wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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20297 | MOS Technology 6502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS%20Technology%206502 | MOS Technology 6502
BRK is most often used to interrupt program execution and start a machine language monitor for testing and debugging during software development. BRK could also be used to route program execution using a simple jump table (analogous to the manner in which the Intel 8086 and derivatives handle softwa... | 49,500 |
20297 | MOS Technology 6502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS%20Technology%206502 | MOS Technology 6502
the return address pushed to the stack by JSR is that of the last byte of the JSR operand (that is, the most significant byte of the subroutine address), rather than the address of the following instruction. This is because the actual copy (from program counter to stack and then conversely) takes pl... | 49,501 |
20297 | MOS Technology 6502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS%20Technology%206502 | MOS Technology 6502
of 6502 assemblers
- MOS Technology 6502-based home computers
- Interrupts in 65xx processors
- Transistor count
- Apple II accelerators
# Works cited.
- "Motorola 6800 Oral History Panel" Thomas H. Bennett, John Ekiss, William (Bill) Lattin, Jeff Lavell. Computer History Museum, March 28, 200... | 49,502 |
20297 | MOS Technology 6502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS%20Technology%206502 | MOS Technology 6502
Applications Book"; 1st Ed; Rodnay Zaks; Sybex; 281 pages; 1979; .
- "6502 Assembly Language Programming"; 2nd Ed; Lance Leventhal; Osborne/McGraw-Hill; 650 pages; 1986; .
- "6502 Assembly Language Subroutines"; 1st Ed; Lance Leventhal and Winthrop Saville; Osborne/McGraw-Hill; 550 pages; 1982; .
... | 49,503 |
20297 | MOS Technology 6502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS%20Technology%206502 | MOS Technology 6502
350 pages; 1983; .
- "Programming the 6502"; 4th Ed; Rodnay Zaks; Sybex; 408 pages; 1983; .
- "Programming the 65816 - including the 6502, 65C02, 65802"; 1st Ed; David Eyes and Ron Lichty; Prentice Hall; 636 pages; 1986; .
- Reference cards
- "6502 Microprocessor Instant Reference Card"; James L... | 49,504 |
20297 | MOS Technology 6502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS%20Technology%206502 | MOS Technology 6502
cription, photos of MOS and second source chips; at cpu-collection.de
- mdfs.net – 6502 instruction set
- Simulators / Emulators
- Online 6502 compatible assembler and emulator, written in JavaScript
- List of 6502 software emulators – Zophar's Domain
- 6502 simulator for Windows – Atari Gaming... | 49,505 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
Morpheus (The Matrix)
Morpheus is a fictional character in "The Matrix" franchise. He is portrayed by Laurence Fishburne in the films, and in the video game "" where he was the only actor to reprise his character's voice.
# Concept and creation.
Lana and Lilly Wachowski, the creators of "The Ma... | 49,506 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
mythical Morpheus and his family, including two brothers (Phobetor and Phantasos), lived in a dream world protected by the Gates of Morpheus with two monsters standing guard. Beyond the gates were the River of Forgetfulness, beside which Morpheus once carried his father to hide in a cave, and the ... | 49,507 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
a devastated world where most humans are grown by sentient machines and kept imprisoned in the Matrix, a virtual computer-generated world. Morpheus was once a human living inside the Matrix until he was freed.
