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43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
saw as the excesses of McCarthyism. On one occasion he warned that many local anti-communist movements constituted a "general attack not only on schools and colleges and libraries, on teachers and textbooks, but on all people who think and write ... in short, on the freedom of the mind".
In 1952, the Supre... | 32,300 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
a police state. Teachers are under constant surveillance; their pasts are combed for signs of disloyalty; their utterances are watched for clues to dangerous thoughts."
One of the most influential opponents of McCarthyism was the famed CBS newscaster and analyst Edward R. Murrow. On October 20, 1953, Murro... | 32,301 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
on the issue of McCarthyism, this one attacking Joseph McCarthy himself. Titled "A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy", it used footage of McCarthy speeches to portray him as dishonest, reckless, and abusive toward witnesses and prominent Americans. In his concluding comment, Murrow said:
This broadcast ... | 32,302 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
for the Army, Joseph Welch, that he had an employee in his law firm who had belonged to an organization that had been accused of Communist sympathies. In an exchange that reflected the increasingly negative public opinion of McCarthy, Welch rebuked the senator: "Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long la... | 32,303 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
comedy radio show, Faulk was a leftist active in his union, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. He was scrutinized by AWARE, Inc., one of the private firms that examined individuals for signs of communist "disloyalty". Marked by AWARE as unfit, he was fired by CBS Radio. Almost uniquely... | 32,304 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
of the past. Even before the Faulk verdict, many in Hollywood had decided it was time to break the blacklist. In 1960, Dalton Trumbo, one of the best known members of the Hollywood Ten, was publicly credited with writing the films "Exodus" and "Spartacus".
Much of the undoing of McCarthyism came at the han... | 32,305 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
Jr.—proved to be more liberal than Eisenhower had anticipated, and he would later refer to the appointment of Warren as his "biggest mistake".
In 1956, the Supreme Court heard the case of "Slochower v. Board of Education". Harry Slochower was a professor at Brooklyn College who had been fired by New York C... | 32,306 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
if its exercise could be taken as equivalent either to a confession of guilt or a conclusive presumption of perjury."
The 1956 "Cole v. Young" ruling also greatly weakened the ability to discriminate in the federal civilian workforce.
Another key decision was in the 1957 case "Yates v. United States", in ... | 32,307 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
in reality made the crucial issue, ... prejudice makes conviction inevitable except in the rarest circumstances."
Also in 1957, the Supreme Court ruled on the case of "Watkins v. United States", curtailing the power of HUAC to punish uncooperative witnesses by finding them in contempt of Congress. Justice ... | 32,308 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
decision in "Kent v. Dulles", the Supreme Court halted the State Department from using the authority of its own regulations to refuse or revoke passports based on an applicant's communist beliefs or associations.
# Repercussions.
The political divisions McCarthyism created in the United States continue to... | 32,309 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
Witnesses whose beliefs preclude them from pledging absolute loyalty to the state). At the federal level, a few portions of the McCarran Internal Security Act remain in effect.
A number of observers have compared the oppression of liberals and leftists during the McCarthy period to recent actions against s... | 32,310 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
for 'communist'".
From the opposite pole, conservative writer Ann Coulter devotes much of her book "" to drawing parallels between past opposition to McCarthy and McCarthyism and the policies and beliefs of modern-day liberals, arguing that the former hindered the anti-communist cause and the latter hinder... | 32,311 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
engaged in substantial espionage activities in the United States during the 1940s. The Communist Party USA also was substantially funded and its policies controlled by the Soviet Union, and accusations existed that CPUSA members were often recruited as spies.
In the view of some contemporary commentators, ... | 32,312 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
or the undemocratic nature of the CPUSA, the latter concern being shared by some Trotskyites who felt that they, and anti-Stalin socialists in general, were persecuted by the CPUSA.
