer identifier. Unused program data is eliminated through automatic garbage collection (implemented by reference counting). However, MOO objec... | 3,124 |
20178 | MOO (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOO%20(programming%20language) | MOO (programming language)
MOO is handled 'in-core.'
The runtime supports multi-tasking using a retribution based time slicing method. Verbs run with exclusive access to the database, so no explicit locking is necessary to maintain synchronization. Simple TCP/IP messaging (telnet compatible) is used to communicate wit... | 3,125 |
20178 | MOO (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOO%20(programming%20language) | MOO (programming language)
code can easily be used to handle multiple commands with similar names and functions.
Available sequence types in MOO are lists and strings. Both support random access, as well as head and tail operations similar to those available in Lisp. All operations on lists and strings are non-destruc... | 3,126 |
20178 | MOO (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOO%20(programming%20language) | MOO (programming language)
and strings. Both support random access, as well as head and tail operations similar to those available in Lisp. All operations on lists and strings are non-destructive, and all non-object datatypes are immutable. Built-in functions and libraries allow lists to also be used as associative arr... | 3,127 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
Manx language
Manx (native name or , pronounced or or ), also known as Manx Gaelic, and also historically spelled Manks, is a member of the Goidelic (Gaelic) language branch of the Celtic languages of the Indo-European language family, that was spoken as a first language by the Manx people on the Isle of... | 3,128 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
of second language conversational ability. Since the late 20th century, Manx has become more visible on the island, with increased signage, radio broadcasts and a bilingual primary school. The revival of Manx has been made easier because the language was well-recorded; for example, the Bible had been tran... | 3,129 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
Gaedhlag, Gaelge and Gaelic) and "Gàidhlig", respectively, for their languages. As with Irish and Scottish, the form with the definite article is frequently used in Manx, e.g. "y Ghaelg" or "y Ghailck" (Irish "an Ghaeilge", Scottish "a' Ghàidhlig").
To distinguish it from the two other forms of Gaelic, t... | 3,130 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx) or to avoid confusion with Anglo-Manx, the form of English spoken on the island. Scottish Gaelic is often referred to in English as simply "Gaelic", but this is less common with Manx and Irish.
A feature of Anglo-Manx deriving from G... | 3,131 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
by a footnote explaining that it is a two-syllable word, with the stress on the first syllable, "MAN-en". The island is named after the Irish god Manannán mac Lir, thus "Ellan Vannin" (Irish "Oileán Mhannanáin") 'Mannanán's Island'.
# History.
Manx is a Goidelic language, closely related to Irish and Sc... | 3,132 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
The island lends its name to "Manannán", the Brythonic and Gaelic sea god who is said in myth to have once ruled the island. Primitive Irish is first attested in Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century AD. These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. Primitive Iri... | 3,133 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
Irish settled on the Isle of Man, in large numbers, from about the 5th century AD. Their influence is evident in a change of language in Ogham inscriptions on Man.
It is possible that Old Irish did not survive the conquest and domination of the island by Norse-speaking Vikings, so that modern Manx langua... | 3,134 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
the 10th century, Middle Irish had emerged and was spoken throughout Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.
During the later Middle Ages, the Isle of Man fell increasingly under the influence of England, and from then on the English language has been the chief external factor in the development of Manx. ... | 3,135 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
in schools founded by governor Isaac Barrow. Barrow also promoted the use of English in churches; he considered that it was a superior language for reading the Bible; however, because the majority of ministers were monolingual Manx speakers, his views had little practical impact.
Thomas Wilson began his ... | 3,136 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
the late 18th century, nearly every school was teaching in English. This decline continued into the 19th century, as English gradually became the primary language spoken on the Isle of Man.
In 1848, J. G. Cumming wrote, "there are ... few persons (perhaps none of the young) who speak no English." Henry J... | 3,137 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
it would be useless to them compared with English.
# Revival.
Following the decline in the use of Manx during the nineteenth century, (The Manx Language Society) was founded in 1899. By the middle of the twentieth century, only a few elderly native speakers remained (the last of them, Ned Maddrell, died... | 3,138 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
increased interest in studying the Manx language and encouraged a renewed sense of ethnic identity. The revival of Manx has been aided by the recording work done in the twentieth century by researchers. Most notably, the Irish Folklore Commission was sent in with recording equipment in 1948 by Éamon de Va... | 3,139 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
encourage and facilitate the use of the language.
In 2009, UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger declared Manx an extinct language, despite the presence of hundreds of speakers on the Isle of Man. Since then, UNESCO's classification of the language has changed to "critically endangered".