Morpheus is apparently a very popular public figure in the city of Zion. He is also kno... | 49,508 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
Niobe, another hovercraft captain. Their relationship became estranged shortly after Morpheus visited the Oracle, an ally living in the Matrix, who told Morpheus that he would be the person who would find the One, a human having superhuman abilities within the Matrix who could end the human/machin... | 49,509 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
with Morpheus's faith in the prophecy shattered, he doesn't appear as strong a leader as he was in the first two films. Despite his strong faith, Morpheus still showed some rationality in dangerous situations rather than blindly relying on his beliefs to see him through the current crisis; perhaps... | 49,510 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
imminent return, and actively searched for the Messiah to come who would deliver his people from bondage. Upon finding Jesus, he believed so strongly in Jesus as the Messiah, John willingly stepped aside and let Christ take up the groundwork that John had created and laid before him, and continue ... | 49,511 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
will activate a trace program to locate Neo's body in the real world and allow the "Nebuchadnezzar" crew to extract him, or a blue pill, which will leave Neo in the Matrix to live and believe as he wishes. Neo takes the red pill. The "Nebuchadnezzar" crew is then able to eject Neo's body from the ... | 49,512 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
by agents who plan to hack into his mind. Because Morpheus, as a hovercraft captain, possesses access codes to the Zion mainframe computer, the surviving members of the ship's crew are about to unplug Morpheus from the Matrix, without reconnecting his mind and body, a process that will kill him. N... | 49,513 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
the second film, "The Matrix Reloaded", Morpheus is more confident that the war is nearing its end. A spiritual as well as an influential leader, Morpheus convinces one hovercraft ship to stay in the Matrix to await contact from the Oracle, despite orders from Zion for all ships to return to the c... | 49,514 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
heart of the Matrix. Morpheus aids Neo in successfully entering the door to the Source before returning to the "Nebuchadnezzar".
After Neo enters the Source and returns from the Matrix with new information, he tells Morpheus that the Prophecy was a system of control that would bring the One to th... | 49,515 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
but now that dream has gone from me."
The crew is rescued by the hovercraft "Mjolnir" commanded by Captain Roland, who joins forces with the craft "Logos" commanded by Niobe.
## "The Matrix Revolutions".
In the final film, "The Matrix Revolutions", Morpheus is somewhat dispirited, and has probl... | 49,516 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
is called to the Oracle with Trinity, and with the Oracle's guardian, Seraph, he helps Trinity rescue Neo, via a visit to the Merovingian's lair and a Mexican standoff.
Morpheus says farewell to Neo and Trinity before they leave for the Machine City in the hovercraft "Logos" to stop the war. Morp... | 49,517 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
threatened both humans and machines, Morpheus and Niobe embrace in celebration as cheers arise from the Zion population, who have received a brokered peace through Neo's sacrifice.
Of the original "Nebuchadnezzar" crew in "the Matrix", Morpheus is the only surviving member to see freedom for Zion... | 49,518 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
Morpheus starts terrorist attacks throughout the Matrix. These attacks take the form of weapons that reveal the Matrix's inner workings (its code) for all human beings to see, even those not yet awakened to the simulation. This is known to have caused mass panic and forced awakenings to those not ... | 49,519 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
escapes the treatment facility; however, upon his leaving, the Assassin bends the code of the Matrix and emerges from a vent in the wall. Morpheus is caught off-guard and is unable to dodge the Assassin's bullets. He dies from gunshot wounds.
Some players argued against the death of the character... | 49,520 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
These kill codes are explained to be extremely difficult to produce and usually require a direct sample of the subject's residual self-image data, thus making them extremely rare and only used in the most extreme and specialist of circumstances. These codes were utilized later in the story as well... | 49,521 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
yet to be found.
### Simulacra.
During Chapter 6 a figure appeared resembling Morpheus. It took the form of an RSI transmission, apparently originating from the Real World and spread disjointed messages about Neo's survival and imprisonment at the hands of The Machines. This was later revealed t... | 49,522 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
the program went on to, over time, gain greater levels of self-awareness and sentience. It proved instrumental in The Machines' unlocking of the Zion RSI Database acquired during the 6th destruction of Zion as part of the renewed war effort following the Cypherite discovery of New Zion. This wasn'... | 49,523 |
343432 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus%20(The%20Matrix) | Morpheus (The Matrix)
innocent, being more concerned with the world around it and its own existence than taking sides in any political or ideological struggles.
