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4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
Today, Hanford is the most contaminated nuclear site in the United States and is the focus of the nation's largest environmental cleanup.
## 1986 Chernobyl disaster.
The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine... | 37,700 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
and avert a greater catastrophe ultimately involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles, crippling the Soviet economy.
The accident raised concerns about the safety of the nuclear power industry, slowing its expansion for a number of years.
UNSCEAR has conducted 20... | 37,701 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
areas)". Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus have been burdened with the continuing and substantial decontamination and health care costs of the Chernobyl disaster.
Eleven of Russia's reactors are of the RBMK 1000 type, similar to the one at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Some of these RBMK reacto... | 37,702 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
undergone environmental assessments".
## 2011 Fukushima I accidents.
Despite all assurances, a major nuclear accident on the scale of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster happened again in 2011 in Japan, one of the world's most industrially advanced countries. Nuclear Safety Commission Chairman Har... | 37,703 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
"The reactors at Fukushima were of an old design. The risks they faced had not been well analysed. The operating company was poorly regulated and did not know what was going on. The operators made mistakes. The representatives of the safety inspectorate fled. Some of the equipment failed. Th... | 37,704 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
after the earthquake. Nuclear reactors are such "inherently complex, tightly coupled systems that, in rare, emergency situations, cascading interactions will unfold very rapidly in such a way that human operators will be unable to predict and master them".
Lacking electricity to pump water ... | 37,705 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
(210 kilometers) to the south.
Back-up diesel generators that might have averted the disaster were positioned in a basement, where they were quickly overwhelmed by waves. The cascade of events at Fukushima had been predicted in a report published in the U.S. several decades ago:
The 1990 r... | 37,706 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
it seems adequate measures to address the risk were not taken by TEPCO. Katsuhiko Ishibashi, a seismology professor at Kobe University, has said that Japan's history of nuclear accidents stems from an overconfidence in plant engineering. In 2006, he resigned from a government panel on nuclea... | 37,707 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
adequate safety levels at the plant". The IAEA also said that the Fukushima disaster exposed the lack of adequate backup systems at the plant. Once power was completely lost, critical functions like the cooling system shut down. Three of the reactors "quickly overheated, causing meltdowns th... | 37,708 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
a country that has been operating nuclear power reactors for decades should prove so alarmingly improvisational in its response and so unwilling to reveal the facts even to its own people, much less the International Atomic Energy Agency, is a reminder that nuclear safety is a constant work-... | 37,709 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
vessels, not just the core". The report says the "inadequate" basic reactor design — the Mark-1 model developed by General Electric — included "the venting system for the containment vessels and the location of spent fuel cooling pools high in the buildings, which resulted in leaks of radioa... | 37,710 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
in a totalitarian state with no safety culture,' UBS analysts including Per Lekander and Stephen Oldfield wrote in a report today. 'At Fukushima, four reactors have been out of control for weeks – casting doubt on whether even an advanced economy can master nuclear safety.'
The Fukushima ac... | 37,711 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
Government flip-flopping on acceptable levels of radiation exposure confused the public, and health professionals provided little guidance. Facing a dearth of reliable information on radiation levels, citizens armed themselves with dosimeters, pooled data, and together produced radiological ... | 37,712 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
have said that "Japan's safety review of nuclear reactors after the Fukushima disaster is based on faulty criteria and many people involved have conflicts of interest". Hiromitsu Ino, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo, says
"The whole process being undertaken is exactly the same... | 37,713 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
in a "safety myth".
