wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
43775 | 194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=194 | 194
governor of Syria. Pescennius retreats to Antioch and is executed by Severus' troops.
- Septimius Severus besieges Byzantium (194-196); the city walls suffer extensive damage.
### China.
- First year of "Xingping" era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
- Battle of Yan Province: Cao Cao battles Lü Bu for control over Y... | 31,700 |
43775 | 194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=194 | 194
; the city walls suffer extensive damage.
### China.
- First year of "Xingping" era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
- Battle of Yan Province: Cao Cao battles Lü Bu for control over Yan Province. The battle lasts for over one hundred days.
## By topic.
### Arts and sciences.
- Galen writes his manual on pathology,... | 31,701 |
43779 | 198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=198 | 198
198
Year 198 (CXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sergius and Gallus (or, less frequently, year 951 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 198 for this year has been used since the early... | 31,702 |
43779 | 198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=198 | 198
re.
- Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimius Severus, receives the title of Caesar.
- Caracalla, son of Septimius Severus, is given the title of Augustus.
### China.
- Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats Lü Bu in the Battle of Xiapi; afterwards Cao Cao has Lü Bu executed.
## By topic.
### Religion.
- Mark I su... | 31,703 |
43778 | 197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=197 | 197
197
Year 197 (CXCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Magius and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 950 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 197 for this year has been used since the earl... | 31,704 |
43778 | 197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=197 | 197
to Rome and has about 30 of Albinus's supporters in the Senate executed. After his victory he declares himself the adopted son of the late Marcus Aurelius.
- Septimius Severus forms new naval units, manning all the triremes in Italy with heavily armed troops for war in the East. His soldiers embark on an artificia... | 31,705 |
43778 | 197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=197 | 197
equestrian governor commanding two legions.
- Septimius Severus, who had spared the Senate at the beginning of his reign, now excludes it from controlling the Roman empire by declaring a military dictatorship.
### Asia.
- Battle of Wancheng: Zhang Xiu launches a surprise attack at Cao Cao.
- Yuan Shu declares h... | 31,706 |
43778 | 197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=197 | 197
## By topic.
### Arts and sciences.
- Galen's major work on medicines, "Pharmacologia", is published.
### Religion.
- A Christian council is held in Edessa.
/onlyinclude
# Births.
- Deng Ai, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state in the Three Kingdoms period (d. 264)
- Empress Cao, last empress of the Chinese... | 31,707 |
43783 | 188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=188 | 188
188
Year 188 (CLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Fuscianus and Silanus (or, less frequently, year 941 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 188 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Dom... | 31,708 |
43783 | 188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=188 | 188
equently, year 941 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 188 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
# Events.
onlyinclude
## By place.
### Roman Empire.
- Publius Helvius Pertinax becomes proconsul of... | 31,709 |
43784 | 187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=187 | 187
187
Year 187 (CLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Quintius and Aelianus (or, less frequently, year 940 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 187 for this year has been used since the e... | 31,710 |
43784 | 187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=187 | 187
gna), is named legate of Lyonnais (Gaul).
- Septimius Severus marries a Syrian princess Julia Domna (age 17), she is the youngest daughter of high-priest Julius Bassianus, a descendant of the Royal House of Emesa. Her elder sister is Julia Maesa.
- Another plague hits Rome.
- Clodius Albinus defeats the Chatti, ... | 31,711 |
43786 | 184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=184 | 184
184
Year 184 (CLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Eggius and Aelianus (or, less frequently, year 937 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 184 for this year has been used since the ear... | 31,712 |
43786 | 184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=184 | 184
for the capital of Luoyang, his massive and undisciplined army (360,000 men), burns and destroys government offices and outposts.
- June – Emperor Ling places his brother-in-law, He Jin, in command of the imperial army and sends them to attack the Yellow Turban rebels.
- Winter – Zhang Jue dies of illness while h... | 31,713 |
43786 | 184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=184 | 184
dies of illness while his brothers Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang are killed in battles against Han imperial forces. The Yellow Turban rebels become scattered.
- Last (6th) year of Guanghe era and start of Zhongping era of the Eastern Han dynasty.
