wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
43730 | Linear programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear%20programming | Linear programming
Analysis of Production and Allocation", New York-London 1951 (Wiley & Chapman-Hall)
- J. E. Beasley, editor. "Advances in Linear and Integer Programming". Oxford Science, 1996. (Collection of surveys)
- Karl-Heinz Borgwardt, "The Simplex Algorithm: A Probabilistic Analysis", Algorithms and Combinat... | 31,600 |
43730 | Linear programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear%20programming | Linear programming
2003. "Linear Programming 2: Theory and Extensions". Springer-Verlag. (Comprehensive, covering e.g. pivoting and interior-point algorithms, large-scale problems, decomposition following Dantzig–Wolfe and Benders, and introducing stochastic programming.)
- Evar D. Nering and Albert W. Tucker, 1993, "... | 31,601 |
43730 | Linear programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear%20programming | Linear programming
Steiglitz, "Combinatorial Optimization: Algorithms and Complexity", Corrected republication with a new preface, Dover. (computer science)
- (Invited survey, from the International Symposium on Mathematical Programming.)
- (Computer science)
# Further reading.
A reader may consider beginning with ... | 31,602 |
43730 | Linear programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear%20programming | Linear programming
INTEGER PROGRAMMING, pg.245. (computer science, complexity theory)
- (elementary introduction for mathematicians and computer scientists)
- Cornelis Roos, Tamás Terlaky, Jean-Philippe Vial, "Interior Point Methods for Linear Optimization", Second Edition, Springer-Verlag, 2006. (Graduate level)
- ... | 31,603 |
43730 | Linear programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear%20programming | Linear programming
er Schrijver, "Theory of Linear and Integer Programming". John Wiley & sons, 1998, (mathematical)
- (linear optimization modeling)
- H. P. Williams, "Model Building in Mathematical Programming", Fifth Edition, 2013. (Modeling)
- Stephen J. Wright, 1997, "Primal-Dual Interior-Point Methods", SIAM. ... | 31,604 |
43758 | 258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=258 | 258
258
Year 258 (CCLVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tuscus and Bassus (or, less frequently, year 1011 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 258 for this year has been used since the early... | 31,605 |
43758 | 258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=258 | 258
grow larger by buying up cheap land.
- Valerian II, eldest son of Gallienus, dies, possibly murdered by Pannonia's governor Ingenuus; Emperor Valerian bestows on another one of Gallienus's sons, Saloninus, the title of "Caesar".
- A second Imperial edict prohibits Christianity in the Roman Empire. This edict divi... | 31,606 |
43758 | 258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=258 | 258
mned to forced labour.
### China.
- Sima Zhao quells Zhuge Dan's rebellion, thereby also ending what are known as the Three Rebellions in Shouchun.
- Sun Xiu succeeds his brother Sun Liang as emperor of the Chinese state of Eastern Wu.
## By topic.
### Religion.
- Cyprian, the bishop of Carthage, is martyred ... | 31,607 |
43759 | 259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=259 | 259
259
Year 259 (CCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aemilianus and Bassus (or, less frequently, year 1012 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 259 for this year has been used since the e... | 31,608 |
43759 | 259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=259 | 259
A Germanic confederation, the Alamanni (300,000 warriors), who crossed the Alps are defeated by Roman legions under Gallienus near Mediolanum (modern Milan).
- Postumus revolts against Gallienus in Gaul. The western provinces of Britain and Spain join his independent realm—which is called in modern times the Galli... | 31,609 |
43759 | 259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=259 | 259
ler of the kingdom of Palmyra, sacks the city of Nehardea, destroying its great yeshiva.
## By topic.
### Religion.
- Pope Dionysius is elected as the 25th pope.
/onlyinclude
# Births.
- Emperor Hui of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin dynasty (d. 307)
- Tao Kan, Chinese general of the Jin dynasty (d. 334)
- ... | 31,610 |
43761 | 260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=260 | 260
260
Year 260 (CCLX) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Saecularis and Donatus (or, less frequently, year 1013 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 260 for this year has been used since the early... | 31,611 |
43761 | 260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=260 | 260
prisoner for the remainder of his life.
