wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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20182 | Afghan Armed Forces | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghan%20Armed%20Forces | Afghan Armed Forces
expected to be built in the coming years. About 400 of these were used by Americans and ISAF forces with the remaining 300 or so by Afghan National Security Forces.
During the 1950s and 1960s, Afghanistan purchased moderate quantities of Soviet weapons to keep the military up to date. It was mainly... | 3,900 |
20182 | Afghan Armed Forces | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghan%20Armed%20Forces | Afghan Armed Forces
Afghan military in the Greater Middle East-South Asia region. Between 1973 and 1978, Afghanistan obtained more sophisticated Soviet weapons such as Mi-4 and Mi-8 helicopters, Su-22 and Il-28 jets. In addition to that the nation possessed great many T-55, T-62, and PT-76 tanks along with huge amounts... | 3,901 |
20182 | Afghan Armed Forces | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghan%20Armed%20Forces | Afghan Armed Forces
self-propelled mounts, MT-LB armored personnel carriers, BM-27 "Uragan" and BM-21 "Grad" multiple-launch rocket systems and FROG-7 and Scud launchers. Some of the weapons that were not damaged during the decades of wars are still being used today, while the remainder have probably been sold on the b... | 3,902 |
20182 | Afghan Armed Forces | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghan%20Armed%20Forces | Afghan Armed Forces
returned the Canadian-made C7 in favor of the American-made M16 rifle, reason being that parts between the two rifles, despite being similar, are not fully interchangeable.
Besides NATO, Afghanistan has been increasingly turning to India and Russia for assistance. Both countries have supported the ... | 3,903 |
20182 | Afghan Armed Forces | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghan%20Armed%20Forces | Afghan Armed Forces
In 2013, after years of subtle reminders, the Afghan government sent a wish list of heavy weapons to India. The list includes as many as 150 battle tanks T-72, 120 (105 mm) field guns, a large number of 82 mm mortars, one medium lift transport aircraft AN-32, two squadrons of medium lift Mi-17 and a... | 3,904 |
20182 | Afghan Armed Forces | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghan%20Armed%20Forces | Afghan Armed Forces
Air Force, as part of the Combined Air Power Transition Force, from four aircraft at the end of 2001 to about 100 as of 2011. Types include Lockheed C-130 Hercules and Pilatus PC-12 transport aircraft, A-29 Super Tucano attack aircraft, as well as Mi-17 troop-carrying helicopters and Mi-35 attack he... | 3,905 |
20182 | Afghan Armed Forces | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghan%20Armed%20Forces | Afghan Armed Forces
It was announced in 2011 that the Afghan Armed Forces would be provided with 145 multi-type aircraft, 21 helicopters and 23,000 various type vehicles. As a Major non-NATO ally of the United States, Afghanistan is able to purchase and receive weapons from the United States without restrictions. In th... | 3,906 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
Brooke Foss Westcott
Brooke Foss Westcott (12 January 1825 – 27 July 1901) was a British bishop, biblical scholar and theologian, serving as Bishop of Durham from 1890 until his death. He is perhaps most known for co-editing "The New Testament in the Original Greek" in 1881.
# Early life and educ... | 3,907 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
a large procession of men to a meeting of the Birmingham Political Union in 1831. A few years after this Chartism led to serious disturbances in Birmingham and many years later Westcott would refer to the deep impression the experiences of that time had made upon him.
In 1844, Westcott entered Tri... | 3,908 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
bracketed with Charles Broderick Scott, afterwards headmaster of Westminster School.
# Early teaching career.
After obtaining his degree, Westcott remained in residence at Trinity. In 1849, he obtained his fellowship; and in the same year he was made deacon by his old headmaster, Prince Lee, late... | 3,909 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
to philosophical, patristic and historical studies, but his main interest was in New Testament work. In 1851, he published his Norrisian prize essay with the title "Elements of the Gospel Harmony". The Cambridge University Norrisian Prize for theology was established in 1781 by the will of John Nor... | 3,910 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
he published the first edition of his "History of the New Testament Canon", which, frequently revised and expanded, became the standard English work on the subject. In 1859, there appeared his "Characteristics of the Gospel Miracles".
In 1860, he expanded his "Elements of the Gospel Harmony" essay... | 3,911 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
science and pure reason. At the time when the book appeared, his method of apologetic showed originality, but was impaired by the difficulty of the style.
