wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
executive branch is unipersonal. Members of the cabinet serve at the pleasure of the president and must carry out the policies of the executive and legislative branches. Cabinet ministers or executive departmental chiefs are not members of the legislature. However, presidential systems often need le... | 4,800 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
usually states, may be structured as presidential systems. All of the state governments in the United States use the presidential system, even though this is not constitutionally required. On a local level, many cities use Council-manager government, which is equivalent to a parliamentary system, al... | 4,801 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
councils.
# Advantages.
Supporters generally claim four basic advantages for presidential systems:
- Direct elections — in a presidential system, the president is often elected directly by the people. This makes the president's power more legitimate than that of a leader appointed indirectly. How... | 4,802 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
can usually enact changes quickly. However, the separation of powers can also slow the system down.
- Stability — a president, by virtue of a fixed term, may provide more stability than a prime minister, who can be dismissed at any time.
## Direct elections.
In most presidential systems, the pres... | 4,803 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
of the legislative branch.
## Separation of powers.
A presidential system's separation of the executive from the legislature is sometimes held up as an advantage, in that each branch may scrutinize the actions of the other. In a parliamentary system, the executive is drawn from the legislature, ma... | 4,804 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
couldn't happen here, you just wouldn't hear about it." (ibid)
Critics respond that if a presidential system's legislature is controlled by the president's party, the same situation exists. Proponents note that even in such a situation a legislator from the president's party is in a better position... | 4,805 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
his/her party's nomination, or even outright expulsion from the party. Even mild criticism from a backbencher could carry consequences serious enough (in particular, removal from consideration for a cabinet post) to effectively muzzle a legislator with any serious political ambitions.
Despite the e... | 4,806 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
will often declare a particular legislative vote to be a matter of confidence at the first sign of reluctance on the part of legislators from his or her own party. If a government loses a parliamentary vote of confidence, then the incumbent government must then either resign or call elections to be ... | 4,807 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
controlled by the president's party (e.g. the Clinton health care plan of 1993 in the United States), it may damage the president's political standing and that of his party, but generally has no immediate effect on whether or not the president completes his term.
## Speed and decisiveness.
Some su... | 4,808 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
were constrained by the need to maintain the confidence of the Commons.
Other supporters of presidential systems sometimes argue in the exact opposite direction, however, saying that presidential systems can slow decision-making to beneficial ends. Divided government, where the presidency and the l... | 4,809 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
have all experienced difficulties maintaining stability. When parliamentary systems have multiple parties, and governments are forced to rely on coalitions, as they often do in nations that use a system of proportional representation, extremist parties can theoretically use the threat of leaving a c... | 4,810 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
a directly elected prime minister in 1992. In France and Sri Lanka, the results are widely considered to have been positive. However, in the case of Israel, an unprecedented proliferation of smaller parties occurred, leading to the restoration of the previous system of selecting a prime minister.
T... | 4,811 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
this sort of opportunism, and instead forces the executive to operate within the confines of a term they cannot alter to suit their own needs.
Proponents of the presidential system also argue that stability extends to the cabinets chosen under the system, compared to a parliamentary system where ca... | 4,812 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
be filled by legislators chosen for no better reason than their perceived loyalty to the prime minister. Supporters of the presidential system note that parliamentary systems are prone to disruptive "cabinet shuffles" where legislators are moved between portfolios, whereas in presidential system cab... | 4,813 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
of powers of a presidential system establishes the presidency and the legislature as two parallel structures. Critics argue that this can create an undesirable and long-term political gridlock whenever the president and the legislative majority are from different parties, which is common because the... | 4,814 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
unpopular.