- Shapur I sends Valerian to Bishapur and uses the captured Roman army for engineering plans. They construct the "Band-e Kaisar" (Bridge of Valerian).
- Gallienus becomes the sole emperor of Rome; during his reign the Pannonian governor Ingenuus revolts on the Danube.
- Ga... | 31,612 |
43761 | 260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=260 | 260
Rhine against an invasion of Germanic tribes.
- Saloninus, son of Gallienus, is proclaimed "Augustus" by his troops. Postumus besieges Cologne, where Silvanus is praetorian prefect and Roman ruler of Gaul.
- Postumus executes Saloninus and his adviser Silvanus after breaching the walls of Cologne. He is recognize... | 31,613 |
43761 | 260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=260 | 260
The Cao Wei emperor Cao Mao attempts to lead a coup against the increasingly powerful regent Sima Zhao, but is himself killed before it comes to fruition.
- Cao Huan succeeds Cao Mao as emperor of Cao Wei.
## By topic.
### Arts and sciences.
- Earliest known date of chess.
### Religion.
- Pope Dionysius conve... | 31,614 |
43761 | 260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=260 | 260
of chess.
### Religion.
- Pope Dionysius convenes a synod at Rome to demand an explanation from bishop Dionysius of Alexandria, who has been charged with separating the members of the Trinity as three distinct deities.
- Paul of Samosata becomes Patriarch of Antioch.
/onlyinclude
# Births.
- Eusebius of Caesa... | 31,615 |
43760 | 270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=270 | 270
270
Year 270 (CCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Antiochianus and Orfitus (or, less frequently, year 1023 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 270 for this year has been used since th... | 31,616 |
43760 | 270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=270 | 270
Quintillus commits suicide and is succeeded by an associate of his brother Lucius Domitius Aurelianus, the military leader who distinguished himself last year at the Battle of Naissus (Serbia).
- Aurelianus pushes the Goths back across the Danube and recovers Roman territory.
- The Romans leave Utrecht after regu... | 31,617 |
43760 | 270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=270 | 270
in certain areas of the empire.
### Vietnam.
- Fan Hsiung, aka Pham Hung, comes to power in Champa and raids the Chinese-occupied territory of Tonkin.
### Korea.
- Seocheon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.
### Egypt.
- The Kingdom of Aksum (modern Ethiopia) begins minting its own gold coins to... | 31,618 |
43760 | 270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=270 | 270
from Egypt, regarded as Father of All Monks, enters the wilderness to become ascetic.
## By topic.
### Technology.
- The Chinese invent gunpowder (black powder), a mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate. It appears to have first been used only for fireworks.
/onlyinclude
# Births.
- March 15 – Sain... | 31,619 |
43762 | 261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=261 | 261
261
Year 261 (CCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallienus and Taurus (or, less frequently, year 1014 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 261 for this year has been used since the ear... | 31,620 |
43762 | 261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=261 | 261
Minor, and Quietus against Gallienus comes to an end. They march from Asia to Europe but are defeated in Thrace by Gallienus' general Aureolus, and both are killed. Quietus flees to Emesa, where he is killed by Odaenathus of Palmyra.
- Roman–Persian Wars: Balista, Roman usurper, collects ships from Cilician ports ... | 31,621 |
43762 | 261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=261 | 261
to an end. They march from Asia to Europe but are defeated in Thrace by Gallienus' general Aureolus, and both are killed. Quietus flees to Emesa, where he is killed by Odaenathus of Palmyra.
- Roman–Persian Wars: Balista, Roman usurper, collects ships from Cilician ports and defeats the Persian fleet near Pompeiop... | 31,622 |
43764 | 267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=267 | 267
267
Year 267 (CCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paternus and Arcesilaus (or, less frequently, year 1020 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 267 for this year has been used since th... | 31,623 |
43764 | 267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=267 | 267
attack Byzantium and Cyzicus. The Roman fleet defeats the Herulian fleet (500 ships) but allows them to escape into the Aegean Sea, where they raid the islands of Lemnos and Skyros.