In 1865, he took his B.D., and in 1870, his D.D. Later, he received honorary degrees of DC.L. from Oxford (1881) and of D.D. from Edinburgh (18... | 3,912 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
benefit of the diocese. But the Regius Professorship of Divinity at Cambridge fell vacant, and J. B. Lightfoot, who was then Hulsean Professor, refused it in favour of Westcott. It was due to Lightfoot's support almost as much as to his own great merits that Westcott was elected to the chair on 1 N... | 3,913 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
and Library. He promoted mission and set up the Cambridge mission to Delhi.
He worked hard and forewent many of the privileges of a university career so that his studies might be more continuous and that he might see more his students.
## Lectures.
His lectures were generally on Biblical subject... | 3,914 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
strain to him, but his influence was immense: to attend one of Westcott's lectures was an experience which encouraged those to whom the references to Origen or Rupert of Deutz were unintelligible.
## New Testament textual studies.
Between 1870 and 1881, Westcott was also continually engaged in te... | 3,915 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
and Hort text of the New Testament, upon which had been expended nearly thirty years of incessant labour.
## Educational reformer.
The reforms in the regulations for degrees in divinity, the formation and first revision of the new theological tripos, the inauguration of the Cambridge Mission to D... | 3,916 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
all, in a very real degree, the result of Westcott's energy and influence as Regius professor. To this list should also be added the Oxford and Cambridge preliminary examination for candidates for holy orders, with which he was from the first most closely identified.
The departure of Lightfoot to ... | 3,917 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
his canonry at Peterborough, he was appointed by the crown to a canonry at Westminster Abbey, and accepted the position of examining chaplain to Archbishop Benson.
His little edition of the "Paragraph Psalter" (1879), arranged for the use of choirs, and his lectures on the Apostles' Creed, entitle... | 3,918 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
his burden.
Preaching at Westminster Abbey gave him an opportunity of dealing with social questions. His sermons were generally portions of a series; and to this period belong the volumes "Christus Consummator" (1886) and "Social Aspects of Christianity" (1887). Westcott's presidency of the Christ... | 3,919 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
(acting as commissioner for the Archbishop of York) on 30 April at York Minster and he was consecrated on 1 May at Westminster Abbey by William Thompson, Archbishop of York, Hort being the preacher, and enthroned at Durham Cathedral on 15 May.
Contrary to his reputation as recluse and a mystic, he... | 3,920 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
practically the founder of the Christian Social Union. He continually insisted upon the necessity of promoting the cause of foreign missions; four of his sons went on to do missionary work for the Church in India.
He was energetic to the very end, but during the last two or three years of his life... | 3,921 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
daughter of Thomas Middlemore Whithard, of Bristol. Mrs Westcott was for many years deeply interested in foreign missionary work. She became an invalid in her later years, and died on 28 May 1901. They had seven sons and three daughters, including Frederick, who followed his father into the ministr... | 3,922 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
Euripides, and studied the writings of Robert Browning. He was also said to be a talented draughtsman, and used often to say that if he had not taken orders he would have become an architect. He followed with delight the development of natural science studies at Cambridge. He spared no pains to be ... | 3,923 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
view of life enters, it is true, very largely into his teaching. He had in this respect many points of similarity with the Cambridge Platonists of the 17th century, and with F. D. Maurice, for whom he had profound regard. An amusing instance of his unworldliness was his observation that, "I never w... | 3,924 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
of history. His own studies have largely contributed in England to their current understanding of the doctrines of the Resurrection and the Incarnation. His work in conjunction with Hort upon the Greek text of the New Testament will endure as what is thought to be one of the greatest achievements o... | 3,925 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
classification of ancient authorities. His commentaries rank with Lightfoot's as the best type of Biblical exegesis produced by the English Church in the 19th century.
A portrait of Westcott by William Edwards Miller is in the collection of Trinity College, Cambridge.