The opposing view holds that, recent revelations notwithstanding, by the time McCarthyism began in the late 1940s, the CPUSA ... | 32,313 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
has entered American speech as a general term for a variety of practices: aggressively questioning a person's patriotism, making poorly supported accusations, using accusations of disloyalty to pressure a person to adhere to conformist politics or to discredit an opponent, subverting civil and political rig... | 32,314 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
a deadline to investigate his cast for alleged links to communism. The novel recounts the devastating effects on all concerned.
The 1952 Arthur Miller play "The Crucible" used the Salem witch trials as a metaphor for McCarthyism, suggesting that the process of McCarthyism-style persecution can occur at any... | 32,315 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
McCarthy-era Hollywood blacklist. The film was made by those blacklisted: producer and director Martin Ritt; writer Walter Bernstein; and actors Zero Mostel, Herschel Bernardi, Michael Murphy, John Randolph, Lloyd Gough, and Joshua Shelley.
"Guilty by Suspicion" is a 1991 American drama film about the Holl... | 32,316 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
Registration Bill of 1950
- Red-baiting
- Anti anti-communism
- Palmer Raids
# References.
## Historiography.
- Haynes, John Earl. "The Cold War debate continues: A traditionalist view of historical writing on domestic Communism and anti-Communism." "Journal of Cold War Studies" 2.1 (2000): 76-115.
-... | 32,317 |
43805 | McCarthyism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism | McCarthyism
sm." "Organization of American Historians Magazine of History" 24.4 (2010): 7–11.
# Further reading.
- Caballero, Raymond. "McCarthyism vs. Clinton Jencks." Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.
- Latham, Earl (ed.). "The Meaning of McCarthyism" (1965). excerpts from primary and secondary sources
... | 32,318 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
Lombardy
Lombardy ( ; ; , , or , ) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy, in the northwest of the country, with an area of . About 10 million people, forming one-sixth of Italy's population, live in Lombardy and about a fifth of Italy's GDP is produced in the region, making it the most populous... | 32,319 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
derive the second element instead from Proto-Germanic "*bardǭ, *barduz" ("axe"), related to German ' ("axe").
During the early Middle Ages "Lombardy" referred to the Kingdom of the Lombards (), a kingdom ruled by the Germanic Lombards who had controlled most of Italy since their invasion of Byzantine Italy in... | 32,320 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
was divided between Longobardia Major in the north and Langobardia Minor in the south, which were until the 8th century separated by the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna (roughly Romagna and northern Marche, and initially also Emilia and Liguria) and the Papacy (which was initially part of the Exarchate). During... | 32,321 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
a surface of , Lombardy is the fourth-largest region of Italy. It is bordered by Switzerland (north: Canton Ticino and Canton Graubünden) and by the Italian regions of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto (east), Emilia-Romagna (south), and Piedmont (west). Three distinct natural zones can be fairly easily ... | 32,322 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
plain in the southernmost part of the region.
The most important mountainous area is an Alpine zone including the Lepontine and Rhaetian Alps, (Piz Bernina, 4,020 m), the Bergamo Alps, the Ortler Alps and the Adamello massif; it is followed by an Alpine foothills zone Prealpi, which include the main peaks are... | 32,323 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
subregion of Oltrepò Pavese, formed by the Apennine foothills beyond the Po River.
## Hydrography.
The mighty Po river marks the southern border of the region for a length of about . In its progress it receives the waters of the Ticino River, which rises in the Bedretto valley (Switzerland) and joins the Po ... | 32,324 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
Alps lie the hills characterised by a succession of low heights of morainic origin, formed during the last Ice Age and small barely fertile plateaux, with typical heaths and conifer woods. A minor mountainous area, the Oltrepò Pavese, lies south of the Po, in the Apennines range.
## Flora and fauna.
In the p... | 32,325 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
some kinds of saxifrage, the Lombard garlic, groundsels bellflowers and the cottony bellflowers.
The highlands are characterised by the typical vegetation of the whole range of the Italian Alps. At a lower levels (up to approximately 1,100 m) oak woods or broadleafed trees grow; on the mountain slopes (up to ... | 32,326 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
and also golden eagles; and the Ticino Valley Natural Park, instituted in 1974 on the Lombard side of the Ticino River to protect and conserve one of the last major examples of fluvial forest in northern Italy.
