wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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20261 | Machete | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machete | Machete
resembling the machete. It is also known as "The General of All Weapons".
The fascine knife is a somewhat similar tool and weapon used by European armies throughout the late 18th to early 20th centuries. The Spanish Army called its fascine knives "machetes". Whereas infantry were usually issued short sabres as... | 48,900 |
20261 | Machete | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machete | Machete
in tropical environments), sword-like hilts and guards, and sometimes a sawback-blade. Some later models could be fixed to rifles as bayonets as well.
The katana, typically acquired through trade, was used by the Ainu people in a machete-like fashion rather than a weapon as it was originally intended to be.
#... | 48,901 |
20261 | Machete | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machete | Machete
in 1845 and became so famous that all good machetes were called "un Collins". In the English-speaking Caribbean, Robert Mole & Sons of Birmingham, England, was long considered the manufacturer of agricultural cutlasses of the best quality. Some Robert Mole blades survive as souvenirs of travelers to Trinidad, J... | 48,902 |
20261 | Machete | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machete | Machete
of wood or plastic bolted or riveted together around the tang. Finally, both sides are ground down to a rough edge so that the purchaser can sharpen the blade to their specific geometry using a file. These machetes are occasionally provided with a simple cord loop as a sort of lanyard, and a canvas scabbard—alt... | 48,903 |
20261 | Machete | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machete | Machete
using the latter), and are relatively easy to sharpen. Most stainless steel machetes should be avoided, as many high-carbon stainless-steel machetes cannot stand up to repeated impacts, and will easily break if abused.
In comparison to most other knives, which are commonly heat treated to a very high degree of... | 48,904 |
20261 | Machete | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machete | Machete
by a secondary bevel. Better machetes will also have a slight distal taper.
Colombia is the largest exporter of machetes worldwide.
# Other uses.
The flag of Angola features a machete, along with a cog-wheel.
The machete is also a performance weapon used in variations of the Brazilian martial dance called "... | 48,905 |
20261 | Machete | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machete | Machete
martial dance called "maculelê", often practiced by practitioners of "capoeira". In the Mexican state of Durango, the folkloric dance called "Danza de los Machetes" consists of blind-folded dancers juggling machetes and pitching them at increasing speeds between one another.
Traditional forms of fencing with m... | 48,906 |
343412 | List of former national capitals | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20former%20national%20capitals | List of former national capitals
List of former national capitals
Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. This is a list of such cities, sorted by country and ... | 48,907 |
343412 | List of former national capitals | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20former%20national%20capitals | List of former national capitals
the state of New South Wales but not less than 100 miles from Sydney, and that until that place (Canberra) was built, the Parliament of Australia would meet at Melbourne. That made Melbourne the "de facto" (but not "de jure") seat of government 1901-1927, but it did not amount to Melbou... | 48,908 |
343412 | List of former national capitals | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20former%20national%20capitals | List of former national capitals
ustralia would meet at Melbourne. That made Melbourne the "de facto" (but not "de jure") seat of government 1901-1927, but it did not amount to Melbourne being declared the capital, and it was never so described in contemporary documents.
# See also.
- List of capitals of Burma
- His... | 48,909 |
20298 | MOS Technology 65xx | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS%20Technology%2065xx | MOS Technology 65xx
MOS Technology 65xx
The MOS Technology 65xx series is a family of 8-bit microprocessors from MOS Technology, based on the Motorola 6800 (introduced ca. 1975). The 65xx family included the 6502, used in home computers such as the Commodore PET and VIC-20, the Apple II, the Atari 800, and the British... | 48,910 |
20298 | MOS Technology 65xx | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS%20Technology%2065xx | MOS Technology 65xx
Vss pins, one of the clock pins, the SYNC pin, the S.O. pin, either the maskable interrupt or the NMI, and the four most-significant address lines (A12–A15) are the 12 pins omitted to reduce the pin count from 40 to 28. The omission of four address pins reduces the external addressability to 4 KB (f... | 48,911 |
20298 | MOS Technology 65xx | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS%20Technology%2065xx | MOS Technology 65xx
half to the console's internal RAM and peripherals, and the upper half to the Game Cartridge™, so Atari 2600 cartridges have a 4 KB address limit (and the same capacity limit unless the cartridge contains bank switching circuitry).
One popular 6502 based computer, the Commodore 64, used a modified ... | 48,912 |
20298 | MOS Technology 65xx | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS%20Technology%2065xx | MOS Technology 65xx
same capacity limit unless the cartridge contains bank switching circuitry).
