wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
cared about such reception.
Van Praag and Skakel would get revenge when Kenna ran for alderman in 1895. Prior to the election, the City Council had passed an ordinance granting the dubious Ogden Gas Company the rights to manufacture, distribute, and sell gas for 50 years. This proved an outrage to Chicag... | 31,800 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
up losing to Gleason by 366 votes. The papers rejoiced in his defeat, with the "Chicago Tribune" writing him the following poem:
It was found after the election that van Praag and Skakel had aided Gleason by giving the local GOP the names and addresses of hundreds of Kenna's registered voters, some of wh... | 31,801 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
19th ward alderman John Powers. However, Powers had betrayed Coughlin by December, collaborating with Yerkes and the Republican majority to the exclusion of Coughlin and introducing most of Yerkes's ordinances which by custom should have been introduced by Coughlin. Coughlin and Kenna took their revenge o... | 31,802 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
of the Republican-dominated Special Committee for the Detection and Prevention of Vote Frauds. Despite the best efforts of Republican Congressman William Lorimer to arrest those of dubious voter credentials, Kenna continued to attract homeless voters from other parts of the city.
The Saturday before the ... | 31,803 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
I associate with gamblers. Why shouldn't I? I like a good game myself." Kenna defeated the incumbent Gleason by 4,373 votes to 1,811 and took office on April 19.
Immediately upon assumption of office as a reward for his work for Harrison he was made Chairman of the Police committee, and was a member of t... | 31,804 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
known nationwide, to the extent that Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker asked his help to get Robert Van Wyck elected as the Mayor of the new City of Greater New York. He succeeded, and Van Wyck won with a plurality of 86,000 votes.
In 1901 he and four other saloonkeepers were arrested for violating ordina... | 31,805 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
Coughlin referred to his "sole claim to even political strength [as] rest[ing] on his being a parasitical partner" of Kenna.
In the 1911 Chicago mayoral election Kenna backed Harrison, allowing him to get the Democratic nomination. Kenna fell out with Harrison by the time of the next election in 1915, an... | 31,806 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
By the time it was banned, the ball was so large that it had to be held in the Chicago Coliseum, the city's major convention center. Besides its notoriety in attracting many unsavory characters it often ended with the police having to curb disorderly conduct bordering on rioting.
## Prohibition.
Kenna a... | 31,807 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
stepped aside to become a Ward Committeeman, leaving the alderman's position of the 1st ward to Coughlin. Aldermen were elected by their constituents and were paid a salary while Committeeman were elected by precinct captains and were paid from the coffers of their political party. Hinky Dink remained Fir... | 31,808 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
also subordinated them to the machine. It limited Coughlin's voting power such that the Municipal Voters' League insisted that he had mellowed his record, to which Coughlin responded with indignation and Kenna jocularly suggested that Coughlin sue them.
In the later years of Coughlin's life it was Kenna ... | 31,809 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
ward, and Kenna was thought to be the best candidate to ensure peace. Rich and aging, he had no desire to return to the City Council but was assured that his involvement would be minimal. Three opponents initially tried to contest him, but all had withdrawn by February 9.
He received a special ovation at... | 31,810 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
to take his seat. John Budinger had previously been alderman of the then-4th ward from 1910 to 1912 and a County Commissioner. James McVittie was the other candidate. Both candidates' petitions were contested in court but ultimately approved. Budinger won the election and succeeded Kenna.
Kenna stepped d... | 31,811 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
death.
Although he left his heirs an estate worth over one million dollars, and an additional thirty-three thousand dollars to be used to erect a mausoleum for his remains to repose in, his heirs took all of the money and bought him an eighty-five dollar tombstone instead.
# Legacy.
A 2012 retrospectiv... | 31,812 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
Were they to appear today [in 1988], they would probably have made their fortunes through law, insurance, or real estate[.]"