A fourth criticism applies specifically to nations with a proportionally elected legislature and a presidency. Where the voters are virtually all represented by their votes in the proportional outcome, the presidency is elected on a winner-take-all basis. Two different electoral systems ... | 4,815 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
minister must still govern within (perhaps unwritten) constraints as determined by the members of his party—a premier in this situation is often at greater risk of losing his party leadership than his party is at risk of losing the next election. On the other hand, winning the presidency is a winner... | 4,816 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
scientist Juan Linz argues that:
Constitutions that only require plurality support are said to be especially undesirable, as significant power can be vested in a person who does not enjoy support from a majority of the population.
Some political scientists say that presidential systems are not con... | 4,817 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
has taken place in political cultures not conducive to democracy and that militaries have tended to play a prominent role in most of these countries. On the other hand, an often-cited list of the world's 22 older democracies includes only two countries (Costa Rica and the United States) with preside... | 4,818 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
executive is in the best position to use extra-constitutional measures, especially when the president is head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the military. By contrast, in a parliamentary system where the often-ceremonial head of state is either a constitutional monarch or (i... | 4,819 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
presented as a case study of democratic failures over the past quarter-century. Presidents have ignored the legislature or bypassed it altogether. One president had the National Assembly teargassed, while another disagreed with congress until he was kidnapped by paratroopers. From 1979 through 1988,... | 4,820 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
say.
Dana D. Nelson, in her 2008 book "Bad for Democracy", sees the office of the President of the United States as essentially undemocratic and characterizes "presidentialism" as worship of the president by citizens, which she believes undermines civic participation.
## Political gridlock.
Some ... | 4,821 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
party at the next election. These critics, including Juan Linz, argue that this inherent political instability can cause democracies to fail, as seen in such cases as Brazil and Chile.
### Lack of accountability.
In such cases of gridlock, presidential systems are said by critics not to offer vote... | 4,822 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
President, Woodrow Wilson (at the time, a fierce critic of the U.S. system of government) famously wrote "how is the schoolmaster, the nation, to know which boy needs the whipping?"
An example is the increase in the federal debt of the United States that occurred during the presidency of Republican... | 4,823 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
for the deficit, and still claim success.
## Impediments to leadership change.
Another alleged problem of presidentialism is that it is often difficult to remove a president from office early. Even if a president is "proved to be inefficient, even if he becomes unpopular, even if his policy is una... | 4,824 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
provide no legal means to remove a president simply for being unpopular or even for behaving in a manner that might be considered unethical or immoral provided it is not illegal. This has been cited as the reason why many presidential countries have experienced military coups to remove a leader who ... | 4,825 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
Usually in parliamentary systems a basic premise is that if a premier's popularity sustains a serious enough blow and the premier does not as a matter of consequence offer to resign prior to the next election, then those members of parliament who would persist in supporting the premier will be at se... | 4,826 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
of her premiership being a prominent example.
On the other hand, while removing a president through impeachment is allowed by most constitutions, impeachment proceedings often can be initiated only in cases where the president has violated the constitution or broken the law. Impeachment is often ma... | 4,827 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
the legislature usually has little or no discretion in determining the ousted president's successor, since presidential systems usually adhere to a rigid succession process which is enforced the same way regardless of how a vacancy in the presidency comes about. The usual outcome of a presidency bec... | 4,828 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
an accession would be the elevation of Vice President Gerald Ford to the U.S. Presidency after Richard Nixon agreed to resign in the face of virtually certain impeachment and removal, a succession that took place notwithstanding the fact that Ford had only assumed the Vice Presidency after being app... | 4,829 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
systems must always retain the confidence of the legislature, in cases where a prime minister suddenly leaves office there is little point in anyone without a reasonable prospect of gaining that legislative confidence attempting to assume the premiership. This ensures that whenever a premiership bec... | 4,830 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
usually called for the party's legislative caucus to fill a leadership vacancy by electing a new leader directly by and from amongst themselves, and for the whole succession process to be completed within as short a time frame as practical. Today, however, such a system is not commonly practiced and... | 4,831 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
leadership election becomes necessary on account of a vacancy arising suddenly, an interim leader (often informally called the "interim prime minister" in cases where this involves a governing party) will be selected by the parliamentary party, usually with the stipulation or expectation that the in... | 4,832 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
a new leader and anyone seen to be having close ties to such a prime minister will have limited if any serious prospect of being elected the new leader. Even in cases when an outgoing prime minister is leaving office voluntarily, it is often frowned on for an outgoing or former premier to engage in ... | 4,833 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
general.