- The Goths sack several cities of southern Greece including Athens, Corinth, Argos and Sparta. After the Sack of Athens, an Athenian... | 31,624 |
43764 | 267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=267 | 267
invaders to the north where they are intercepted by the Roman army under emperor Gallienus. He wins an important victory near the Nestos River, on the boundary between Macedonia and Thrace.
- Aureolus, charged with defending Italy, defeats Victorinus (co-emperor of Gaul), is proclaimed emperor by his troops, and b... | 31,625 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
Whigs (British political party)
The Whigs were a political faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they contested power with their rivals, the Tories. The Whigs' origin lay in... | 31,626 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
was enabled by the Hanoverian succession of George I in 1714 and the failed Jacobite rising of 1715 by Tory rebels. The Whigs thoroughly purged the Tories from all major positions in government, the army, the Church of England, the legal profession and local offices. The Party's hold on ... | 31,627 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
James Fox as the leader of a reconstituted Whig Party, arrayed against the governing party of the new Tories under William Pitt the Younger. Both parties were founded on rich politicians more than on popular votes, although there were elections to the House of Commons only a small number... | 31,628 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
established Church of England and the gentry. Later on, the Whigs drew support from the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants, while the Tories drew support from the landed interests and the royal family. However, by the first half of the 19th century the Whig political pro... | 31,629 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
for "whiggamor", a term meaning "cattle driver" used to describe western Scots who came to Leith for corn. In the reign of Charles I the term was used during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms to refer derisively to a radical faction of the Scottish Covenanters who called themselves the "Kir... | 31,630 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
abuse applied to those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic. The fervent Tory Samuel Johnson often joked that "the first Whig was the Devil".
# Origins.
## Exclusion Crisis.
Under Lord Shaftesbury's leadership, the Whigs in the Parliament of England ... | 31,631 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
1679. In response, King Charles prorogued Parliament and then dissolved it, but the subsequent elections in August and September saw the Whigs' strength increase. This new parliament did not meet for thirteen months, because Charles wanted to give passions a chance to die down. When it m... | 31,632 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
to rule without Parliament. In February, Charles had made a deal with the French King Louis XIV, who promised to support him against the Whigs. Without Parliament, the Whigs gradually crumbled, mainly due to government repression following the discovery of the Rye House Plot. The Whig pe... | 31,633 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
the Tower.
## Glorious Revolution.
After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Queen Mary II and King William III governed with both Whigs and Tories, despite the fact that many of the Tories still supported the deposed Roman Catholic James II. William saw that the Tories were generally fri... | 31,634 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
as betraying their principles for office. The Country Whigs, led by Robert Harley, gradually merged with the Tory opposition in the later 1690s.
# 18th century.
Although William's successor Anne had considerable Tory sympathies and excluded the Junto Whigs from power, after a brief and... | 31,635 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
they headed an administration of the Parliament of Great Britain dominated by the Junto. Anne herself grew increasingly uncomfortable with this dependence on the Whigs, especially as her personal relationship with the Duchess of Marlborough deteriorated. This situation also became increa... | 31,636 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
of Lords. The Tory administration led by Harley and the Viscount Bolingbroke persuaded the Queen to create twelve new Tory peers to force the treaty through.
## Liberal ideals.
The Whigs primarily advocated the supremacy of Parliament, while calling for the toleration for Protestant di... | 31,637 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
the liberal political ideas of John Locke on Whig political values, as expressed in widely cited manifestos such as "Political Aphorisms: or, the True Maxims of Government Displayed", an anonymous pamphlet that appeared in 1690 and was widely cited by Whigs. The 18th-century Whigs borrow... | 31,638 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
intellectual, repeatedly denigrated the "vile" Whigs and praised the Tories, even during the times of Whig political supremacy. In his great "Dictionary" (1755), Johnson defined a Tory as "one who adheres to the ancient Constitution of the state and the apostolical hierarchy of the Churc... | 31,639 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
Whigs were protectionist in economic policy, with free trade policies being advocated by Tories. The Whigs were opposed to the pro-French policies of the Stuart kings Charles II and James II as they believed that such an alliance with the Catholic absolute monarchy of France endangered l... | 31,640 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
witnessed the "real starting-point in the history of Whig policy in the matter of trade". It was repealed upon the accession of James II by a Tory-dominated House of Commons but upon the accession of William III a new Act was passed that prohibited the importation of French goods. The Wh... | 31,641 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
a commercial treaty with France which led to freer trade between the two countries. All of the Whig leaders attacked this on traditional Whig anti-French and protectionist grounds. Fox claimed that France was England's natural enemy and that it was only at Britain's expense that she coul... | 31,642 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
as Ha-Joon Chang, who wish to challenge contemporary prevailing free trade orthodoxies via precedents from the past.