The last surviving link to Coughlin and Kenna was Anthony C. Laurino, who served as an assistant precinct captain under their tutelage and would later serve as alderman of the 39th... | 31,813 |
43821 | Michael Kenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Kenna | Michael Kenna
he Chicago River on its western bank. The 1st ward committeemen of both parties resigned in favor of their counterparts of the old 20th ward, largely due to the fact that the old 20th could have outvoted the old 1st. In 1991 allies of Mayor Richard M. Daley proposed a new redistricting map that renumbered... | 31,814 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
George Pullman
George Mortimer Pullman (March 3, 1831 – October 19, 1897) was an American engineer and industrialist. He designed and manufactured the Pullman sleeping car and founded a company town, Pullman, for the workers who manufactured it. His Pullman Company also hired African-American men to sta... | 31,815 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
military troops which left 30 strikers dead in the violent suppression of workers there to end the Pullman Strike of 1894. A national commission was appointed to investigate the strike, which included assessment of operations of the company town. In 1898 the Supreme Court of Illinois ordered the Pullman ... | 31,816 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
move buildings or other structures out of the way and onto new foundations and had patented it in 1841. By that time, packet boats carried people on day excursions along the canal, plus travellers and freight craft would be towed across the state along the busy canal.
Pullman attended local schools and ... | 31,817 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
in Chicago.
He moved to Chicago as a young engineer in 1857. Chicago was then a boom town expanding rapidly. Pullman arrived in Chicago as that city prepared to build the nation's first comprehensive sewer system. He soon formed a partnership known as Ely, Smith & Pullman.
Chicago was built on a low-ly... | 31,818 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
at ground level, then covering them. The Ely, Smith & Pullman partnership gained favorable publicity for raising the massive Tremont House, a six-story brick hotel, while the guests remained inside.
# Development of Pullman sleeping car.
He developed a railroad sleeping car, the Pullman sleeper or "pal... | 31,819 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
body was carried on the Presidential train car that Lincoln himself had commissioned that year. Pullman had cars in the train, notably for the President's surviving family. The pullman had a wider wheel set, requiring wider track. And as a result of the many people seeing the Palace car, it became sought... | 31,820 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
dining car. The food rivaled the best restaurants of the day and the service was impeccable. A year later in 1868, he launched the "Delmonico", the world's first sleeping car devoted to fine cuisine. The "Delmonico" menu was prepared by chefs from New York's famed Delmonico's Restaurant.
Both the "Presi... | 31,821 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
position became considered prestigious, and Pullman porters were respected in the black communities.
Pullman believed that if his sleeper cars were to be successful, he needed to provide a wide variety of services to travelers: collecting tickets, selling berths, dispatching wires, fetching sandwiches, ... | 31,822 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
He bought the patents and business of his eastern competitor, the Central Transportation Company in 1870. In the spring of 1871, Pullman, Andrew Carnegie, and others bailed out the financially troubled Union Pacific; they took positions on its board of directors. By 1875 the Pullman firm owned $100,000 w... | 31,823 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
in 1890, wrote of Pullman's manufacturing complex, "Everything is done in order and with precision. One feels that some brain of superior intelligence, backed by a long technical experience, has thought out every possible detail."
# Pullman company town.
In 1880 Pullman bought , near Lake Calumet some ... | 31,824 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
by Beman. The centerpiece of the complex was the Administration Building and a man-made lake. The Hotel Florence, named for Pullman's daughter, was built nearby.
Pullman believed that the country air and fine facilities, without agitators, saloons and city vice districts, would result in a happy, loyal ... | 31,825 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
By 1892 the community, profitable in its own right, was valued at over $5 million. Pullman ruled the town like a feudal baron. He prohibited independent newspapers, public speeches, town meetings or open discussion. His inspectors regularly entered homes to inspect for cleanliness and could terminate wor... | 31,826 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
the Pullman Palace Car Company in Pullman."
The Pullman community is a historic district that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Marktown, Indiana, Clayton Mark's planned worker community, was developed nearby.
# Pullman strike.
In 1894, when manufacturing demand fell off, P... | 31,827 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
many injuries, over the objections of the Illinois governor, John Altgeld.
In the winter of 1893-4, at the start of a depression, Pullman decided to cut wages by 30%. This was not unusual in the age of the robber barons, but he didn't reduce the rent in Pullman, because he had guaranteed his investors a... | 31,828 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
worse than that of Negroes of the South."
On May 12, 1894 the workers went on strike.
The American Railway Union was led by Eugene Victor Debs, a pacifist and socialist who later founded the Socialist Party of America and was its candidate for president in five elections. Under the leadership of Debs, ... | 31,829 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
his own men halfway is a God-damn fool!"). Instead, Pullman locked up his home and business and left town.