One popular 6502 based computer, the Commodore 64, used a modified 6502 CPU, the 6510. Unlike the 6503–6505 and 6507, the 6510 is a 40-pin chip that adds internal hardware: an 8-bit parallel I/O port mapped to addresses 00... | 48,913 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, e... | 48,914 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for... | 48,915 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called "application", or "decision support system" (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer, or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answ... | 48,916 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.
## Functions.
Excel 2016 has 484 functions. Of these, 360 existed prior to Excel 2010. Microsoft classifies these functions in 14 categories. Of the 484 current functions, 386 may be called from VBA as methods of the object "WorksheetF... | 48,917 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA and guide the calculation using any desired interme... | 48,918 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
by using the Macro Recorder. The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphi... | 48,919 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.
Macro Recorded code may not be compatible with Excel versions. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 cannot be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colours and making changes to other... | 48,920 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient.
### History.
From its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function ... | 48,921 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use.
## Charts.
Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated... | 48,922 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
shift, assisting the selection of the best design.
## Add-ins.
Additional features are available using add-ins. Several are provided with Excel, including:
- Analysis ToolPak: Provides data analysis tools for statistical and engineering analysis (includes analysis of variance and regression analysis)... | 48,923 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
(2 = ) rows and 256 columns (2 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 onwards, including the current Version 16.x, can handle over 1M (2 = ) rows, and (2 as label 'XFD') columns.
## File formats.
Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) a... | 48,924 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007. The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs.
### Binary.
OpenOffice.org has created documentation of the Excel format. Since then Microsoft m... | 48,925 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
used by third-party applications (e.g. "MySQL Query Browser") to offer "export to Excel" capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as "Book1.xml" or "Book1.xls":
### Current file extensions.
Microsoft Excel 2007, along... | 48,926 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
Exchange: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell". As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display.... | 48,927 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.
## Using external data.
Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) codice_1 connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated usi... | 48,928 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as "the protocol from hell". In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets.
- Network DDE Exten... | 48,929 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
data vendors.
Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.
## Export and migration of spreadsheets.
Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel do... | 48,930 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
into objects for reading and writing within a web application. Excel Services is a current .NET developer tool that can enhance Excel's capabilities. Excel spreadsheets can be accessed from Python with xlrd and openpyxl. js-xlsx and js-xls can open Excel spreadsheets from JavaScript.
## Password protec... | 48,931 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document. Such password-protected documents are not encrypted, and a data sources from a set password is saved in a document’s header. "Password to protect workbook" is an exception – when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard password ... | 48,932 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
Excel 95" and earlier versions, password to open is converted to a 16-bit key that can be instantly cracked. In "Excel 97/2000" the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services which use rainbow tables (e.g. Password-Find), it ... | 48,933 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
Cryptographic Service Provider). Due to the CSP, an "Excel" file can't be decrypted, and thus the "password to open" can't be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older "Excel 97/2000" algorithm is set by the default. Therefore, users who do not change the d... | 48,934 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key.
# Microsoft Excel Viewer.
Microsoft Excel Viewer was a freeware program for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel.. The Microsoft Excel Viewer was retired in April, 2018 in lieu of Excel... | 48,935 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
addition to issues with spreadsheets in general, other problems specific to Excel include numeric precision, misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and more.
## Numeric precision.
Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty)... | 48,936 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel "If" function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable.
In the figure the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading ... | 48,937 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of "thirteen" 1's and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays.
Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification. Excel's implementation involves conversi... | 48,938 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.
As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.
## Statistical functions.
The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has b... | 48,939 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
modulo operations. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.
## Fictional leap day in the year 1900.
Excel includes February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year, even though e.g. 2100 is correctly treated as a non-leap year... | 48,940 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
0:00, a non-negative number less than 60 is the number of days after December 31, 1899, 0:00, and numbers with whole part 60 represent the fictional day.
## Date range.
Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900-9999, except that December 31, 1899 can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0-jan-1... | 48,941 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
point notation of a number. In these cases the original exact text cannot be recovered from the result.
This issue has caused a well known problem in the analysis of DNA, for example in bioinformatics. As first reported in 2004, genetic scientists found that Excel automatically and incorrectly converts... | 48,942 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
example, MARCH1 (Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1) gets converted to the date March 1 (1-Mar) and SEPT2 (Septin 2) is converted into September 2 (2-Sep) etc. While some secondary news sources reported this as a fault with Excel, the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the r... | 48,943 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error:
The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33, and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.
# Versio... | 48,944 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by the early 1990s Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve its position as a leading PC software developer. This accomplishment solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft main... | 48,945 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
for Windows as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards. The magazine stated that the port of the "extraordinary" Macintosh version "shines", with a user interface as good as or better than the original.