Later on, they came to oppose the protectionism of the Corn Laws.
## Whig supremacy.
With the succession of Elector George Louis of Hanover as king in 1714, the Whigs r... | 31,643 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
dominated between 1721 and 1757 (with a brief break during the also-Whig Carteret ministry). The leading entities in these governments consistently referred to themselves as "Whigs".
## George III's accession.
This arrangement changed during the reign of George III, who hoped to restor... | 31,644 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
opposition groups. The Rockingham Whigs claimed the mantle of "Old Whigs", as the purported successors of the party of the Pelhams and the great Whig families. With such noted intellectuals as Edmund Burke behind them, the Rockingham Whigs laid out a philosophy which for the first time e... | 31,645 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
Whigs – many old Pelhamites, as well as the Bedfordite Whig faction formerly led by the Duke of Bedford and elements of that which had been led by George Grenville, although it also contained elements of the "Kings' Men", the group formerly associated with Lord Bute and which was general... | 31,646 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
they turned to independence and started emphasising the label Patriots. In contrast, the American Loyalists, who supported the monarchy, were consistently also referred to as "Tories". Later, the United States Whig Party was founded in 1833 and focused on opposition to a strong presidenc... | 31,647 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
the Earl of Shelburne, took its place. After Rockingham's unexpected death in July 1782, this uneasy coalition fell apart, with Charles James Fox, Rockingham's successor as faction leader, quarrelling with Shelburne and withdrawing his supporters from the government. The following Shelbu... | 31,648 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
son, William Pitt the Younger, as his prime minister.
It was only now that a genuine two-party system can be seen to emerge, with Pitt and the government on the one side, and the ousted Fox-North coalition on the other. On 17 December 1783, Fox stated in the House of Commons that "[i]f ... | 31,649 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
Whig, and generally opposed the development of a strict partisan political system.
However, Fox's supporters certainly saw themselves as legitimate heirs of the Whig tradition and they strongly opposed Pitt in his early years in office, notably during the regency crisis revolving around... | 31,650 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
Although Burke himself was largely alone in defecting to Pitt in 1791, much of the rest of the party, including the influential House of Lords leader the Duke of Portland, Rockingham's nephew Lord Fitzwilliam and William Windham, were increasingly uncomfortable with the flirtations of Fo... | 31,651 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
joining again with Fox in the Ministry of All the Talents following Pitt's death in 1806. The followers of Pitt—led until 1809 by Fox's old colleague the Duke of Portland—rejected the label of Tories and preferred to call themselves The Friends of Mr. Pitt. After the fall of the Talents ... | 31,652 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
far from being a "party" in the modern sense. They had no definite programme or policy and were by no means even united. Generally, they stood for reducing crown patronage, sympathy towards nonconformists, support for the interests of merchants and bankers and a leaning towards the idea ... | 31,653 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
increasing political participation of the English middle classes. The fresh support strengthened their position in Parliament. Whigs rejected the Tory appeals to governmental authority and social discipline and extended political discussion beyond Parliament. Whigs used a national networ... | 31,654 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
to recognise the role of public opinion in parliamentary debate and influenced views of representation and reform throughout the 19th century.
## Return to power.
Whigs restored their unity by supporting moral reforms, especially the abolition of slavery and emancipation of the Catholi... | 31,655 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
to an electorate of 435,000 in England and Wales. Only the upper and middle classes voted, so this shifted power away from the landed aristocracy to the urban middle classes. In 1832, the party abolished slavery in the British Empire with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. It purchased and ... | 31,656 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
of relief to the poor.