In later chapters the Morpheus Simulacrum played a supporting role in the Oracle's faked death and subsequent plan to weaken the Oligarch forces threatening T... | 49,524 |
343459 | Pay Day | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pay%20Day | Pay Day
Pay Day
A pay day or payday is a specified day of the week or month when one is paid, usually workers collecting wages from their employers.
Pay Day, PayDay or Payday may also refer to:
# Arts, entertainment, and media.
## Films.
- "Pay Day" (1918 film), a 1922 film by Sidney Drew
- "Pay Day" (1922 film),... | 49,525 |
343459 | Pay Day | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pay%20Day | Pay Day
(2013 film), a 2013 film
## Games.
- Pay Day (board game), a board game by Parker Brothers
- PayDay (lottery), a lottery game ran in various lotto regions in Canada
- "", a video game
- "Payday 2", its sequel
## Music.
- "Payday" (album), solo album by former B2K member, Lil' Fizz
- "PAYDAY", song by Al... | 49,526 |
343446 | Attrition warfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attrition%20warfare | Attrition warfare
Attrition warfare
Attrition warfare is a military strategy consisting of belligerent attempts to win a war by wearing down the enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and material. The war will usually be won by the side with greater such resources. The word "attrition" ... | 49,527 |
343446 | Attrition warfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attrition%20warfare | Attrition warfare
in which one attempts to achieve decisive victories by using minimal necessary resources and in minimal amount of time, through manoeuvre, concentration of force, surprise, and the like.
On the other hand, a side that perceives itself to be at a marked disadvantage in manoeuvre warfare or unit tactic... | 49,528 |
343446 | Attrition warfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attrition%20warfare | Attrition warfare
an element of attrition. One can be said to pursue a strategy of attrition if one makes it the main goal to cause gradual attrition to the opponent eventually amounting to unacceptable or unsustainable levels for the opponent while limiting one's own gradual losses to acceptable and sustainable levels... | 49,529 |
343446 | Attrition warfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attrition%20warfare | Attrition warfare
sufficiently to make other methods feasible, attritional methods are abandoned in favor of other strategies. In World War I, improvements in firepower but not communications and mobility forced military commanders to rely on attrition, with terrible casualties.
Attritional methods are in themselves u... | 49,530 |
343446 | Attrition warfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attrition%20warfare | Attrition warfare
For years, without any opportunity for manoeuvres, the only way the commanders thought that they could defeat the enemy was to repeatedly attack head on and grind the other down.
One of the most enduring examples of attrition warfare on the Western Front is the Battle of Verdun, which took place thro... | 49,531 |
343446 | Attrition warfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attrition%20warfare | Attrition warfare
a "post hoc ergo propter hoc" excuse for failed offensives. Contemporary sources disagree with Strachan's view on this. While the Christmas Memorandum is a post-war invention, the strategy of "bleeding France white" was the original strategy for the battle.
Attrition to the enemy was easy to assert a... | 49,532 |
343446 | Attrition warfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attrition%20warfare | Attrition warfare
such as John Terraine and Gary Sheffield have suggested that attritional warfare was, however, a necessary step on the road to eventual victory, a 'wearing down process' that sapped Central Powers strength and left them vulnerable during the Hundred Days campaign of 1918.
That is not to say that a ge... | 49,533 |
343446 | Attrition warfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attrition%20warfare | Attrition warfare
that the Union's far superior and more numerous supplies and manpower would overwhelm the Confederacy to the point of collapse, even if the casualty ratio was unfavorable.
## Other examples.
- Scythian tactics during the European Scythian campaign of Darius I of 513 BC, which was in deep steppes ret... | 49,534 |
343446 | Attrition warfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attrition%20warfare | Attrition warfare
of 31 BC during the Roman civil wars
- The Hungarian resistance against the Mongols 1241–1242
- The Dai Viet Kingdom (now known as Vietnam), three repulsions of Kublai Khan (the grandson of Genghis Khan and the last Khan of the Mongol Empire) in 1258, 1285 and 1288
- The American strategy during th... | 49,535 |
343446 | Attrition warfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attrition%20warfare | Attrition warfare
Static battles in World War II, including Soviet urban defense during the Battle of Stalingrad
- Battles of Rzhev (1942–1943)
- The final two years of the Korean War
- The Vietnam War (Body count)
- The "Long War" during the Provisional IRA's armed campaign against the British Army during the Trou... | 49,536 |
343446 | Attrition warfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attrition%20warfare | Attrition warfare
Iraq War
- The War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
- The Sri Lankan Civil War after 2005
- The 2011 Libyan civil war is arguably an example of attrition warfare.