Walter Bagehot criticized presidentialism because it does not allow a transfer in power in the event of an emergency.
Opponents of the presidential system note that years later, Bagehot's observation came to life during World War II, when Neville Chamberlain was replaced with Winston Chur... | 4,834 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
argue that presidents elected in a time of peace and prosperity have proven themselves perfectly capable of responding effectively to a serious crisis, largely due to their ability to make the necessary appointments to his cabinet and elsewhere in government or by creating new positions to deal with... | 4,835 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
a weakness in times of crisis. In such times, a prime minister might hesitate due to the need to keep parliament's support, whereas a president can act without fear of removal from office by those who might disapprove of his actions. Furthermore, even if a prime minister does manage to successfully ... | 4,836 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
many have criticized presidential systems for their alleged slowness to respond to their citizens' needs. Often, the checks and balances make action difficult. Walter Bagehot said of the American system, "the executive is crippled by not getting the law it needs, and the legislature is spoiled by ha... | 4,837 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
interests of minorities or even treat them with contempt – the first half century of government in Northern Ireland is often cited as an example – whereas presidential systems ensure that minority wishes and rights cannot be disregarded, thus preventing a "tyranny of the majority" and vice versa pro... | 4,838 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
Edmund Burke stated that an official should be elected based on "his unbiased opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience", and therefore should reflect on the arguments for and against certain policies before taking positions and then act out on what an official would believe is best i... | 4,839 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
the central principle is that the legislative and executive branches of government are separate. This leads to the separate election of president, who is elected to office for a fixed term, and only removable for gross misdemeanor by impeachment and dismissal. By contrast, in parliamentarianism, the... | 4,840 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
of schedule. By contrast, in parliamentary systems, the prime minister needs to survive a vote of confidence otherwise a new election must be called. The legislature can typically be dissolved at any stage during its life by the head of state, usually on the advice of either Prime Minister alone, by... | 4,841 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
on each other's powers.
- Presidential system presidents may also be given a great deal of constitutional authority in the exercise of the office of Commander in Chief, a constitutional title given to most presidents. In addition, the presidential power to receive ambassadors as head of state is us... | 4,842 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
by the two parties have been very similar (but "see also" polarization). In the 1950s, during the leadership of Lyndon B. Johnson, the Senate Democrats included the right-most members of the chamber—Harry Byrd and Strom Thurmond, and the left-most members—Paul Douglas and Herbert Lehman. This patter... | 4,843 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
In the United States, many appointments must be confirmed by the Senate, although once confirmed an appointee can only be removed against the president's will through impeachment. By contrast, though answerable "to" parliament, a parliamentary system's cabinet may be able to make use of the parliame... | 4,844 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
prime minister (official title may vary) exists alongside with that of president. Differently from other systems, however, the president is still both the head state and government and the prime minister's roles are mostly to assist the president. Belarus and Kazakhstan, where the prime minister is ... | 4,845 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential%20system | Presidential system
y from other systems, however, the president is still both the head state and government and the prime minister's roles are mostly to assist the president. Belarus and Kazakhstan, where the prime minister is effectively the head of government and the president the head of state, are exceptions.
