wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
for free passage back to their homeland. The Romans ambushed them and destroyed the entire invading force.
Valentinian meanwhile tried to persuade the Burgundians – bitter enemies of the Alamanni – to attack Macrian, a powerful Alamannic chieftain. If the Alamanni tried to flee, Valentinian would be wait... | 37,800 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
the "magister equitum" Theodosius to attack the Alamanni through Raetia – taking many Alamannic prisoners. These captured Alamanni were settled in the Po river valley in Italy, where they were still settled at the time Ammianus wrote his history.
Valentinian campaigned unsuccessfully for four more years ... | 37,801 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
with Macrian. Valentinian’s Alamannic campaigns, however, were hampered by troubles first in Africa, and later on the Danube river. In 374 Valentinian was forced to make peace with Macrian because the Emperor's presence was needed to counter an invasion of Illyricum by the Quadi and Sarmatians.
## The Gr... | 37,802 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
altogether. Valentinian set out for Britain, sending "Comes domesticorum" Severus ahead of him to investigate. Severus was not able to correct the situation and returned to Gaul, meeting Valentinian at Samarobriva. Valentinian then sent Jovinus to Britain and promoted Severus to magister peditum. It was a... | 37,803 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
that he needed more men to take care of the situation. In 368 Valentinian appointed Theodosius as the new "Comes Britanniarum" with instructions to return Britain to Roman rule. Meanwhile, Severus and Jovinus were to accompany the emperor on his campaign against the Alamanni.
Theodosius arrived in 368 wi... | 37,804 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
diocese and Dulcitius as an additional general.
In 369, Theodosius set about reconquering the areas north of London; putting down the revolt of Valentinus, the brother-in-law of a vicarius, Maximinus. Subsequently, Theodosius restored the rest of Britain to the empire and rebuilt many fortifications – re... | 37,805 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
and illegitimate children of Nubel, a Moorish prince and leading Roman client in Africa. Resentment of Romanus' peculations and his failure to defend the province from desert nomads caused some of the provincials to revolt. Valentinian sent in Theodosius to restore imperial control. Over the following two... | 37,806 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
who promised to refer the matter to Valentinian. However, the increasingly influential minister Maximinus, now praetorian prefect of Gaul, blamed Aequitius to Valentinian for the trouble, and managed to have him promote his son Marcellianus to finish the project. The protests of Quadic leaders continued t... | 37,807 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
damaged the unprotected countryside. Two legions were sent in but failed to coordinate and were routed by the Sarmatians. Meanwhile, another group of Sarmatians invaded Moesia, but were driven back by the son of Theodosius, "Dux Moesiae" and later emperor Theodosius.
Valentinian did not receive news of t... | 37,808 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
and Merobaudes, and spent the summer months preparing for the campaign. In the fall he crossed the Danube at Aquincum into Quadi territory. After pillaging Quadi lands without opposition, he retired to Savaria to winter quarters.
### Death.
Without waiting for the spring he decided to continue campaigni... | 37,809 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
furthermore individual bands of Quadi were not necessarily bound to the rule of the chiefs who had made treaties with the Romans – and thus might attack the Romans at any time. The attitude of the envoys so enraged Valentinian that he suffered a burst blood vessel in the skull while angrily yelling at the... | 37,810 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
however, an able soldier and a conscientious administrator, and took an interest in the welfare of the humbler classes, from which his father had risen. Unfortunately his good intentions were often frustrated by a bad choice of ministers, and "an obstinate belief in their merits despite all evidence to th... | 37,811 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
often had servants and attendants executed on trifling charges, and was reportedly accustomed to keep two bears, known as "Micca Aurea" ("golden camel"), and "Innocence", in an iron cage which was transported wherever he went, whom he employed to execute the sentence, which he often delivered, of capital ... | 37,812 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
set his face against the increasing wealth and worldliness of the clergy. He issued a pointed edict via Pope Damasus I, forbidding the grant of bequests to Christian clergy-men; and another forcing members of the sacerdotal order to discharge the public duties owed on account of their property, or else re... | 37,813 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
were accustomed to bathe together. When Severa saw Justina in the bath she was greatly struck with the beauty of the virgin, and spoke of her to the emperor; saying that the daughter of Justus was so lovely a creature, and possessed of such symmetry of form, that she herself, though a woman, was altogethe... | 37,814 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
The law was promulgated and he married Justina, by whom he had Valentinian the younger." (Book IV, chapt. 31.)
