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43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
could not identify him in a lineup.
## Attempted robbery dismissal.
On November 22, 1977, Shakur pleaded not guilty to an attempted armed robbery indictment stemming from the 1971 incident at the Statler Hilton Hotel. Shakur was accused of attempting to rob a Michigan man staying at the hotel of $250 of... | 32,200 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
for 21 months. Shakur's only daughter, Kakuya Shakur, was conceived during her trial and born on September 11, 1974, in the "fortified psychiatric ward" at Elmhurst General Hospital in Queens, where Shakur stayed for a few days before being returned to Rikers Island. In her autobiography, Shakur claims th... | 32,201 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
also transferred from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women to a special area staffed by women guards at the Garden State Youth Correctional Facility, where she was the only female inmate, for "security reasons". When Kunstler first took on Shakur's case (before meeting her), he described her baseme... | 32,202 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
Alderson Federal Prison Camp in Alderson, West Virginia where she met Puerto Rican nationalist Lolita Lebrón and Mary Alice, a Catholic nun, who introduced Shakur to the concept of liberation theology. At Alderson, Shakur was housed in the Maximum Security Unit, which also contained several members of the... | 32,203 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
vaginal and anal searches. Hinds argues that "in the history of New Jersey, no woman pretrial detainee or prisoner has ever been treated as she was, continuously confined in a men's prison, under twenty-four-hour surveillance of her most intimate functions, without intellectual sustenance, adequate medica... | 32,204 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
prisons, and concluded in a report filed with the United Nations Commission on Human Rights that the conditions of her solitary confinement were "totally unbefitting any prisoner". Their investigation, which focused on alleged human rights abuses of political prisoners, cited Shakur as "one of the worst c... | 32,205 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
prisoner.
# Pregnancy in prison.
At the Roosevelt Hospital in Metuchen, New Jersey, a doctor Garrett explained to Shakur that she was one month pregnant in 1974.
# Escape.
In early 1979, "the Family", a group of BLA members, began to plan Shakur's escape from prison. They financed this by stealing $10... | 32,206 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
the officers held as hostages who were left in a parking lot. According to later court testimony, Shakur lived in Pittsburgh until August 1980, when she flew to the Bahamas. Mutulu Shakur, Silvia Baraldini, Sekou Odinga, and Marilyn Buck were charged with assisting in her escape; Ronald Boyd Hill was also... | 32,207 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
who assisted in her escape had presented false identification to enter the prison's visitor room, before which they were not searched. Mutulu Shakur and Marilyn Buck were convicted in 1988 of several robberies as well as the prison escape.
At the time of the escape, Kunstler had just started to prepare h... | 32,208 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
rally, a statement from Shakur was circulated condemning U.S. prison conditions and calling for an independent "New Afrikan" state.
For years after Shakur's escape, the movements, activities and phone calls of her friends and relatives—including her daughter walking to school in upper Manhattan—were moni... | 32,209 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
crude sweep" through a Harlem building in search of Shakur. In particular, one pre-dawn April 20, 1980, raid on 92 Morningside Avenue, during which FBI agents armed with shotguns and machine guns broke down doors and searched through the building for several hours while preventing residents from leaving, ... | 32,210 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
was in Cuba by 1984; in that year she was granted political asylum there. The Cuban government paid approximately $13 a day toward her living expenses. In 1985, her daughter, Kakuya, who had been raised by Shakur's mother in New York, came to live with her. In 1987, her presence in Cuba became widely know... | 32,211 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
editor for Radio Havana Cuba.
## Books.
In 1987, she published "", which was written in Cuba. Her autobiography has been cited in relation to critical legal studies and critical race theory. The book does not give a detailed account of her involvement in the BLA or the events on the New Jersey Turnpike,... | 32,212 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
is held by Zed Books Ltd. of London due to "Son of Sam" laws, which restrict who can receive profits from a book. In the six months preceding the publications of the book, Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt and attorney, made several trips to Cuba and served as a go-between with Hill. Her autobiography was re... | 32,213 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
in Prison: How We Are 1978" is featured.