In ... | 3,140 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
common on the island, especially "Moirrey" and "Voirrey" (Mary, properly pronounced similarly to the Scottish "Moira", but often mispronounced as "Moiree/Voiree" when used as a given name by non-Manx speakers), "Illiam" (William), "Orry" (from the Manx king Godred Crovan of Norse origin), "Breeshey" (also... | 3,141 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
"Fianna" tales and others like them are known, including the Manx ballad "Fin as Oshin", commemorating Finn MacCool and Ossian. With the coming of Protestantism, Manx spoken tales slowly disappeared, while a tradition of "carvals" - religious songs or carols - developed with religious sanction.
As far as... | 3,142 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
by John Phillips, the Welsh-born Bishop of Sodor and Man (1605–33). The early Manx script has some similarities with orthographical systems found occasionally in Scotland and in Ireland for the transliteration of Gaelic, such as the Book of the Dean of Lismore, as well as some extensive texts based on Eng... | 3,143 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
the use of to represent schwa (e.g. "horse" and "help" as well as (e.g. "knowledge"), though it is also used to represent , as in English (e.g. "John" (vocative), "fish").
Other works produced in the 18th and 19th century include catechisms, hymn books and religious tracts. A translation of "Paradise Los... | 3,144 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
publications include Manx versions of the "Gruffalo" and "Gruffalo's Child".
# Official recognition.
Manx is not officially recognised by any national or regional government, although its contribution to Manx culture and tradition is acknowledged by some governmental and non-governmental bodies. For exa... | 3,145 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
is used in the annual Tynwald ceremony and Manx words are used in official Tynwald publications.
For the purpose of strengthening its contribution to local culture and community, Manx is recognised under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and in the framework of the British-Irish Cou... | 3,146 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
of the language. Children who have attended the school have the opportunity to receive some of their secondary education through the language at Queen Elizabeth II High School in Peel.
The playgroup organisation Mooinjer Veggey, which operates the , runs a series of preschool groups that introduce the la... | 3,147 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
development on the adult language front is the creation of a new on-line course, Say Something in Manx which has been created in conjunction with the Say Something in Welsh
It is hoped that this will be the main way on-line learners will access the language from now on.
2016 also saw the launch of a ne... | 3,148 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
has a monthly bilingual column in Manx.
The first film to be made in Manx – the 22-minute-long "Ny Kirree fo Niaghtey" (The Sheep [plural] Under the Snow) – premiered in 1983 and was entered for the 5th Celtic Film and Television Festival in Cardiff in 1984. It was directed by Shorys Y Creayrie (George B... | 3,149 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
significant is a 13-part DVD series Manx translation of the award-winning series "Friends and Heroes".
## Signage.
Bilingual road, street, village and town boundary signs are common throughout the Isle of Man. All other road signs are in English only.
Business signage in Manx is gradually being introdu... | 3,150 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
(SPCK). In 1772 the Old Testament was translated from Hebrew and printed, together with the Books of Wisdom of Solomon and Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) from the Apocrypha. Yn Vible Casherick (The Holy Bible) of the Old and New Testaments was published as one book by the SPCK in 1775. The bicentenary was celebr... | 3,151 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
of the Psalmyn Ghavid (Psalms of David) in metre in Manx by the Rev John Clague, vicar of Rushen, which was printed with the Book of Common Prayer of 1768. Bishop Hildesley required that these Metrical Psalms were to be sung in churches. These were reprinted by the Manx Language Society in 1905.
The Brit... | 3,152 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
Çheshaght Ghailckagh (The Manx Gaelic Society) in 1968. The Manx Bible was republished by Shearwater Press in July 1979 as Bible Chasherick yn Lught Thie (Manx Family Bible), which was a reproduction of the BFBS 1819 Bible.