This story is only known from Socrates and no trace of any edict by any emperor allowing polygamy exists. Valentinian I may have divorced Severa according to Roman Law, which allowed for divorce... | 37,815 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
I for conducting an illegal transaction, before he consorted with Justina. Barnes believes this story to be an attempt to justify the divorce of Valentinian I without accusing the emperor.
# See also.
- List of Byzantine emperors
# References.
## Primary sources.
- Ammianus Marcellinus. Rerum gestaru... | 37,816 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
Inscriptionum Latinarum. Vol. 6. T. Mommsen, ed. Berlin, 1875.
- Epitome de Caesaribus. F.R. Pichlmayr, ed. Leipzig, 1961.
- Jerome. Chronicon. R. Helm, ed., in Malcolm Drew Donalson, A Translation of Jerome’s Chronicon with Historical Commentary. Lewiston, NY, 1996.
- Orosius. Adversus paganos histori... | 37,817 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
Paschoud, ed. and trans., Zosime: Histoire Nouvelle (3 vols.). Paris, 1971–89.
- Ammian, Books 26‑30 Uchicago.edu. English summaries. Main text in Latin.
## Secondary accounts.
- "De Imperatoribus Romanis" English text.
- Edward Gibbon, "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", 1776.
- M. Grant, "T... | 37,818 |
74658 | Valentinian I | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentinian%20I | Valentinian I
, Zosime: Histoire Nouvelle (3 vols.). Paris, 1971–89.
- Ammian, Books 26‑30 Uchicago.edu. English summaries. Main text in Latin.
## Secondary accounts.
- "De Imperatoribus Romanis" English text.
- Edward Gibbon, "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", 1776.
- M. Grant, "The Roman Emperors", 1985... | 37,819 |
74679 | Hrungnir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hrungnir | Hrungnir
Hrungnir
Hrungnir (Old Norse "brawler") was a jötunn in Norse mythology, slain by the god Thor with his hammer Mjölnir. The account is documented in the "Skáldskaparmál", in the "Prose Edda" by Snorri Sturluson.
Prior to his demise, Hrungnir engaged in a wager with Odin in which Odin stakes his head on his h... | 37,820 |
74679 | Hrungnir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hrungnir | Hrungnir
Mjölnir, fragments of the whetstone fall down to earth - and "thence... come all the flint-rocks" - while one shard sinks deep into the god's forehead. Nevertheless, the hammer strikes Hrungnir dead, shattering his skull; but in his fall, Hrungnir's dead body topples over Thor, leaving the god buried under one... | 37,821 |
74679 | Hrungnir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hrungnir | Hrungnir
beginning to show an effect, gradually loosening the stone, Thor promises to generously reward her for her services, mentioning that he had recently helped her husband Aurvandil cross the icy river Eliwagar and that it would not be long for her to be reunited with him. Rejoicing at this news, Groa, in her exci... | 37,822 |
74679 | Hrungnir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hrungnir | Hrungnir
the worst from Thor if Hrungnir should be defeated, for he was the strongest among them. Thereupon the giants made at Grjöttungard a man of clay, who was nine rasts tall and three rasts broad under the arms, but being unable to find a heart large enough to be suitable for him, they took the heart from a mare, ... | 37,823 |
74679 | Hrungnir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hrungnir | Hrungnir
e swung over his shoulders, and altogether he presented a most formidable aspect. On one side of him stood the giant of clay, who was named Mokkerkalfe. He was so exceedingly terrified, that it is said that he wet himself when he saw Thor...But the hammer Mjölner hit Hrungner right in the head, and crushed his... | 37,824 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
Słupsk
Słupsk (; also known by several alternative names) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, with a population of 91,007 inhabitants as of December 2018. It occupies and, according to the Central Statistical Office, Słupsk is one of the most densely populated cities in the country. Loc... | 37,825 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
a centre of local administration and trade and a Hanseatic League associate. Between 1368 and 1478, it was the residence of the Dukes of Słupsk, until 1474 vassals of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1648, according to the peace treaty of Osnabrück, Stolp became part of Brandenburg-Prussia. In 1815 it was incorporated ... | 37,826 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
of those names: that it refers to a specific way of constructing buildings on boggy ground with additional pile support, which is still in use, or that it is connected with a tower or other defensive structure on the banks of the Słupia River.