## Climate.
Lombardy has a wide array of climates, due to local variances in elevation, proximity ... | 32,327 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
temperature is and in July). A peculiarity of the regional climate is the thick fog that covers the plains between October and February.
In the Alpine foothills, characterised by an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb), numerous lakes exercise a mitigating influence, allowing the cultivation of typically Mediterranea... | 32,328 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
rainfall is on average 827 mm.
# History.
## Prehistory and antiquity.
The area of current Lombardy was settled at least since the 2nd millennium BC, as shown by the archaeological findings of ceramics, arrows, axes and carved stones. Well-preserved rock drawings left by ancient Camuni in the Valcamonica de... | 32,329 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
BC.
In the following centuries it was inhabited by different peoples among whom the Etruscans, who founded the city of Mantua and spread the use of writing; later, starting from the 5th century BC, the area was invaded by Celtic–Gallic tribes. These people settled in several cities (including Milan) and exten... | 32,330 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
civilisation in the following years, and Lombardy became one of the most developed and rich areas of Italy with the construction of a wide array of roads and the development of agriculture and trade. Important figures like Pliny the Elder (in Como) and Virgil (in Mantua) were born here. In late antiquity the s... | 32,331 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
brought about by a series of invasions by tribal peoples. The last and most effective was that of the Germanic Lombards, or Longobardi, whose whole nation migrated here from the Carpathian basin in fear of the conquering Pannonian Avars in 568 and whose long-lasting reign (with its capital in Pavia) gave the c... | 32,332 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
things. The genes of the Lombards became quickly diluted into the Italian population owing to their relatively small number and their geographic dispersal in order to rule and administer their kingdom. The end of Lombard rule came in 774, when the Frankish king Charlemagne conquered Pavia, deposed Desiderius, ... | 32,333 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
in a multiplicity of small, autonomous city-states, the medieval communes. The 11th century marked a significant boom in the region's economy, due to improved trading and, mostly, agricultural conditions, with arms manufacture a significant factor. In a similar way to other areas of Italy, this led to a growin... | 32,334 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
I, at Legnano, and his grandson Frederick II, at Parma. Subsequently, among the various local city-states, a process of consolidation took place, and by the end of the 14th century, two signorias emerged as rival hegemons in Lombardy: Milan and Mantua.
## Renaissance duchies of Milan and Mantua.
In the 15th ... | 32,335 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
well into northern Europe: "Lombard" designated the merchant or banker coming from northern Italy (see, for instance, Lombard Street in London). The name "Lombardy" came to designate the whole of Northern Italy until the 15th century and sometimes later. From the 14th century onwards, the instability created b... | 32,336 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
centuries.
## Late-Middle Ages, Renaissance and Enlightenment.
After the decisive Battle of Pavia, the Duchy of Milan became a possession of the Habsburgs of Spain: the new rulers did little to improve the economy of Lombardy, instead imposing a growing series of taxes needed to support their unending series... | 32,337 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
the Valtellina valley came under possession of the old Swiss Confederacy.
Pestilences (like that of 1628/1630, described by Alessandro Manzoni in his "I Promessi Sposi") and the generally declining conditions of Italy's economy in the 17th and 18th centuries halted the further development of Lombardy. In 1706... | 32,338 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
During this period Lombardy took back Valtellina from Switzerland.
## Modern era.
The restoration of Austrian rule in 1815, as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, was characterised by the struggle with the new ideals introduced by the Napoleonic era.
The popular republic established by the 1848 revolution was ... | 32,339 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
of Pavia.
# Demographics.
One-sixth of the Italian population or about 10 million people live in Lombardy (16.2% of the national population; 2% of the European Union population), making it the second most densely populated region in Italy after Campania.
The population is highly concentrated in the Milan me... | 32,340 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
Pavese subregion.