It was around this time that the great Whig historian Thomas Babington Macaulay began to promulgate what would later be coined the Whig view of history, in which all of English history was seen as leading up to the culminating moment of the passage of Lord Grey's ... | 31,657 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
The Reform Club was founded by Edward Ellice, MP for Coventry and Whig Whip, whose riches came from the Hudson's Bay Company but whose zeal was chiefly devoted to securing the passage of the Reform Act 1832. This new club, for members of both Houses of Parliament, was intended to be a fo... | 31,658 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
party headquarters. However, in 1882 the National Liberal Club was established under William Ewart Gladstone's chairmanship, designed to be more "inclusive" towards Liberal grandees and activists throughout the United Kingdom.
# Transition to Liberal Party.
The Liberal Party (the term ... | 31,659 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
coalition, the Whiggish elements of the new party progressively lost influence during the long leadership of the former Peelite William Ewart Gladstone and many of the old Whig aristocrats broke from the party over the issue of Irish home rule in 1886 to help form the Liberal Unionist Pa... | 31,660 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
politicians to celebrate his Whiggish roots was the Liberal Unionist statesman Henry James.
# See also.
- Early-18th-century Whig plots
- Foxite
- King of Clubs (Whig club)
- Kingdom of Great Britain
- List of United Kingdom Whig and allied party leaders (1801–1859)
- Patriot Whig... | 31,661 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
ed. 1987).
- Jones; J. R. "The First Whigs: The Politics of the Exclusion Crisis, 1678–1683", 1961 online edition.
- McCallum; Ronald Buchanan. "The Liberal Party from Earl Grey to Asquith" (1963).
- Marshall, Dorothy. "Eighteenth Century England" (1962) online. A standard scholarly h... | 31,662 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
Trevelyan, George Otto. "The Early History of Charles James Fox" (1880) online edition.
- Williams, Basil, and C. H. Stuart; "The Whig Supremacy, 1714–1760" (1962) online edition. A standard scholarly stream.
- Woodward; E. L. "The Age of Reform, 1815–1870", 1938 online edition. A stan... | 31,663 |
43729 | Whigs (British political party) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs%20(British%20political%20party) | Whigs (British political party)
(1962) online edition. A standard scholarly stream.
- Woodward; E. L. "The Age of Reform, 1815–1870", 1938 online edition. A standard scholarly stream.
## Historiography.
- Hill, Brain W. "II. Executive Monarchy and the Challenge of Parties, 1689–1832: Two Concepts of Government and T... | 31,664 |
43763 | 263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=263 | 263
263
Year 263 (CCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Albinus and Dexter (or, less frequently, year 1016 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 263 for this year has been used since the ea... | 31,665 |
43763 | 263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=263 | 263
is" by the Roman emperor Gallienus.
### China.
- Conquest of Shu by Wei: The Chinese state of Cao Wei conquers Shu Han, one of its two rival states.
- Sima Zhao, regent of the Cao Wei state, receives and accepts the nine bestowments, state chancellorship, and the title "Duke of Jin" from Cao Huan.
## By topic.
... | 31,666 |
43765 | 262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=262 | 262
262
Year 262 (CCLXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallienus and Faustianus (or, less frequently, year 1015 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 262 for this year has been used since ... | 31,667 |
43765 | 262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=262 | 262
of Gallienus and Faustianus (or, less frequently, year 1015 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 262 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
# Events.
onlyinclude
## By place.
### Roman Empire.
- The ... | 31,668 |
43766 | 264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=264 | 264
264
Year 264 (CCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallienus and Saturninus (or, less frequently, year 1017 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 264 for this year has been used since the e... | 31,669 |
43766 | 264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=264 | 264
ar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
# Events.
onlyinclude
## By place.
### China.
- Zhong Hui's Rebellion is quelled.
- Sima Zhao, regent of the Cao Wei state, styles himself the "King of Jin", the penultimate step before usurpation.
- Sun Hao succeeds Sun Xiu as emperor of the Chi... | 31,670 |
43769 | 266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=266 | 266
266
Year 266 (CCLXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallienus and Sabinillus (or, less frequently, year 1019 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 266 for this year has been used since the... | 31,671 |
43769 | 266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=266 | 266
with the title "king of kings".
### Ireland.
- The rule of High King Cormac mac Airt ends (approximate date).