# S... | 4,846 |
206582 | Fra Mauro formation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fra%20Mauro%20formation | Fra Mauro formation
Fra Mauro formation
The Fra Mauro formation (or Fra Mauro Highlands) is a selenological formation on the near side of Earth's Moon that served as the landing site for the American Apollo 14 mission in 1971. It is named after the 80-kilometer-diameter crater Fra Mauro, located within it. The formati... | 4,847 |
206582 | Fra Mauro formation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fra%20Mauro%20formation | Fra Mauro formation
Cone crater, a feature close in proximity to the immediate landing site of the mission, which provided insight into the composition of material deep inside the formation. Data from the mission has helped to determine the approximate age of Mare Imbrium, suggesting that it is no more than about 4.25 ... | 4,848 |
206582 | Fra Mauro formation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fra%20Mauro%20formation | Fra Mauro formation
covered with debris from younger impacts and material churned up by possible moonquakes. Debris found in the formation may have originated from deep beneath the original crust, and samples collected there could give insight into the geologic history of the Moon. The petrology of the formation, based... | 4,849 |
206582 | Fra Mauro formation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fra%20Mauro%20formation | Fra Mauro formation
during Apollo 14 suggest that the impact that formed the Imbrium basin is no older than 4.25 billion years.
# Geology.
Analysis of Apollo 14 samples suggests that there are five major geologic constituents present in the immediate landing area: regolith breccias, fragmental breccias, igneous litho... | 4,850 |
206582 | Fra Mauro formation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fra%20Mauro%20formation | Fra Mauro formation
the Cone crater impact, which is believed to have excavated Imbrium impact material from a possible depth of about . Most of the samples returned from the Moon from Fra Mauro are classified as breccias from the vicinity of Cone crater.
Studies conducted upon samples from Apollo 14 have shown that t... | 4,851 |
206582 | Fra Mauro formation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fra%20Mauro%20formation | Fra Mauro formation
Cone crater or (2) the presence of a basalt flow beneath the landing area excavated by a nearby crater with a diameter of . It is believed that the former seems more likely, as the basalts are similar to the basalts recovered at Cone crater. It is inconclusive whether or not the recovered basalts ha... | 4,852 |
206582 | Fra Mauro formation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fra%20Mauro%20formation | Fra Mauro formation
of their older age. As these boulders increase in size and number closer to Cone crater, it is believed that they originate from the greatest depth of excavation of Cone crater. These boulders show what is believed to be general characteristics of the Fra Mauro formation: clastic texture, stratifica... | 4,853 |
206582 | Fra Mauro formation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fra%20Mauro%20formation | Fra Mauro formation
cheduled to land at Fra Mauro, with Apollo 14 scheduled to land in the Littrow region of Mare Serenitatis. After Apollo 13 failed to land, it was decided to re-target Apollo 14 to Fra Mauro, as it was regarded as more interesting scientifically than the Littrow site. There, Apollo 14 had the objecti... | 4,854 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
USS Wyoming (BB-32)
USS "Wyoming" (BB-32) was the lead ship of her class of dreadnought battleships and was the third ship of the United States Navy named Wyoming, although she was only the second named in honor of the 44th state. "Wyoming" was laid down at the William Cramp & Sons in Philadelphia ... | 4,855 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
to Norway. She served in both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets throughout the 1920s, and in 1931–1932, she was converted into a training ship according to the terms of the London Naval Treaty of 1930.
"Wyoming" served as a training ship throughout the 1930s, and in November 1941, she became a gunner... | 4,856 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of . She displaced as designed and up to at full combat load. The ship was powered by four-shaft Parsons steam turbines and twelve coal-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers rated at , generating a top speed of . The ship had a cruising range of at a speed of ... | 4,857 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
belt was thick, while the gun turrets had thick faces. The conning tower had thick sides.