# Controversy.
Some America... | 3,926 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
writings, giving the date of the first editions:
- "Elements of the Gospel Harmony" (1851)
- "A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament" (1855; revised 1875)
- "Characteristics of the Gospel Miracles" (1859)
- "Introduction to the Study of the Gospels" (1860; revised 186... | 3,927 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
on the Epistles of St John" (1883)
- "The Revelation of the Risen Lord" (1882)
- "The Historic Faith : short lectures on the Apostles' Creed" (1885)
- "The Revelation of the Father: short lectures on the titles of the Lord in the Gospel of St John" (1884)
- "Some Thoughts from the Ordinal" (188... | 3,928 |
206502 | Brooke Foss Westcott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott | Brooke Foss Westcott
Sermons in Holy Week" (1888)
- "Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews" (1889)
- "From Strength to Strength" (1890)
- "Essays in the History of Religious Thought in the West" (1891)
- "The Gospel of Life: thoughts introductory to the study of Christian doctrine" (1892)
- "The Incarnation and... | 3,929 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury (28 April 1801 – 1 October 1885), styled Lord Ashley from 1811 to 1851 and then Lord Shaftesbury following the death of his father, was a British politician, philanthropist and s... | 3,930 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
honours in classics in 1822, took his MA in 1832 and was appointed DCL in 1841.
Ashley's early family life was loveless, a circumstance common among the British upper classes, and resembled in that respect the fictional childhood of Esther Summerson vividly narrated in th... | 3,931 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
by the affection he received from his housekeeper Maria Millis, and his sisters. Millis provided for Ashley a model of Christian love that would form the basis for much of his later social activism and philanthropic work, as Best explains: "What did touch him was the reali... | 3,932 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
wicked, filthy; and the treatment was starvation and cruelty."
By teenage years he had become a committed Christian and whilst at Harrow two experiences happened that would influence his later life. "Once, at the foot of Harrow Hill, he was the horrified witness of a paup... | 3,933 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
subject because he was urgently concerned that the school authorities should do something about it, and this appeared to be the simplest way of bringing it to their attention. Soon afterwards the Duck Puddle was inspected, condemned and filled in. This little triumph was a... | 3,934 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
the Duke of Wellington. After George Canning replaced Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister, he offered Ashley a place in the new government, despite Ashley having been in the Commons for only five months. Ashley politely declined, writing in his diary that he believed that ser... | 3,935 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
Laws.
In 1827, when Ashley-Cooper was appointed to the Select Committee On Pauper Lunatics in the County of Middlesex and on Lunatic Asylums, the majority of lunatics in London were kept in madhouses owned by Dr Warburton. The Committee examined many witnesses concerning ... | 3,936 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
overcrowded and the meat provided was "that nasty thick hard muscle a dog could not eat". The White House had been described as "a mere place for dying" rather than curing the insane and when the Committee asked Dr MacMichael whether he believed that "in the lunatic asylum... | 3,937 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
1828 Robert Gordon, Liberal MP for Cricklade, introduced a bill to put these recommendations into law, Ashley seconded this and delivered his maiden speech in support of the Bill. He wrote in his diary: "So, by God's blessing, my first effort has been for the advance of hu... | 3,938 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
July 1845 Ashley sponsored two Lunacy Acts, ‘For the Regulation of lunatic Asylums’ and ‘For the better Care and Treatment of Lunatics in England and Wales’. They originated in the Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy which he had commended to Parliament the year before. ... | 3,939 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
although since 1828 there had been an improvement, more still needed to be done. He cited the case of a Welsh lunatic girl, Mary Jones, who had for more than a decade been locked in a tiny loft with one boarded-up window with little air and no light. The room was extremely... | 3,940 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
difficult and that early treatment of insanity was essential if there was to be any prospect of a cure. He claimed that only one or two people in his time dealing with lunacy had been detained in an asylum without sufficient grounds and that commissioners should be granted... | 3,941 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
Committee on the Lunacy Laws, which had been appointed in February over concerns that it was too easy for sane persons to be detained in asylums. Shaftesbury feared that because of his advanced age he would be taken over by forgetfulness whilst giving evidence and was grea... | 3,942 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
in 1828. It had been "a state of things such as would pass all belief". In the Committee's Report, the members of the Committee agreed with Shaftesbury's evidence on all points.
In 1884 the husband of Mrs Georgina Weldon tried to have her detained in a lunatic asylum beca... | 3,943 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
wanted to resign from the Lunacy Commission as he believed he was honour bound not to oppose a Bill supported by the Lord Chancellor. However, Selborne implored him not to resign so Shaftesbury refrained. However, when the Bill was introduced and it contained the provision... | 3,944 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
that I visit, not a soul, in great or small life, not even my associates in my works of philanthropy, has any notion of the years of toil and care that, under God, I have bestowed on this melancholy and awful question".