### China.
- February 4 – Sima Yan, regent of the Chinese state of Cao Wei, forces the last Cao Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate in his favour. The Cao Wei state's existence comes to an end. Sima Yan es... | 31,672 |
43769 | 266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=266 | 266
gh King Cormac mac Airt ends (approximate date).
### China.
- February 4 – Sima Yan, regent of the Chinese state of Cao Wei, forces the last Cao Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate in his favour. The Cao Wei state's existence comes to an end. Sima Yan establishes the Jin dynasty and becomes its first emperor on 8 Fe... | 31,673 |
43768 | 265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=265 | 265
265
Year 265 (CCLXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Valerianus and Lucillus (or, less frequently, year 1018 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 265 for this year has been used since the e... | 31,674 |
43768 | 265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=265 | 265
to break off his siege of a Gallic town where Postumus has holed up. He makes no other serious attempt to overcome his rival, devotes his attention to the political and military problems in the Danube and eastern parts of the Roman Empire.
- Postumus makes no move to march on Rome and claim his territory south of ... | 31,675 |
43768 | 265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=265 | 265
nvasion of the Goths in the Balkans.
- A general of Gallienus' army, Victorinus, defects to Postumus.
/onlyinclude
### China.
- Sima Zhao, who had been the regent and de facto primary authority of the state of Cao Wei for little over 10 years by this point, passes away, leaving his authority to his eldest son, ... | 31,676 |
43770 | 269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=269 | 269
269
Year 269 (CCLXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Claudius and Paternus (or, less frequently, year 1022 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 269 for this year has been used since the ea... | 31,677 |
43770 | 269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=269 | 269
invaders and receives the title Gothicus for his triumph. Many of the prisoners will serve in the Roman legions and settle in vacant lands in the Danubian provinces.
- Claudius II travels to Sirmium and prepares a war against the Vandals, who raid Pannonia.
- The Heruli capture Athens and raid the Aegean Islands ... | 31,678 |
43770 | 269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=269 | 269
amia and Anatolia and Egypt, giving her control of Rome's grain supply. The library at Alexandria is partly burned during a raid by Zabdas, general of Zenobia.
## By topic.
### Religion.
- January 5 – Pope Felix I succeeds Pope Dionysius as the 26th pope.
- Paul of Samosata is deposed as Patriarch of Antioch (t... | 31,679 |
43767 | 268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=268 | 268
268
Year 268 (CCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paternus and Egnatius (or, less frequently, year 1021 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 268 for this year has been used since the... | 31,680 |
43767 | 268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=268 | 268
(Milan) while besieging his rival Aureolus, one of the Thirty Tyrants. Aureolus is murdered in turn by the Praetorian guard.
- Marcus Aurelius Claudius is charged by the Senate for having murdered Gallienus (it will never be proven). He becomes the new emperor of Rome and will reign as Claudius II.
- Claudius II ... | 31,681 |
43767 | 268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=268 | 268
the Germanic tribes of the Alamanni along the banks of Lake Garda.
### Europe.
- Victorinus is declared emperor of the Gallic Empire by the legions at Augusta Treverorum (Trier), following the murders of his predecessors. He is recognized by the provinces of Gaul and Britain, but Hispania might have reunited with... | 31,682 |
43771 | 190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=190 | 190
190
Year 190 (CXC) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Sura (or, less frequently, year 943 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 190 for this year has been used since the early me... | 31,683 |
43771 | 190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=190 | 190
Han Dynasty.
- The Campaign against Dong Zhuo begins.
- Luoyang is burned and plundered by the forces of Dong Zhuo. The court is moved to Chang'an.
### Parthia.
- Osroes II controlling Media claims the throne of the Parthian Empire. King Vologases IV of Parthia puts down the rebellion and restores order.
## By... | 31,684 |
43771 | 190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=190 | 190
rebellion and restores order.
## By topic.
### Arts and sciences.
- Cleomedes teaches that the moon does not glow on its own, but rather reflects sunlight.
### Economics.
- Egypt (under Roman rule) is impoverished due to an inflation rate of 100% during the previous decade.