The growth of the regional population was particularly sustained during the 1950s–60s, thanks to a prolonged economic boom, high birth rates, and strong migration inflows (especially from Southern Italy). Since the 1980s, Lombardy has become the destination of a large number of international... | 32,341 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
Orthodox, as well as Jews, Sikh and Muslims.
# Economy.
, the gross domestic product (GDP) of Lombardy, equal to over €350 billion, accounts for about 21% of the total GDP of Italy. When this measure is considered by inhabitant, it results in a value of €33,066 per inhabitant, which is more than 25% higher t... | 32,342 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
area of the country. The presence, and development, of a very high number of enterprises belonging to the services sector represents a favourable situation for the improvement of the efficiency of the productive process, as well as for the growth of the regional economy.
Lombardy has cultural and economical r... | 32,343 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
organization which includes Baden-Wurtenberg in Germany, Catalonia in Spain, and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in France. The Lombardy region is part of Eusalp which promotes innovation, green sustainability and economy in the Alpine Regions of Austria, France, Liechtenstein, Northern Italy, Southern Germany, Switzerla... | 32,344 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
three areas as regards the productive activity. Milan, where the services sector makes up for 65.3% of the employment; a group of provinces, Varese, Como, Lecco, Monza and Brianza, Bergamo and Brescia, highly industrialised, although in the two latter ones, in the plains, there is also a rich agricultural sect... | 32,345 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
Leonardo da Vinci) of a wide net of irrigation systems. Lower plains are characterised by fodder crops, which are mowed up to eight times a year, cereals (rice, wheat and maize) and sugar beet. Productions of the higher plains include cereals, vegetables, fruit trees and mulberries. The higher areas, up to the... | 32,346 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is vested in the Regional Government ('). Legislative power is vested in the Regional Council ("").
Historically, the moderate Christian Democrats maintained a large majority of the popular support and the control of the most important citi... | 32,347 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
whole of Italy) wiped away the old political class and parties almost entirely.
This, together with the general disaffection towards the central government (considered as wasting resources to balance the budgets of the chronically underdeveloped regions of Southern Italy), led to the sudden growth of the sece... | 32,348 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
for the center-right coalition.
On 22 October 2017 a non-binding autonomy referendum took place in Lombardy. The turnout was low at 38.3%, yet 95.3% voted in favor. The regional government of Lombardy is still under negotiation with Rome for the devolution of certain competencies.
## Administrative divisions... | 32,349 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
and towns around the region. Major tourist destinations in the region include (in order of arrivals ) the historic, cultural and artistic cities of Milan (4,527,889 arrivals), Bergamo (242,942), Brescia (229,710), Como (215,320), Varese (107,442), Mantua (88,902), Monza (75,839) and the lakes of Garda (429,376... | 32,350 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
canton Ticino just south of Lake Lugano, a wide range of marine Triassic fossils have been found. During that period, some 240 million years ago, the area was a shallow tropical lagoon. Fossils include reptiles, fish and crustaceans but also some insects.
Two sites are of pre-historic origin. The Rock Drawing... | 32,351 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Austria and Slovenia, of which ten are located in Lombardy. Each of these objects consists of remnants of buildings erected on wooden piles in sub-alpine rivers, lakes and wetlands, built between 5000BC and 500BC. In general, only the submerged wooden parts have been preserved in t... | 32,352 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
(the "castrum" and the Torba tower) and the church of Santa Maria "foris portas" ("outside the gates") with its Byzantinesque frescoes at Castelseprio, and the monastic complex of San Salvatore-Santa Giulia at Brescia. The UNESCO site of Brescia also includes the remains of its Roman forum, the best-preserved ... | 32,353 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
than on architectural detail. While Mantua was rebuilt in the 15th and 16th centuries, according to Renaissance principles, Sabbioneta was planned as a new town in the 16th century.
The Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy are a group of nine sites in northwest Italy, two of them in Lombardy. The concept of h... | 32,354 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
Renaissance to the Baroque style.