Later, during German rule, the town was named "Stolp", to which the ... | 37,827 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
a few medieval settlements located on the banks of the Słupia River, at the unique ford along the trade route connecting the territories of modern Pomeranian and West Pomeranian Voivodeships. This factor led to construction of a grad, a Slavic fortified settlement, on an islet in the middle of the river. Surroun... | 37,828 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
sources, the first historic reference to Słupsk comes from the year 1015 when king of Poland Boleslaus I the Brave took over the town, incorporating it into the Polish state. In the 12th century, the town became one of the most important castellanies in Pomerania alongside Gdańsk and Świecie. However, several hi... | 37,829 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
would thus be the oldest surviving record, has been identified as a late 13th-century or 14th-century duplicate.
The Griffin dukes lost the area to the Samborides during the following years, and the next surviving documents mentioning the area concern donations made by Samboride Swietopelk II, dating to 1236 (t... | 37,830 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
in civitate ante castrum predictum", thus confirming the existence of a fortress ("castrum") with a suburbium ("civitas"). Schmidt further says that the office of a capellanus required a church, which he identifies as Saint Peter's. This church is mentioned by name for the first time in a 1281 document of Sambor... | 37,831 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
under Lübeck law, which was confirmed and extended in a second document, dated 2 February 1313. The margraves had acquired the area in 1307. Mestwin II accepted them as his superiors in 1269, confirmed in 1273, but later on, in 1282, Mestwin II and Polish Duke Przemysł II signed the Treaty of Kępno, which transf... | 37,832 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
of Stolpmünde (modern Ustka) and then constructed a port there, enabling a maritime economy to develop. After the Treaty of Templin in 1317 the city passed to the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast.
In 1368 Pomerania-Stolp ("Duchy of Słupsk") was split off from Pomerania-Wolgast due to the Partitions of the Duchy of Po... | 37,833 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
remained within Polish sphere of political influence until 1474. It became part of the Duchy of Pomerania in 1478.
## Modern ages.
The Protestant Reformation reached the town in 1521, when Christian Ketelhut preached in the town. Ketelhut was forced to leave Stolp in 1522 due to an intervention by Bogislaw X, ... | 37,834 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
In 1560 Polish pastor Paweł Buntowski preached in the town, and in 1586 Polish religious literature spread locally.
The House of Griffins, which ruled Pomerania for centuries, died out in 1637. The territory was subsequently partitioned between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden. After the Peace of Westphalia (1648... | 37,835 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
the fact that Szczecin was then a part of Sweden, the province's capital was situated not in the second-largest city of the region, but in the one closest to the former ducal residence—Stargard. However, the local economy stabilized. The constant dynamic development of the Kingdom of Prussia and good economic co... | 37,836 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
province in terms of both population and industrialization.
In 1769, Frederick II of Prussia established a military school in the city, according to Stanisław Salmonowicz its purpose was the Germanization of local Polish nobility.
During the Napoleonic Wars, the city was taken by 1,500 Polish soldiers under th... | 37,837 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
city. In 1901, the construction of a new city hall was completed, followed by a local administration building in 1903. In 1910 a tram line was opened. The football club Viktoria Stolp was formed in 1901. In 1914, before the First World War, Stolp had approximately 34,340 inhabitants.
## Interwar period.
Stolp ... | 37,838 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
refused during the Treaty of Versailles negotiations. From 1926 the city became an active point of Nazi supporters, and the influence of NSDAP grew rapidly. The party with Hitler received 49.1% of the city's vote in the German federal election of March 1933.
During the Kristallnacht, the night of 9/10 November ... | 37,839 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
People in the labour camp were maltreated physically and psychologically and forced to undertake exhausting work while being subject to starvation.
Between July 1944 and February 1945, 800 prisoners were murdered by Germans in a branch of the Stutthof camp located in a railway yard in the city; today a monument... | 37,840 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
inhabitants committed suicide.
Thousands remained in the city; the others had fled and the German soldiers abandoned it. However, the Soviet soldiers were ordered to set fire to the historical central Old Town, which was almost completely destroyed.
