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206470 | Maidenhead | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maidenhead | Maidenhead
in a diamond shape; co-ed Sixth Form)
- Herries School (co-ed 3-11)
- Highfield School (boys 2-4; girls 2–11)
- St Piran's School (co-ed 3–11)
Redroofs School for the Performing Arts (co-ed 9-18 full time and all ages for weekly classes)
# Twin towns.
Maidenhead is twinned with:
- Saint-Cloud, Hauts-d... | 4,600 |
206470 | Maidenhead | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maidenhead | Maidenhead
Competition, hosted in turn by each of the five towns. In Maidenhead town centre there are roads named after three of the twin towns (Bad Godesberg Way, Frascati Way and St Cloud Way). Local schools often participate in student exchanges with pupils being exchanged between schools within the twinned towns.
... | 4,601 |
206470 | Maidenhead | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maidenhead | Maidenhead
former broadcaster Michael Parkinson (b. 1935). The Spice Girls shared a house in Maidenhead for a year preceding their rise to stardom. In her 1988 LWT special, "An Audience with Victoria Wood", Victoria Wood said: "The celebrities have flocked [to the studio]. I know that Maidenhead and Barnes are like gho... | 4,602 |
206470 | Maidenhead | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maidenhead | Maidenhead
well known "Dragon" Peter Jones (b. 1966).
The film director brothers Roy (1913–2001) and John Boulting(1913–1985) were born in Bray village on the outskirts of Maidenhead in November 1913.
Professional footballer Andy King grew up in Maidenhead, and attended Furze Platt Senior School. He plays for Leicest... | 4,603 |
206470 | Maidenhead | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maidenhead | Maidenhead
cker formed the company Hacker Radio Ltd in Maidenhead in 1959, producers of fine transistor radios that for a time in the 1970s brandished the Royal Warrant of Appointment
The town was also home to Colonel Sir Walter de Frece (1870–1935) and Lady Matilda de Frece, better known as Vesta Tilley (1864–1952).
... | 4,604 |
206580 | Figurehead (object) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figurehead%20(object) | Figurehead (object)
Figurehead (object)
A figurehead is a carved wooden decoration found at the bow of ships, generally of a design related to the name or role of a ship. They were predominant between the 16th and 20th centuries, and modern ships' badges fulfill a similar role.
# History.
Although earlier ships had ... | 4,605 |
206580 | Figurehead (object) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figurehead%20(object) | Figurehead (object)
on which to place it. The menacing appearance of toothy and bug-eyed figureheads on Viking ships also had the protective function of warding off evil spirits. The Egyptians placed figures of holy birds on the prow while the Phoenicians used horses representing speed. The Ancient Greeks used boars' h... | 4,606 |
206580 | Figurehead (object) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figurehead%20(object) | Figurehead (object)
men, faeries) dwelt in the figureheads. The spirit guarded the ship from sickness, rocks, storms, and dangerous winds. If the ship sank, the Kaboutermannekes guided the sailors' souls to the Land of the Dead. To sink without a Kaboutermanneke condemned the sailor's soul to haunt the sea forever, so ... | 4,607 |
206580 | Figurehead (object) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figurehead%20(object) | Figurehead (object)
the stern ornamentation, the purpose of the figurehead was often to indicate the name of the ship in a non-literate society (albeit in a sometimes very convoluted manner); and always, in the case of naval ships, to demonstrate the wealth and might of the owner. At the height of the Baroque period, s... | 4,608 |
206580 | Figurehead (object) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figurehead%20(object) | Figurehead (object)
were abolished altogether around 1800. After the Napoleonic wars they made something of a comeback, but were then often in the form of a small waist-up bust rather than the oversized full figures previously used. The clipper ships of the 1850s and 1860s customarily had full figureheads, but these we... | 4,609 |
206580 | Figurehead (object) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figurehead%20(object) | Figurehead (object)
battleship to carry a figurehead. Smaller ships of the Royal Navy continued to carry them. The last example may well have been the sloop HMS "Cadmus" launched in 1903. Early steamships sometimes had gilt scroll-work and coats-of-arms at their bows. This practice lasted up until about World War I. Th... | 4,610 |
206580 | Figurehead (object) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figurehead%20(object) | Figurehead (object)
ships' badges, large plaques mounted on the superstructure with a unique design relating to the ship's name or role. For example, Type 42 Destroyers of the Royal Navy, which are named after British cities, carry badges depicting the coat of arms of their namesake.