Crespi d'Adda is a company town founded in 1878 to accommodate workers of the local textile mill. At its height, the town was home to 3,200 employees and their families.
The Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Landscapes is mostly located in the Swiss canton Graubünden bu... | 32,355 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
domains ("Stato da Terra") and its territories stretching along the Adriatic coast ("Stato da Mar"). This site includes the Fortified City of Bergamo.
## Museums.
Lombardy contains numerous museums (over 330) of different types: ethnographic, historical, technical-scientific, artistic and naturalistic which ... | 32,356 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
Art of the Nativity and the basilica of Santa Maria Assunta at Gandino, and the Royal Villa of Monza.
## Other sights.
- Cathedral of Milan
- Castello Sforzesco, Milan
- Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio, Milan
- Teatro alla Scala, Milan
- Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan
- Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio, Milan
- Br... | 32,357 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
Lake Iseo
- Tempio Civico della Beata Vergine Incoronata, Lodi
- Royal Villa of Monza
- San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro and San Michele Maggiore, Pavia
## Cuisine.
Rice is popular in the region, often found in soups as well as "risotti", such as "risotto alla milanese", with saffron. In the city of Monza a popul... | 32,358 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
Casoncelli are common. In Valtellina, Pizzoccheri is common, also. In Mantua, festivals feature "tortelli di zucca" (ravioli with pumpkin filling) accompanied by melted butter and followed by turkey stuffed with chicken or other stewed meats. Among regional typical desserts, there is Nocciolini di Canzo—dry bi... | 32,359 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
different cuts of meat with butter and sage
- Salamella (Italian Sausage without fennel or anise, always served grilled)
- Salame d'oca di Mortara (goose salami)
- Gorgonzola cheese
- Taleggio cheese
- Stracchino cheese
- Bitto cheese
- Rosa Camuna cheese
- Grana Padano cheese
- Quartirolo lombardo
-... | 32,360 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
being the birthplace of Gaetano Donizetti and home of the Teatro Donizetti; Brescia is hosts the impressive 1709 Teatro Grande; Cremona is regarded as the birthplace of the commonly used violin, and is home to several of the most prestigious luthiers in the world, and Mantua was one of the founding and most im... | 32,361 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
Piccolo Teatro and the Teatro Arcimboldi; however, the most famous is the 1778 Teatro alla Scala, one of the most important and prestigious operahouses in the world.
## Language.
In Lombardy there is widespread use of Lombard, which exists in diglossia with Italian. Lombard is a language belonging to the Gal... | 32,362 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
extinct since the Middle Ages.
## Fashion.
Lombardy has always been an important centre for silk and textile production, notably the cities of Pavia, Vigevano and Cremona, but Milan is the region's most important centre for clothing and high fashion. In 2009, Milan was regarded as the world fashion capital, ... | 32,363 |
43807 | Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy | Lombardy
lways been an important centre for silk and textile production, notably the cities of Pavia, Vigevano and Cremona, but Milan is the region's most important centre for clothing and high fashion. In 2009, Milan was regarded as the world fashion capital, even surpassing New York, Paris and London. Most of the maj... | 32,364 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (often shortened to TMNT or Ninja Turtles) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Italian Renaissance artists. They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat " sensei " in the art of "ninjutsu". From the... | 32,365 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it gained worldwide success and fame.
# History.
The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles first appeared in an American comic book published by Mirage Studios in 1984 in Dover, New Hampshire. The concept arose from a humorous drawing sketched out by E... | 32,366 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
published in various incarnations by various comic book companies since 1984.
The Turtles started their rise to mainstream success when a licensing agent, Mark Freedman, sought out Eastman and Laird to propose wider merchandising opportunities for the franchise. In 1986, Dark Horse Miniatu... | 32,367 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
headed by Fred Wolf. Wolf and his team combined concepts and ideas with the Playmates marketing crew, headed by Karl Aaronian, vice president (VP) of sales Richard Sallis, and VP of Playmates Bill Carlson.