## Extradition attempts.
In 1997, Carl Williams, the superintendent of the New Jersey State Police, wrote a letter to Pope John Paul II asking him to raise the issue of Shakur's extradition during his talks with President Fidel Castro. During the pope's visit to ... | 32,214 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
it would take to return Shakur from Cuba. Later in 1998, U.S. media widely reported claims that the United States State Department had offered to lift the Cuban embargo in exchange for the return of 90 U.S. fugitives, including Shakur.
The United States Congress passed a non-binding resolution in Septemb... | 32,215 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
escaped murderer now lives a comfortable life in Cuba and has launched a public relations campaign in which she attempts to portray herself as an innocent victim rather than a cold-blooded murderer."
In an open letter to Castro, chair of the Congressional Black Caucus Representative Maxine Waters of Cali... | 32,216 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
anniversary of the Turnpike shootings, the FBI classified her as a domestic terrorist, increasing the reward for assistance in her capture to $1 million, the largest reward placed on an individual in the history of New Jersey. New Jersey State Police superintendent Rick Fuentes said "she is now 120 pounds... | 32,217 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
still have an agent officially assigned to her case. Calls for Shakur's extradition increased following Fidel Castro's transfer of presidential duties; in a May 2005 television address, Castro had called Shakur a victim of racial persecution, saying "they wanted to portray her as a terrorist, something th... | 32,218 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
making a new deal between the United States and Cuba is the release of political prisoners and the return of fugitives from justice. Trump specifically called for the return of "the cop–killer Joanne Chesimard".
# Cultural influence.
A documentary film about Shakur, "Eyes of the Rainbow", written and di... | 32,219 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
of Black Lawyers and Mos Def are among the professional organizations and entertainers to support Assata Shakur; the "Hands Off Assata" campaign is organized by dream hampton.
Numerous musicians have composed and recorded songs about her or dedicated to her:
- Common recorded "A Song for Assata" on his ... | 32,220 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
in Wonderland" in Illadelph Halflife, 1996), Piebald ("If Marcus Garvey Dies, Then Marcus Garvey Lives" in If It Weren't for Venetian Blinds, It Would Be Curtains for Us All, 1999), Asian Dub Foundation ("Committed to Life" in "Community Music", 2000), Saul Williams ("Black Stacey" in "Saul Williams", 200... | 32,221 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
"minor cause celebre".
On December 12, 2006, the Chancellor of the City University of New York, Matthew Goldstein, directed City College's president, Gregory H. Williams, to remove the "unauthorized and inappropriate" designation of the "Guillermo Morales/Assata Shakur Community and Student Center," whic... | 32,222 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
of Manhattan Community College renamed a scholarship that had previously been named for Shakur. In 2008, a Bucknell University professor included Shakur in a course on "African-American heroes"—along with figures such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, John Henry, Malcolm X, and Angela Davis. Her autobio... | 32,223 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
Anthony Reed (who has left the force) sued the police force because, among other things, persons had hung posters of Shakur, altered to include Reed's badge number, in a Newark barracks. He felt it was intended to insult him, as she had killed an officer, and was "racist in nature". According to Dylan Rod... | 32,224 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
complaints. Members of the State Troopers Fraternal Association of New Jersey expressed their anger over Common's "A Song For Assata".
In 2015, Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza writes: "When I use Assata’s powerful demand in my organizing work, I always begin by sharing where it comes from, sha... | 32,225 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
celebrated Shakur's birthday, leading to criticism from some media outlets.
In April 2018, a North Carolina court ordered that payment of $15,000 be made to Shakur's representative, her sister Beverly Goins, as part of a land deal.
# Sources.
- Browder, Laura (2006). "Her Best Shot: Women and Guns in A... | 32,226 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
South End Press. .