### Korea.
- King Gogukcheon (Gaonanwu) of Goguryeo (Gaogouli) pushes ... | 31,714 |
43785 | 186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=186 | 186
186
Year 186 (CLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Glabrio (or, less frequently, year 939 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 186 for this year has been used since the e... | 31,715 |
43785 | 186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=186 | 186
ar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
# Events.
onlyinclude
## By place.
### Roman Empire.
- Peasants in Gaul stage an anti-tax uprising under Maternus.
- Attempted assassination of Roman governor Pertinax by British usurpers.
### New Zealand.
- The Hatepe volcanic eruption extends ... | 31,716 |
43787 | 183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=183 | 183
183
Year 183 (CLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Victorinus (or, less frequently, year 936 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 183 for this year has been used since th... | 31,717 |
43787 | 183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=183 | 183
uesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Victorinus (or, less frequently, year 936 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 183 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar e... | 31,718 |
43788 | 182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=182 | 182
182
Year 182 (CLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sura and Rufus (or, less frequently, year 935 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 182 for this year has been used since the early med... | 31,719 |
43788 | 182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=182 | 182
ntus Tineius Rufus become Roman Consuls.
- Emperor Commodus escapes death at the hands of assassins, who have attacked him at the instigation of his sister Lucilla and a large group of senators. He puts many distinguished Romans to death on charges of being implicated in the conspiracy; Lucilla is exiled to Capri.... | 31,720 |
43790 | 180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=180 | 180
180
Year 180 (CLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Condianus (or, less frequently, year 933 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 180 for this year has been used since the early... | 31,721 |
43790 | 180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=180 | 180
in Vindobona (modern Vienna). He is succeeded by his son Commodus (age 18).
- The Era of the Five Good Emperors ends.
- Rome creates a 4-mile wide buffer zone by the Danube.
- Work begins in Rome on the building of the Column of Marcus Aurelius.
- 180–395 – Late Empire in Rome.
- Northern Brits from beyond Had... | 31,722 |
43790 | 180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=180 | 180
connection between paralysis and the severing of the spinal cord.
- Galen's popular work on hygiene is published.
### Religion.
- July 17 – Twelve Christian inhabitants of Scillium in Numidia are executed in Carthage (also in North Africa) (known as the Scillitan Martyrs) – they had refused to swear an oath to t... | 31,723 |
43790 | 180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=180 | 180
an official cult of the Zoroastrian god Mithra.
# Births.
- Ardashir I, founder of the Sasanian Empire (d. 242)
- Sima Fu, official of the Cao Wei state in the Three Kingdoms period (d. 272)
- Julia Soaemias, mother of emperor Elagabalus (d. 222)
# Deaths.
- March 17 – Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor (b. 121)
... | 31,724 |
43789 | 181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=181 | 181
181
Year 181 (CLXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Burrus (or, less frequently, year 934 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 181 for this year has been used since the early... | 31,725 |
43789 | 181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=181 | 181
a became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
# Events.
onlyinclude
## By place.
### Roman Empire.
- Imperator Lucius Aurelius Commodus and Lucius Antistius Burrus become Roman Consuls.
- The Antonine Wall is overrun in Britannia.
### Oceania.
- The volcano associated with Lake Taupo in New Zeal... | 31,726 |
43792 | 231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=231 | 231
231
Year 231 (CCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Claudius and Sallustus (or, less frequently, year 984 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 231 for this year has been used since the ... | 31,727 |
43792 | 231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=231 | 231
place.
### Roman Empire.
- Emperor Alexander Severus accompanies his mother Julia Mamaea to Syria and campaigns against the Persians. Military command rests in the hands of his generals, but his presence gives additional weight to the empire's policy.
### China.
- Battle of Mount Qi between the Chinese states o... | 31,728 |
43791 | 204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=204 | 204
204
Year 204 (CCIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cilo and Flavius (or, less frequently, year 957 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 204 for this year has been used since the early mediev... | 31,729 |
43791 | 204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=204 | 204
ommandery in northern Korea.
- Battle of Ye: Cao Cao lays siege to and captures the Yuan family headquarters of Ye.
## By topic.
### Commerce.
- A trade recession in the Leptis Magna region (Africa) is alleviated by emperor Septimius Severus, who buys up the country's olive oil for free distribution in Rome.
/... | 31,730 |
43793 | 373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=373 | 373
373
Year 373 (CCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Valens (or, less frequently, year 1126 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 373 for this year has been used since the ... | 31,731 |
43793 | 373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=373 | 373
Count Theodosius is appointed commander of an expedition to suppress the rebellion of Firmus in Mauretania.