## Modifications.
In 1925, "Wyoming" was modernized in the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Her displacement increased significantly, to standard and full load. Her beam was widened to , primarily from the installatio... | 4,858 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
of armor on the third deck on the bow and stern. The deck armor over the engines and boilers was increased by and , respectively. Five of the 5-inch guns were removed and eight /50 caliber anti-aircraft guns were installed. The mainmast was removed to provide space for an aircraft catapult mounted o... | 4,859 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
the rest of the fleet at Hampton Roads on 30 December, where she became the flagship of Rear Admiral Charles J. Badger, the commander of the Atlantic Fleet. "Wyoming" left Hampton Roads on 6 January 1913, bound for the Caribbean. She visited the Panama Canal, which was nearing completion, and then p... | 4,860 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
proved troublesome, which necessitated repairs at Newport from 9–19 May. At the end of the month, she was in New York harbor, to participate in the ceremonies for the dedication of the monument to the armored cruiser , which had been destroyed in Havana harbor on 15 February 1898. On 4 June, "Wyomin... | 4,861 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
Virginia Capes, where she participated in another round of fleet maneuvers. Next, she departed for a European goodwill cruise on 26 October. She toured the Mediterranean Sea, stopping in Valletta, Malta, Naples, Italy, and Villefranche, France. She departed France on 30 November, and arrived in New ... | 4,862 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
the fleet then proceeded to Tangier Sound for additional training, including gunnery drills. On 3 April, "Wyoming" left the fleet for an overhaul in New York, which lasted until 9 May. She then returned to Hampton Roads, where she took on a contingent of troops and ferried them to Veracruz, arriving... | 4,863 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
joined the fleet for the annual maneuvers off Cuba. These lasted until April, when she returned to the US. She participated in more exercises off Block Island over the next several months, and on 20 December, she returned to New York for another overhaul. On 6 January 1916, she emerged from dry dock... | 4,864 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
off the Virginia Capes for the remainder of the year. She left New York on 9 January 1917, bound for Cuban waters for exercises that lasted through mid-March. She left Cuba on 27 March, and was cruising off Yorktown, Virginia when the US declared war on Germany on 6 April, formally entering World Wa... | 4,865 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
Scapa on 7 December, where they became the 6th Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet. The American ships drilled with their British counterparts from December 1917 to February 1918.
On 6 February, "Wyoming" and the other American battleships undertook their first wartime operation, to escort a convoy ... | 4,866 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
several months, watching for a sortie by the German High Seas Fleet. On 30 June, "Wyoming" and the rest of the 6th Battle Squadron covered a minelaying operation in the North Sea; the operation lasted until 2 July. During the operation, jumpy crewmen again incorrect reported U-boat sightings, and "W... | 4,867 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
with Germany ended the war, "Wyoming" and an Allied fleet of some 370 warships met the High Seas Fleet in the North Sea and escorted it into internment in Scapa Flow. On 12 December, "Wyoming", now the flagship of Rear Admiral William Sims, the new BatDiv 9 commander, left Britain for France. There,... | 4,868 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
period.
On 1 February, "Wyoming" steamed out of New York to join the annual fleet maneuvers off Cuba, before returning to New York on 14 April. On 12 May, she left port to help guide a group of Navy Curtiss NC flying boats as they made the first aerial transatlantic crossing. The battleship was bac... | 4,869 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
designated Pacific Fleet. On 19 July, "Wyoming" and the rest of the Pacific Fleet departed the east coast, bound for the Pacific. The ships transited the Panama Canal later that month, and reached San Diego, California on 6 August.
On 9 August, "Wyoming" moved to San Pedro, where she was based for ... | 4,870 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
the west coast. The ship left San Francisco on 5 January 1921 for a cruise to Central and South American waters; the trip culminated in Valparaíso, Chile, where she was reviewed by the President of Chile Arturo Alessandri Palma on 8 February. "Wyoming" then returned north, arriving in Puget Sound fo... | 4,871 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
routine of winter fleet exercises off Cuba, followed by summer maneuvers off the east coast of the US. Throughout the period, she served as the flagship of Vice Admirals John McDonald, Newton McCully, and Josiah McKean in the Scouting Fleet. In the summer of 1924, she conducted a midshipman training... | 4,872 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
US Navy. She was attacked by "Black" aircraft, but the umpires judged "Wyoming"s anti-aircraft fire and the escort fighters provided by to have effectively defended the fleet.