- The Syrian Civil War (2011–present), in particular the Battle of Aleppo.
# See also.
- Asymmetric warfare
- Guerrilla warfare
- Huma... | 49,537 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
Emperor An of Han
Emperor An of Han (; 94 – 30 April 125) was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty and the sixth emperor of the Eastern Han, ruling from 106 to 125. He was the grandson of Emperor Zhang.
When her infant stepson Emperor Shang succeeded to the throne in 106, Empress Dowager Deng kept ... | 49,538 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
many of them committed suicide, probably under duress.
Emperor An did little to revive the withering dynasty. He began to indulge himself in women and heavy drinking and paid little attention to affairs of state, instead leaving matters to corrupt eunuchs. In this way, he effectively became the first... | 49,539 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
Qinghe and his concubine, Consort Zuo Xiao E (左小娥). Prince Qing was the older brother of Emperor He, and had once been crown prince under their father, Emperor Zhang, until the machinations of Emperor Zhang's wife, Empress Dou, led to his removal and his mother Consort Song's death. During Emperor He'... | 49,540 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
administration. As they grew older, they became known for beauty and talent and became ladies in waiting in Emperor He's palace; Xiao E was particularly known for her knowledge in history and poetry. At Prince Qing's request, Emperor He rewarded him with the two consorts. Both died sometime before Emp... | 49,541 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
Emperor He's wife, Empress Dowager Deng, kept Prince Qing's wife and 12-year-old son (Prince Hu). When Emperor Shang died later in 106, the officials largely wanted to make Emperor Shang's brother, Prince Sheng (劉勝) of Pingyuan, emperor. However, Empress Deng had initially denied Prince Sheng the thro... | 49,542 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
central Hebei) so that Emperor An had no real influence on the administration.
Empress Dowager Deng was generally a capable ruler. While there were natural disasters and wars with Qiang and South Xiongnu, she generally coped with those emergencies well. She also carried out many criminal law reforms.... | 49,543 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
Li, who had given birth to his only son Liu Bao (劉保) earlier that year. While these people lacked real power as long as Empress Dowager Deng lived, they were planning to take power as soon as she was no longer be on the scene. Empress Dowager Deng was somewhat aware of these plans and was offended; sh... | 49,544 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
crown prince.
# Late reign.
Empress Dowager Deng died in 121. At the age of 27, Emperor An finally had the reins of the imperial administration. He posthumously honored his father Prince Qing as Emperor Xiaode and his mother Consort Zuo as Empress Xiaode; his paternal grandmother Consort Song as Emp... | 49,545 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
follow Empress Dowager Deng's policies, including leaving members of her clan in important advisory positions. However, his own close circle of associates, including Jiang, Li, Wang, and Empress Yan, were ready to act. Late in 121, he stripped members of the Deng clan of their posts and fiefs, and man... | 49,546 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
Yan Yao (閻耀). Also powerful were the eunuchs Jiang and Li, who had been made marquesses. They, along with several other eunuchs, as well as Wang and her daughter Bo Rong (伯榮), became extremely corrupt in their ways. Emperor An ignored criticism of these people and failed to punish them for their corru... | 49,547 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
there were Han accomplishments during Emperor An's reign was on the northwestern front—the Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia)—where Ban Chao's son Ban Yong (班勇) was able to reestablish Han dominance over a number of kingdoms.