Since 2014 the BFBS 1936 Manx Gospel of John has been available online on YouVers... | 3,153 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
and early Modern Gaelic), and is closely related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic. It shares a number of developments in phonology, vocabulary and grammar with Irish and Scottish Gaelic (in some cases only with dialects of these) and shows a number of unique changes. There are two attested dialects of Manx, N... | 3,154 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
merger is that Middle Irish unstressed word-final (spelled "-(a)ibh", "-(a)imh" in Irish and Gaelic) has merged with ("-(e)abh", "-(e)amh") in Manx; both have become , spelled "-oo" or "-u(e)". Examples include ("to stand"; Irish ), ("religion"; Irish ), ("fainting"; Early Modern Irish , lit. "in clouds")... | 3,155 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
"searbh" , Southern Irish "searbh" , between vowels, e.g. Manx "awin" 'river' , Scottish "abhainn" , Irish "abhainn" , word-finally in monosyllables, e.g. Manx "laaue" 'hand', Scottish "làmh" , Northern Irish , Western Irish "lámh" , Southern Irish , at the end of stressed syllables (see further below), a... | 3,156 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
(nasalised ) tend to be lost in the middle or at the end of a word in Manx, either with compensatory lengthening or vocalisation as u resulting in diphthongisation with the preceding vowel. For example, Manx ("winter") and ("mountains") correspond to Irish and (Southern Irish dialect spelling and pronunci... | 3,157 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
most dialects of Scottish Gaelic, Manx has changed the historical consonant clusters to . For example, Middle Irish ("mockery") and ("women") have become and respectively in Manx. The affrication of to is also common to Manx, northern Irish, and Scottish Gaelic.
Also like northern and western dialects of... | 3,158 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
unstressed syllables before (in Manx spelling, "agh"), for example ("straight") (Irish ), ("to remember") (Gaelic ).
Like southern and western varieties of Irish and northern varieties of Scottish Gaelic, but unlike the geographically closer varieties of Ulster Irish and Arran and Kintyre Gaelic, Manx sh... | 3,159 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
but short vowels and 'long' consonants in northern Irish, Arran, and Kintyre, , and .
Another similarity with southern Irish is the treatment of Middle Irish word-final unstressed , spelled "-(e)adh" in Irish and Scottish Gaelic. In nouns (including verbal nouns), this became in Manx, as it did in southe... | 3,160 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
parts of the island. Northern Manx is reflected by speakers from towns and villages from Maughold in the northeast of the island to Peel on the west coast. Southern Manx is used by speakers from the Sheading of Rushen. It is possible that written Manx represents a 'midlands' dialect of Douglas and surroun... | 3,161 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
"ó" have become /œ:/, as in "paayrt" 'part' /pœ:rt/, "ard" 'high' /œ:rd/, "jiarg" 'red' /dʒœ:rg/, "argid" 'money, silver' /œ:rgid/ and "aarey" 'gold GEN' /œ:rə/.
In Northern Manx, older "(e)a" before "nn" in the same syllable is diphthongised, while in Southern Manx it is lengthened but remains a monopht... | 3,162 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
and the south, there is a tendency to insert a short sound before a word-final in monosyllabic words, as in for ("whole") and for ("woman"). This phenomenon is known as pre-occlusion. In Southern Manx, however, there is pre-occlusion of before and of before , as in for ("walking") and for ("ship"). These ... | 3,163 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
in the north and in the south.
# Phrases.
Some simple conversational words and phrases:
# Orthography.
The Manx orthography is unlike that of Irish and Scottish Gaelic, both of which use similar spelling systems derived from written Early Modern Irish, which was language of the educated Gaelic elite o... | 3,164 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
orthography likewise do not cover a similar range of phonemes, and therefore many digraphs and trigraphs are used.
The Manx orthography was developed by people who were unaware of traditional Gaelic orthography, as they had learned literacy in Welsh and English (the initial development in the 16th centur... | 3,165 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
an inadequate spelling which is neither traditional nor phonetic; if the traditional Gaelic orthography had been preserved, the close kinship that exists between Manx Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic would be obvious to all at first sight.
There is no evidence of Gaelic script having been used on the island.
... | 3,166 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
"loch" (), a sound which is commonly represented by "gh" at the ends of words in Manx (as it often is in the English of Ireland).
## Examples.
The following examples are taken from Broderick 1984–86, 1:178–79 and 1:350–53. The first example is from a speaker of Northern Manx, the second from Ned Maddrel... | 3,167 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
and palato-velar plosives are affricated to in many contexts.
Manx has an optional process of lenition of plosives between vowels, whereby voiced plosives and voiceless fricatives become voiced fricatives and voiceless plosives become either voiced plosives or voiced fricatives. This process introduces t... | 3,168 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
: "born"
- Voiceless fricative to voiced fricative
- or : "married"
- : "stand"
- : "easy"
- : "beginning"
- : "live"
- ∅: "past"
Another optional process of Manx phonology is pre-occlusion, the insertion of a very short plosive consonant before a sonorant consonant. In Manx, this applies ... | 3,169 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
beginning of syllable, and as a stronger trill when preceded by another consonant in the same syllable. At the end of a syllable, can be pronounced either as a strong trill or, more frequently, as a weak fricative , which may vocalise to a nonsyllabic or disappear altogether. This vocalisation may be due ... | 3,170 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
system, where the vowels and have allophones ranging from through to . As with Irish and Scottish Gaelic, there is a large amount of vowel allophony, such as that of . This depends mainly on the 'broad' and 'slender' status of the neighbouring consonants:
When stressed, is realised as .