- Cleaver, Kathleen, and Katsiaficas, George N. (2001). "Liberation, Imagination, and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Panthers and Their Legacy". Routledge. .
- James, Joy (2003). "Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebell... | 32,227 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime". University of Minnesota Press. .
- Scheffler, Judith A. (2002). "Wall Tappings: An International Anthology of Women's Prison Writings, 200 to the Present". Feminist Press. .
- Shakur, Assata (1987, New edition November 1, 1999). "Assata: An A... | 32,228 |
43824 | Assata Shakur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata%20Shakur | Assata Shakur
N.Y.: Lawrence Hill Books. .
# Further reading.
- Belton, Brian A. (2007). "Assata Shakur: A Voice from the Palenques" in "Black Routes: Legacy of African Diaspora". Hansib Publications Ltd. .
# External links.
- "New Most Wanted Terrorist Joanne Chesimard; First Woman Added to List," May 2, 2013, Fed... | 32,229 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
Fatal insomnia
Fatal insomnia is a rare disorder that results in trouble sleeping. The problems sleeping typically start out gradually and worsen over time. Other symptoms may include speech problems, coordination problems, and dementia. It results in death within a few months to a few years.
It is a p... | 32,230 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
to hallucinations, delirium, confusional states like that of dementia, and eventually death. The average survival time from onset of symptoms is 18 months. The first recorded case was an Italian man, who died in Venice in 1765.
# Signs and symptoms.
The disease has four stages:
- 1. The person has inc... | 32,231 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
is the final stage of the disease, after which death follows.
Other symptoms include profuse sweating, pinpoint pupils, the sudden entrance into menopause for women and impotence for men, neck stiffness, and elevation of blood pressure and heart rate. Constipation is common as well. As the disease progr... | 32,232 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
7–36 months from onset. The presentation of the disease varies considerably from person to person, even among people within the same family.
# Cause.
The gene "PRNP" that provides instructions for making the prion protein PrP is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 20 at position p13. Both people... | 32,233 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
(N) is found instead of the normal aspartic acid (D). This has to be accompanied with a methionine at position 129."
# Diagnosis.
Diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms. Further work up often include a sleep study and PET scan. Confirmation of the familial form is by genetic testing.
## Differential... | 32,234 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
were only thought to be transmissible by direct contact with infected tissue, such as from eating infected tissue, transfusion, or transplantation; research suggests that prions can be transmitted by aerosols, but that the general public is not at risk of airborne infection.
# Treatments.
Treatment inv... | 32,235 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
the gene for FFI globally: 8 German, 5 Italian, 4 American, 2 French, 2 Australian, 2 British, 1 Japanese, and 1 Austrian. In the Basque Country, 16 family cases of the 178N mutation were seen between 1993 and 2005 related to 2 families with a common ancestor in the 18th century. In 2011, another family ... | 32,236 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
mutation the in the "PRNP"-prion gene; they all have a different mutation in the same gene causing methionine homozygosity at codon 129.
## Silvano, 1983, Bologna, Italy.
In late 1983, Italian neurologist/sleep expert Dr. Ignazio Roiter received a patient at the University of Bologna hospital's sleep i... | 32,237 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
in 1991; following these first signs of insomnia, his health and state of mind quickly deteriorated as his condition worsened. Eventually, sleep became completely unattainable, and he was soon admitted to University of Chicago Hospital where physicians were initially puzzled by his presentation. As his c... | 32,238 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
including vitamin therapy and meditation, using different stimulants and hypnotics, and even complete sensory deprivation in an attempt to induce sleep at night and increase alertness during the day. He managed to write a book and drive hundreds of miles in this time, but nonetheless, over the course of ... | 32,239 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
to fall asleep during random daily activities, he experienced vivid dreams and random muscular jerks during normal slow-wave sleep. After 4 months of these symptoms, he started having convulsions in the hands, trunk, and lower limbs while awake. The person died at age 58, 7 months after the onset of symp... | 32,240 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
humans, a number of treatments have had tentative success in slowing disease progression in animal models, including pentosan polysulfate, mepacrine, and amphotericin B. As-of 2016, a study investigating doxycycline is being carried out.