In 124, Wang Sheng, Jiang Jing, and another eunuch Fan F... | 49,548 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
Crown Prince Bao and his servants of crimes. Emperor An believed these charges, and demoted Crown Prince Bao to Prince of Jiyin.
In 125, Emperor An was on a trip to Wancheng (宛城, in modern Nanyang, Henan) when he suddenly felt ill and decided to return to Luoyang. Before he could, however, he died. E... | 49,549 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
later that year, and a number of eunuchs loyal to Prince Bao, led by Sun Cheng, carried out a coup d'état and made Prince Bao emperor (as Emperor Shun). The Yans were slaughtered, except for Empress Dowager Yan.
# Era names.
- "Yongchu" (永初 py. yŏng chū) 107–113
- "Yuanchu" (元初 py. yuán chū) 114–12... | 49,550 |
343433 | Emperor An of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20An%20of%20Han | Emperor An of Han
Era names.
- "Yongchu" (永初 py. yŏng chū) 107–113
- "Yuanchu" (元初 py. yuán chū) 114–120
- "Yongning" (永寧 py. yŏng níng) 120–121
- "Jianguang" (建光 py. jiàn guāng) 121–122
- "Yanguang" (延光 py. yán guāng) 122–125
# Family.
- Parents:
- Liu Qing, Emperor Xiaode (; 78–106)
- Empress Xiaode, of the ... | 49,551 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
Shudra
Shudra or Shoodra is the lowest varna, or one of the four social categories found in the texts of Hinduism. Various sources translate it into English as a caste, or alternatively as a social class. It is the lowest rank of the four varnas.
The word "Shudra" appears only once in the "Rig veda" but is fou... | 49,552 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
found in a verse in the "Purusha Sukta" which is one of its 1,028 hymns.
While the "Rigveda" was most likely compiled between c. 1500 and 1200 BCE, John Muir in 1868 suggested that the verse that mentions the four varnas has "every character of modernness both in its diction and ideas". The "Purusha Sukta" vers... | 49,553 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality". Historian R. S. Sharma states that "the Rig Vedic society was neither organized on the basis of social division of labour nor on that of differences in wealth... [it] was primarily organised on the basis of kin, tribe and lineage."
According to Romila Tha... | 49,554 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
and associates it with the creation of earth and production activities that nourishes the whole world, and the text calls this "Pusan" as Shudra. The term "Pusan", in Hindu mythology, is the charioteer of the sun who knows the paths thereby bringing light, knowledge and life to all. The same word "Pusan" is, how... | 49,555 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
Arthashastra.
The ancient Hindu text "Arthashastra" states, according to Sharma, that "Aryas" were free men and could not be subject to slavery under any circumstances. The text contrasts "Aryas" with "Shudra", but neither as a hereditary slave nor as an economically closed social stratum in a manner that the t... | 49,556 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
to participate as warriors. Roger Borsche says that this is so because it is in the self-interest of the ruler to "have a people's army fiercely loyal to him precisely because the people had been treated justly".
## Manusmriti.
The "Manusmriti" predominantly discusses the code of conduct (dharma rules) for the... | 49,557 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
had fallen to the status of Shudras. These are: Pundrakas, Codas, Dravidas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Sakas, Paradas, Pahlavas, Chinas, Kiratas and Daradas.
## Yajnavalkya smriti and Grhyasutras.
According to Laurie Patton, a professor of Religion specialising on early Indian religions, the rights and status of Shudr... | 49,558 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
may hear the Vedas. Other Hindu texts go further and state that the three varnas – Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya – may acquire knowledge from Shudra teachers, and the "yajna" sacrifices may be performed by Shudras. These rights and social mobility for Shudras may have arisen in times of lower societal stress and g... | 49,559 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
that any human being from any social background can achieve the highest spiritual state of existence.