## Other accidents.
Serious nuclear and radiation accidents include the Chalk River accidents (1952, 1958 & 2008), Mayak disaster (1957), Windscale fire (1957), SL-1 accident (1961), Soviet submarine K-19 accident (1961), Three Mile Island accident (1979), Church Rock u... | 37,714 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
have occurred in the past. These accidents occurred at Kyshtym (1957), Windscale (1957), Three Mile Island (1979), Chernobyl (1986), and Fukushima (2011). A report in "Lancet" says that the effects of these accidents on individuals and societies are diverse and enduring:
In spite of acciden... | 37,715 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
useful to make comparisons just in terms of number of deaths, as the way people live afterwards is also relevant, as in the case of the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents:
"You have people in Japan right now that are facing either not returning to their homes forever, or if they do return to t... | 37,716 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
more than 80,000 residents to evacuate from neighborhoods around the plant.
A survey by the Iitate, Fukushima local government obtained responses from some 1,743 people who have evacuated from the village, which lies within the emergency evacuation zone around the crippled Fukushima Daiichi... | 37,717 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
all responses to questions related to evacuees' current family status, one-third of all surveyed families live apart from their children, while 50.1 percent live away from other family members (including elderly parents) with whom they lived before the disaster. The survey also showed that 3... | 37,718 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
and Fukushima disasters occurred. It was concentrated in leafy vegetation after absorption in the soil. It also stays in animals’ milk if the animals eat the vegetation. When Iodine 131 enters the human body, it migrates to the thyroid gland in the neck and can cause thyroid cancer.
Other e... | 37,719 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
time. These designs include those that incorporate passive safety and Small Modular Reactors. While these reactor designs "are intended to inspire trust, they may have an unintended effect: creating distrust of older reactors that lack the touted safety features".
The next nuclear plants to... | 37,720 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
associated emergency core cooling systems rather than just one pair, having quench tanks (large coolant-filled tanks) above the core that open into it automatically, having a double containment (one containment building inside another), etc.
However, safety risks may be the greatest when nu... | 37,721 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
research laboratory put it, "fabrication, construction, operation, and maintenance of new reactors will face a steep learning curve: advanced technologies will have a heightened risk of accidents and mistakes. The technology may be proven, but people are not".
# Developing countries.
There... | 37,722 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
speed of the nuclear construction program in China has raised safety concerns. The challenge for the government and nuclear companies is to "keep an eye on a growing army of contractors and subcontractors who may be tempted to cut corners". China has asked for international assistance in tra... | 37,723 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
if disabled could lead to a reactor core meltdown or widespread dispersal of radioactivity; and external attacks such as an aircraft crash into a reactor complex, or cyber attacks.
The United States 9/11 Commission has said that nuclear power plants were potential targets originally conside... | 37,724 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
safe from attacks that could release massive quantities of radioactivity into the community. New reactor designs have features of passive safety, which may help. In the United States, the NRC carries out "Force on Force" (FOF) exercises at all Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) sites at least once ev... | 37,725 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
of security at nuclear weapons plants in the United States. The National Nuclear Security Administration has acknowledged the seriousness of the 2012 Plowshares action. Non-proliferation policy experts have questioned "the use of private contractors to provide security at facilities that man... | 37,726 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
States and Israel to attack Iran's nuclear facilities.
# Nuclear fusion research.
Nuclear fusion power is a developing technology still under research. It relies on fusing rather than fissioning (splitting) atomic nuclei, using very different processes compared to current nuclear power pla... | 37,727 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
Experimental Reactor facility began in 2007, but the project has run into many delays and budget overruns. The facility is now not expected to begin operations until the year 2027 – 11 years after initially anticipated. A follow on commercial nuclear fusion power station, DEMO, has been prop... | 37,728 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
after the first attempts, commercial power production was still believed to be unlikely before 2050.
# More stringent safety standards.
Matthew Bunn, the former US Office of Science and Technology Policy adviser, and Heinonen, the former Deputy Director General of the IAEA, have said that ... | 37,729 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
international co-operation to ensure regulatory effectiveness.
Coastal nuclear sites must also be further protected against rising sea levels, storm surges, flooding, and possible eventual "nuclear site islanding".