On June 26, all Pullman cars were cut from trains. When union members were fired, entire rail lines were shut down, and Chicago was besieged. One consequence was a blockade of the federal mail, and... | 31,830 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
strikers. That was the beginning of the end of the strike. By the end of the month, 34 people had been killed, the strikers were dispersed, the troops were gone, the courts had sided with the railway owners, and Debs was in jail for contempt of court.
Pullman's reputation was soiled by the strike, and t... | 31,831 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
but have little money value to employees, especially when they lack bread." The State of Illinois filed suit, and in 1898 the Supreme Court of Illinois forced the Pullman Company to divest ownership in the town, which was annexed to Chicago.
# Death and burial.
In 1897, Pullman died of a heart attack a... | 31,832 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
concrete. The coffin was lowered, and covered with asphalt and tarpaper. More concrete was poured on top, followed by a layer of steel rails bolted together at right angles, and another layer of concrete. The entire burial process took two days. His monument, featuring a Corinthian column flanked by curv... | 31,833 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
was constructed and opened to the public by a corporation of which he was president.
The Pullman Company merged in 1930 with Standard Steel Car Company to become Pullman-Standard, which built its last car for Amtrak in 1982. After delivery the Pullman-Standard plant stayed in limbo, and eventually shut ... | 31,834 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
of Manual Training, also known as Pullman Tech, after it closed its doors in 1949. Located in Chicago, Illinois, the George M. Pullman Educational Foundation supports college-bound high school seniors with merit-based, need-based scholarships to attend the college of their choice. Since its founding, the... | 31,835 |
43808 | George Pullman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Pullman | George Pullman
him to build major railroads in Pullman, but the route went into Spokane.
- The Pullman Memorial Universalist Church (1894) in Albion, New York, was funded and built by Pullman in memory of his parents.
# See also.
- Pullman porter
- The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, organized after Pullman's ... | 31,836 |
43829 | 179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=179 | 179
179
Year 179 (CLXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Veru (or, less frequently, year 932 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 179 for this year has been used since the early... | 31,837 |
43829 | 179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=179 | 179
name of the town "Laugaritio", marking the northernmost point of Roman presence in that part of Europe.
- Marcus Aurelius drives the Marcomanni over the Danube and reinforces the border. To repopulate and rebuild a devastated Pannonia, Rome allows the first German colonists to enter territory controlled by the Rom... | 31,838 |
43829 | 179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=179 | 179
e.
### Asia.
- Abgar IX the Great becomes King of Edessa.
- Gogukcheon succeeds his father Shindae as King of Goguryeo.
- Han Dynasty China: The full title of the "Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art" appears on two bronze standard measures dated to this year, yet there is speculation that the same book exist... | 31,839 |
43830 | 178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=178 | 178
178
Year 178 (CLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Rufus (or, less frequently, year 931 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 178 for this year has been used since the ear... | 31,840 |
43830 | 178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=178 | 178
ude
## By place.
### Roman Empire.
- Bruttia Crispina marries Commodus and receive the title of "Augusta".
- Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus arrive at Carnuntum in Pannonia, and travel to the Danube to fight against the Marcomanni.
### Asia.
- Last (7th) year of "Xiping" era and start of "Guanghe... | 31,841 |
43831 | 177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=177 | 177
177
Year 177 (CLXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Commodus and Plautius (or, less frequently, year 930 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 177 for this year has been used since the e... | 31,842 |
43831 | 177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=177 | 177
Marcus Aurelius begins a systematic persecution of Christians at Rome, the followers take refuge in the catacombs.
- Churches in southern Gaul are destroyed after a crowd accuses the local Christians of practicing cannibalism and incest.
- Forty-seven Christians are martyred in Lyon (Saint Blandina and Pothinus, ... | 31,843 |
43831 | 177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=177 | 177
othinus, bishop of Lyon, are among them).
- Second Marcomannic War: Marcus Aurelius and Commodus begin war against the Quadi and the Marcomanni.
### Asia.
- Chinese troops suffer a crushing defeat against a confederacy of Central Asian tribes led by the Xianbei (see Wu Hu).