## Non-Hindu texts.
Outside of the conflicting stances within the Hindu texts, non-Hindu texts present a different picture about the Shudras. A Buddhist text, states Patton, "refers to Shudras who know the Ved... | 49,560 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
varṇas of "Brahmins, Ksạtriyas, Vaiśyas and Śūdras". Instead, states Bronkhorst, the bulk of society is described as consisting of "householders" (Pāli: "gahapati"), without internal distinctions. Even where the Brahmins are mentioned in such a context, they too are referred to as householders, or "Brāhmaṇa-gaha... | 49,561 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
sphere stated as service ("seva") of the other three varna. The word "Dvija" is neither found in any Vedas and Upanishads, nor is it found in any Vedanga literature such as the Shrauta-sutras or Grihya-sutras. The word is almost entirely missing, in any context, from ancient Sanskrit literature composed before t... | 49,562 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
varies by scholar. For example, some sources state agriculturalists and artisans to be the hereditary occupation of Vaishya varna, some place these occupations with the Shudra varna, while some such as Charles Drekmeier state "Vaishya and Shudra actually shared many occupations and were frequently grouped togeth... | 49,563 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
is not historical. Other Hindu texts such as the epics, states Naheem Jabbar, assert that Shudras played other roles such as kings and ministers. According to Ghurye, in reality, the hereditary occupation aspect of Shudra and other varnas was missing from large parts of India, and all four varnas (Brahmins, Ksha... | 49,564 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
also be a Brahmin (Brahmana), Kshatriya (Ksatrya) or Vaishya. In most regions, it has been the Shudra who typically make offerings to the gods on behalf of the Hindu devotees, chant prayers, recite "meweda" (Vedas), and set the course of Balinese temple festivals.
## Historical evidence.
Scholars have tried to... | 49,565 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
Talbot, a professor of History and Asian Studies, to question whether "varna" was socially significant in the daily lives of this region. The mention of "jati" is even rarer, through the 13th century. Two rare temple donor records from warrior families of the 14th century claim to be Shudras. One states that Shu... | 49,566 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
suggesting that social status was earned, not inherited" in the Hindu Kakatiya population in the Deccan region between the 11th and 14th centuries.
Historical evidence left by Buddhist rulers in ancient and medieval India do not mention Shudra. For example, according to Johannes Bronkhorst, none of Ashoka's ins... | 49,567 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
were included by the Sikh Gurus of Punjab region as they compiled the Sikhism scripture the "Guru Granth Sahib".
# Commentary.
Dr. Ambedkar, a social reformer, believed that there were initially only three varnas: the Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya, and that the Shudras were the Kshatriyas who were denied the ... | 49,568 |
343429 | Shudra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shudra | Shudra
e Upanayana, an initiation ritual, by the Brahmins. This claim has been contested by historians such as R. S. Sharma.
Sri Aurobindo states Shudra and the other varna is a concept found in all human beings in different proportions. He states that this was externalised and mechanised into a system quite different... | 49,569 |
343442 | Ace (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ace%20(band) | Ace (band)
Ace (band)
Ace were a British rock band, who enjoyed moderate success in the 1970s. Their membership included Paul Carrack, who later became famous as the co-lead vocalist of Mike + The Mechanics and as a solo artist. Ace are best known for their hit single "How Long", which was a top 20 single in the Unite... | 49,570 |
343442 | Ace (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ace%20(band) | Ace (band)
were the 1960s band The Action. Ace were popular on the pub rock circuit. Their music was a fusion of pop and funk
Before the recording of their debut album, "Five-A-Side", the former drummer of Bees Make Honey, Fran Byrne, replaced Steve Witherington. The single "How Long" was taken from this record, and w... | 49,571 |
343442 | Ace (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ace%20(band) | Ace (band)
were sung by other band members.