Aaronian brought on several designers and concepteur and writer John C. Schulte, and... | 32,368 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
to sell-in the toy action figures. Phrases like "Heroes in a half shell" and many of the comical catch phrases and battle cries ("Turtle power!") came from the writing and conceptualization of this creative team. As the series developed, veteran writer Jack Mendelsohn came on board as both ... | 32,369 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
1987 TV series, and the subsequent action figure line, "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" became a mainstream success. At the height of the frenzy, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Turtles' likenesses could be found on a wide range of children's merchandise, from Pez dispensers to skatebo... | 32,370 |
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by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The independent film was very successful spawning two sequels, as well as inspiring a three-dimensional animated film set in the same continuity, which was released in 2007 under the title "TMNT". After the end of the cartoon series, a live-action series in th... | 32,371 |
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stuck much closer to the original Mirage comic book series, but was still less violent. It lasted for seven seasons and 156 episodes, ending in February 2009.
On October 21, 2009, it was announced that cable channel Nickelodeon (a subsidiary of Viacom) had purchased all of Mirage's rights ... | 32,372 |
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on September 29, 2012. The live-action film, produced by Platinum Dunes, Nickelodeon Movies, and Paramount Pictures, directed by Jonathan Liebesman, and produced by Michael Bay, was released on August 8, 2014.
# Main characters.
- Leonardo (Leo)The tactical, courageous leader and devoted ... | 32,373 |
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of the team, Michelangelo is a free-spirited, relaxed, goofy and jokester, known for his love of pizza. Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchaku. He provides the comic relief, though he still has an adventurous side. The least mature of the four Turtles, he shows char... | 32,374 |
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a bo staff. Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle, preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts, but never hesitates to defend his brothers. He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence, Donatello.
- Raphael (Raph)The team's bad boy, Rapha... | 32,375 |
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Turtles' "sensei" and adoptive father, Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master, Hamato Yoshi. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, and the 2012 TV series, Splinter was Hamato Yoshi mutated into a humanoid rat. In the 2003 TV seri... | 32,376 |
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and aids them by doing the work in public that the Turtles cannot. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, the first three films, and the 2014 film reboot, April is a television news reporter. In the 2007 CGI film, Casey Jones and she own a shipping firm. In the 2012 series, April is a... | 32,377 |
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in a golf bag, such as baseball bats, golf clubs, and hockey sticks.
- The ShredderA villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki, he is the leader of the Foot Clan, an evil ninja clan. In every incarnation of the TMNT franchise, he has been the archenemy of the Turtles and Splinter as wel... | 32,378 |
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well as in multiple video games. In her original appearance she was a commander on the same level as Shredder while in some of her later incarnations of the character, she is closely related to Shredder as his adopted daughter or biological granddaughter as well second-in-command. In most w... | 32,379 |
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Krang is a small brain-like alien warlord who often appears as one of the main villains of the franchise alongside The Shredder and the second arch-enemy of the turtles. The character was originally inspired by the Utroms, an alien race from the original comics, while in later versions he i... | 32,380 |
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and Laird's "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" premiered in May 1984, at a comic book convention held at a local Sheraton Hotel in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It was published by Mirage Studios in an oversized magazine-style format using black and white artwork on cheap newsprint, limited to a p... | 32,381 |
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name "Mirage Studios" was chosen because of Eastman and Laird's lack of a professional art studio at the start of their career, before their creation made them both multimillionaires.
Mirage also published a bimonthly companion book entitled "Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", fea... | 32,382 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
paperback form twice, and 25 issues of volume two have been collected in trades of five issues each.
As the TMNT phenomenon proliferated to other media, Eastman and Laird found themselves administrating an international merchandising juggernaut. However, this prevented the two creators fro... | 32,383 |
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129 issues, spanning four separate volumes (having 62, 13, 23, and 32 issues in the four distinct volumes).