Manx has a relat... | 3,171 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
which are processes by which the initial consonant of a word is altered according to its morphological and/or syntactic environment. Manx has two mutations: lenition and eclipsis, found on nouns and verbs in a variety of environments; adjectives can undergo lenition but not eclipsis. In the late spoken la... | 3,172 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
probably this was a mis-transcription; the verbal noun in this case is not "get, fetch", but rather "find".
## Nouns.
Manx nouns fall into one of two genders, masculine or feminine. Nouns are inflected for number. The plural is formed in a variety of ways, most commonly by addition of the suffix , but a... | 3,173 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
for example "cowhouse" uses the old genitive of "cattle". There are also traces of a dative singular in set phrases such as "on foot", contrasting with nominative and genitive (cf. "footwear", "football, soccer, rugby").
## Adjectives.
Certain adjectives have plural as well as singular forms (through th... | 3,174 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
by the copula verb "s" ("is") in the present, and "by" in the past; the superlative is often shown by the word "nys" /nis/, from Middle Irish "ní as" "thing that is" (cf. Irish "níos", past "ní ba"). A number of adjectives form their comparative/superlative irregularly:
The comparative/superlative can al... | 3,175 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
the masculine and feminine third person singular possessive pronouns is the initial sound change, namely lenition and h-prefixing, they cause, e.g. "her laptop", "his laptop", "e ooh" "his egg", "e hooh" "her egg".
An alternative to using the possessive pronouns is to precede a noun with the definite art... | 3,176 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
of periphrasis: inflected forms of the auxiliary verbs "to be" or "to do" are combined with the verbal noun of the main verb. Only the future, conditional, preterite, and imperative can be formed directly by inflecting the main verb, but even in these tenses, the periphrastic formation is more common in L... | 3,177 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
while "you will not lose" is with the dependent form (which has undergone eclipsis to after ). Similarly "they went" is with the independent form ("went"), while "they did not go" is with the dependent form . This contrast is inherited from Old Irish, which shows such pairs as ("(s)he carries") vs. ("(s)h... | 3,178 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
the use of a following subject pronoun redundant
2. First person plural, making the use of a following subject pronoun redundant
3. Used with all other persons, meaning an accompanying subject must be stated, e.g. "he will throw", "they will throw"
There are a few peculiarities when a verb begins with ... | 3,179 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
Future relative:
2. Future relative:
The most common and most irregular verb in Manx is "to be", often used as an auxiliary verb. In addition to the usual inflected tenses, also has a present tense. The full conjugation of "to be" is as follows.
## Adverbs.
Manx adverbs can be formed from adjectives b... | 3,180 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
homestead" to give , Cf. Irish "abhaile", older "do bhaile", whereas the noun "house, home" can be used unchanged to convey the same meaning.
The language has a number of adverbs corresponding to English "up" and "down", the meaning of which depend upon such things as motion or lack thereof and starting ... | 3,181 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
Note the sometimes identical form of the uninflected preposition and its third person singular masculine inflected form.
In addition to the above "simple" prepositions, Manx has a number of prepositional phrases based on a noun; being based on nouns, the possessive personal pronouns are used to refer to ... | 3,182 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
word order: the inflected verb of a sentence precedes the subject, which itself precedes the direct object. However, as noted above, most finite verbs are formed periphrastically, using an auxiliary verb in conjunction with the verbal noun. In this case, only the auxiliary verb precedes the subject, while... | 3,183 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
two ways of expressing "to be" in Manx: with the substantive verb , and with the copula. The substantive verb is used when the predicate is an adjective, adverb, or prepositional phrase. Examples:
Where the predicate is a noun, it must be converted to a prepositional phrase headed by the preposition ("in... | 3,184 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
of Goidelic origin, derived from Old Irish and closely related to words in Irish and Scottish Gaelic. However, Manx itself, as well as the languages from which it is derived, borrowed words from other languages as well, especially Latin, Old Norse, French (particularly Anglo-Norman), and English (both Mid... | 3,185 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
from "garðr", "enclosure") and "sker" meaning a sea rock (from "sker", compare with "skjær" and "sker"). Examples of French loanwords are "danjeyr" ("danger", from "danger") and "vondeish" ("advantage", from "avantage").