On smaller vessels, the billethead... | 4,611 |
206570 | USS O-12 (SS-73) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O-12%20(SS-73) | USS O-12 (SS-73)
USS O-12 (SS-73)
USS "O-12" (SS-73) was an O-class submarine of the United States Navy. These later O-boats, "O-11" through "O-16", were designed by Lake Torpedo Boat to different specifications than the earlier Electric Boat designs. They performed poorly as compared to the Electric Boat units, and a... | 4,612 |
206570 | USS O-12 (SS-73) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O-12%20(SS-73) | USS O-12 (SS-73)
significant data while there, Hearst considered the venture a failure. Having returned to Norway to repair the damage, the submarine was returned to the United States Navy there, and they had the submarine towed down a fjord and scuttled in November 1931.
# Service history.
The submarine's keel was l... | 4,613 |
206570 | USS O-12 (SS-73) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O-12%20(SS-73) | USS O-12 (SS-73)
Pennant and trophy for gunnery (gun and torpedo). She decommissioned on 17 June 1924 after just five and a half years of service, and was placed in reserve at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.
## "Nautilus" Arctic Expedition.
Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 29 July 1930, ex-"O-12" transferred to t... | 4,614 |
206570 | USS O-12 (SS-73) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O-12%20(SS-73) | USS O-12 (SS-73)
24 March 1931, she was re-christened "Nautilus". As Prohibition prevented the use of an alcoholic beverage, she was baptised not with the traditional champagne but rather with a bucket of ice cubes. Great French writer Jules Verne's grandson was present at the event, under the French flag, along of cou... | 4,615 |
206570 | USS O-12 (SS-73) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O-12%20(SS-73) | USS O-12 (SS-73)
air. The vessel's torpedo chamber was converted into a moon pool, when its water-tight door was closed, pressure was equalized, so a trap door could be opened, allowing the lowering of scientific instruments. These innovations were tested only cursorily before the boat put to sea.
"Nautilus" with her ... | 4,616 |
206570 | USS O-12 (SS-73) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O-12%20(SS-73) | USS O-12 (SS-73)
Pole with the German airship "Graf Zeppelin". On that first leg, however, "Nautilus" encountered a violent storm. Both engines failed, leaving the boat adrift. She was rescued and initially towed into Cork Harbour in Southern Ireland on 22 June where her batteries were re-charged, before being towed to... | 4,617 |
206570 | USS O-12 (SS-73) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O-12%20(SS-73) | USS O-12 (SS-73)
day for repairs.
The crew carried out the planned scientific experiments as they pushed on northward, but thick pack ice hindered their progress. The boat was ill-equipped to deal with the extreme cold, lacking insulation and heaters. The fresh water system froze and the hull developed slow leaks.
Af... | 4,618 |
206570 | USS O-12 (SS-73) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O-12%20(SS-73) | USS O-12 (SS-73)
financial pressure from newspaperman William Randolph Hearst, who had initially promised to pay for the expedition but who indicated by telegraph that Wilkins would not be paid if he did not continue, Wilkins ordered the submarine onward. Captain Danenhower ordered "Nautilus" trimmed down by the bow, a... | 4,619 |
206570 | USS O-12 (SS-73) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O-12%20(SS-73) | USS O-12 (SS-73)
travelled only a short distance under the ice before resurfacing through a polynya, but her radios had been badly damaged, requiring days to repair.