/onlyinclude
# Births.
- Cao Ang, f... | 31,844 |
43832 | 176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=176 | 176
176
Year 176 (CLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Proculus and Aper (or, less frequently, year 929 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 176 for this year has been used since the early med... | 31,845 |
43832 | 176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=176 | 176
for naming years.
# Events.
onlyinclude
## By place.
### Roman Empire.
- November 27 – Marcus Aurelius grants Commodus the rank of "Imperator" and makes him Supreme Commander of the Roman legions.
- December 23 – Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus enter Rome after a campaign north of the Alps and re... | 31,846 |
43833 | 174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=174 | 174
174
Year 174 (CLXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 927 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 174 for this year has been used since the early ... | 31,847 |
43833 | 174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=174 | 174
e title of "Mater Castrorum" (Mother of the Camp).
- Marcus Aurelius officially confers the title "Fulminata" (Thundering) to the Legio XII Fulminata.
### Asia.
- Reign in India of Yajnashri Satakarni, Satavahana king of the Andhra. He extends his empire from the center to the north of India.
## By topic.
### ... | 31,848 |
43834 | 173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=173 | 173
173
Year 173 (CLXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Pompeianus (or, less frequently, year 926 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 173 for this year has been used since the... | 31,849 |
43834 | 173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=173 | 173
onsulship of Severus and Pompeianus (or, less frequently, year 926 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 173 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
# Events.
onlyinclude
## By place.
### Roman Empire.
... | 31,850 |
43825 | Andie MacDowell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andie%20MacDowell | Andie MacDowell
Andie MacDowell
Rosalie Anderson MacDowell (born April 21, 1958) is an American actress and fashion model. She made her film debut in 1984's "", before receiving critical acclaim for her role in "Sex, Lies, and Videotape" (1989), for which she won Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead and was n... | 31,851 |
43825 | Andie MacDowell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andie%20MacDowell | Andie MacDowell
"The End of Violence" (1997), "The Muse" (1999) and "Town & Country" (2001). She later went on to star in a number of independent films, and to play supporting parts in movies such as "Beauty Shop" (2005), "Footloose" (2011), and "Magic Mike XXL" (2015). She received critical acclaim for the 2017 drama ... | 31,852 |
43825 | Andie MacDowell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andie%20MacDowell | Andie MacDowell
Irish, and Welsh. Her family owned an Antebellum period summer house in Arden, North Carolina, which has since been made into a bed-and-breakfast named the Blake House Inn. Graffiti from her childhood visits are preserved in an upstairs bedroom closet. Her mother was an alcoholic and her parents divorce... | 31,853 |
43825 | Andie MacDowell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andie%20MacDowell | Andie MacDowell
sign with Elite Model Management in New York City in 1978.
# Career.
In the early 1980s, MacDowell modelled for "Vogue" magazine and appeared in ad campaigns for Yves Saint Laurent, Vassarette, Armani perfume, Sabeth-Row, Mink International, Anne Klein and Bill Blass. A series of billboards in Times S... | 31,854 |
43825 | Andie MacDowell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andie%20MacDowell | Andie MacDowell
Studio, in addition to working privately with the renowned coach Harold Guskin. Four years later, director Steven Soderbergh cast her in the independent film "Sex, Lies, and Videotape" (1989). Her performance earned her an Independent Spirit Award, a Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best A... | 31,855 |
43825 | Andie MacDowell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andie%20MacDowell | Andie MacDowell
advertisements for the cosmetic and haircare company L'Oréal. In later years, she has acted primarily on television and in independent films. In 2012, she co-starred in the short-lived ABC Family series "Jane by Design". From 2013 to 2015, she starred in the Hallmark Channel family series "Cedar Cove". ... | 31,856 |
43825 | Andie MacDowell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andie%20MacDowell | Andie MacDowell
to 2015, she starred in the Hallmark Channel family series "Cedar Cove". In 2019, she starred in the BBC sitcom "Cuckoo".