- Valens Aqueduct is inaugurated near Constantinople (modern Istanbul); the aqueduct has a length of 971 meters.
### Europe.
- Battle of the Tanais River: The Huns defeat the Alans near the Don, sending th... | 31,732 |
43793 | 373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=373 | 373
' support of Armenia. Emperor Valens makes Antioch his military base for the campaign against Persia.
## By topic.
### Religion.
- Saint Martin of Tours undertakes the Christianization of Gaul.
/onlyinclude
# Births.
- Murong Hui, imperial prince of the Xianbei state Later Yan (d. 397)
- Murong Sheng, empero... | 31,733 |
43799 | 1570s BC | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1570s%20BC | 1570s BC
1570s BC
# Events and trends.
- 1570 BC—The Second Intermediate Period of Egypt ends and the New Kingdom of Egypt
- 1572 BC—The death of Moses, according to Thrasyllus of Mendes, an Egyptian mathematician and astronomer who lived in the reign of Tiberius
# Significant people.
- Kamose, last Pharaoh of the... | 31,734 |
43806 | A Beautiful Mind | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Beautiful%20Mind | A Beautiful Mind
A Beautiful Mind
A Beautiful Mind may refer to:
- "A Beautiful Mind" (book), about the life of John Forbes Nash, Jr.
- "A Beautiful Mind" (film), the 2001 film adaptation of the same title
- "A Beautiful Mind" (soundtrack), the associated soundtrack album
- "A Beautiful Mind" (TV series), Korean s... | 31,735 |
43814 | Java transaction service | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20transaction%20service | Java transaction service
Java transaction service
The Java Transaction Service (JTS) is a specification for building a transaction manager that maps onto the Object Management Group (OMG) Object Transaction Service (OTS) used in the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) architecture. It uses General Inter-... | 31,736 |
43803 | Tin foil hat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin%20foil%20hat | Tin foil hat
Tin foil hat
A tin foil hat is a hat made from one or more sheets of aluminium foil, or a piece of conventional headgear lined with foil, worn in the belief or hope that it shields the brain from threats such as electromagnetic fields, mind control, and mind reading. The notion of wearing homemade headgea... | 31,737 |
43803 | Tin foil hat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin%20foil%20hat | Tin foil hat
thought" appears in the unusual 1909 non-fiction publication "Atomic Consciousness" by self-proclaimed "seer" John Palfrey (aka "James Bathurst") who believed such headgear was not effective for his "retention of thoughts and ideas" against a supposed "telepathic impactive impingement".
The usage of a met... | 31,738 |
43803 | Tin foil hat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin%20foil%20hat | Tin foil hat
ESP or the microwave auditory effect. People in many countries who believe they are "targeted individuals", subject to government spying or harassment, have developed websites, conference calls, and support meetings to discuss their concerns, including the idea of protective headgear. Over time the term "t... | 31,739 |
43803 | Tin foil hat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin%20foil%20hat | Tin foil hat
the radiation. For half-millimetre-thick aluminum foil, radiation above about 20 kHz (i.e., including both AM and FM bands) would be partially blocked, although aluminum foil is not sold in this thickness, so numerous layers of foil would be required to achieve this effect.
A belief also exists that alumi... | 31,740 |
43803 | Tin foil hat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin%20foil%20hat | Tin foil hat
be blocked by a patch of wire mesh (rather than foil) placed above the temporal lobe.
# In art and media.
In addition to early cases mentioned in section "Origin", foil hats have appeared in films and novels, such as "Signs" and "". In "Signs", the children and younger brother of the lead character wear ... | 31,741 |
43803 | Tin foil hat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin%20foil%20hat | Tin foil hat
The paranoid centaur Foaly, in Eoin Colfer's "Artemis Fowl" series of books, wears a tin-foil hat to protect from mind-readers.