The scientific crew continued their experiments, and their findings became the first paper published by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. On 20 S... | 4,620 |
206570 | USS O-12 (SS-73) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O-12%20(SS-73) | USS O-12 (SS-73)
arried out his threat, refusing to pay for the expedition.
## Fate.
Following the expedition, "O-12" was returned to the Navy Department. On 30 November 1931 she was towed three miles down the "Byfjorden" (a Norwegian fjord just outside Bergen) and scuttled in of water. In 1981 Norwegian divers found... | 4,621 |
206567 | Maria (given name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20(given%20name) | Maria (given name)
Maria (given name)
Maria is a feminine given name. It is given in many languages influenced by Latin Christianity.
It has its origin as the feminine form of the Roman name Marius (see Maria (gens)), and, after Christianity religion has spread across the Roman empire, it became the Latinised form of... | 4,622 |
206567 | Maria (given name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20(given%20name) | Maria (given name)
name is also sometimes used as a male (middle) name. This was historically the case in many Central European countries and still is the case in countries with strong Catholic traditions, where it signified patronage of the Virgin Mary (French-speakers often did the same with Marie).
Besides Maria, M... | 4,623 |
206567 | Maria (given name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20(given%20name) | Maria (given name)
to prophet Muhammad .
# Variants and usage.
"Maria" was a frequently given name in southern Europe even in the medieval period.
In addition to the simple name, there arose a tradition of naming girls after specific titles of Mary, feast days associated with Mary and specific Marian apparitions (su... | 4,624 |
206567 | Maria (given name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20(given%20name) | Maria (given name)
include Anna+Maria (Anne-Marie, Marianne, etc.)
Maria+Luisa (French Marie-Louise,)
Margarita+Maria (English Margaret Mary, French Marguerite Marie etc.),
Maria+Antonia (Italian Maria Antonia, French Marie-Antoinette etc.)
Maria+Helena (Italian Maria Elena, Spanish María Elena),
Maria+Teresa,
am... | 4,625 |
206567 | Maria (given name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20(given%20name) | Maria (given name)
Virgin Mary, a special exception is made for two other forms of her name — Muire and Maryja — no one else may take that name similar to the way the name Jesus is not used in most languages. The English form "Mary" is derived via French "Marie".
A great number of hypocoristic forms are in use in nume... | 4,626 |
206567 | Maria (given name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20(given%20name) | Maria (given name)
(Maria); Armenian: Մարիամ.
Chinese has adopted the spelling 瑪麗 (simplified 玛丽, pinyin Mǎlì).
The variant Mariah (usually pronounced /məˈraɪə/) was rarely given in the United States prior to the 1990s, when it bounced in popularity, from rank 562 in 1989 to rank 62 in 1998, in imitation of the name ... | 4,627 |
206567 | Maria (given name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20(given%20name) | Maria (given name)
2018
- María Azambuya (1944 – 2011), Uruguayan actress and theatre director
- Maria Bamford (born 1970), American stand-up comedian, actress, and voice actress
- Maria Beig (1920 – 2018), German author
- Maria Bello (born 1967), American actress and writer
- María Belón (born 1966), Spanish phys... | 4,628 |
206567 | Maria (given name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20(given%20name) | Maria (given name)
Louise Eve (1848-?), American poet
- Maria Harfanti (born 1992), Miss World Indonesia 2015
- María Holly (born 1932), widow of rock and roll pioneer Buddy Holly
- Maria James (1793–1868), Welsh-born American poet
- Maria Jane Jewsbury (1800–1833), English writer, poet, literary reviewer
- María ... | 4,629 |
206567 | Maria (given name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20(given%20name) | Maria (given name)
Auschwitz concentration camp executed for war crimes
- Maria Mazina (born 1964), Russian Olympic champion épée fencer
- Maria Montessori, Italian educator
- Maria Ozawa (born 1986), Japanese actress
- Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma (born 1934)
- Maria Palmer (1917 – 1981), Austrian-born Ame... | 4,630 |
206567 | Maria (given name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20(given%20name) | Maria (given name)
tennis player
- Maria Shriver (born 1955), American journalist and activist
- Maria Theresa (several people)
- María Valverde (born 1987), Spanish actress
- Maria Eulália Vares, Brazilian mathematical statistician and probability theorist