## Child Labour and Factory Reform.
In March 1833 A... | 3,945 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
the Act as it passed ensured that no child under thirteen worked more than nine hours, insisted they should go to school, and appointed inspectors to enforce the law.
In June 1836 another Ten Hours act was introduced into the Commons and although Ashley considered this Bi... | 3,946 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
regretted the regulation of the working hours of children had been found to be unsatisfactory. It was lost by fifteen votes.
The text of "A Narrative of the Experience and Sufferings of William Dodd a Factory Cripple" was sent to Lord Ashley and with his support was publi... | 3,947 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
Dodd who emigrated to America.
In 1842 Ashley wrote twice to the Prime Minister, Robert Peel, to urge the government to support a new Factory Act. Peel wrote in reply that he would not support one and Ashley wrote to the Short Time Committees of Cheshire, Lancashire and Y... | 3,948 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
proprieties; we must all work together as sensible men, who will one day give an account of their motives and actions; if this course is approved, no consideration shall detach me from your cause; if not, you must elect another advocate.
I know that, in resolving on this ... | 3,949 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
a Bill aiming to limit their working hours to twelve hours. Ashley's amendment was passed by eight votes, the first time the Commons had approved of the Ten Hour principle. However, in a later vote his amendment was defeated by seven votes and the Bill was withdrawn. Later... | 3,950 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
In January 1847 Fielden reintroduced his Bill and it finally passed through Parliament to become the Ten Hours Act.
## Miners.
Ashley introduced the Mines and Collieries Act 1842 in Parliament to outlaw the employment of women and children underground in coal mines. He m... | 3,951 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
boys.
Ashley was a strong supporter of prohibiting the employment of boys as chimney sweeps. Many climbing boys were illegitimate who had been sold by their parents. They suffered from scorched and lacerated skin, their eyes and throats filled with soot, with the danger o... | 3,952 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
introduced Bills into Parliament to deal with the ongoing use of boy chimney sweeps but these were all defeated. He succeeded in passing the Chimney Sweepers Regulation Act 1864 but like its predecessors, it remained ineffectual. Shaftesbury finally persuaded Parliament to... | 3,953 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
grace, he will be trained in the knowledge and love and faith of our common Saviour".
## Education reform.
In 1844 Ashley became president of the Ragged School Union that promoted ragged schools. These schools were for poor children and sprang up from volunteers. Ashley ... | 3,954 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
Church Anglicans. He strongly opposed the Oxford movement In the Church of England, fearful of Catholic features. In 1845 he denounced the Maynooth Act, which funded the Catholic seminary in Ireland that would train many priests.
Shaftesbury was a leading figure within 19... | 3,955 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
prominent advocates of Christian Zionism in Britain. Shaftesbury was an early proponent of the Restoration of the Jews to the Holy Land, providing the first proposal by a major politician to resettle Jews in Palestine. The conquest of Greater Syria in 1831 by Muhammad Ali ... | 3,956 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
Shaftesbury argued for a Jewish return because of what he saw as the political and economic advantages to England and because he believed that it was God's will. In January 1839, Shaftesbury published an article in the Quarterly Review, which although initially commenting ... | 3,957 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
ever was, the very fatness of the land. Capital and skill are alone required: the presence of a British officer, and the increased security of property which his presence will confer, may invite them from these islands to the cultivation of Palestine; and the Jews, who wil... | 3,958 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
wrote to the Prime Minister, Lord Aberdeen, that Greater Syria was "“a country without a nation” in need of “a nation without a country... Is there such a thing? To be sure there is, the ancient and rightful lords of the soil, the Jews!"" In his diary that year he wrote "“... | 3,959 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
another British proponent of the restoration of the Jews to Israel, (Dr Alexander Keith.)
## Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade.
Shaftesbury served as the first president of the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade: a lobbying group opposed to the A... | 3,960 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
aluminium statue of Anteros as a nude, butterfly-winged archer. This is officially titled The Angel of Christian Charity, but has become popularly, if mistakenly, known as "Eros". It appears on the masthead of the "Evening Standard".