In 2009, a mouse model was made for FFI. These mice expressed a hu... | 32,241 |
43871 | Fatal insomnia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia
ating doxycycline is being carried out.
In 2009, a mouse model was made for FFI. These mice expressed a humanized version of the PrP protein that also contains the" D178N" FFI mutation. These mice appear to have progressively fewer and shorter periods of uninterrupted sleep, damage in the thalamus, and ... | 32,242 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
McCarthyism
McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. The term refers to U.S. senator Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin) and has its origins in the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting from the late 1940s through ... | 32,243 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
with organizations deemed "totalitarian, fascist, communist, or subversive", or advocating "to alter the form of Government of the United States by unconstitutional means." In 1949, a high-level State Department official was convicted of perjury in a case of espionage, and the Soviet Union tested an atomic ... | 32,244 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
cartoon by Herblock in the "Washington Post". The term has since taken on a broader meaning, describing the excesses of similar efforts. In the early 21st century, the term is used more generally to describe reckless, unsubstantiated accusations, and demagogic attacks on the character or patriotism of polit... | 32,245 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
labor-union activists. Suspicions were often given credence despite inconclusive or questionable evidence, and the level of threat posed by a person's real or supposed leftist associations or beliefs were sometimes exaggerated. Many people suffered loss of employment or destruction of their careers; some we... | 32,246 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
by Senator McCarthy, and the hearings conducted by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).
# Origins.
President Harry S. Truman's Executive Order 9835 of March 21, 1947, required that all federal civil-service employees be screened for "loyalty". The order said that one basis for determining di... | 32,247 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
period that came to be known as the McCarthy era began well before Joseph McCarthy's own involvement in it. Many factors contributed to McCarthyism, some of them with roots in the First Red Scare (1917–20), inspired by communism's emergence as a recognized political force and widespread social disruption in... | 32,248 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
States was engaged in World War II and allied with the Soviet Union, the issue of anti-communism was largely muted. With the end of World War II, the Cold War began almost immediately, as the Soviet Union installed communist puppet régimes in areas it had occupied across Central and Eastern Europe. The Unit... | 32,249 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
War. That same year, Mao Zedong's communist army gained control of mainland China despite heavy American financial support of the opposing Kuomintang. Many U.S. policy people did not fully understand the situation in China, despite the efforts of China experts to explain conditions. In 1950, the Korean War ... | 32,250 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
had run out for that crime, but he was convicted of having perjured himself when he denied that charge in earlier testimony before the HUAC. In Britain, Klaus Fuchs confessed to committing espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos National Laboratory during... | 32,251 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
plots", trying to raise fears against such changes. They used similar terms during the 1930s and the Great Depression when opposing the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Many conservatives equated the New Deal with socialism or Communism, and thought the policies were evidence of too muc... | 32,252 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
Women's Club of Wheeling, West Virginia. He brandished a piece of paper, which he claimed contained a list of known communists working for the State Department. McCarthy is usually quoted as saying: ""I have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as bein... | 32,253 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
("Their little spree with McCarthyism is no aid to consultation"); and then, on the following day, in a political cartoon by "Washington Post" editorial cartoonist Herbert Block (Herblock). The cartoon depicts four leading Republicans trying to push an elephant (the traditional symbol of the Republican Part... | 32,254 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
along with it. I will also throw in a set of free dishes and a case of soap."
# Institutions.
A number of anti-communist committees, panels, and "loyalty review boards" in federal, state, and local governments, as well as many private agencies, carried out investigations for small and large companies conc... | 32,255 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
Senate voted 65 to 22 to condemn McCarthy for "conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute".