### Excel 3.0 (1990).
Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support... | 48,946 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA is a powerful addition to the application and includes a fully featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus a... | 48,947 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.
Versions 5.0 ... | 48,948 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
this is the first major version after Excel 5.0, as there is no Excel 6.0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major version number.
Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.
### Excel 97 (v8.0).
Included in Office 97 (for x86 and Al... | 48,949 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive.
### Excel 2002 (v10.0).
Included in Office XP. Very minor enhancements.
### Excel 2003 (v11.0).
Included in Office 2003. Minor enhancements, most sign... | 48,950 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
and users of word processing applications with a classical WIMP interface, but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organisation. However, an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, with advanced users being "somewhat more negative" than inter... | 48,951 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
tables were introduced.
Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including ".xlsm" for a workbook with macros and ".xlsx" for a workbook without macros.
Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the ... | 48,952 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
registration.
### Excel 2010 (v14.0).
Included in Office 2010, this is the next major version after v12.0, as version number 13 was skipped.
Minor enhancements and 64-bit support, including the following:
- Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for commonly used functions
- Improved pivot tables
- M... | 48,953 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
in this release:
- Improved Multi-threading and Memory Contention
- FlashFill
- Power View
- Power Pivot
- Timeline Slicer
- Windows App
- Inquire
- 50 new functions
### Excel 2016 (v16.0).
Included in Office 2016, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:
- Power Query integrat... | 48,954 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
4.0
- 1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.x—Final Motorola 680x0 version and first PowerPC version)
- 1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98)
- 2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001)
- 2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X)
- 2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004)
- 2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008)
- 20... | 48,955 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to ot... | 48,956 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
was a DOS version of Excel.
Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell recomputation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spr... | 48,957 |
20268 | Microsoft Excel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Excel | Microsoft Excel
e copies intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents. Excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities.
# Security.
Because Excel is widely used, it has been attacked by hackers. While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet, if an attacker can get a victim to op... | 48,958 |
20285 | Malachi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malachi | Malachi
Malachi
Malachi, Malachias, Malache or Mal'achi (; ) was the writer of the Book of Malachi, the last book of the Neviim (prophets) section in the Hebrew Bible. No allusion is made to him by Ezra, however, and he does not directly mention the restoration of the temple. The editors of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedi... | 48,959 |
20285 | Malachi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malachi | Malachi
the Deuterocanonical books or The New Testament. According to the 1897 Easton's Bible Dictionary, it is possible that Malachi is not a proper name, but simply means "messenger of YHWH". The Greek Old Testament superscription is ἐν χειρὶ ἀγγέλου αὐτοῦ, (by the hand of his messenger).
# Name.
Because Malachi's ... | 48,960 |
20285 | Malachi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malachi | Malachi
name without some additional syllable such as Yah, whence "mal'akhiah", i.e. "messenger of Elohim." Haggai, in fact, is expressly designated "messenger of Elohim" (Haggai 1:13). Besides, the superscriptions prefixed to the book, in both the Septuagint and the Vulgate, warrant the supposition that Malachi's full... | 48,961 |
20285 | Malachi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malachi | Malachi
book, it would hardly have been dropped by the collectors of the prophetic canon who lived only a century or two subsequent to Ezra's time. Certain traditions ascribe the book to Zerubbabel and Nehemiah; others, still, to Malachi, whom they designate as a Levite and a member of the "Great Synagogue." Certain mo... | 48,962 |
20285 | Malachi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malachi | Malachi
and the thought would not be unsuitable to one whose message closed the prophetical canon of the Old Testament.
# Period.
Opinions vary as to the prophet's exact date, but nearly all scholars agree that Malachi prophesied during the Persian period, and after the reconstruction and dedication of the second tem... | 48,963 |
20285 | Malachi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malachi | Malachi
The abuses which Malachi mentions in his writings correspond so exactly with those which Nehemiah found on his 2nd visit to Jerusalem in 432 BCE (Nehemiah 13:7) that it seems reasonably certain that he prophesied concurrently with Nehemiah or shortly after.
According to Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut, "Malachi describ... | 48,964 |
20285 | Malachi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malachi | Malachi
ctly with those which Nehemiah found on his 2nd visit to Jerusalem in 432 BCE (Nehemiah 13:7) that it seems reasonably certain that he prophesied concurrently with Nehemiah or shortly after.