Ace eventually moved to the United States, and replaced Phil Harris with Jon Woodhead in June 1976, releasing their third and final album "No Strings" in January 1977. Unlike earlier Ace LPs, this album featured an emphasis on Carrack's vocals, and the two singles issued fro... | 49,572 |
343442 | Ace (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ace%20(band) | Ace (band)
In addition to his solo career, Carrack has since played in Eric Clapton's band, Roger Waters' The Bleeding Heart Band, Roxy Music for the "Manifesto" album and tour, Squeeze in the early 1980s, and Mike + The Mechanics, for which he is best known. His solo re-recording of "How Long" became a UK Top 40 hit a... | 49,573 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
Motorola 68000
The Motorola 68000 ("'sixty-eight-thousand'"; also called the m68k or Motorola 68k, ""sixty-eight-kay"") is a 16/32-bit CISC microprocessor, introduced in 1979 by Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector.
The design implements a 32-bit instruction set, with 32-bit registers and a 32-bit in... | 49,574 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
set, and running at relatively high speeds for the era, the 68k was a popular design through the 1980s. It was widely used in a new generation of personal computers with graphical user interfaces, including the Apple Macintosh, Commodore Amiga, Atari ST and many others. It competed primarily against the ... | 49,575 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
the rest of the line despite being limited to a 16-bit wide external bus. After 40 years in production, the 68000 architecture is still in use.
# History.
Motorola's first widely-produced CPU was the Motorola 6800. Although a capable design, it was eclipsed by more powerful designs like the Zilog Z80 a... | 49,576 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
mode for existing 6800 peripheral devices, and a version with an 8-bit data bus was produced. However, the designers mainly focused on the future, or forward compatibility, which gave the 68000 design a head start against later 32-bit instruction set architectures. For instance, the CPU registers are 32 ... | 49,577 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
its IMP-16 and PACE processors in 1973–1975, but these had issues with speed. Intel had worked on their advanced 16/32-bit Intel iAPX 432 (alias 8800) since 1975 and their Intel 8086 since 1976 (it was introduced in 1978 but became really widespread in the form of the almost identical 8088 in the IBM PC ... | 49,578 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
production chips available over the counter in November. Initial speed grades were 4, 6, and 8 MHz. 10 MHz chips became available during 1981, and 12.5 MHz chips by June 1982. The 16.67 MHz "12F" version of the MC68000, the fastest version of the original HMOS chip, was not produced until the late 1980s.... | 49,579 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
Unix-based Server. The 68000 was used in the first generation of desktop laser printers, including the original Apple Inc. LaserWriter and the HP LaserJet.
In 1982, the 68000 received a minor update to its ISA to support virtual memory and to conform to the Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements... | 49,580 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
the 8-bit compatible MC68008, also in 1982. This was a 68000 with an 8-bit data bus and a smaller (20-bit) address bus. After 1982, Motorola devoted more attention to the 68020 and 88000 projects.
## Second-sourcing.
Several other companies were second-source manufacturers of the HMOS 68000. These incl... | 49,581 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
for opcodes and opcode data in battery-backed memory and were used in certain Sega arcade systems including System 16 to prevent piracy and illegal bootleg games.
## CMOS versions.
The 68HC000, the first CMOS version of the 68000, was designed by Hitachi and jointly introduced in 1985. Motorola's versi... | 49,582 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
consumed only 0.13 watts at 8 MHz and 0.38 watts at 20 MHz. (Unlike CMOS circuits, HMOS still draws power when idle, so power consumption varies little with clock rate.) Apple selected the 68HC000 for use in the Macintosh Portable.
Motorola replaced the MC68008 with the MC68HC001 in 1990. This chip rese... | 49,583 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
bus to 32 bits, removed the M6800 peripheral bus, and excluded the MOVE from SR instruction from user mode programs. In 1996, Motorola updated the standalone core with fully static circuitry, drawing only 2 µW in low-power mode, calling it the MC68SEC000.
Motorola ceased production of the HMOS MC68000 a... | 49,584 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
68HC000, 68020, 68030, and 68882 parts have been discontinued, leaving only the 68SEC000 in production.
## As a microcontroller core.
After being succeeded by "true" 32-bit microprocessors, the 68000 was used as the core of many microcontrollers. In 1989, Motorola introduced the MC68302 communications ... | 49,585 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
graphics terminals like Digital Equipment Corporation's VAXstation 100 and Silicon Graphics' IRIS 1000 and 1200. Unix systems rapidly moved to the more capable later generations of the 68k line, which remained popular in that market throughout the 1980s.