## Executive branch.
### Loyalty-security reviews.
In the federal government, President Truman's Executive Order 9835 initiated a program of loyalty reviews for federal employees in 1947. I... | 32,256 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
1953, he strengthened and extended Truman's loyalty review program, while decreasing the avenues of appeal available to dismissed employees. Hiram Bingham, chairman of the Civil Service Commission Loyalty Review Board, referred to the new rules he was obliged to enforce as "just not the American way of doin... | 32,257 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
reviews were established in many state and local government offices and some private industries across the nation. In 1958, an estimated one of every five employees in the United States was required to pass some sort of loyalty review. Once a person lost a job due to an unfavorable loyalty review, finding o... | 32,258 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
it included 78 groups. At its longest, it comprised 154 organizations, 110 of them identified as Communist. In the context of a loyalty review, membership in a listed organization was meant to raise a question, but not to be considered proof of disloyalty. One of the most common causes of suspicion was memb... | 32,259 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
led to the number of agents in the bureau being increased from 3,559 in 1946 to 7,029 in 1952. Hoover's sense of the communist threat and the standards of evidence applied by his bureau resulted in thousands of government workers losing their jobs. Due to Hoover's insistence upon keeping the identity of his... | 32,260 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
be confidential, but Hoover routinely gave evidence from them to congressional committees such as HUAC.
From 1951 to 1955, the FBI operated a secret "Responsibilities Program" that distributed anonymous documents with evidence from FBI files of communist affiliations on the part of teachers, lawyers, and o... | 32,261 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
this made the NLG a particular target of Hoover's. The office of this organization was burgled by the FBI at least 14 times between 1947 and 1951. Among other purposes, the FBI used its illegally obtained information to alert prosecuting attorneys about the planned legal strategies of NLG defense lawyers.
... | 32,262 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
to create the suspicion that a key person was an FBI informer, spreading rumors through anonymous letters, leaking information to the press, calling for IRS audits, and the like. The COINTELPRO program remained in operation until 1971.
Historian Ellen Schrecker calls the FBI "the single most important comp... | 32,263 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
most prominent and active government committee involved in anti-communist investigations. Formed in 1938 and known as the Dies Committee, named for Rep. Martin Dies, who chaired it until 1944, HUAC investigated a variety of "activities", including those of German-American Nazis during World War II. The comm... | 32,264 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
Communist subversion.
HUAC achieved its greatest fame and notoriety with its investigation into the Hollywood film industry. In October 1947, the Committee began to subpoena screenwriters, directors, and other movie-industry professionals to testify about their known or suspected membership in the Communis... | 32,265 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
cited the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech and free assembly, which they believed legally protected them from being required to answer the committee's questions. This tactic failed, and the ten were sentenced to prison for contempt of Congress. Two of them were sentenced to six months, the rest to... | 32,266 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
for Fifth Amendment protection were such that a person could not testify about his own association with the Communist Party and then refuse to "name names" of colleagues with communist affiliations. Thus, many faced a choice between "crawl[ing] through the mud to be an informer," as actor Larry Parks put it... | 32,267 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
States." The SISS was headed by Democrat Pat McCarran and gained a reputation for careful and extensive investigations. This committee spent a year investigating Owen Lattimore and other members of the Institute of Pacific Relations. As had been done numerous times before, the collection of scholars and dip... | 32,268 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
a federal judge and one of the witnesses confessed to perjury, the case was dropped in 1955.
McCarthy headed the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in 1953 and 1954, and during that time, used it for a number of his communist-hunting investigations. McCarthy first examined allegations of commu... | 32,269 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
to remove from their shelves "material by any controversial persons, Communists, fellow travelers, etc." Some libraries actually burned the newly forbidden books.