- The percentage of silver in the E... | 31,685 |
43772 | 191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=191 | 191
191
Year 191 (CXCI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Apronianus and Bradua (or, less frequently, year 944 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 191 for this year has been used since the early... | 31,686 |
43772 | 191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=191 | 191
Zhuo, who seized control of the central government in 189 and held the figurehead Emperor Xian hostage. After suffering some defeats against the coalition forces, Dong Zhuo forcefully relocates the imperial capital from Luoyang to Chang'an. Before leaving, Dong Zhuo orders his troops to loot the tombs of the Han em... | 31,687 |
43772 | 191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=191 | 191
n. Before leaving, Dong Zhuo orders his troops to loot the tombs of the Han emperors and then destroy Luoyang by fire to leave behind nothing for the coalition.
- Yuan Shao battles Gongsun Zan at the Battle of Jieqiao in northern China.
## By topic.
### Art.
- c. 191–192 – Commodus as Hercules, from Esquiline H... | 31,688 |
43773 | 192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=192 | 192
192
Year 192 (CXCII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aelius and Pertinax (or, less frequently, year 945 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 192 for this year has been used since the early ... | 31,689 |
43773 | 192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=192 | 192
named Narcissus to assassinate Commodus. The Antonines dynasty ends.
- Civil war again strikes Ancient Rome (192–193).
### China.
- May 22 – Lü Bu assassinates the warlord Dong Zhuo, who has controlled the central government of the Han dynasty since 189.
### Vietnam.
- The kingdom of Champa begins to control s... | 31,690 |
43773 | 192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=192 | 192
re destroys Galen's library.
### Religion.
- Syriac Christians establish an early Christian community in Kerala, India.
/onlyinclude
# Births.
- Gordian II, Roman emperor (d. 238)
- Cao Zhi, Chinese poet of the Three Kingdoms period (d. 232)
# Deaths.
- May 22 – Dong Zhuo, Chinese warlord of the Han dynasty... | 31,691 |
43774 | 193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=193 | 193
193
Year 193 (CXCIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sosius and Ericius (or, less frequently, year 946 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 193 for this year has been used since the early ... | 31,692 |
43774 | 193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=193 | 193
wrecked under Commodus, to reestablish discipline in the Roman army and to suspend the food programs established by Trajan, provoking the ire of the Praetorian Guard.
- March 28 – Pertinax is assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard, who storm the imperial palace. The Empire is auctioned off, Marcus Didius ... | 31,693 |
43774 | 193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=193 | 193
enters the capital and has Julianus put to death. He replaces the Praetorian Guard with a 15,000-man force from the Danubian legions and gains control of the Roman Empire, beginning the Severan dynasty.
- Septimius Severus defeats the army under Pescennius at the Battle of Cyzicus and Battle of Nicaea (Asia Minor)... | 31,694 |
43774 | 193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=193 | 193
ng" era of the Chinese Han dynasty.
- Cao Cao's invasion of Xu Province: Cao Cao invades Tao Qian's Xu Province, holding him responsible for the death of Cao Song.
## By topic.
### Commerce.
- The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 50 percent under emperor Septimius Severus, down from 68 percent unde... | 31,695 |
43776 | 196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=196 | 196
196
Year 196 (CXCVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Dexter and Messalla (or, less frequently, year 949 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 196 for this year has been used since the early ... | 31,696 |
43776 | 196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=196 | 196
prosperity.
- In order to assure the support of the Roman legion in Germany on his march to Rome, Clodius Albinus is declared Augustus by his army while crossing Gaul.
- Hadrian's wall in Britain is partially destroyed.
### China.
- First year of the "Jian'an era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
- Emperor Xian of H... | 31,697 |
43776 | 196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=196 | 196
of the Roman legion in Germany on his march to Rome, Clodius Albinus is declared Augustus by his army while crossing Gaul.
- Hadrian's wall in Britain is partially destroyed.
### China.
- First year of the "Jian'an era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
- Emperor Xian of Han returns to Luoyang, which has been ravaged ... | 31,698 |
43775 | 194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=194 | 194
194
Year 194 (CXCIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Septimius and Septimius (or, less frequently, year 947 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 194 for this year has been used since the e... | 31,699 |
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