On 14 February 1925, "Wyoming" again passed through the Panama Canal to return to the Pacific. There, she joined fleet exer... | 4,873 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
period, then-Commander William F. Halsey, Jr. came aboard as the ship's executive officer; he served on "Wyoming" until 4 January 1927.
"Wyoming" then returned to the routine of winter maneuvers in the Caribbean and training cruises in the summer. In late August, the ship went to Philadelphia for a... | 4,874 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
of the Scouting Fleet, flying the flag of Vice Admiral Ashley Robertson.
"Wyoming" spent the next three years in the Scouting Fleet. She conducted training cruises with Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) cadets from various universities, including Yale, Harvard, Georgia Tech, and Northwes... | 4,875 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
Wat T. Cluverius. She served here until 4 November, when she was withdrawn from front-line service and became the flagship of the Training Squadron, flying the flag of Rear Admiral Harley H. Christy. Thereafter, she conducted a training cruise to the Gulf of Mexico.
After returning to Philadelphia ... | 4,876 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
cruise to Europe, which began on 5 June. While en route on 15 June, "Wyoming" rescued the disabled submarine and took it under tow to Queenstown, Northern Ireland. While in Europe, she stopped in Copenhagen, Denmark, Greenock, Scotland, Cadiz, Spain, and Gibraltar. The ship was back in Hampton Roads... | 4,877 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
Rico for amphibious assault exercises. On 5 January 1937, the ship left Norfolk and steamed to the Pacific via the Panama Canal. She took part in more amphibious assault exercises and gunnery drills at San Clemente Island. On 18 February, during the exercises, a 5-inch shrapnel shell exploded as it ... | 4,878 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
Squadron, from 15 April to 3 June. On 4 June, she left port to conduct a goodwill cruise to Kiel, Germany, arriving on 21 June. There, she visited "Admiral Graf Spee". She left Germany on 29 June, stopping in Torbay, Britain, and Funchal, Madeira, and arrived in Norfolk on 3 August. "Wyoming" resume... | 4,879 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
of World War II in Europe in September 1939, "Wyoming" was assigned to a naval reserve force in the Atlantic, alongside the battleships "New York", "Arkansas", and and the aircraft carrier . "Wyoming" became the flagship of Rear Admiral Randall Jacobs, the commander of the Training, Patrol Force on ... | 4,880 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
Training Command, United States Atlantic Fleet starting in February 1942. She operated primarily in the Chesapeake Bay area, and frequent sightings of the ship steaming around the bay earned her the nickname "Chesapeake Raider". "Wyoming" was very busy, training thousands of anti-aircraft gunners on... | 4,881 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
reconstruction removed the last of her three 12-inch gun turrets, and replaced them with four twin and two single enclosed mounts for 5-inch/38 caliber guns. New fire control radars were also installed; these modifications allowed "Wyoming" to train anti-aircraft gunners with the most modern equipme... | 4,882 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
of firing more ammunition than any other ship in the fleet during the war.
"Wyoming" finished her gunnery training duties in the Chesapeake area on 30 June 1945, when she left Norfolk for the New York Navy Yard, for further modifications. Work was completed by 13 July, after which she left for Casc... | 4,883 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
States Fleet.
"Wyoming" continued in this unit through the end of the war, and began to be used to test new fire control equipment. In the summer of 1946, then-Ensign Jimmy Carter, the future President of the United States, came aboard as part of the final crew of the old battleship. On 11 July 194... | 4,884 |
206556 | USS Wyoming (BB-32) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wyoming%20(BB-32) | USS Wyoming (BB-32)
t through the end of the war, and began to be used to test new fire control equipment. In the summer of 1946, then-Ensign Jimmy Carter, the future President of the United States, came aboard as part of the final crew of the old battleship. On 11 July 1947, "Wyoming" put into Norfolk and was decommis... | 4,885 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
USS "Wisconsin" (BB-64) is an , the second ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. She was built at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and launched on 7 December 1943 (the second anniversary of the Pearl ... | 4,886 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
ground operations, after which she was decommissioned. She was reactivated on 1 August 1986; after a modernization program, she participated in Operation Desert Storm in January and February 1991.