According to Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut, "Malachi describes a priesthood that is forgetful of its duties, a Temple that is u... | 48,965 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
Margaret Murray
Margaret Alice Murray (13 July 1863 – 13 November 1963) was an Anglo-Indian Egyptologist, archaeologist, anthropologist, historian, and folklorist. The first woman to be appointed as a lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom, she worked at University College London (UCL) from 1898... | 48,966 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
with department head Flinders Petrie, who encouraged her early academic publications and appointed her Junior Professor in 1898. In 1902–03 she took part in Petrie's excavations at Abydos, Egypt, there discovering the Osireion temple and the following season investigated the Saqqara cemetery, both of wh... | 48,967 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
the existence of a widespread public interest in Ancient Egypt, Murray wrote several books on Egyptology targeted at a general audience.
Murray also became closely involved in the first-wave feminist movement, joining the Women's Social and Political Union and devoting much time to improving women's st... | 48,968 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
the emerging new religious movement of Wicca. From 1921 to 1931 Murray undertook excavations of prehistoric sites on Malta and Menorca and developed her interest in folkloristics. Awarded an honorary doctorate in 1927, she was appointed Assistant Professor in 1928 and retired from UCL in 1935. That year... | 48,969 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
was widely acclaimed and earned her the moniker of "The Grand Old Woman of Egyptology", although after her death many of her contributions to the field were overshadowed by those of Petrie. Conversely, Murray's work in folkloristics and the history of witchcraft has been academically discredited and her... | 48,970 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
elite, she lived in the city with her family: parents James and Margaret Murray, an older sister named Mary, and her paternal grandmother and great-grandmother. James Murray, born in India of English descent, was a businessman and manager of the Serampore paper mills who was thrice elected President of ... | 48,971 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
the city, Murray encountered members of indigenous society through her family's employment of 10 Indian servants and through childhood holidays to Mussoorie. The historian Amara Thornton has suggested that Murray's Indian childhood continued to exert an influence over her throughout her life, expressing... | 48,972 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
and his wife Harriet at their home in Lambourn, Berkshire. Although John provided them with a strongly Christian education and a belief in the inferiority of women, both of which she would reject, he awakened Murray's interest in archaeology through taking her to see local monuments. In 1873, the girls'... | 48,973 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
to Calcutta, where Margaret remained for the next seven years. She became a nurse at the Calcutta General Hospital, which was run by the Sisters of the Anglican Sisterhood of Clower, and there was involved with the hospital's attempts to deal with a cholera outbreak. In 1887, she returned to England, mo... | 48,974 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
new husband.
### 1894–1905.
Encouraged by her mother and sister, Murray decided to enroll at the newly opened department of Egyptology at University College London (UCL) in Bloomsbury, Central London. Having been founded by an endowment from Amelia Blanford Edwards, one of the co-founders of the Egyp... | 48,975 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
Llewellyn Griffith and Walter Ewing Crum respectively.
Murray soon got to know Petrie, becoming his copyist and illustrator and producing the drawings for the published report on his excavations at Qift, "Koptos". In turn, he aided and encouraged her to write her first research paper, "The Descent of P... | 48,976 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
department; this made her the first female lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom. In this capacity, she spent two days a week at UCL, devoting the other days to caring for her ailing mother. As time went on, she came to teach courses on Ancient Egyptian history, religion, and language. Among Mur... | 48,977 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
season, she travelled to Egypt to join Petrie's excavations at Abydos. Petrie and his wife, Hilda Petrie, had been excavating at the site since 1899, having taken over the archaeological investigation from French Coptic scholar Émile Amélineau. Murray at first joined as site nurse, but was subsequently ... | 48,978 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
a temple devoted to the god Osiris which had been constructed by order of Pharaoh Seti I during the period of the New Kingdom. She published her site report as "The Osireion at Abydos" in 1904; in the report, she examined the inscriptions that had been discovered at the site to discern the purpose and u... | 48,979 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
by Auguste Mariette. She published her findings in 1905 as "Saqqara Mastabas I", although would not publish translations of the inscriptions until 1937 as "Saqqara Mastabas II". Both "The Osireion at Abydos" and "Saqqara Mastabas I" proved to be very influential in the Egyptological community, with Petr... | 48,980 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
Procession of June 1911. She concealed the militancy of her actions in order to retain the image of respectability within academia. Murray also pushed the professional boundaries for women throughout her own career, and mentored other women in archaeology and throughout academia. As women could not use ... | 48,981 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
becoming particularly annoyed at female staff who were afraid of upsetting or offending the male university establishment with their demands. Feeling that students should get nutritious yet affordable lunches, for many years she sat on the UCL Refectory Committee.