The novel "Idiots in the Machine" by Edward Savio portrays a character who believes tin foil keeps harmful gamma rays away, becoming a media sensation after marketing a successfu... | 31,742 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
Stone of Scone
The Stone of Scone (; , )—also known as the Stone of Destiny, and often referred to in England as The Coronation Stone—is an oblong block of red sandstone that has been used for centuries in the coronation of the monarchs of Scotland, and later the monarchs of England and those of the Uni... | 31,743 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
was last used in 1953 for the coronation of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
# Tradition and history.
## Origin and legends.
In the 14th century, the English cleric and historian Walter Hemingford described the previous location of the Scottish coronation stone... | 31,744 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
at Tara for the High King of Ireland. Other traditions contend the Lia Fáil remains at Tara. (Inis Fáil, The Island of Destiny, is one of the traditional names of Ireland.)
- Legends place the origins of the Stone in Biblical times and consider the Stone to be the Stone of Jacob, taken by Jacob while in... | 31,745 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
letter to the editor of the "Morning Chronicle", dated 2 January 1819, states:
On the 19th of November, as the servants belonging to the West Mains of Dunsinane-house, were employed in carrying away stones from the excavation made among the ruins that point out the site of Macbeth's castle here, part of... | 31,746 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
have lain here during the long series of ages since Macbeth's reign. Beside it were also found two round tablets, of a composition resembling bronze. On one of these two lines are engraved, which a gentleman has thus deciphered.— 'The sconce (or shadow) of kingdom come, until Sylphs in air carry me again... | 31,747 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
Westminster, the sacred stone not having been found by him. The curious here, aware of such traditions, and who have viewed these venerable remains of antiquity, agree that Macbeth may, or rather must, have deposited the stone in question at the bottom of his Castle, on the hill of Dunsinane (from the tr... | 31,748 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
English and then British sovereigns have been crowned. Edward I sought to claim his status as the "Lord Paramount" of Scotland, with the right to oversee its King.
Some doubt exists over the stone captured by Edward I. The Westminster Stone theory posits that the monks at Scone Palace hid the real stone... | 31,749 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
it from being removed from Westminster Abbey. The stone remained in England for another six centuries, even after James VI of Scotland assumed the English throne as James I of England. For the next century, the Stuart kings and queens of Scotland once again sat on the stone but at their coronation as kin... | 31,750 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
buried stone and returned to Scotland, along with a new accomplice, John Josselyn.
According to one US diplomat who was posted in Edinburgh at the time, the stone was hidden for a short time in a trunk in the basement of the Consulate's Public Affairs Officer, unknown to him, before it was removed. Alth... | 31,751 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
ordered by the British Government, but proved unsuccessful. The custodians left the stone on the altar of Arbroath Abbey on 11 April 1951, in the safekeeping of the Church of Scotland. Once the London police were informed of its whereabouts, the stone was returned to Westminster four months after it had ... | 31,752 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
it was announced in the House of Commons that the stone would be returned to Scotland, and on 15 November 1996, after a handover ceremony at the border between representatives of the Home Office and of the Scottish Office, it was transported to Edinburgh Castle. The stone arrived in the Castle on 30 Nove... | 31,753 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
of Scone's removal from Westminster Abbey and return to Scotland is the subject of the 2008 film "Stone of Destiny", with Charlie Cox as Ian Hamilton, who also appears in a cameo role in the film.
- The same incident appears in an episode of "".
- It also appears in the final two episodes of "Hamish Ma... | 31,754 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
Adventure of the Stone of Scone", included in one of the collections of his Sherlock Holmes pastiches, featuring his fictional detective Solar Pons. The story credits the recovery of the stone at the abbey to his powers of ratiocination.
- In the alternate history novel "Dominion" by C.J. Sansom, the St... | 31,755 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
in the 2016 video game "Persona 5".
- The Land of Eire. The Irish Land League. John Devoy. Paterson & Neilson. 1882 New York. Footnote page 133. Tradition states that the original coronation stone, which some credited with the power of groaning when pressed by a royal personage, was removed by Fergus, a... | 31,756 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
Edward Faraday Odlum
- History of Scotland
- Omphalos
- Stone of Jacob
- Lia Fáil (Ireland)
- Blarney Stone (Ireland)
- Stones of Mora (Sweden)
- Duke's Chair (Slovenia)
- Prince's Stone (Slovenia)