# Veneration.
Lord Shaftesbury is hon... | 3,961 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
Lamb, Countess Cowper; Emily is likely in fact to have been the natural daughter of Lord Palmerston (later her official stepfather), on 10 June 1830. This marriage, which proved a happy and fruitful one, produced ten children. It also provided invaluable political connecti... | 3,962 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
extravagant wife Harriet, born Lady Harriet Chichester.
- 2. Hon. (Anthony) Francis Henry Ashley-Cooper, second son (b. 13 March 1833 – 13 May 1849)
- 3. Hon. (Anthony) Maurice William Ashley-Cooper, third son (22 July 1835 – 19 August 1855), died aged 20, after several ... | 3,963 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
who had two daughters Patricia, Countess Mountbatten of Burma (1924-2017) and Lady Pamela Hicks (b. 1929). Evelyn Ashley left several other descendants via his daughter and Edwina's younger sister. Evelyn Ashley married 2ndly 30 June 1891 Lady Alice Elizabeth Cole (4 Febru... | 3,964 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
son of Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Templemore and Lady Augusta Paget, and had issue.
- 6. Hon (Anthony) Lionel George Ashley-Cooper (b. 7 September 1838 – 1914). He md 12 December 1868 Frances Elizabeth Leigh "Fanny (d. 12 August 1875), daughter of Capel Hanbury Leigh; a... | 3,965 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
1849 – 23 September 1932); apparently died unmarried.
# Styles of address.
- 1801–1811: Mr Anthony Ashley-Cooper
- 1811–1826: Lord Ashley
- 1826–1851: Lord Ashley MP
- 1851–1862: "The Right Honourable" The Earl of Shaftesbury
- 1862–1885: "The Right Honourable" The E... | 3,966 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
for hours to see Shaftesbury's coffin as it passed by. Due to his constant advocacy for the better treatment of the working classes, Shaftesbury became known as the "Poor Man's Earl".
One of his biographers, Georgina Battiscombe, has claimed that "No man has in fact ever ... | 3,967 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
second, but I certainly should put him first—far beyond all other servants of God within my knowledge—for usefulness and influence. He was a man most true in his personal piety, as I know from having enjoyed his private friendship; a man most firm in his faith in the gospe... | 3,968 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
was absolutely perfect, it is equally impossible for me to mention a single fault; for I saw none. He exhibited scriptural perfection, inasmuch as he was sincere, true, and consecrated. Those things which have been regarded as faults by the loose thinkers of this age are p... | 3,969 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
or talk as if there was much to be said on either side, and, therefore, no one could be quite sure. We shall not know for many a year how much we miss in missing him; how great an anchor he was to this drifting generation, and how great a stimulus he was to every movement ... | 3,970 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
Surely, the righteous are taken away from the evil to come, and we are left to struggle on under increasing difficulties" (“Departed Saints Yet Living.” The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit Sermons. Vol. 31. London: Passmore & Alabaster, 1885. 541–542).
# See also.
- Londo... | 3,971 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 13 February 2012.
# Further reading.
- Best, Geoffrey. "Shaftesbury" (1964) short scholarly biography online free
- Bready, J. Wesley. "Lord Shaftesbury and social-industrial progress" (1927)
- Finlayson, Geoffrey.... | 3,972 |
206485 | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper,%207th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
venth Earl of Shaftesbury (1801-1885) and the Evolving Character of Victorian Evangelicalism." (PhD thesis, University of New South Wales, 2015, ).
- J. L. Hammond and B. Hammond, "Lord Shaftesbury" (1923). online free
- E. Hodder, "The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl ... | 3,973 |
206520 | Pyroclastic flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic%20flow | Pyroclastic flow
Pyroclastic flow
A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current or a pyroclastic cloud) is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that moves away from a volcano about on average but is capable of reaching speeds up to . The gases can reach ... | 3,974 |
206520 | Pyroclastic flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic%20flow | Pyroclastic flow
meaning "broken in pieces". A name for pyroclastic flows which glow red in the dark is nuée ardente (French, "burning cloud"); this was first used to describe the disastrous 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée on Martinique.
Pyroclastic flows that contain a much higher proportion of gas to rock are known as ... | 3,975 |
206520 | Pyroclastic flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic%20flow | Pyroclastic flow
eruption is from a vent under a shallow lake or the sea. Fronts of some pyroclastic density currents are fully dilute; for example, during the eruption of Mount Pelée in 1902, a fully dilute current overwhelmed the city of Saint-Pierre and killed nearly 30,000 people.