Various museums around the United King... | 48,982 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
and it was there that many of his finds had been housed. Murray thus often travelled to the museum to catalogue these artefacts, and during the 1906–07 school year regularly lectured there. In 1907, Petrie excavated the Tomb of the Two Brothers, a Middle Kingdom burial of two Egyptian priests, Nakht-ank... | 48,983 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
the scholarly understanding of the Middle Kingdom and its burial practices, and lashed out against members of the public who saw it as immoral; she declared that "every vestige of ancient remains must be carefully studied and recorded without sentimentality and without fear of the outcry of the ignorant... | 48,984 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
1905 she published "Elementary Egyptian Grammar" which was followed in 1911 by "Elementary Coptic (Sahidic) Grammar". In 1913, she published "Ancient Egyptian Legends" for John Murray's "The Wisdom of the East" series. She was particularly pleased with the increased public interest in Egyptology that fo... | 48,985 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
would not publish, such as the "Sa" sign for the uterus, and thus were published in "Man", the journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. It was at Seligman's recommendation that she was invited to become a member of the Institute in 1916.
In 1914, Petrie launched the academic journal "Ancient Egy... | 48,986 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
read.
The outbreak of the First World War in 1914, in which the United Kingdom went to war against Germany and the Ottoman Empire, meant that Petrie and other staff members were unable to return to Egypt for excavation. Instead, Petrie and Murray spent much of the time reorganising the artefact collect... | 48,987 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
it which connected it to the legendary figure of King Arthur and to the idea that the Holy Grail had been brought there by Joseph of Aramathea. Pursuing this interest, she published the paper "Egyptian Elements in the Grail Romance" in the journal "Ancient Egypt", although few agreed with her conclusion... | 48,988 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
that the witches persecuted in European history were actually followers of "a definite religion with beliefs, ritual, and organization as highly developed as that of any cult in the end". She followed this up with papers on the subject in the journals "Man" and the "Scottish Historical Review". She arti... | 48,989 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
but the book was nevertheless influential.
As a result of her work in this area, she was invited to provide the entry on "witchcraft" for the fourteenth edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica" in 1929. She used the opportunity to propagate her own witch-cult theory, failing to mention the alternate th... | 48,990 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
an ancient secret society chimed with similar claims common among various occult groups. Murray joined the Folklore Society in February 1927, and was elected to the society's council a month later, although she stood down in 1929. Murray reiterated her witch-cult theory in her 1933 book, "The God of the... | 48,991 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
She excavated the Bronze Age megalithic monuments of Santa Sofia, Santa Maria tal-Bakkari, Għar Dalam, and Borġ in-Nadur, all of which were threatened by the construction of a new aerodrome. In this she was funded by the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund. Her resulting three-volume excavation report came to be... | 48,992 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
pottery collection held in Malta Museum, resulting in another publication, "Corpus of the Bronze Age Pottery of Malta".
On the basis of her work in Malta, Louis C. G. Clarke, the curator of the Cambridge Museum of Ethnology and Anthropology, invited her to lead excavations on the island of Menorca from... | 48,993 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
a team of volunteers to excavate Homestead Moat in Whomerle Wood near to Stevenage, Hertfordshire; she did not publish an excavation report and did not mention the event in her autobiography, with her motives for carrying out the excavation remaining unclear.
In 1924, UCL promoted Murray to the positio... | 48,994 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
in 1929 visited South Africa, where she attended the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, whose theme was the prehistory of southern Africa. In the early 1930s she travelled to the Soviet Union, where she visited museums in Leningrad, Moscow, Kharkiv, and Kiev, and then in ... | 48,995 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
had retired from UCL and moved to Jerusalem in Mandatory Palestine with his wife; Murray therefore took over as editor of the "Ancient Egypt" journal, renaming it "Ancient Egypt and the East" to reflect its increasing research interest in the ancient societies that surrounded and interacted with Egypt. ... | 48,996 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
to carry out a small excavation in several cave dwellings at the site, subsequently writing both an excavation report and a guidebook on Petra. Back in England, from 1934 to 1940, Murray aided the cataloguing of Egyptian antiquities at Girton College, Cambridge, and also gave lectures in Egyptology at t... | 48,997 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
in local parish churches, Downing College, and Ely Cathedral; she never published her findings. In 1945, she briefly became involved in the "Who put Bella in the Wych Elm?" murder case.
After the war ended she returned to London, settling into a bedsit room in Endsleigh Street, which was close to Unive... | 48,998 |
20208 | Margaret Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Murray | Margaret Murray
upon her retirement from this position she nominated her former pupil, Veronica Seton-Williams, to replace her.
Murray's interest in popularising Egyptology among the wider public continued; in 1949 she published "Ancient Egyptian Religious Poetry", her second work for John Murray's "The Wisdom of the ... | 48,999 |
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