## Fictional characters.
- Maria (West Side Story), the ... | 4,631 |
206567 | Maria (given name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20(given%20name) | Maria (given name)
aria Visconti (1388–1412)
- Filippo Maria Visconti (1392–1447)
- Giovanni Maria Nanino (1543/4–1607)
- Giovanni Maria Trabaci (c. 1575–1647)
- Edward Maria Wingfield (1550–1631)
- Antonio Maria Vassallo (c. 1620–64/73)
- Carl Maria von Weber (1786–1826)
- Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926)
- Eric... | 4,632 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian... | 4,633 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
control of the Parthian Empire. Mesopotamia became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians, with western parts of Mesopotamia coming under ephemeral Roman control. In AD 226, the eastern regions of Mesopotamia fell to the Sassanid Persians. The division of Mesopotamia between Roman (Byzantine from A... | 4,634 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
Revolution from around 10,000 BC. It has been identified as having "inspired some of the most important developments in human history, including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive script, mathematics, astronomy and agriculture".
# Etymology.
T... | 4,635 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
An even earlier Greek usage of the name "Mesopotamia" is evident from "The Anabasis of Alexander", which was written in the late 2nd century AD, but specifically refers to sources from the time of Alexander the Great. In the "Anabasis", Mesopotamia was used to designate the land east of the Euphrates in nor... | 4,636 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
Mountains are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia.
A further distinction is usually made between Northern or Upper Mesopotamia and Southern or Lower Mesopotamia. Upper Mesopotamia, also known as the "Jazira", is the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris from their sources down to Baghd... | 4,637 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
that these later euphemisms are Eurocentric terms attributed to the region in the midst of various 19th-century Western encroachments.
# Geography.
Mesopotamia encompasses the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which have their headwaters in the Taurus Mountains. Both rivers are fed by ... | 4,638 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
south, the Euphrates and the Tigris unite and empty into the Persian Gulf.
The arid environment which ranges from the northern areas of rain-fed agriculture to the south where irrigation of agriculture is essential if a surplus energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) is to be obtained. This irrigation i... | 4,639 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
the development of urban settlements and centralized systems of political authority.
Agriculture throughout the region has been supplemented by nomadic pastoralism, where tent-dwelling nomads herded sheep and goats (and later camels) from the river pastures in the dry summer months, out into seasonal grazi... | 4,640 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
the cultural mix.
Periodic breakdowns in the cultural system have occurred for a number of reasons. The demands for labor has from time to time led to population increases that push the limits of the ecological carrying capacity, and should a period of climatic instability ensue, collapsing central governm... | 4,641 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
into tribal or smaller regional units. These trends have continued to the present day in Iraq.
# History.
The pre-history of the Ancient Near East begins in the Lower Paleolithic period. Therein, writing emerged with a pictographic script in the Uruk IV period (c. 4th millennium BC), and the documented re... | 4,642 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
region came to be known as Iraq. In the long span of this period, Mesopotamia housed some of the world's most ancient highly developed and socially complex states.
The region was one of the four riverine civilizations where writing was invented, along with the Nile valley in Egypt, the Indus Valley Civiliz... | 4,643 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
of Akkad (who established the Akkadian Empire), Hammurabi (who established the Old Babylonian state), Ashur-uballit II and Tiglath-Pileser I (who established the Assyrian Empire).