# Personal life.
MacDowell married rancher and fellow former model Paul Qualley in 1986. The two met while both were posing for Gap ads. They had a son, Justin (born 1986), and two... | 31,857 |
43826 | Java servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20servlet | Java servlet
Java servlet
A Java servlet is a Java software component that extends the capabilities of a server. Although servlets can respond to many types of requests, they most commonly implement web containers for hosting web applications on web servers and thus qualify as a server-side servlet web API. Such web s... | 31,858 |
43826 | Java servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20servlet | Java servlet
HTTP. Thus "servlet" is often used as shorthand for "HTTP servlet". Thus, a software developer may use a servlet to add dynamic content to a web server using the Java platform. The generated content is commonly HTML, but may be other data such as XML and more commonly, JSON. Servlets can maintain state in ... | 31,859 |
43826 | Java servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20servlet | Java servlet
a servlet, a web container must be used. A web container (also known as a servlet container) is essentially the component of a web server that interacts with the servlets. The web container is responsible for managing the lifecycle of servlets, mapping a URL to a particular servlet and ensuring that the UR... | 31,860 |
43826 | Java servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20servlet | Java servlet
configuration parameters and execution environment. The package defines HTTP-specific subclasses of the generic servlet elements, including session management objects that track multiple requests and responses between the web server and a client. Servlets may be packaged in a WAR file as a web application.... | 31,861 |
43826 | Java servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20servlet | Java servlet
explicitly uses the servlet technology for the low level request/response handling via the . A somewhat older usage is to use servlets in conjunction with JSPs in a pattern called "Model 2", which is a flavor of the model–view–controller.
The current version of Servlet is 4.0.
# History.
The Java servle... | 31,862 |
43826 | Java servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20servlet | Java servlet
Sun veteran and GlassFish lead Jim Driscoll details the history of servlet technology. James Gosling first thought of servlets in the early days of Java, but the concept did not become a product until December 1996 when Sun shipped JWS. This was before what is now the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition was ... | 31,863 |
43826 | Java servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20servlet | Java servlet
are implemented by every servlet and are invoked at specific times by the server.
- During initialization stage of the servlet life cycle, the web container initializes the servlet instance by calling the codice_1 method, passing an object implementing the codice_5 interface. This configuration object all... | 31,864 |
43826 | Java servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20servlet | Java servlet
method to handle the request. The developer of the servlet must provide an implementation for these methods. If a request is made for a method that is not implemented by the servlet, the method of the parent class is called, typically resulting in an error being returned to the requester.
- Finally, the w... | 31,865 |
43826 | Java servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20servlet | Java servlet
2. The HTTP request is received by the web server and forwarded to the servlet container.
- The container maps this request to a particular servlet.
- The servlet is dynamically retrieved and loaded into the address space of the container.
- 3. The container invokes the codice_1 method of the servlet.
... | 31,866 |
43826 | Java servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20servlet | Java servlet
an HTTP response for the client.
- 5. The servlet remains in the container's address space and is available to process any other HTTP requests received from clients.
- The codice_2 method is called for each HTTP request.
- 6. The container may, at some point, decide to unload the servlet from its memory... | 31,867 |
43826 | Java servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20servlet | Java servlet
servlet prints how many times its codice_2 method was called.
Note that codice_16 is a subclass of codice_17, an implementation of the codice_18 interface.
The codice_2 method of codice_16 class dispatches requests to the methods codice_21, codice_22, codice_23, codice_24, and so on; according to the HTT... | 31,868 |
43826 | Java servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java%20servlet | Java servlet
the methods codice_21, codice_22, codice_23, codice_24, and so on; according to the HTTP request. In the example below codice_2 is overridden and does not distinguish which HTTP request method it serves.
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletExceptio... | 31,869 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
Dál Riata
Dál Riata or Dál Riada (also Dalriada) () was a Gaelic overkingdom that included parts of western Scotland and northeastern Ireland, on each side of the North Channel. At its height in the late 6th and early 7th centuries, it encompassed roughly what is now Argyll in Scotland and part of County Ant... | 31,870 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
based in east Argyll, who gave their name to the district of Cowal
Latin sources often referred to the inhabitants of Dál Riata as "Scots" ("Scoti"), a name originally used by Roman and Greek writers for the Irish who raided Roman Britain. Later, it came to refer to Gaelic-speakers, whether from Ireland or e... | 31,871 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
art. Iona was a centre of learning and produced many important manuscripts. Dál Riata had a strong seafaring culture and a large fleet.