## Post-war period.
After the war, according to the prelimin... | 37,841 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
Union (around 80% at the end of 1945) and the rest were mainly repatriates from the Soviet Union and Poles returning from Germany. Also Ukrainians and Lemkos settled into the town during Operation Vistula.
The town's name was changed into "Słupsk" (the historic Polish version of its name) by the Commission for ... | 37,842 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
the first post-war craft workshops and public schools were opened, trams and a regional railway started to operate, and the amateur Polish Theater was established. In September 1946, the first Warsaw Uprising Monument in Poland was unveiled. From April 1947, the local Polish newspaper "Kurier Słupski" was publis... | 37,843 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
Polish pizzeria was founded in Słupsk.
During the 1970 protests there were minor strikes and demonstrations. None were killed during the militia's interventions.
## After 1989.
Major street name changes were made in Słupsk after the Revolutions of 1989. Also a process of major renovations and refurbishments b... | 37,844 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
major riot took place after a basketball game.
In 2014, Słupsk elected Poland's first openly gay mayor, Robert Biedroń.
# Geography.
## Boundaries.
Administratively, the city of Słupsk has the status of both an urban gmina and a city county ("powiat"). The city boundaries are generally artificial, with only ... | 37,845 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
district is Gmina Kobylnica, to the south-west. The Słupsk Special Economic Zone is not entirely contained within the city limits: a portion of it lies within Gmina Słupsk, while some smaller areas are at quite a distance from Słupsk (Debrzno), or even in another voivodeship (Koszalin, Szczecinek, Wałcz).
The c... | 37,846 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
area is covered by forests, while is used for agricultural purposes.
Słupsk is rich in natural water bodies. There are more than twenty ponds, mostly former meanders of the Słupia, within the city limits. There are also several streams, irrigation canals (generally unused and abandoned) and a leat. Except in th... | 37,847 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
has a temperate marine climate, like the rest of the Polish coastal regions. The city lies in a zone where the continental climate influences are very weak compared with other regions of Poland. The warmest month is July, with an average temperature range of . The coolest month is February, averaging . The wette... | 37,848 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
Nadrzecze ("Riverside") — situated in the southern part of the city, this district is a major industrial area. It is bounded by the railroad to the west, Deotymy and Jana Pawła II streets to the north, the Słupia river to the east and the city boundary to the south.
- Osiedle Akademickie ("Academic Neighbourhoo... | 37,849 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
or "Neighbourhood of the Builders of People's Poland", and still popularly referred to as "BPL") and Osiedle Piastów ("Piast Neighbourhood") — these neighbourhoods make up the largest residential area of the city, inhabited by about 40,000 people.
- Osiedle Słowińskie ("Slovincian Neighbourhood") — the easternm... | 37,850 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
retained much of its village character.
- Stare Miasto ("Old Town"; also known as Śródmieście or Centrum — "the City Centre") — the central district of Słupsk containing the historic centre of the city including the city hall and the Pomeranian Dukes' Castle.
- Westerplatte (known also as Osiedle Hubalczyków-W... | 37,851 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
is the most dangerous area of the city.
## Parks.
Słupsk has many green areas within its boundaries. The most important are the Park of Culture and Leisure ("Park Kultury i Wypoczynku"), the Northern Wood ("Lasek Północny") and the Southern Wood ("Lasek Południowy"). There are also many small parks, squares an... | 37,852 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
Lublin, Łódź, Olsztyn, Poznań, Szczecin, Warsaw and Wrocław, and also serves as a junction for local trains from Kołobrzeg, Koszalin, Lębork, Miastko, Szczecinek and Ustka. Słupsk is the westernmost terminus of the Fast Urban Railway serving the Gdańsk conurbation.
The first railway reached Słupsk (then Stolp) ... | 37,853 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
during the Second World War. After the war, the first train connection to be restored was that with Lębork, reopened May 27, 1945. Between 1988 and 1989 almost all of the lines traversing the city were electrified.
## Roads.
Słupsk used to be traversed east-west by European route E28, which is known as Nationa... | 37,854 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
213 from Puck. Local roads of lesser importance connect Słupsk with surrounding villages and towns.
The city's network of streets is well developed, but many of them require general refurbishment. The city is currently investing significant sums of money in road development.