# Further reading.
- "No Stone Unturned: The Story of the Stone of Destiny", Ian R. Hamilton, Vic... | 31,757 |
43795 | Stone of Scone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone%20of%20Scone | Stone of Scone
Scotland in 1950 (older, but more available, look on ABE)
- "Taking of the Stone of Destiny", Ian R. Hamilton, Seven Hills Book Distributors, 1992, hardcover, (modern reprint)
- Martin-Gil F.J., Martin-Ramos P. and Martin-Gil J. "Is Scotland's Coronation Stone a Measurement Standard from the Middle Bro... | 31,758 |
43818 | Java XML | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20XML | Java XML
Java XML
The Java programming language XML APIs developed by Sun Microsystems consist of the following separate computer-programming APIs:
- Java API for XML Processing, or JAXP
- Java API for XML Messaging, or JAXM
- Java API for XML-based RPC, or JAX-RPC
- Java API for XML Registries, or JAXR
- Java AP... | 31,759 |
43818 | Java XML | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20XML | Java XML
Enterprise Java Beans Specification 1.3.
A number of different open-source software packages implement these APIs:
- Xerces – One of the original and most popular SAX and DOM parsers
- Xalan – XSLT/XPath implementation, included in JDK 1.4 and above as the default transformer (XSLT 1.0)
- Saxon – alternati... | 31,760 |
43810 | Charles Yerkes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Yerkes | Charles Yerkes
Charles Yerkes
Charles Tyson Yerkes ( ; June 25, 1837 – December 29, 1905) was an American financier. He played a major part in developing mass-transit systems in Chicago and London.
# Philadelphia.
Yerkes was born into a Quaker family in the Northern Liberties, a district adjacent to Philadelphia, on... | 31,761 |
43810 | Charles Yerkes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Yerkes | Charles Yerkes
joined the Philadelphia stock exchange.
By 1865 he had moved into banking and specialized in selling municipal, state, and government bonds. Relying on his bank president father's connections, his political contacts, and his own acumen, Yerkes gained a name for himself in the local financial and social ... | 31,762 |
43810 | Charles Yerkes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Yerkes | Charles Yerkes
months in Eastern State Penitentiary.
In an attempt to remain out of prison, he attempted to blackmail two influential Pennsylvania politicians. The blackmail plan initially failed, however the damaging information on these politicians was eventually made public and political leaders including then-Pres... | 31,763 |
43810 | Charles Yerkes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Yerkes | Charles Yerkes
and moved to Chicago. There, he opened a stock and grain brokerage but soon became involved with planning the city's public transportation system. In 1886, Yerkes and his business partners used a complex financial deal to take over the North Chicago Street Railway and then proceeded to follow this with a... | 31,764 |
43810 | Charles Yerkes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Yerkes | Charles Yerkes
William Rainey Harper. He had initially intended to finance only a telescope but eventually agreed to foot the bill for an entire observatory. He contributed nearly $300,000 to the University of Chicago to establish what would become known as the Yerkes Observatory, located in Williams Bay, Wisconsin.
Y... | 31,765 |
43810 | Charles Yerkes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Yerkes | Charles Yerkes
arena in which Yerkes ordinarily thrived. A partially reformed council under Mayor Carter Harrison, Jr., however, ultimately defeated Yerkes, with the swing votes coming from aldermen "Hinky Dink" Kenna and "Bathhouse" John Coughlin.
In 1899, Yerkes sold the majority of his Chicago transport stocks and ... | 31,766 |
43810 | Charles Yerkes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Yerkes | Charles Yerkes
the works down, but he soon changed his mind and acquired two Rodin marbles, "Orpheus" and "Cupid and Psyche", for his Chicago mansion, the first two of Rodin's works known to have been sold to an American collector. Yerkes' art collection also included works by the French academic painters, such as "Pyg... | 31,767 |
43810 | Charles Yerkes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Yerkes | Charles Yerkes
underground railway system after riding along the route of one proposed line and surveying the city of London from the summit of Hampstead Heath. He established the Underground Electric Railways Company of London to take control of the District Railway and the partly built Baker Street and Waterloo Railw... | 31,768 |
43810 | Charles Yerkes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Yerkes | Charles Yerkes
railway field.
# Death and legacy.
Yerkes died in New York 1905, of kidney disease. The events of Yerkes' life served as a blueprint for the Theodore Dreiser novels, "The Financier", "The Titan" and "The Stoic", in which Yerkes was fictionalized as Frank Cowperwood.
The crater Yerkes on the Moon is na... | 31,769 |
43810 | Charles Yerkes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Yerkes | Charles Yerkes
is named in his honor.