Scientists analysed DNA from the 8,000-year-old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany. They compare... | 4,644 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
period (~5900–4400 BC)
- Uruk period (~4400–3100 BC)
- Jemdet Nasr period (~3100–2900 BC)
- Early Bronze Age
- Early Dynastic period (~2900–2350 BC)
- Akkadian Empire (~2350–2100 BC)
- Third Dynasty of Ur (2112–2004 BC)
- Early Assyrian kingdom (24th to 18th century BC)
- Middle Bronze Age
- Early ... | 4,645 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
Neo-Assyrian Empire (10th to 7th century BC)
- Neo-Babylonian Empire (7th to 6th century BC)
- Classical antiquity
- Persian Babylonia, Achaemenid Assyria (6th to 4th century BC)
- Seleucid Mesopotamia (4th to 3rd century BC)
- Parthian Babylonia (3rd century BC to 3rd century AD)
- Osroene (2nd centu... | 4,646 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
language written in Mesopotamia was Sumerian, an agglutinative language isolate. Along with Sumerian, Semitic languages were also spoken in early Mesopotamia. Subartuan a language of the Zagros, perhaps related to the Hurro-Urartuan language family is attested in personal names, rivers and mountains and in ... | 4,647 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
language of first the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and then the Achaemenid Empire: the official lect is called Imperial Aramaic. Akkadian fell into disuse, but both it and Sumerian were still used in temples for some centuries. The last Akkadian texts date from the late 1st century AD.
Early in Mesopotamia's histo... | 4,648 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
Inanna at Uruk, from a building labeled as Temple C by its excavators.
The early logographic system of cuneiform script took many years to master. Thus, only a limited number of individuals were hired as scribes to be trained in its use. It was not until the widespread use of a syllabic script was adopted ... | 4,649 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
widespread bilingualism. The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence. This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a sprachbund.... | 4,650 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
Empire. An old Sumerian proverb averred that "he who would excel in the school of the scribes must rise with the dawn." Women as well as men learned to read and write, and for the Semitic Babylonians, this involved knowledge of the extinct Sumerian language, and a complicated and extensive syllabary.
A con... | 4,651 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
were all arranged and named, and elaborate lists were drawn up.
Many Babylonian literary works are still studied today. One of the most famous of these was the Epic of Gilgamesh, in twelve books, translated from the original Sumerian by a certain Sîn-lēqi-unninni, and arranged upon an astronomical principl... | 4,652 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
hour, the 24-hour day, and the 360-degree circle. The Sumerian calendar was based on the seven-day week. This form of mathematics was instrumental in early map-making. The Babylonians also had theorems on how to measure the area of several shapes and solids. They measured the circumference of a circle as th... | 4,653 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
discovery in which a tablet used pi as 25/8 (3.125 instead of 3.14159~). The Babylonians are also known for the Babylonian mile, which was a measure of distance equal to about seven modern miles (11 km). This measurement for distances eventually was converted to a time-mile used for measuring the travel of ... | 4,654 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
of relative with absolute dating for establishing the history of Mesopotamia.
The Babylonian astronomers were very adept at mathematics and could predict eclipses and solstices. Scholars thought that everything had some purpose in astronomy. Most of these related to religion and omens. Mesopotamian astrono... | 4,655 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
an internal logic within their predictive planetary systems. This was an important contribution to astronomy and the philosophy of science and some scholars have thus referred to this new approach as the first scientific revolution. This new approach to astronomy was adopted and further developed in Greek a... | 4,656 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
supported a heliocentric model of planetary motion was Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BC). Seleucus is known from the writings of Plutarch. He supported Aristarchus of Samos' heliocentric theory where the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun. According to Plutarch, Seleucus ... | 4,657 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
back to the Old Babylonian period in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. The most extensive Babylonian medical text, however, is the "Diagnostic Handbook" written by the "ummânū", or chief scholar, Esagil-kin-apli of Borsippa, during the reign of the Babylonian king Adad-apla-iddina (1069-1046 BC).
Al... | 4,658 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
observations along with logical rules used in combining observed symptoms on the body of a patient with its diagnosis and prognosis.
The symptoms and diseases of a patient were treated through therapeutic means such as bandages, creams and pills. If a patient could not be cured physically, the Babylonian p... | 4,659 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
recovery.