## Air.
Słupsk-Redzikowo Airport i... | 37,855 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
Słupsk Town Hall (Victory Square 3)
- A new Town Hall (Victory Square 1)
- County Office (Victory Szeregów 14)
- Pomeranian Dukes Castle (Dominikańska Street 5 - 9)
- Municipal Public Library (Grodzka Street 3)
- The Castle Mill (Dominikańska Street 5 - 9) - the oldest industrial structure in Poland
- Post... | 37,856 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
granary (Dominikańska Street 5-9)
- On the hill next to dr Maxa Josepha Street there is a Former funeral home of Jewish Commune (synagogue) (dr Max Joseph Street)
- Old Brewery in Słupsk (Kiliński Street 26-28)
- Defensive walls
- 'Słowiniec' Department Store, with the oldest wooden lift in Europe (Victory S... | 37,857 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
Sztuki "Performance"")
- an International Piano Festival
For a long time here lived Anna Łajming (1904–2003), Kashubian and Polish author.
The museum in Słupsk holds the world's biggest collection of Witkacy's works.
## Theatres.
Słupsk currently has three theatres:
- the "Tęcza" ("Rainbow") Theatre
- the... | 37,858 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
in the Jantar Shopping Centre. There is also a small specialist cinema called "Rejs" on 3 Maja street. There was a cinema called 'Milenium', which has now been replaced by the Biedronka chain of supermarkets.
# Economy.
Słupsk has a developing economy based on a number of large factories. The footwear industry... | 37,859 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
II, the vast majority of the town's population was composed of Protestants.
- Number of inhabitants in years
- 1740: 2,599
- 1782: 3,744, incl. 40 Jews
- 1794: 4,335, incl. 39 Jews
- 1812: 5,083, incl. 55 Catholics and 63 Jews
- 1816: 5,236, incl. 58 Catholics and 135 Jews
- 1831: 6,581, incl. 36 Catholic... | 37,860 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
reached the highest level.
# Sports clubs.
- Akademia Tenisa Oxford: tennis
- Czarni Słupsk: Men's Basketball, they are based in Hala Gryfia
- Gryf Słupsk: football
- Słupia Słupsk: handball
- Słupski Klub Sportowy Piast-B: badminton
- SKB Czarni Słupsk: boxing
- TPS Czarni Słupsk: women's volleyball
- ... | 37,861 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
It was supposed to consist of up to 10 silo-based interceptors, a two-stage version of the existing three-stage Ground Based Interceptor (GBI), with Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV).
The missile shield has received much local opposition in the area, including several protests. This included a protest in March ... | 37,862 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
European Phased Adaptive Approach program, which aims to boost land based missile defense systems for NATO allies against ballistic missile threats. Project is located in Redzikowo, the site that was formerly scrapped.
# Notable citizens.
## Early times.
- Erdmuthe of Brandenburg (1561–1623), Princess of Bran... | 37,863 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
Postal Union
- Berthold Suhle (1837–1904), German chess master
- Wilhelm Dames (1843–1898), German paleontologist
- Otto Liman von Sanders (1855–1929), German general
- Georg von der Marwitz (1856–1929), German general
- Hedwig Lachmann (1865–1918), German author, translator and poet
- Hans Schrader (1869–... | 37,864 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
American Marxist political writer
- Flockina von Platen (1905–1984), German actress
- Mieczysław Kościelniak (1912–1993), Polish painter, graphic designer and draftsman
- Bronisław Kostkowski (1915–1942), Polish Roman Catholic seminarian
- Odo Marquard (1928–2015), German philosopher, a member of the Ritter ... | 37,865 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
German sociologist
- Grażyna Auguścik (born 1955), Polish jazz vocalist, composer, and arranger
- Jolanta Szczypińska (1957–2018), Polish politician
- Edward Müller (born 1958), Polish politician and trade union activist
- Przemysław Gosiewski (1964–2010), Polish politician, deputy chair of Law and Justice p... | 37,866 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
(1947–2018) Polish volleyball player, bronze medalist 1968 Summer Olympics
- Darius Grala (born 1964) an endurance sports car racing driver in the USA
- Robert Kraskowski (born 1967) a Polish sport shooter, competed at the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics
- Mirosława Sagun-Lewandowska (born 1970) air gun champio... | 37,867 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
Olympics
- Miłosz Bernatajtys (born 1982) a Polish rower, silver medallist at the 2008 Summer Olympics