In June 1996, Image Comics took over publishing the title in what is considered "volume 3" of the series. It was a slightly more action-oriented TMNT series and although notable for ... | 32,384 |
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in December 2001, under the simple title "TMNT". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 "TMNT" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on t... | 32,385 |
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in the next few years. The latest issue of TMNT volume 4 was issue #32 which came out in print May 4, 2014, and online on May 9, 2014, almost 4 years after issue #31 was last released.
## "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures".
"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures" was a comic-book... | 32,386 |
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including the uniting of several of the series' recurring characters as a separate team, the Mighty Mutanimals.
## Dreamwave.
A monthly comic inspired by the 2003 TV series was published by Dreamwave Productions from June to December 2003. It was written by Peter David and illustrated by ... | 32,387 |
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released on August 24, 2011. Turtles co-creator Kevin Eastman and Tom Waltz write, with Eastman and Dan Duncan providing art.
## Manga.
The Turtles have appeared in several "manga" series.
- is a 15-issue series by Tsutomu Oyamada, Zuki mora, and Yoshimi Hamada that simply adapted episod... | 32,388 |
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previous manga.
- is Yasuhiko Hachino's adaptation of the third feature film.
- is a 1995 series by Ogata Nobu which ran in Comic BomBom.
- is a continuation of the 1995 series when it continued to run through 1996.
## Comic strip.
A daily comic strip written and illustrated by Dan Ber... | 32,389 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
about producing a TMNTs action figure line, they were cautious of the risk and requested that a television deal be acquired first. On December 28, 1987, the TMNT's first cartoon series began, starting as a five-part miniseries and becoming a regular Saturday-morning syndicated series on Oct... | 32,390 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
and they make their first appearance in masks color-coded to each turtle, where previously they had all worn red.
The cast included new and different characters, such as Bebop and Rocksteady and the Neutrinos. Original characters such as Splinter, Shredder, and the Foot Soldiers stayed tru... | 32,391 |
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of children, the show's target demographic). Krang, one of the series' most memorable villains, was inspired by the design of the Utrom, a benign alien race from the Mirage comics. The animated Krang, however, was instead an evil warlord from Dimension X. Baxter Stockman, whose race was cha... | 32,392 |
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of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", the lead villain switched to Lord Dregg, an evil alien overlord bent on world conquest by trying to distract the public into believing that the Turtles were the enemy instead of himself.
Starting on September 25, 1989, the series was expanded to weekdays ... | 32,393 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
are also well known for their use of idiomatic expressions characteristic of the surfer lingo of the time, especially by Michelangelo. Words and phrases included "bummer", "dude", "bogus", "radical", "far-out", "tubuloso", "bodacious", and possibly the most recognized, "cowabunga". On April... | 32,394 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
airing a few Saturday-exclusive episodes back-to-back. Also, a brief "Turtle Tips" segment aired between the two episodes, which served as public-service announcement about the environment or other issues. After 1994, the show was reduced to just a half-hour and only eight episodes per seas... | 32,395 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
including the "Battletoads", "Cheetahmen", "Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa", "Road Rovers", "Street Sharks", "Extreme Dinosaurs", and "Biker Mice from Mars". Currently, all 193 episodes are available on DVD and VHS.
## Original video animation.
In addition to the American series, a Jap... | 32,396 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
the use of Mutastones, while Shredder, Bebop and Rocksteady gained supervillain powers with the use of a Dark Mutastone. As with the "Super Sentai" and "Power Rangers" franchises, the four Turtles could combine to form the giant Turtle Saint. The second episode was created to advertise the ... | 32,397 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
the mystical arts of the "shinobi". The series was intended as a loose continuation of the movie franchise, as Shredder had been defeated and the Ninja Turtles encountered new villains. Other connections to the feature films include the fact that Splinter's ear was cut, the Foot Soldiers we... | 32,398 |
43815 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
later moved to "The CW4Kids" block. The series was co-produced by Mirage Studios, and Mirage owned one-third of the rights to the series. Mirage's significant stake in creative control resulted in a cartoon that hews more closely to the original comics, creating a darker and edgier feel tha... | 32,399 |
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