# See also.
- Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
- Deep... | 37,730 |
4222539 | Nuclear safety and security | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security | Nuclear safety and security
r terrorism
- Nuclear accidents in the United States
- Nuclear criticality safety
- RELAP5-3D A reactor design and simulation tool to prevent accidents.
- Nuclear fuel response to reactor accidents
- Nuclear holocaust
- Nuclear power debate
- Nuclear power plant emergency response tea... | 37,731 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
Polk County, Florida
Polk County is located in the U.S. state of Florida. The county population was 602,095, as of the 2010 census. Its county seat is Bartow, and its largest city is Lakeland.
Polk County comprises the Lakeland–Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area. This MSA is the 87th-most... | 37,732 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
History.
The first people to inhabit the area now called Polk County arrived close to 12,000 years ago during the last ice age as the first paleo-indians following big game southward reached the peninsula of Florida. By this time, the peninsula had gone through several expansions and contractions ... | 37,733 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
the Spaniards when they arrived on the peninsula. These Native Americans thrived on the peninsula. It is estimated that there were more than 250,000 in 1492 when Columbus set sail for the New World. As was common elsewhere in the Americas, contact with Europeans had a devastating effect on the Nati... | 37,734 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
Ponce De Leon arrived on the peninsula, the Spanish nominally ruled Florida but established few settlements. In the late 17th century, Florida went through an unstable period in which the French and British ruled the peninsula. By this time, the remnants of early Native Americans joined with refuge... | 37,735 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
Some were removed to Indian Territory, but others retreated to the Everglades and never surrendered.
While Florida gained statehood in 1845, it was not until 1861 that Polk County was created from the eastern part of Hillsborough County. It was named in honor of former US President James K. Polk, ... | 37,736 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
military honors, and promoted posthumously to the rank of Brigadier General. The original name of the town was Fort Blount. Several other towns and counties in the South changed their name to Bartow. The first courthouse built in Bartow was constructed in 1867. It was replaced twice, in 1884 and in... | 37,737 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
in Polk County, in 1883 south of Lake Wire. The following year they founded St. John's Baptist Church, which also served as the first school for freedmen's children. Other workers arrived for jobs in the phosphate industry. This area became the center of a predominately African-American community l... | 37,738 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
and maintain white supremacy as Southern states disenfranchised most blacks and imposed Jim Crow. Whites lynched 20 African Americans in Polk County from 1895-1921; Three black men whose names were not recorded were murdered in a mass lynching on May 25, 1895, accused of rape. While others were kil... | 37,739 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
mob that shot him 40-t0 times. Columbia County also had 20 such lynching murders; these two counties had the second-highest total of lynchings of African Americans of any county in the state.
In the first few decades of the 1900s, thousands of acres of land around Bartow were purchased by the phos... | 37,740 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
county. The airport was taken over by the federal government during World War II and was the training location for many Army Air Corps pilots during the war. The airport was returned to the city in 1967 and renamed as Bartow Municipal Airport.
## Mid-20th century to present.
In the 20th century, ... | 37,741 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
in Lakeland in full regalia in 1979, their last public march by the Confederate monument in Munn Park.
Since the late 20th century, growth in Polk County has been driven by its proximity to both the Tampa and Orlando metropolitan areas along the Interstate 4 corridor. Recent growth has been heavie... | 37,742 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
higher than that of the entire state. For example, in August 2010, the county had an unemployment rate of 13.4%, compared to 11.7% for the entire state.
During the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, three hurricanes, Charley, Frances and Jeanne all tracked over Polk County, intersecting in a triangle... | 37,743 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
in Lakeland. Country musician Gram Parsons was from a wealthy family in Winter Haven.
In 2018 the Lakeland City Commission voted to move the Confederate monument, installed in 1910 at Munn Park in Lakeland, to Veterans Memorial Park. This was the location of the original African-American community... | 37,744 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
the cemetery with numerous Confederate graves.
# Geography.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (10.6%) is water. It is the fourth-largest county in Florida by land area and fifth-largest by total area.