# International relations.
## Twin towns — Sister cities.
Słupsk is twinned with:
# See also.
- Słupsk (PKP station)
- Town Hall of Słupsk
- Słupsk Synagogue
# References.
- Literature
- Helge Bei de... | 37,868 |
74637 | Słupsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słupsk | Słupsk
er Provinz Pommern, Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden" ("The Towns of the Province of Pomerania - Sketch of their History, Mainly According to Historical Records"). Berlin, 1865 (reprinted in 2010 by Kessinger Publishing, ), pp. 413–439 (online)
- Pagel, Karl-Heinz: "Stolp in Pommern - eine ostdeut... | 37,869 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
Veto
A veto (Latin for "I forbid") is the power (used by an officer of the state, for example) to unilaterally stop an official action, especially the enactment of legislation. A veto can be absolute, as for instance in the United Nations Security Council, whose permanent members (China, France, Russia, the Unite... | 37,870 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
adopt them (an "amendatory veto"), like the legislative veto of the Indian President, which allows him to propose amendments to bills returned to the Parliament for reconsideration.
The concept of a veto body originated with the Roman consuls and tribunes. Either of the two consuls holding office in a given year ... | 37,871 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
of the patricians, who dominated the Senate. A tribune's veto did not prevent the senate from passing a bill, but meant that it was denied the force of law. The tribunes could also use the veto to prevent a bill from being brought before the plebeian assembly. The consuls also had the power of veto, as decision-ma... | 37,872 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
systems and most constitutional monarchies, the power to veto legislation by withholding the Royal Assent is a rarely used reserve power of the monarch. In practice, the Crown follows the convention of exercising its prerogative on the advice of its chief advisor, the prime minister.
## Australia.
Since the Stat... | 37,873 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
to the Australian Constitution (sec. 59), the Queen may veto a bill that has been given royal assent by the Governor-General within one year of the legislation being assented to. This power has never been used. The Australian Governor-General himself or herself has, in theory, power to veto, or more technically, w... | 37,874 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
but subject to this Constitution, that he assents in the Queen's name, or that he withholds assent, or that he reserves the law for the Queen's pleasure. The Governor-General may return to the house in which it originated any proposed law so presented to him, and may transmit therewith any amendments which he may ... | 37,875 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
hardly likely to present a bill which is so open to rejection. Many of the viceregal reserve powers are untested, because of the brief constitutional history of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the observance of the convention that the head of state acts upon the advice of his or her chief minister. The power ma... | 37,876 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
situation exists. Until the Australia Act 1986, each state was constitutionally dependent upon the British Crown directly. Since 1986, however, they are fully independent entities, although the Queen still appoints governors on the advice of the state head of government, the premier. So the Crown may not veto (nor... | 37,877 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
to the Constitution Act, 1867, the Queen in Counsel (in practice the Cabinet of the United Kingdom) may instruct the Governor General to withhold the Queen's assent, allowing the sovereign two years to disallow the bill, thereby vetoing the law in question. This was last used in 1873, and the power was effectively... | 37,878 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
& pocket. The president can send the bill back to parliament for changes, which constitutes a limited veto that can be overridden by a simple majority. But the Bill reconsidered by the parliament becomes a law with or without the assents of President after 14 days. The president can also take no action indefinitel... | 37,879 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
mean the bill did not become a part of the law.
Section 90 of the Constitution states that "Within two months after receiving the text, the Senate may, by a message stating the reasons for it, adopt a veto or approve amendments thereto. The veto must be adopted by overall majority."
## United Kingdom.
In the Un... | 37,880 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
1911 and 1949 reduced its powers: they can now only amend and delay legislation. They can delay legislation for up to one year. Under the 1911 Act, money bills (those concerning finance) cannot be delayed, and under the Salisbury Convention, the Lords, by convention, cannot delay any bills set out in the governing... | 37,881 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
state governor.
If the President or governor approves of the bill, he signs it into law. According to of the Constitution, if the President does not approve of the bill and chooses not to sign, he may return it unsigned, within ten days, excluding Sundays, to the house of the United States Congress in which it or... | 37,882 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
signature. Otherwise, the bill fails to become law unless it is presented to the President again and the President chooses to sign it. Historically, the Congress overrides the Presidential veto 7% of the time.