Dál Riata is said to have been founded by the legendary king Fergus Mór (Fergus the Great) in the 5th century. The kingdom reached its height under Áedán mac Gabráin (). Dur... | 31,872 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
"golden age", and the kingdom became a client of Northumbria for a time. In the 730s the Pictish king Óengus I led campaigns against Dál Riata and brought it under Pictish overlordship by 741. There is disagreement over the fate of the kingdom from the late 8th century onwards. Some scholars have seen no revi... | 31,873 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
(Kenneth MacAlpin) was king of Dál Riata before becoming king of the Picts in 843, following a disastrous defeat of the Picts by Vikings. The kingdom's independence ended sometime after, as it merged with Pictland to form the Kingdom of Alba.
# Name.
The name ' is derived from Old Irish. ', cognate to Engli... | 31,874 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
has a similar geographical reach to that of the former kingdom.
# People, land and sea.
Dál Riata spanned the North Channel and included parts of western Scotland and northeastern Ireland. In Scotland, it corresponded roughly to Argyll (from "Airer Goídel", "coast of the Gaels") and later grew to include Sk... | 31,875 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
well have had as many inhabitants as they do today. Many of the small settlements have now disappeared, so that the countryside is far emptier than was formerly the case, and many areas that were formerly farmed are now abandoned. Even the physical landscape is not entirely as it was: sea-levels have changed,... | 31,876 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
transhumance (the seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures) was the practice in many places. Some areas, most notably Islay, were especially fertile, and good grazing would have been available all year round, just as it was in Ireland. Tiree was famed in later ... | 31,877 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
in Kintyre, supposedly the descendants of Gabrán mac Domangairt.
- The Cenél nÓengusa, in Islay and Jura, supposedly the descendants of Óengus Mór mac Eirc.
- The Cenél Loairn, in Lorne, perhaps also Mull and Ardnamurchan, supposedly the descendants of Loarn mac Eirc.
- The Cenél Comgaill, in Cowal and But... | 31,878 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
separated from its parent kindred. The Morvern district was formerly known as Kinelvadon, after the Cenél Báetáin. The Cenél Loairn may have been the largest of the "three kindreds", as the Senchus reports it being divided further into Cenél Shalaig, Cenél Cathbath, Cenél nEchdach, Cenél Murerdaig. Among the ... | 31,879 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
therefore very rare, perhaps supporting the Ui Macc Uais hypothesis. There is no reason to suppose that this is a complete or accurate list.
Four sites in Dál Riata may have had royal associations: Dunadd, Dunollie, Dunaverty and Tarbert. Among them, Dunadd appears to have been the most important. It has bee... | 31,880 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
in the lands of the Cenél nGabráin. The main royal centre in Ireland appears to have been at Dunseverick ("Dún Sebuirge").
Dál Riata had a strong seafaring culture. It was an archipelago with many islands and peninsulas. This, and the difficulty of overland travel, meant that travel by sea was the easiest me... | 31,881 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
skilled sailors, capable of undertaking far-reaching expeditions. It had an organized system for manning the fleet. Houses were grouped into twenties for the purpose of naval recruitment, with each group having to provide a quota of 28 oarsmen.
# Religion and art.
No written accounts exist for pre-Christian... | 31,882 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
Because the writing of the lives of the saints in Adomnán's day had not reached the stylised formulas of the High Middle Ages, the "Life" contains a great deal of historically valuable information. It is also a vital linguistic source indicating the distribution of Gaelic and P-Celtic placenames in northern S... | 31,883 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
of Christianity in northern Britain, not only to Pictland, but also to Northumbria, via Lindisfarne, to Mercia, and beyond. Although the monastery of Iona belonged to the Cenél Conaill of the Northern Uí Néill, and not to Dál Riata, it had close ties to the Cenél nGabráin, ties which may make the annals less ... | 31,884 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
sites, such as on Eigg and Tiree, are known from the annals. In Ireland, Armoy was the main ecclesiastical centre in early times, associated with Saint Patrick and with Saint Olcán, said to have been first bishop at Armoy. An important early centre, Armoy later declined, overshadowed by the monasteries at Mov... | 31,885 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
kings.