## Adjacent counties.
In addition, at... | 37,745 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
fell in 1977, but snow flurries and sleet fell on January 8, 2010 over the course of an hour on an exceptionally cold day.
During the summer rainy season from June to September, sea breezes from both coasts move inland, where the moist air is heated and rises to form thunderstorms. On many days, t... | 37,746 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
winter. In the pre-dawn hours of January 8, 2008, smoke from a prescribed burn contributed to especially dense fog on Interstate 4 that caused a major pileup involving 70 vehicles in ten separate crashes that resulted in five deaths. A 2017 study by the Climate Impact Lab determined that among the ... | 37,747 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
Charley (2004, category 2), Hurricane Donna (1960, category 2), Hurricane King (1950, category 1), the 1949 Florida hurricane (category 2), the 1945 Homestead hurricane (category 1), the 1933 Treasure Coast hurricane (category 1), the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane (category 2), Hurricane Four of the 18... | 37,748 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
hurricane-force sustained winds to Polk County: Hurricane Frances (2004), Hurricane Erin (1995) Hurricane Two of the 1939 season, and the 1910 Cuba hurricane (category 1). Numerous tropical storms have passed through the county.
Hurricane Charley in 2004—the first of three hurricanes to hit the co... | 37,749 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
officials. The hurricane-force wind field was relatively narrow, with the most intense wind damage being within of the center of the eye. For example maximum recorded winds were only sustained and a gust of at Gilbert Airport on the northwest side of the city.
# Demographics.
## 2010 Census.
U.S... | 37,750 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
ancestry groups were:
There were 227,485 households out of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individ... | 37,751 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
100 females there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.7 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $43,946, and the median income for a family was $51,395. Males had a median income of $37,768 versus $30,655 for females. The per capita income for t... | 37,752 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
North America, 2.6% born in Africa, and 0.4% were born in Oceania.
## 2000 Census.
As of the census of 2000, there were 483,924 people, 187,233 households, and 132,373 families residing in the county. The population density was 258 people per square mile (100/km²). There were 226,376 housing unit... | 37,753 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
metropolitan areas.
There were 187,233 households, of which 29.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.40% were married couples living together, 12.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.30% were non-families. 24.10% of all households were made up of individ... | 37,754 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
96.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.10 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $36,036, and the median income for a family was $41,442. Males had a median income of $31,396, versus $22,406 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,30... | 37,755 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
total, 18.20% of the population spoke languages other than English as their primary language.
# Economy.
Polk County's economy is supported by a workforce of over 275,000 in 2010. Traditionally, the largest industries in Polk County's economy have been phosphate mining, agriculture, and tourism.
... | 37,756 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
Polk County Board of County Commissioners (2,200)
- 8. Winter Haven Hospital (2,079)
- 9. Polk County Sheriff's Office (1,955)
- 10. Watson Clinic (1,851)
- 11. Southeastern University (1,557)
- 12. Legoland Florida (1,500)
- 13. The Mosaic Company (1,380)
- 14. Sykes (1,150)
- 15. State Fa... | 37,757 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
A-Advanced Lakeland Flying Tigers play in Joker Marchant Stadium after spring training.
College sports are also popular in Polk County. The Florida Southern Moccasins play in NCAA Division II in the Sunshine State Conference.
# Government and politics.
The executive and legislative powers of the... | 37,758 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
elected officials in the state, county commissioners are subject to recall. The commissioners elect a chairman and vice-chairman annually. The chairman selects the chairs of each committee, who work with the county manager to establish the policies of the board. The commission meets twice a month- ... | 37,759 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
for providing appropriations for other countywide offices including the sheriff, property appraiser, tax collector and supervisor of elections. The county and circuit court systems are also partially supported by the county budget, including the state attorneys and public defenders. A portion of th... | 37,760 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
Keiser University, Lakeland Campus (Private, Not-For-Profit)
- Southern Technical College, Auburndale Campus
# Library Cooperative.
The Polk County Library Cooperative was formed October 1, 1997 through an Interlocal Agreement between the 13 municipalities with public libraries and the Board of ... | 37,761 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
to the circulating book collections of all the library systems in Polk County but also all of the library systems in Florida, as well as universities and public library systems throughout the United States.