Esagil-kin-apli discovered a variety of illnesses and diseases and described their symptoms in his "Diagnostic Handbook". These include the symptoms for many varieties of epilepsy and related ailments along with their diagnosis and prognosis.
## Technology.
Mesopotamian people invented many tec... | 4,660 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
well as for different weapons such as swords, daggers, spears, and maces.
According to a recent hypothesis, the Archimedes' screw may have been used by Sennacherib, King of Assyria, for the water systems at the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and Nineveh in the 7th century BC, although mainstream scholarship ho... | 4,661 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
also believed that water was everywhere, the top, bottom and sides, and that the universe was born from this enormous sea. In addition, Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic. Although the beliefs described above were held in common among Mesopotamians, there were also regional variations. The Sumerian word... | 4,662 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
numerous civilizations of the area influenced the Abrahamic religions, especially the Hebrew Bible; its cultural values and literary influence are especially evident in the Book of Genesis.
Giorgio Buccellati believes that the origins of philosophy can be traced back to early Mesopotamian wisdom, which emb... | 4,663 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
and is comparable to the "ordinary logic" described by John Maynard Keynes. Babylonian thought was also based on an open-systems ontology which is compatible with ergodic axioms. Logic was employed to some extent in Babylonian astronomy and medicine.
Babylonian thought had a considerable influence on early... | 4,664 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
Mesopotamians had ceremonies each month. The theme of the rituals and festivals for each month was determined by at least six important factors:
- 1. The Lunar phase (a waxing moon meant abundance and growth, while a waning moon was associated with decline, conservation, and festivals of the Underworld)
-... | 4,665 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
but many were written to describe important events. Although music and songs amused kings, they were also enjoyed by ordinary people who liked to sing and dance in their homes or in the marketplaces. Songs were sung to children who passed them on to their children. Thus songs were passed on through many gen... | 4,666 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
on a cylinder seal currently housed at the British Museum and acquired by Dr. Dominique Collon. The image depicts a female crouching with her instruments upon a boat, playing right-handed. This instrument appears hundreds of times throughout Mesopotamian history and again in ancient Egypt from the 18th dyna... | 4,667 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
feature frequently in art, and some form of polo was probably popular, with men sitting on the shoulders of other men rather than on horses. They also played "majore", a game similar to the sport rugby, but played with a ball made of wood. They also played a board game similar to senet and backgammon, now k... | 4,668 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
goddesses, a man. Thorkild Jacobsen, as well as many others, has suggested that early Mesopotamian society was ruled by a "council of elders" in which men and women were equally represented, but that over time, as the status of women fell, that of men increased. As for schooling, only royal offspring and so... | 4,669 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
in history, women in Mesopotamia had rights. They could own property and, if they had good reason, get a divorce.
## Burials.
Hundreds of graves have been excavated in parts of Mesopotamia, revealing information about Mesopotamian burial habits. In the city of Ur, most people were buried in family graves ... | 4,670 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
to have sought burial in Bahrein, identified with Sumerian Dilmun.
# Economy and agriculture.
Irrigated agriculture spread southwards from the Zagros foothills with the Samara and Hadji Muhammed culture, from about 5,000 BC. Sumerian temples functioned as banks and developed the first large-scale system o... | 4,671 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
to describe the official who organized the work of all facets of temple agriculture. Villeins are known to have worked most frequently within agriculture, especially in the grounds of temples or palaces.
The geography of southern Mesopotamia is such that agriculture is possible only with irrigation and goo... | 4,672 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
the Tigris. The rivers provided the further benefits of fish (used both for food and fertilizer), reeds, and clay (for building materials). With irrigation, the food supply in Mesopotamia was comparable to the Canadian prairies.
The Tigris and Euphrates River valleys form the northeastern portion of the Fe... | 4,673 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
of aqueducts. Early settlers of fertile land in Mesopotamia used wooden plows to soften the soil before planting crops such as barley, onions, grapes, turnips, and apples. Mesopotamian settlers were some of the first people to make beer and wine. As a result of the skill involved in farming in the Mesopotam... | 4,674 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
so backup sources of food such as cows and lambs were also kept. Over time the southernmost parts of Sumerian Mesopotamia suffered from increased salinity of the soils, leading to a slow urban decline and a centring of power in Akkad, further north.