The illuminated manuscript Book of Kells was probably at least begun at Iona, although not by Columba as legend has it, as it dates from about 800 (it may have been commissioned to mark the bicentennial of Columba's death in 597). Whether it was or not, Iona was certainly important in the formation of... | 31,886 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
a similar cross exists in Ireland (Ahenny, County Tipperary). The Kildalton Cross on Islay is similar. A sculpted slab at Ardchattan appears to show strong Pictish influences, while the Dupplin Cross, it has been argued, shows that influences also moved in the opposite direction. Fine Hiberno-Saxon metalwork ... | 31,887 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
Origins.
The "Duan Albanach" (Song of the Scots) tells that the three sons of Erc—Fergus Mór, Loarn and Óengus—conquered "Alba" (Scotland) in around 500. Bede offers a different, and probably older, account wherein Dál Riata was conquered by Irish Gaels led by a certain "Reuda". Old Gaelic "Dál" means "porti... | 31,888 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
his brother Gabrán around 560.
The version of history in the "Duan Albanach" was long accepted, although it is preceded by the purely fictional tale of Albanus and Brutus conquering Britain. The presence of Gaelic in Scotland was seen as the result of either a large-scale migration from Ireland, or a takeove... | 31,889 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
Ireland, before and after the supposed migration, but that it also formed part of the Irish Sea province with Ireland, being easily distinguished from the rest of Scotland. Campbell suggests that Argyll and Antrim formed a "maritime province", united by the sea and isolated from the rest of Scotland by the mo... | 31,890 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
in Antrim. This view of the medieval accounts is shared by other historians.
However Dál Riata came to be, the time in which it arose was one of great instability in Ulster, following the Ulaid's loss of territory (including the ancient centre of Emain Macha) to the Airgíalla and the Uí Néill. Whether the tw... | 31,891 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
evidence associates ancestors of the Dál Riata with the prehistoric Iverni and Darini, suggesting kinship with the Ulaid and a number of shadowy kingdoms in distant Munster. The Robogdii have also been suggested as ancestral. Ultimately, the Dál Riata, according to the earliest genealogies, are descendants of... | 31,892 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
Áedán mac Gabráin, who was said to have been consecrated by Columba, who Áedán granted the island of Iona off the coast of Scotland. Columba, who was also a Cenél Conaill prince, negotiated an alliance between Dál Riata and the Cenél Conaill, who were the ruling dynasty of the Northern Uí Néill, in 575 at the... | 31,893 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
only with it having its own king; that Dál Riata was to become independent of the High King of Ireland; that the Ireland part of Dál Riata would pay tribute to the High King and support him with land forces, and that the Scotland part would be independent but support the High King with its fleet when needed; ... | 31,894 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
afield as Orkney and lands of the Maeatae, on the River Forth. Áedán appears to have been very successful in extending his power, until he faced the Bernician king Æthelfrith at Degsastan . Æthelfrith's brother was among the dead, but Áedán was defeated, and the Bernician kings continued their advances in sou... | 31,895 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
629 the Dál Riata suffered significant loses at the battle of Fid Euin where the Dál nAraidi, led by Congal Cáech mac Scandláin, killed the Dál Riata king as well as three grandsons of Áedán mac Gabráin. It is suggested to have been an achievement that Dál Riata itself survived this battle. That same year the... | 31,896 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
Battle of Magh Rath in 637, which saw Congal slain by High King Domnall mac Áedo of the Northern Uí Néill and resulted in Irish Dál Riata losing possession of its Scottish lands. A battle had also taken place at sea at Sailtír, off Kintyre, in 637. This defeat was then attributed as divine retribution for Dom... | 31,897 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
to become the dominant force in the north of Ireland. By the 10th-century, the Irish lands of Dál Riata were under the control of the Uí Tuirtri, and their clients, the Fir Lí.
## Mag Rath to the Pictish Conquest.
It has been proposed that some of the more obscure kings of Dál Riata mentioned in the Annals ... | 31,898 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
ended in 685, although this is usually assumed to be the case. However, it appears that Eadberht Eating made some effort to stop the Picts under Óengus mac Fergusa crushing Dál Riata in 740. Whether this means that the tributary relationship had not ended in 685, or if Eadberht sought only to prevent the grow... | 31,899 |
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