## Polk County Historical & Genealogical Library.
History
The Polk County Historical & Ge... | 37,762 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
employee and was moved to a new location on Hendry Street. In 1987 the library relocated back to the 1908 Courthouse.
It was renovated during a ten-year process that included expansion to take over and adapt all three floors of the eastern wing of the Courthouse. As of 2013, the library is located... | 37,763 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
Library holds more than 40,000 items in its collection. The collection includes books, microfilm, and periodicals that include information about the history and genealogy of the entire eastern United States. The selection of materials related to the history of Polk County contains local newspapers ... | 37,764 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
owned by New Media Investment Group
- "The Winter Haven News Chief" 1911–present
- "The Business Observer" 1997–present
## Television.
- WMOR-TV (licensed to Lakeland, with studios in Tampa)
# Transportation.
## Airports.
- Lakeland Linder International Airport In 2017 Linder welcomed its fi... | 37,765 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
the northern part of the county, entering from Tampa and Plant City in the west, bypassing Lakeland, Auburndale, and Haines City, and heading northeast toward the greater Orlando area.
- Polk Parkway – With endpoints at I-4, this toll road traverses primarily around Lakeland, intersecting with sev... | 37,766 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
Winter Haven. North of Winter Haven, in Lake Alfred, it joins with US 92 to form a concurrency that continues north and east through Haines City and Davenport toward the Orlando area.
- US 27 – This primary thoroughfare in eastern Polk County bypasses several cities, including Frostproof, Lake Wal... | 37,767 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
to southeast across Polk County. Entering from Pasco County, it cuts through Lakeland and leads to Bartow. In Bartow, it begins a concurrency with US 17 through Fort Meade, where it jogs over to meet US 27 in Frostproof. US 98 is concurrent with US 27 as it exits Polk County to the southeast.
- US... | 37,768 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
Road 33 – It stems northward from Lakeland and leads to Polk City, and continues northward through the Green Swamp.
- State Road 37 – Also called South Florida Avenue, this road connects Mulberry to southern Lakeland.
- State Road 60 – The major route of southern Polk County and the county's larg... | 37,769 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
Winter Haven to US 27 and Dundee.
- State Road 544 – This road leads first from Auburndale to Winter Haven as Havendale Boulevard, and continues north and east as a scenic route to southern Haines City.
- State Road 559 – This route straddles Lake Ariana in Auburndale and connects this city with ... | 37,770 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
incorporated municipalities. The largest city, Lakeland, has over 97,000 residents and is located in the western edge of the county. The other core city of the metropolitan area, Winter Haven, is located in the eastern part of the county and has 34,000 residents. The county seat, Bartow, is located... | 37,771 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
City is in the northeast part of the county and has over 20,000 residents. Auburndale is located northwest of Winter Haven and Lake Wales is around 16 miles east of Bartow.
## Cities.
- Auburndale
- Bartow
- Davenport
- Eagle Lake
- Fort Meade
- Frostproof
- Haines City
- Lake Alfred
- La... | 37,772 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
Inwood
- Jan Phyl Village
- Kathleen
- Lakeland Highlands
- Loughman
- Medulla
- Poinciana
- Wahneta
- Waverly
- Willow Oak
## Other unincorporated communities.
- Gibsonia
- Lakeshore
- Mountain Lake
- Nalcrest
- Pittsburg
- Winston
# See also.
- National Register of Historic Plac... | 37,773 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
Florida Water Management District
- Southwest Florida Water Management District
- Lake Region Lakes Management District "Canal Commission"
### Judicial branch.
- Public Defender, 10th Judicial Circuit of Florida servings Hardee, Highlands, and Polk Counties
- Office of the State Attorney, 10th... | 37,774 |
74644 | Polk County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polk%20County,%20Florida | Polk County, Florida
ne review of Brown, Canter, Jr. "In the Midst of All That Makes Life Worth Living: Polk County, Florida, to 1940." (2001). 325 pp.