McCarthy's committee then began an investigation into the United States Army. This began at the Army Signal Corps laboratory at Fort Monmouth. M... | 32,270 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
series of insults directed at a brigadier general, led to the Army–McCarthy hearings, with the Army and McCarthy trading charges and counter-charges for 36 days before a nationwide television audience. While the official outcome of the hearings was inconclusive, this exposure of McCarthy to the American pub... | 32,271 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
issued a press release on behalf of the heads of the major studios that came to be referred to as the Waldorf Statement. This statement announced the firing of the Hollywood Ten and stated: "We will not knowingly employ a Communist or a member of any party or group which advocates the overthrow of the gover... | 32,272 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
that their employees were above reproach. Companies that were concerned about the sensitivity of their business, or which, like the entertainment industry, felt particularly vulnerable to public opinion made use of these private services. For a fee, these teams would investigate employees and question them ... | 32,273 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
as well as lists of individuals who were known or suspected communists. Books such as "Red Channels" and newsletters such as "Counterattack" and "Confidential Information" were published to keep track of communist and leftist organizations and individuals. Insofar as the various blacklists of McCarthyism we... | 32,274 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence, or for anyone to organize any association which teaches, advises or encourages such an overthrow, or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association" a criminal offense.
Hundred... | 32,275 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
of the party were indicted, including Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union. Many were convicted on the basis of testimony that was later admitted to be false. By 1957, 140 leaders and members of the Communist Party had been charged under the law, of whom 93 were co... | 32,276 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate possible communist-action and communist-front organizations so they could be required to register. Due to numerous hearings, delays, and appeals, the act was never enforced, even with regard to the Communist Party of the United States itself, and the ma... | 32,277 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
support in both houses of Congress after very little debate. Jointly drafted by Republican John Marshall Butler and Democrat Hubert Humphrey, the law was an extension of the Internal Security Act of 1950, and sought to outlaw the Communist Party by declaring that the party, as well as "Communist-Infiltrated... | 32,278 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
and in 1960, it was cited to deny the CPUSA recognition as an employer under New York state's unemployment compensation system. The "New York Post" called the act "a monstrosity", "a wretched repudiation of democratic principles," while "The Nation" accused Democratic liberals of a "neurotic, election-year ... | 32,279 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
banned from public employment or even from receiving public aid, communists and "subversives"; asked for loyalty oaths from public servants, and severely restricted or even banned the Communist Party. In addition, six states, among them California (see California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-Americ... | 32,280 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
Shivers, who described it as "worse than murder."
Municipalities and counties also enacted anti-communist ordinances: Los Angeles banned any communist or "Muscovite model of police-state dictatorship" from owning any arm and Birmingham, Alabama, and Jacksonville, Florida, banned any communist from being wi... | 32,281 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
study groups, letter-writing networks, and patriotic clubs that coordinated efforts to identify and eradicate what they saw as subversion.
Although far-right radicals were the bedrock of support for McCarthyism, they were not alone. A broad "coalition of the aggrieved" found McCarthyism attractive, or at l... | 32,282 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
services, particularly vaccination, mental health care services, and fluoridation, all of which were denounced by some to be communist plots to poison or brainwash the American people. Such viewpoints led to collisions between McCarthyite radicals and supporters of public-health programs, most notably in th... | 32,283 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
many ordinary Americans became convinced that there must be "no smoke without fire" and lent their support to McCarthyism. The Gallup poll found that at his peak in January 1954, 50% of the American public supported McCarthy, while 29% had an unfavorable opinion. His support fell to 34% in June 1954. Republ... | 32,284 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
did so largely through their characterization of communism, and American communists in particular. Proponents of McCarthyism claimed that the CPUSA was so completely under Moscow's control that any American communist was a puppet of the Soviet intelligence services. This view is supported by recent document... | 32,285 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
In 1940, the American Civil Liberties Union ejected founding member Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, saying that her membership in the Communist Party was enough to disqualify her as a civil libertarian. In the government's prosecutions of Communist Party members under the Smith Act (see above), the prosecution case... | 32,286 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
so a person who had been a member for a short time decades previously could be considered as suspect as a current member. Many of the hearings and trials of McCarthyism featured testimony by former Communist Party members such as Elizabeth Bentley, Louis Budenz, and Whittaker Chambers, speaking as expert wi... | 32,287 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
by HUAC or one of the other committees was sufficient cause to be fired. Many of those who were imprisoned, lost their jobs, or were questioned by committees did, in fact, have a past or present connection of some kind with the Communist Party.