English loanwords were common in late (pre-revival) Manx, e.g. "boy" ("boy"), "badje... | 3,186 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
this, calques exist in Manx, not necessarily obvious to its speakers.
Some religious terms come ultimately from Latin, Greek and Hebrew, e.g. "casherick" (holy), from the Latin "consecrātus"; "mooinjer" (people) from the Latin "monasterium" (originally a monastery; "agglish" (church) from the Greek "ἐκκλ... | 3,187 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
respectively. Foreign language words (usually known via English) are used occasionally especially for ethnic food, e.g. chorizo, spaghetti.
To fill gaps in recorded Manx vocabulary, revivalists have referred to modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic for words and inspiration.
Going in the other direction, Man... | 3,188 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
but comes via Manx. It is suggested that the House of Keys takes its name from "Kiare as Feed" (four and twenty), which is the number of its sitting members.
# See also.
- Cornish, another revived Celtic language.
- Irish language revival
- List of Celtic-language media
- List of revived languages
-... | 3,189 |
20143 | Manx language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx%20language | Manx language
ee also.
- Cornish, another revived Celtic language.
- Irish language revival
- List of Celtic-language media
- List of revived languages
- List of television channels in Celtic languages
# External links.
- Percentage of resident population with a knowledge of Manx Gaelic
- A bit of Manx Gaelic h... | 3,190 |
20175 | Mariner 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner%204 | Mariner 4
Mariner 4
Mariner 4 (together with Mariner 3 known as Mariner–Mars 1964) was the fourth in a series of spacecraft intended for planetary exploration in a flyby mode. It was designed to conduct closeup scientific observations of Mars and to transmit these observations to Earth. Launched on November 28, 1964, ... | 3,191 |
20175 | Mariner 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner%204 | Mariner 4
in interplanetary space in the vicinity of Mars and to provide experience in and knowledge of the engineering capabilities for interplanetary flights of long duration. On December 21, 1967, communications with Mariner 4 were terminated.
# Spacecraft and subsystems.
The Mariner 4 spacecraft consisted of an o... | 3,192 |
20175 | Mariner 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner%204 | Mariner 4
(223.5 cm) tall mast next to the high-gain antenna. The overall height of the spacecraft was 2.89 meters. The octagonal frame housed the electronic equipment, cabling, midcourse propulsion system, and attitude control gas supplies and regulators.
The scientific instruments included:
- A helium magnetometer,... | 3,193 |
20175 | Mariner 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner%204 | Mariner 4
and in the vicinity of Mars.
- A trapped radiation detector, mounted on the body with counter-axes pointing 70° and 135° from the solar direction, to measure the intensity and direction of low-energy particles.
- A cosmic ray telescope, mounted inside the body pointing in anti-solar direction, to measure th... | 3,194 |
20175 | Mariner 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner%204 | Mariner 4
of cosmic dust.
- A television camera, mounted on a scan platform at the bottom center of the spacecraft, to obtain closeup pictures of the surface of Mars. This subsystem consisted of 4 parts, a Cassegrain telescope with a 1.05° by 1.05° field of view, a shutter and red/green filter assembly with 0.08s and ... | 3,195 |
20175 | Mariner 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner%204 | Mariner 4
could provide 310 watts at the distance of Mars. A rechargeable 1200 W·h silver-zinc battery was also used for maneuvers and backup. Monopropellant hydrazine was used for propulsion, via a four-jet vane vector control motor, with thrust, installed on one of the sides of the octagonal structure. The space prob... | 3,196 |
20175 | Mariner 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner%204 | Mariner 4
Mariner 4 was the first space probe that needed a star for a navigational reference object, since earlier missions, which remained near either the Earth, the Moon, or the planet Venus, had sighted onto either the bright face of the home planet or the brightly lit target. During this flight, both the Earth and... | 3,197 |
20175 | Mariner 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner%204 | Mariner 4
amplifier) and a single radio receiver which together could send and receive data via the low- and high-gain antennas at 8⅓ or 33⅓ bits per second. Data could also be stored onto a magnetic tape recorder with a capacity of 5.24 million bits for later transmission. All electronic operations were controlled by ... | 3,198 |
20175 | Mariner 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner%204 | Mariner 4
multilayer insulating blankets, polished aluminum shields, and surface treatments. Other measurements that could be made included:
- Radio occultation
- Celestial mechanics based on precision tracking
# Mission profile.
## Launch.
After Mariner 3 was a total loss due to failure of the payload shroud to j... | 3,199 |
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