- online review of Brown, Canter, Jr. "None Can Have Richer Memories: Polk County, Florida 1940–2000" (2005)
- Polk County Collection on the RICHES Mosaic Interface
... | 37,775 |
74665 | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%20Smith%20(rugby%20union,%20born%201971) | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971)
Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971)
Tom Smith (born 31 October 1971 in London, England) is an English-born former Scotland international rugby union Loosehead Prop who played for Glasgow Warriors, Caledonia Reds and Northampton Saints and also represented the British and Irish Lions. ... | 37,776 |
74665 | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%20Smith%20(rugby%20union,%20born%201971) | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971)
teacher. Smith stated: “The things I learnt while playing rugby at Rannoch were work ethic and fitness. Our pitch was covered in snow and frozen solid for three months of the year, so there was a lot of running up and down hills. We were pretty well drilled and were made to work hard.... | 37,777 |
74665 | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%20Smith%20(rugby%20union,%20born%201971) | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971)
to say: "You find out about survival the hard way. When I joined my first senior club in Dundee, there was an old prop called Danny Herrington, a bit of a local legend, who basically shoved my head up my arse in training, twice a week every week for what seemed like years. Now, that's... | 37,778 |
74665 | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%20Smith%20(rugby%20union,%20born%201971) | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971)
season.
In 1998, the Scottish Rugby Union decided it could not afford to run the traditional four Scottish districts at a professional level. Caledonia Reds and the Border Reivers were disbanded and the districts merged with Glasgow and Edinburgh respectively. Smith was one of the lu... | 37,779 |
74665 | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%20Smith%20(rugby%20union,%20born%201971) | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971)
the UK in 2001 to join Northampton Saints in the English Premiership making his Northampton debut on 1 September 2001. Over the subsequent eight seasons his appetite for the action never diminished and neither did his popularity with the Saints' fans. His time at Franklin's Gardens in... | 37,780 |
74665 | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%20Smith%20(rugby%20union,%20born%201971) | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971)
and Irish Lions tour to South Africa. Surprising many, Smith was selected to start all three test matches alongside Paul Wallace and Keith Wood over the other touring props Jason Leonard and Graham Rowntree. His strong scrummaging and good hands alongside many other great team perform... | 37,781 |
74665 | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%20Smith%20(rugby%20union,%20born%201971) | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971)
talismanic figure for the team winning the Five Nations in 1999 and captaining the side throughout the 2001 Autumn Internationals. Smith was also Scotland's Player of the Season in 2000–01. He was included in the Zurich World XV for 2002, a notional team list that was compiled based o... | 37,782 |
74665 | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%20Smith%20(rugby%20union,%20born%201971) | Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971)
performances during the past year. After an international career that included two World Cups and six consecutive Lions tests, Smith's final match in the blue jersey came, appropriately enough, against England in the 2005 Six Nations clash at Twickenham.
Smith was a fan favourite wit... | 37,783 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
Valentinian I
Valentinian I (; ; 3 July 32117 November 375), also known as Valentinian the Great, was Roman emperor from 364 to 375. Upon becoming emperor he made his brother Valens his co-emperor, giving him rule of the eastern provinces while Valentinian retained the west.
During his reign, Valentinia... | 37,784 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
Danube rivers. Valentinian rebuilt and improved the fortifications along the frontiers, even building fortresses in enemy territory.
Due to the successful nature of his reign and the rapid decline of the empire after his death, he is often considered to be the "last great western emperor". He founded the... | 37,785 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
I. He and his brother grew up on the family estate where they were educated in a variety of subjects, including painting and sculpting.