"Wisconsin" was last decommissioned in September 1991 after a total of 14 years of active service in... | 4,887 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
use as a museum ship. On 15 April 2010, the City of Norfolk officially took over ownership of the ship.
# Construction.
"Wisconsin" was one of the "fast battleship" designs planned in 1938 by the Preliminary Design Branch at the Bureau of Construction and Repair. She was the third of four comple... | 4,888 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
some . The secondary battery consisted of 20 /38 cal guns in ten twin turrets, which could fire at targets up to away. With the advent of air power and the need to gain and maintain air superiority came a need to protect the growing fleet of allied aircraft carriers; to this end, "Wisconsin" was f... | 4,889 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
respectively. "Wisconsin" and her sister ship "Missouri" were fitted with thicker traverse bulkhead armor, , compared to in the first two ships of her class, the "Iowa" and "New Jersey".
"Wisconsin" is numerically the highest numbered US battleship built. Although her keel was laid after the s, s... | 4,890 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
and initial training in the Chesapeake Bay, "Wisconsin" departed Norfolk, Virginia, on 7 July 1944, bound for the British West Indies. Following her shakedown cruise (conducted out of Trinidad) she returned to the builder's yard for alterations and repairs.
On 24 September 1944, "Wisconsin" saile... | 4,891 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
much of the initial thrust into Japanese-held territory, having arrived at a time when the reconquest of the Philippines was well underway. As a part of that movement, the planners had envisioned landings on the southwest coast of Mindoro, south of Luzon. From that point, American forces could thr... | 4,892 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
fleet and six light carriers, eight battleships, 15 cruisers, and about 50 destroyers–during their attempt to refuel at sea. At the time the ships were operating about east of Luzon in the Philippine Sea. The carriers had just completed three days of heavy raids against Japanese airfields, suppres... | 4,893 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
On 18 December, the small but violent typhoon overtook the Task Force while many of the ships were attempting to refuel. Many of the ships were caught near the center of the storm and buffeted by extreme seas and hurricane-force winds. Three destroyers, , , and , capsized and sank with nearly all ... | 4,894 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
two injured sailors as a result of the typhoon, but otherwise proved her seaworthiness as she escaped the storm unscathed.
"Wisconsin"s next operation was to assist with the occupation of Luzon. Bypassing the southern beaches, American amphibious forces went ashore at Lingayen Gulf, the scene of ... | 4,895 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
South China Sea, in the hope that major units of the Imperial Japanese Navy could be drawn into battle.
"Wisconsin"s carrier group launched air strikes between Saigon and Camranh Bay, French Indochina, on 12 January, resulting in severe losses for the enemy. TF 38's warplanes sank 41 ships and he... | 4,896 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
was assigned to the 5th Fleet when Admiral Raymond A. Spruance relieved Admiral Halsey as Commander of the Fleet. She moved northward with the redesignated TF 58 as the carriers headed for the Tokyo area. On 16 February, the task force approached the Japanese coast under cover of adverse weather c... | 4,897 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
on 19 February. They revisited Tokyo on 25 February and hit the island of Hachino off the coast of Honshū the next day, resulting in heavy damage to ground facilities; additionally, American planes sank five small vessels and destroyed 158 planes.
"Wisconsin"s task force stood out of Ulithi on 14... | 4,898 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
fire on 19 March failed to stop an attack on the carrier . That afternoon, "Wisconsin" and the task force retired from Kyūshū, screening the blazing and battered flattop, and shooting down 48 attackers.
On 24 March, "Wisconsin" trained her guns on targets ashore on Okinawa. Together with the othe... | 4,899 |
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