A pyroclastic flow is a type of g... | 3,976 |
206520 | Pyroclastic flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic%20flow | Pyroclastic flow
surrounding air and the turbulent mixture rises, through convection, for many kilometers. If the erupted jet is unable to heat the surrounding air sufficiently, convection currents will not be strong enough to carry the plume upwards and it falls, flowing down the flanks of the volcano.
- "Fountain co... | 3,977 |
206520 | Pyroclastic flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic%20flow | Pyroclastic flow
a rock called ignimbrite. This occurred during the eruption of Novarupta in 1912.
- Gravitational collapse of a lava dome or spine, with subsequent avalanches and flows down a steep slope (e.g., Montserrat's Soufrière Hills volcano, which caused nineteen deaths in 1997).
- The directional blast (or j... | 3,978 |
206520 | Pyroclastic flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic%20flow | Pyroclastic flow
although none on that scale has occurred for several hundred thousand years. Most pyroclastic flows are around 1 to 10 km (about ¼ to 2½ cubic miles) and travel for several kilometres. Flows usually consist of two parts: the "basal flow" hugs the ground and contains larger, coarse boulders and rock fra... | 3,979 |
206520 | Pyroclastic flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic%20flow | Pyroclastic flow
or turn them into carbonized fossils:
- The cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, Italy, for example, were engulfed by pyroclastic surges on August 24, 79 AD with many lives lost.
- The 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée destroyed the Martinique town of St. Pierre. Despite signs of impending eruption, the gov... | 3,980 |
206520 | Pyroclastic flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic%20flow | Pyroclastic flow
energised surge climbed a spur on which the Kraffts and the others were standing; it engulfed them, and the corpses were covered with about of ash.
- On 25 June, 1997 a pyroclastic flow travelled down Mosquito Ghaut on the Caribbean island of Montserrat. A large, highly energized pyroclastic surge dev... | 3,981 |
206520 | Pyroclastic flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic%20flow | Pyroclastic flow
of water. However, that might be a pyroclastic surge, not flow, because the density of a gravity current means it cannot move across the surface of water. One flow reached the Sumatran coast as much as 48 km (30 mi) away.
A 2006 BBC documentary film, "Ten Things You Didn't Know About Volcanoes", demon... | 3,982 |
206520 | Pyroclastic flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic%20flow | Pyroclastic flow
the pyroclastic flow (now only consisting of the lighter material) along on a bed of steam at an even faster pace than before.
During some phases of the Soufriere Hills volcano on Montserrat, pyroclastic flows were filmed about offshore. These show the water boiling as the flow passed over it. The flo... | 3,983 |
206520 | Pyroclastic flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic%20flow | Pyroclastic flow
rm a large amount of mud, which can then continue to flow downhill as a lahar. This is one of several mechanisms that can create a lahar.
## On the Moon.
In 1963, NASA astronomer Winifred Cameron proposed that the lunar equivalent of terrestrial pyroclastic flows may have formed sinuous rilles on the... | 3,984 |
206497 | Chiang Rai Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiang%20Rai%20Province | Chiang Rai Province
Chiang Rai Province
Chiang Rai (, ; , ) or is the northernmost province of Thailand. It is bordered by the Shan State of Myanmar to the north, Bokeo Province of Laos to the east, Phayao to the south, Lampang to the southwest, and Chiang Mai to the west.
# Geography.
The average elevation of the p... | 3,985 |
206497 | Chiang Rai Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiang%20Rai%20Province | Chiang Rai Province
the town of Chiang Rai itself, flows the "Mae Kok" Kok River and south of it the Lao River, a tributary of the Kok.
While the eastern part of the province is characterized by relatively flat river plains, the northern and western part consist of the hilly terrain of the Thai highlands with the Khun... | 3,986 |
206497 | Chiang Rai Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiang%20Rai%20Province | Chiang Rai Province
of the present king) Somdej Phra Srinagarindra. Thanks to her activities the hills were reforested, and the hill tribes diverted from growing opium poppies to other crops including coffee, bananas, coconuts, and pineapples.