Yerkes and his wife Mary were painted by his favorite artist Jan van Beers (National Portrait Gallery, Washington DC). His wife, the daughter of Thomas Moore of Philadelphia, was also painted in 1892 by the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947). In 1893 Müller-U... | 31,770 |
43822 | Luise Gottsched | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luise%20Gottsched | Luise Gottsched
Luise Gottsched
Luise Adelgunde Victorie Gottsched (born Kulmus, 11 April 1713 – 26 June 1762) was a German poet, playwright, essayist, and translator, and is often considered one of the founders of modern German theatrical comedy.
# Biography.
She was born in Danzig (Gdańsk), Royal Prussia (a fief o... | 31,771 |
43822 | Luise Gottsched | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luise%20Gottsched | Luise Gottsched
time.
She became acquainted with her husband, the poet and author Johann Christoph Gottsched, when she sent him some of her own works. He apparently was impressed, and a long correspondence eventually led to marriage. After marriage, Luise continued to write and publish, and was also her husband's fait... | 31,772 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
John Coughlin (alderman)
John Joseph Coughlin (August 15, 1860 – November 11, 1938), known as "Bathhouse John" or "the Bath", was an American politician who served as an alderman of the Chicago City Council from 1892 until his death. Representing the 1st ward for the entirety of his tenure, he... | 31,773 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
power for over half a century. He and Kenna were able to control the notorious Levee vice district and were involved in the rise of organized crime in the city, presaging the advent of "Big Bill" Thompson and Al Capone. A colorful figure in Chicago politics, he was known in addition to corrupti... | 31,774 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
poverty the fire caused his family, remarking:
Coughlin acquired his nicknames as a result of working in a bathhouse as a masseur. Eventually he was able to purchase a tavern and several bathhouses of his own.
# Political career.
Coughlin's tenure was marked by a large amount of corruption, ... | 31,775 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
known as "boodling". Such antics ultimately led to the creation of the reform organization Municipal Voters' League to run and endorse candidates in opposition to the Gray Wolves. Despite being almost invariably excoriated by the Municipal Voters' League Coughlin himself was re-elected 19 times... | 31,776 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
in public service. Coughlin and his partner, fellow First Ward alderman Michael "Hinky Dink" Kenna, were known as the "Lords of the Levee", a district which was part of their ward. The Levee was known as being a vice-ridden section of Chicago and home to many saloons, gambling dens, prostitutes... | 31,777 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
in offering and soliciting gambling on fraudulent stock quotations and hated Coughlin for allowing local Prince Hal Varnell to cut into his turf, formed his own Independent Democratic Party. Working with Sol van Praag, who had ambitions of his own to rule the 1st ward, he ran as a rival to Coug... | 31,778 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
but would later be overturned by a local judge and backfire on Coughlin. Nevertheless, Kenna
reassured Coughlin of victory and used his organizational skills to bribe the homeless with fifty cents, as much food as desired, and a place to stay for each voter.
Kenna also suggested that Coughlin... | 31,779 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
the police would ignore any tactics used to that effect, preceding von Praag, who had had a similar idea, by a few hours.
Coughlin would win the election with 2,671 votes while independent Republican J. Irving Pearce received 1,261 and Skakel received 1,046. The tactics used in the election re... | 31,780 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
to the Ogden Gas Company aided Republican candidate Francis P. Gleason to defeat him. Coughlin retaliated for the loss by introducing an ordinance banning fighting in the city the night before van Praag had a gloved fight scheduled in the ward. Although the ordinance had passed but was found to... | 31,781 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
and a Republican majority in the City Council, both of whom Charles Tyson Yerkes would fight in his efforts to construct the Loop during the Chicago Traction Wars. Kenna, recouping his forces in preparation for the 1897 race, saw that Coughlin would serve as a vital tool for Yerkes, and arrange... | 31,782 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
their revenge on Powers by defeating his bid for the chair of the Cook County Democratic Party Central Committee in favor of free silverite Tommy Gahan. Emboldened by this victory Coughlin introduced an ordinance to grant the General Electric Company a streetcar franchise that included Jackson ... | 31,783 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
to grant him franchises across the City. This united the reformers, who felt that the City was being deprived of tax dollars, and the corrupt aldermen, who saw their sources of profit vanish, to oppose Yerkes's efforts. Harrison was the leader of this opposition, but while he made Coughlin his ... | 31,784 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
and Kenna were also the hosts of the First Ward Ball, an annual political fundraiser which brought together safecrackers, sex workers, gangsters, politicians, businessmen, gamblers, and a variety of other types. The event raised more than $50,000 a year for the two First Ward aldermen until it ... | 31,785 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
to was reduced from two to one, in concert with the number of wards being increased from 35 to 50. Kenna stepped down in favor of Coughlin after this change, but remained as 1st ward committeeman.