A bill becomes law without the President's signature if he does not sign it within the ten days allotted... | 37,883 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
the President of the United States and U.S. state governors usually issue a veto statement or veto message that provides their reasons for vetoing a measure when returning it to Congress or the state legislature, as required by the U.S. Constitution, state constitutions, and by custom. Those statements do not have... | 37,884 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
but if the override succeeds, the veto message is not considered during subsequent executive implementation or judicial interpretation of the law.
The President or the state governor may sign the veto statement at a signing ceremony, often with media present, particularly for measures that they wish to disapprove... | 37,885 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
born in Kenya but whose parents were from India. Because he was not born in India, he was not an Indian citizen. Because his parents were not Kenyan citizens, he was not Kenyan. Thus, he had nowhere to go when his student visa expired because neither country would take him, so he overstayed his visa and was ordere... | 37,886 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
of Representatives passed a resolution overturning the suspension, so that the deportation proceedings would continue. This, the Court held, amounted to the House of Representatives passing legislation without the concurrence of the Senate, and without presenting the legislation to the President for consideration ... | 37,887 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
expenditures from appropriations bills instead of vetoing the entire bill and sending it back to the Congress. However, this line-item veto was immediately challenged by members of Congress who disagreed with it. In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 to declare the line-item veto unconstitutional. In "Clinton v. Ci... | 37,888 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
legislator acting in place of the entire Congress—thereby violating the separation of powers doctrine. Prior to being declared unconstitutional, President Clinton had applied the line-item veto to the federal budget 82 times.
In 2006, Senator Bill Frist introduced the Legislative Line Item Veto Act of 2006 in the... | 37,889 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
that is the subject of the President's request (or "Special Message", in the language of the bill) was already enacted and signed into law, the vote by the Congress would be ordinary legislative action, not any kind of veto—whether line-item, legislative or any other sort. The House passed this measure, but the Se... | 37,890 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
bill with a majority vote under fast track rules to make any deadlines the bill had.
### Early history.
#### Intent of the Framers.
During the Constitutional Convention, the veto was routinely referred to as a 'revisionary power'.
The Veto was constructed not as an absolute veto, but rather with limits, such a... | 37,891 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
revisionary check of the President is not to protect the general interest, but to defend his own department."
During the Constitutional Convention the framers overwhelmingly rejected three proposals for an absolute veto.
#### Under the Articles and Constitution.
The Presidents of the Continental Congress (1774–... | 37,892 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
since 4 March 1789) that veto power was conferred upon the person titled "President of the United States".
The presidential veto power was first exercised on 5 April 1792 when President George Washington vetoed a bill outlining a new apportionment formula. Apportionment described how Congress divides seats in the... | 37,893 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
veto (passed a bill into law notwithstanding the President's objections) on 3 March 1845.
## State governments.
All U.S. states also have a provision by which legislative decisions can be vetoed by the governor. In addition to the ability to veto an entire bill as a "package," many states allow the governor to e... | 37,894 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
form or by convention. These include France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine.
The President of Estonia may effectively veto a law adopted by Estonian parliament by refusing to proclaim it and demanding a new debate and decision. The parliament, in its turn, may override this veto... | 37,895 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
of France has only a very limited form of suspensive veto: when presented with a law, he or she can request another reading of it by the Assembly, but only once per law. Aside from it, the President can only refer bills to the Constitutional Council.
The President of Hungary has two options to veto a bill: submit... | 37,896 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
This right was not exercised until 2004, by President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, who has since refused to sign two other bills. The first bill was withdrawn, but the latter two resulted in referenda.
The President of Ireland may refuse to grant assent to a bill that he or she considers to be unconstitutional, after ... | 37,897 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
a bill "of such national importance that the will of the people thereon ought to be ascertained" in an ordinary referendum or a new Dáil reassembling after a general election held within eighteen months. This latter power has never been used because the government of the day almost always commands a majority of th... | 37,898 |
74661 | Veto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto | Veto
veto cannot thwart the will of a determined parliamentary majority, it may have a delaying effect and may cause the parliamentary majority to reconsider the matter. The President of Republic can also call a new election for parliament. He can also veto minister nominations, as happened in 2018.
The President of L... | 37,899 |
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