# History.
Populations have dwelled in Chiang Rai since the 7th century an... | 3,987 |
206497 | Chiang Rai Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiang%20Rai%20Province | Chiang Rai Province
autonomous region and thus the Chiang Rai area was administered from Chiang Mai.
Chiang Rai Province is a transit point for Rohingya refugees from Myanmar (Burma) who are transported there from Sangkhlaburi district in Kanchanaburi Province.
# Demographics.
The majority of the population are ethn... | 3,988 |
206497 | Chiang Rai Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiang%20Rai%20Province | Chiang Rai Province
according to legend because his elephant liked the place.
The provincial tree is the tree jasmine ("Radermachera ignea"), and the provincial flower is the orange trumpet ("Pyrostegia venusta").
The former provincial slogan was "เหนือสุดในสยาม อร่ามดอยตุง ผดุงวัฒนธรรม รสล้ำข้าวสาร หอมหวานลิ้นจี่ สต... | 3,989 |
206497 | Chiang Rai Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiang%20Rai%20Province | Chiang Rai Province
Lan Na culture and Doi Tung Temple'.
# Administrative divisions.
Chiang Rai is divided into 18 districts ("amphoes"). The districts are further subdivided into 124 sub-districts ("tambons") and 1,751 villages ("mubans").
# Human achievement index 2014.
Since 2003, United Nations Development Prog... | 3,990 |
206497 | Chiang Rai Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiang%20Rai%20Province | Chiang Rai Province
has domestic flights to both Bangkok airports, which connect to regional and international flights.
## Boat.
There is daily boat service between Chiang Rai and Tha Ton.
## Rail.
There is no railway system in Chiang Rai. The nearest station is Chiang Mai Railway Station.
## Road.
Chiang Rai Pro... | 3,991 |
206497 | Chiang Rai Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiang%20Rai%20Province | Chiang Rai Province
Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, and Phrae. Culturally, they design their houses having only one floor with wooden gable decorations called "ka-lae". They are known for their craftsmanship in wood carving, weaving, lacquer ware, and musical instruments.
Tai Yai (Shan) are a Tai ethnic group who primar... | 3,992 |
206497 | Chiang Rai Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiang%20Rai%20Province | Chiang Rai Province
villages they build spirit gateways to protect them from evil spirits.
Lahu (Musor) are also from the Yunnanese area and live in high areas. They are known as hunters and planters.
Karen live in various areas of the region which have valleys and riverbanks.
Chin Haw in Chiang Rai consist primaril... | 3,993 |
206497 | Chiang Rai Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiang%20Rai%20Province | Chiang Rai Province
e (Dai) live in dwellings of usually only a single room wooden house built on high poles. They are skilled in weaving.
Lisu from southern China and Tibet are renowned for their colorful dress and also build their dwellings on high stilts. They harvest rice and corn and their men are skilled in hunt... | 3,994 |
206525 | Caliban (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caliban%20(moon) | Caliban (moon)
Caliban (moon)
Caliban ( or ) is the second-largest retrograde irregular satellite of Uranus. It was discovered on 6 September 1997 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars using the 200-inch Hale telescope together with Sycorax and given the temporary designation... | 3,995 |
206525 | Caliban (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caliban%20(moon) | Caliban (moon)
and Francisco, suggesting common origin.
The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of the retrograde irregular satellites of Uranus (in polar co-ordinates) with the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.
# Physical characteristics.
I... | 3,996 |
206525 | Caliban (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caliban%20(moon) | Caliban (moon)
at 0.7 μm, and one group of astronomers think this may be a result of liquid water that modified the surface.
The light curve suggests the rotation period of Caliban is about 2.7h.
# Origin.
Caliban is hypothesized to be a captured object: it did not form in the accretionary disk that existed around U... | 3,997 |
206525 | Caliban (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caliban%20(moon) | Caliban (moon)
othesized to be a captured object: it did not form in the accretionary disk that existed around Uranus just after its formation. The exact capture mechanism is not known, but capturing a moon requires the dissipation of energy. The possible capture processes include: gas drag in the protoplanetary disk, ... | 3,998 |
20171 | Murder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murder | Murder
Murder
Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse, especially the unlawful killing of another human with malice aforethought. This state of mind may, depending upon the jurisdiction, distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide, such as manslaughter. Mansla... | 3,999 |
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