Gratian the Elder was promoted to "Comes Africae" in the late 320s or early 330s, and the young Valentinian accompanied his father to Africa. However, Gratian was soon a... | 37,786 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
a commander in Gaul proclaimed emperor by his soldiers. Constantius II, older brother of Constans and emperor in the East, promptly set forth towards Magnentius with a large army. The following year the two emperors met in Pannonia. The ensuing Battle of Mursa Major resulted in a costly victory for Consta... | 37,787 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
Despite his father's fall from favor, Valentinian does not seem to have been adversely affected at this time, making it unlikely he ever fought for the usurper. It is known that Valentinian was in the region during the conflict, but what involvement he had in the war, if any, is unknown.
# Service under ... | 37,788 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
of "Caesar". With the situation in Gaul rapidly deteriorating, Julian was made at least nominal commander of one of the two main armies in Gaul, Barbatio being commander of the other. Constantius devised a strategy where Julian and Barbatio would operate in a pincer movement against the Alamanni. However,... | 37,789 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
complained to Constantius and the debacle was blamed on Valentinian and Bainobaudes, who were cashiered from the army.
With his career in ruins, Valentinian returned to his new family estate in Sirmium. Two years later his first son Gratian was born by his wife Marina Severa. Valentinian's actions and lo... | 37,790 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
still found itself beleaguered by Persian attacks, forcing Jovian to accept humiliating peace terms. Jovian's authority within the empire was still insecure, so he sent a notary Procopius and the tribune Memoridus west to announce his accession. During Jovian's reign Valentinian was promoted to tribune of... | 37,791 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
its previous favored status under Constantine and his sons.
The army marched to Nicaea, and a meeting of civil and military officials was convened to choose a new emperor. The purple was offered to Sallustius, who had refused it once before on Julian's death. The prefect declined, and did so again on beh... | 37,792 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
sent messengers to inform him in Ancyra.
# Emperor.
Valentinian accepted the acclamation on 26 February 364. As he prepared to make his accession speech the soldiers threatened to riot, apparently uncertain as to where his loyalties lay. Valentinian reassured them that the army was his greatest priority... | 37,793 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
a co-ruler, he assured the eastern officials that someone with imperial authority would remain in the east to protect their interests.
Valentinian selected his brother Valens as co-Augustus at Constantinople on 28 March 364. This was done over the objections of Dagalaifus, the "magister equitum". Ammianu... | 37,794 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
It is certain that some reshuffling of commands occurred along with the division of the provinces, but the changes were strictly based on merit. The Sophists and philosophers who had proliferated in the court of the apostate, drawing large salaries for delusive services, were cashiered. Valentinian retain... | 37,795 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
Procopius – the last scion of the Constantinian dynasty – began his revolt against Valens in the east. According to Ammianus, Valentinian received news of both the Alamanni and Procopius' revolt on 1 November while on his way to Paris. He initially sent Dagalaifus to fight the Alamanni while he himself ma... | 37,796 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
was sent against the Alamanni but he was also ineffective. Late in the campaigning season Dagalaifus was replaced by Jovinus, a general from the court of Valentinian. After several victories along the Meuse river Jovinus pushed the Alamanni out of Gaul and was awarded the consulate the following year for ... | 37,797 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
Valentinian spent the entire winter of 367 gathering a massive army for a spring offensive. He summoned the "Comes Italiae" Sebastianus, with the Italian and Illyrian legions, to join Jovinus and Severus, the "magister peditum". In the spring of 368 Valentinian, his eight-year-old son Gratian and the army... | 37,798 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
Valentinian ordered new defensive works to be constructed and old structures refurbished along the length of the Rhine’s west bank. Boldly, he ordered the construction of a fortress across the Rhine in the mountains near modern Heidelberg. The Alamanni sent envoys to protest, but they were dismissed. The ... | 37,799 |
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