For the vast majority, though, both the potential for them to ... | 32,288 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
workers being fired, and thousands were harassed and denied employment. Many have termed this aspect of McCarthyism the "lavender scare".
Homosexuality was classified as a psychiatric disorder in the 1950s. However, in the context of the highly politicized Cold War environment, homosexuality became framed ... | 32,289 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
widely spread FBI surveillance intended to identify homosexual government employees.
The McCarthy hearings and according "sexual pervert" investigations can be seen to have been driven by a desire to identify individuals whose ability to function as loyal citizens had been compromised. McCarthy began his c... | 32,290 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
legal profession, and in many other fields. A port-security program initiated by the Coast Guard shortly after the start of the Korean War required a review of every maritime worker who loaded or worked aboard any American ship, regardless of cargo or destination. As with other loyalty-security reviews of M... | 32,291 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
executive.
- Alvah Bessie, Abraham Lincoln Brigade, writer, journalist, screenwriter, Hollywood Ten
- Elmer Bernstein, composer and conductor
- Leonard Bernstein, conductor, pianist, composer
- David Bohm, physicist and philosopher
- Bertolt Brecht, poet, playwright, screenwriter
- Archie Brown, Abrah... | 32,292 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
director, Hollywood Ten
- W.E.B. Du Bois, civil rights activist and author
- George A. Eddy, pre-Keynesian Harvard economist, US Treasury monetary policy specialist
- Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize-winning physicist, philosopher, mathematician, activist
- Hanns Eisler, composer
- Howard Fast, writer
- L... | 32,293 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
CPUSA official
- Lena Horne, singer
- Langston Hughes, writer, poet, playwright
- Marsha Hunt, actress
- Sam Jaffe, actor
- Theodore Kaghan, diplomat
- Garson Kanin, writer and director
- Danny Kaye, comedian, singer
- Benjamin Keen, historian
- Otto Klemperer, conductor and composer
- Gypsy Rose ... | 32,294 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
actor
- Arthur Miller, playwright and essayist
- Jessica Mitford, author, muckraker. Refused to testify to HUAC.
- Dimitri Mitropoulos, conductor, pianist, composer
- Zero Mostel, actor
- Joseph Needham, biochemist, sinologist, historian of science
- J. Robert Oppenheimer, physicist, scientific direct... | 32,295 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
folk singer, songwriter
- Artie Shaw, jazz musician, bandleader, author
- Irwin Shaw, writer
- William L. Shirer, journalist, author
- Lionel Stander, actor
- Dirk Jan Struik, mathematician, historian of maths
- Paul Sweezy, economist and founder-editor of "Monthly Review"
- Charles W. Thayer, diplom... | 32,296 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
had served as an intelligence officer in World War II, was revising his dissertation on the Red Scare of 1919–20 for publication until Little, Brown and Company decided that "under the circumstances ... it wasn't wise for them to bring this book out." He learned that investigators were questioning his colle... | 32,297 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
example, in his overridden veto of the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950, President Truman wrote, "In a free country, we punish men for the crimes they commit, but never for the opinions they have." Truman also unsuccessfully vetoed the Taft–Hartley Act, which among other provisions denied trade unions... | 32,298 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
she called for an end to "character assassinations" and named "some of the basic principles of Americanism: The right to criticize; The right to hold unpopular beliefs; The right to protest; The right of independent thought". She said "freedom of speech is not what it used to be in America", and decried "ca... | 32,299 |
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