# Government.
The geography of Mesopotamia had a profoun... | 4,675 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
others and protective of its independence. At times one city would try to conquer and unify the region, but such efforts were resisted and failed for centuries. As a result, the political history of Sumer is one of almost constant warfare. Eventually Sumer was unified by Eannatum, but the unification was te... | 4,676 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
from the City of Gods, but, unlike the ancient Egyptians, they never believed their kings were real gods. Most kings named themselves “king of the universe” or “great king”. Another common name was “shepherd”, as kings had to look after their people.
## Power.
When Assyria grew into an empire, it was divi... | 4,677 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
of a large empire. Although Babylon was quite a small state in the Sumerian, it grew tremendously throughout the time of Hammurabi's rule. He was known as “the law maker”, and soon Babylon became one of the main cities in Mesopotamia. It was later called Babylonia, which meant "the gateway of the gods." It ... | 4,678 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
other city-states, especially over land and canals. These arguments were recorded in tablets several hundreds of years before any major war—the first recording of a war occurred around 3200 BC but was not common until about 2500 BC. An Early Dynastic II king (Ensi) of Uruk in Sumer, Gilgamesh (c. 2600 BC), ... | 4,679 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
the oldest monument in the world that celebrates a massacre. From this point forwards, warfare was incorporated into the Mesopotamian political system. At times a neutral city may act as an arbitrator for the two rival cities. This helped to form unions between cities, leading to regional states. When empir... | 4,680 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
created the first law codes, drawn from legal precedence and decisions made by kings. The codes of Urukagina and Lipit Ishtar have been found. The most renowned of these was that of Hammurabi, as mentioned above, who was posthumously famous for his set of laws, the Code of Hammurabi (created c. 1780 BC), wh... | 4,681 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
and elaborate in western Eurasia from the 4th millennium BC until the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region in the 6th century BC. The main emphasis was on various, very durable, forms of sculpture in stone and clay; little painting has survived, but what has suggests that painting was mainly used ... | 4,682 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
priests and worshippers, mostly in alabaster and up to a foot high, who attended temple cult images of the deity, but very few of these have survived. Sculptures from the Sumerian and Akkadian period generally had large, staring eyes, and long beards on the men. Many masterpieces have also been found at the... | 4,683 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
moulded pottery for the home, some religious and some apparently not. The Burney Relief is an unusual elaborate and relatively large (20 x 15 inches) terracotta plaque of a naked winged goddess with the feet of a bird of prey, and attendant owls and lions. It comes from the 18th or 19th centuries BC, and ma... | 4,684 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
the whole of Mesopotamia and much surrounding territory by the Assyrians created a larger and wealthier state than the region had known before, and very grandiose art in palaces and public places, no doubt partly intended to match the splendour of the art of the neighbouring Egyptian empire. The Assyrians d... | 4,685 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
heads effectively in the round (and also five legs, so that both views seem complete). Even before dominating the region they had continued the cylinder seal tradition with designs which are often exceptionally energetic and refined.
# Architecture.
The study of ancient Mesopotamian architecture is based ... | 4,686 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
is the dominant material, as the material was freely available locally, whereas building stone had to be brought a considerable distance to most cities. The ziggurat is the most distinctive form, and cities often had large gateways, of which the Ishtar Gate from Neo-Babylonian Babylon, decorated with beasts... | 4,687 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
and Ur (Sanctuary of Nanna), Middle Bronze Age remains at Syrian-Turkish sites of Ebla, Mari, Alalakh, Aleppo and Kultepe, Late Bronze Age palaces at Bogazkoy (Hattusha), Ugarit, Ashur and Nuzi, Iron Age palaces and temples at Assyrian (Kalhu/Nimrud, Khorsabad, Nineveh), Babylonian (Babylon), Urartian (Tush... | 4,688 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
Iron Age.