## Prohibition.
Coughlin was opposed to Prohibition, introducing a motion in the Council to prai... | 31,786 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
run in that year's aldermanic election by the Associated Press described him as a "Vestige of a past era" and "the epitome of a vanishing [type of] American". At that time the longest-serving municipal legislator in the country by his own estimate, he decried that Council business distracted hi... | 31,787 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
racing. His boisterous personality and large figure often stood in contrast to the comparative meekness and small stature of his partner Kenna. When Harrison asked Kenna whether Coughlin was crazy or on drugs, Kenna replied that "John isn't dotty and he ain't full of dope. To tell you th' God's... | 31,788 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
practice for Chicagoans to pen doggerel and facetiously credit it to Coughlin, a practice he allowed.
One of his poems, known as "Dear Midnight of Love", was penned during a vacation in Denver. Coughlin set the poem to music and had the daughter of a friend sing it after Emma Calve refused, pe... | 31,789 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
One of the main attractions of Zoo Park was an elephant named Princess Alice, which had been granted from Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo after Coughlin convinced his fellow aldermen that owning another elephant was a waste of taxpayer money. However, the rise of reformers dried up Coughlin's Chicag... | 31,790 |
43820 | John Coughlin (alderman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Coughlin%20(alderman) | John Coughlin (alderman)
and combined with declining attendance at Zoo Park and the destruction by fire of Coughlin's summer residence in 1914 his stay became more difficult, and he ultimately left Colorado for good upon its passing of Prohibition.
# Legacy.
A 2012 retrospective by NBC News Chicago ranked Coughlin an... | 31,791 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
Michael Kenna
Michael Kenna ( 1858 – October 9, 1946), also known as "Hinky Dink", was an American politician who served as alderman of Chicago's 1st ward from 1897 to 1923 and again from 1939 to 1943. In addition to his position as alderman he was the Democratic party committeeman of the 1st ward from 1... | 31,792 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
of Chicago, being able to make or break the prospects of Democratic candidates for the mayoralty. Possessing such influence despite his short stature and unassuming presence, he and Coughlin constructed a political machine that would last for the better part of the 20th century. In large part with Kenna's... | 31,793 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
homeless people to vote as desired and performing voter fraud for his candidates. He was also intimate with several figures of organized crime in the city such as William Hale Thompson and Al Capone; he and Coughlin were known as the "Lords of the Levee" after the Levee vice district in the 1st ward which... | 31,794 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
Street. He was so successful that he was able to pay back the loan within a month, and would sell newspapers at the stand until 1877. According to legend, it was at this time that Kenna got the nickname "Hinky Dink" from "Chicago Tribune" publisher Joseph Medill due to his small stature. Kenna himself pro... | 31,795 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
a saloon on Clark Street known as The Workingman's Exchange where he doled out meals to the indigent in exchange for votes. Above the Workingman's Exchange was the Alaska Hotel, which could provide space for 300 men, up to double that number during elections.
Kenna is noted as a member of the Cook County... | 31,796 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
the "Chicago Herald" as lasting "only a few minutes as the delegates were in a hurry to get away to attend a prize fight." However, rival Billy Skakel, who specialized in offering and soliciting gambling on fraudulent stock quotations and hated Coughlin for allowing local Prince Hal Varnell to cut into hi... | 31,797 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
asked Skakel to withdraw from the race. Coughlin then presented a petition to get Skakel's name removed from the ballot, which was initially accepted by the election board but would later be overturned by a local judge and backfire on Coughlin. Nevertheless, Kenna reassured Coughlin of victory and used hi... | 31,798 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
any saloons supporting Skakel immediately at midnight. Kenna also recruited members of the notorious Quincy Street gang to protect any voters of Coughlin, noting that the police would ignore any tactics used to that effect; in such efforts he preceded van Praag, who had had a similar idea, by a few hours.... | 31,799 |
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