By the mid-1980s, falling production cost made th... | 49,586 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
an extension to the SWTPC SS-50 bus, the SS-64, and produced systems built around the 68008 processor.
While the adoption of RISC and x86 displaced the 68000 series as desktop/workstation CPU, the processor found substantial use in embedded applications. By the early 1980s, quantities of 68000 CPUs coul... | 49,587 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
as Sega's Mega Drive/Genesis console and also the Sega CD attachment for it (A Sega CD system has three CPUs, two of them 68000s). The 1993 multi-processor Atari Jaguar console used a 68000 as a support chip, although some developers used it as the primary processor due to familiarity. The 1994 multi-pro... | 49,588 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
Y Board), along with a quad 68000 CPU configuration, which has been used by Jaleco (one 68000 for sound has a lower clock rate compared to the other 68000 CPUs) for games such as "Big Run" and "Cisco Heat"; a fifth 68000 (at a different clock rate compared to the other 68000 CPUs) was additionally used i... | 49,589 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
of the LaserWriter in 1985, the first PostScript laser printer. The 68000 continued to be widely used in printers throughout the rest of the 1980s, persisting well into the 1990s in low-end printers.
The 68000 also saw success in the field of industrial control systems. Among the systems benefited from ... | 49,590 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
20 years ago, many 68000-based controllers will continue in reliable service well into the 21st century.
In a number of digital oscilloscopes from the 80s, the 68000 has been used as a waveform display processor; some models including the LeCroy 9400/9400A also use the 68000 as a waveform math processor... | 49,591 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
and even handheld calculators. The MC68302 and its derivatives have been used in many telecom products from Cisco, 3com, Ascend, Marconi, Cyclades and others. Past models of the Palm PDAs and the Handspring Visor used the DragonBall, a derivative of the 68000. AlphaSmart uses the DragonBall family in lat... | 49,592 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
370 processor.
# Architecture.
## Address bus.
The 68000 has a 24-bit external address bus and two byte-select signals "replaced" A0. These 24 lines can therefore address 16 MB of physical memory with byte resolution. Address storage and computation uses 32 bits internally; however, the 8 high-order a... | 49,593 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
68000 instruction set.
However, this did not prevent programmers from writing forward incompatible software. "24-bit" software that discarded the upper address byte, or used it for purposes other than addressing, could fail on 32-bit 68000 implementations. For example, early (pre-7.0) versions of Apple'... | 49,594 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
eight 32-bit general-purpose data registers (D0-D7), and eight address registers (A0-A7). The last address register is the stack pointer, and assemblers accept the label SP as equivalent to A7. This was a good number of registers at the time in many ways. It was small enough to allow the 68000 to respond... | 49,595 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
A7, which would total 8 address registers. However, the dual stack pointer (A7 and supervisor-mode A7') design of the 68000 makes this normally unnecessary, except when a task switch is performed in a multitasking system.)
Having two types of registers was mildly annoying at times, but not hard to use i... | 49,596 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
(X), and "negative" (N). The "extend" (X) flag deserves special mention, because it is separate from the carry flag. This permits the extra bit from arithmetic, logic, and shift operations to be separated from the carry for flow-of-control and linkage.
## Instruction set.
The designers attempted to mak... | 49,597 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
implements two levels of privilege. User mode gives access to everything except privileged instructions such as interrupt level controls. Supervisor privilege gives access to everything. An interrupt always becomes supervisory. The supervisor bit is stored in the status register, and is visible to user p... | 49,598 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
That is, a higher-numbered interrupt can always interrupt a lower-numbered interrupt. In the status register, a privileged instruction allows one to set the current minimum interrupt level, blocking lower or equal priority interrupts. For example, if the interrupt level in the status register is set to 3... | 49,599 |
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