# References.
- Frankfort, Henri, "The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient", Pelican History of Art, 4th ed 1970, Penguin (now Yale History of Art),
# Further reading.
- "Atlas de la Mésopotamie et du Proche-Orient ancien", Brepols, 1996 .
- Benoit, Agnès; 2003. "Art et archéologie : l... | 4,689 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
Von den Sumerern bis zu Alexander dem Großen", München,
- Hrouda, Barthel and Rene Pfeilschifter; 2005. "Mesopotamien. Die antiken Kulturen zwischen Euphrat und Tigris." München 2005 (4. Aufl.),
- Joannès, Francis; 2001. "Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne", Robert Laffont.
- Korn, Wolfgang; ... | 4,690 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
Turnhout 2005,
- Oppenheim, A. Leo; 1964. "Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a dead civilization". The University of Chicago Press: Chicago and London. Revised edition completed by Erica Reiner, 1977.
- Pollock, Susan; 1999." Ancient Mesopotamia: the Eden that never was". Cambridge University Press: Cambri... | 4,691 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub, 2005.
- Van de Mieroop, Marc; 2004. "A history of the ancient Near East. ca 3000–323 BC". Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
# External links.
- Ancient Mesopotamia – timeline, definition, and articles at Ancient History Encyclopedia
- Mesopotamia – introduction to Mesopotamia fro... | 4,692 |
20189 | Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia
clopedia
- Mesopotamia – introduction to Mesopotamia from the British Museum
- By Nile and Tigris, a narrative of journeys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on behalf of the British museum between the years 1886 and 1913, by Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, 1920 "(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Librarie... | 4,693 |
206581 | John Blackwood (publisher) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Blackwood%20(publisher) | John Blackwood (publisher)
John Blackwood (publisher)
John Blackwood FRSE (1818–1879) was a Scottish publisher, sixth son of William Blackwood. John succeeded his father as editor of the business in 1834, on William's death. Four years later he was joined by Major William Blackwood, who continued in the firm until his... | 4,694 |
206581 | John Blackwood (publisher) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Blackwood%20(publisher) | John Blackwood (publisher)
three years in continental travel.
Soon after his return, his father having meanwhile died and been succeeded by two of his elder brothers, he entered, in 1839, to learn business, the house of a then eminent London publishing firm.
In 1840, he was entrusted with the superintendence of the b... | 4,695 |
206581 | John Blackwood (publisher) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Blackwood%20(publisher) | John Blackwood (publisher)
then edited by his eldest brother, and to him was due the connection formed with it by the first Lord Lytton, who began in 1842 to contribute to it his translation of the poems and ballads of Schiller.
In 1845, he returned to Edinburgh on the death of his eldest brother, whom he succeeded in... | 4,696 |
206581 | John Blackwood (publisher) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Blackwood%20(publisher) | John Blackwood (publisher)
discerned the genius of George Eliot, forthwith accepting and publishing in his magazine the first instalment of her earliest fiction the 'Scenes of Clerical Life,' which had been sent to him without the name of the author, for whom thus early he predicted a great career as a novelist.
This ... | 4,697 |
206581 | John Blackwood (publisher) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Blackwood%20(publisher) | John Blackwood (publisher)
her books, after the 'Scenes of Clerical Life,' were, with one exception, first published by his firm.
Although Blackwood was a staunch conservative and the conductor of the chief monthly organ of conservatism, he always welcomed, whether as editor or publisher, what he considered to be lite... | 4,698 |
206581 | John Blackwood (publisher) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Blackwood%20(publisher) | John Blackwood (publisher)
later life his Edinburgh address was 3 Randolph Crescent on the southern edge of the Moray Estate.
He died at Strathtyrum House near St Andrews on 29 October 1879. He is buried on a small west-facing section of wall on the southern edge of Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. A secondary memorial to ... | 4,699 |
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