wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
Encoder is usually required to encode the interrupts, though for systems that do not require more than three hardware interrupts it is possible to connect the interrupt signals directly to the encoded inputs at the cost of additional software complexity. The interrupt controller can be as simple as a 74L... | 49,600 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
of two vectors, namely the starting stack address, and the starting code address. Vectors 3 through 15 are used to report various errors: bus error, address error, illegal instruction, zero division, CHK and CHK2 vector, privilege violation (to block privilege escalation), and some reserved vectors that ... | 49,601 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
some nonvolatile memory (e.g. ROM) starting at address zero to contain the vectors and bootstrap code. However, for a general purpose system it is desirable for the operating system to be able to change the vectors at runtime. This was often accomplished by either pointing the vectors in ROM to a jump ta... | 49,602 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
support virtual memory, which requires the ability to trap and recover from a failed memory access. The 68000 does provide a bus error exception which can be used to trap, but it does not save enough processor state to resume the faulted instruction once the operating system has handled the exception. Se... | 49,603 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
and restart the "leading" 68000 in the correct state to continue properly synchronized operation when the "main" 68000 returned from the interrupt.
These problems were fixed in the next major revision of the 68k architecture, with the release of the MC68010. The Bus Error and Address Error exceptions pu... | 49,604 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
are:
- Register direct
- data register, e.g. "D0"
- address register, e.g. "A0"
- Register indirect
- Simple address, e.g. (A0)
- Address with post-increment, e.g. (A0)+
- Address with pre-decrement, e.g. −(A0)
- Address with a 16-bit signed offset, e.g. 16(A0)
- Register indirect with index reg... | 49,605 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
code.
- Relative with 8-bit signed offset with index, e.g. 8(PC, D2)
- Absolute memory location
- Either a number, e.g. "$4000", or a symbolic name translated by the assembler
- Most 68000 assemblers used the "$" symbol for hexadecimal, instead of "0x" or a trailing H.
- There were 16 and 32-bit ver... | 49,606 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
instructions have dot-letter suffixes, permitting operations to occur on 8-bit bytes (".b"), 16-bit words (".w"), and 32-bit longs (".l").
Like many CPUs of its era the cycle timing of some instructions varied depending on the source operand(s). For example, the unsigned multiply instruction takes (38+2... | 49,607 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
and the destination is changed. Notable instructions were:
- Arithmetic: ADD, SUB, MULU (unsigned multiply), MULS (signed multiply), DIVU, DIVS, NEG (additive negation), and CMP (a sort of comparison done by subtracting the arguments and setting the status bits, but did not store the result)
- Binary-c... | 49,608 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
(invert bit) and BTST (set the zero bit if tested bit is 0)
- Multiprocessing control: TAS, test-and-set, performed an indivisible bus operation, permitting semaphores to be used to synchronize several processors sharing a single memory
- Flow of control: JMP (jump), JSR (jump to subroutine), BSR (rela... | 49,609 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
inversions, available from the status register).
- Decrement-and-branch: DBcc (where "cc" was as for the branch instructions), which decremented a D-register and branched to a destination provided the condition was still true "and" the register had not been decremented to −1. This use of −1 instead of 0... | 49,610 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
at reset.
The processors are available in a variety of speeds including 8 and 16 MHz configurations, producing 2,100 and 4,376 Dhrystones each. These processors have no floating-point unit, and it is difficult to implement an FPU coprocessor (MC68881/2) with one because the EC series lacks necessary cop... | 49,611 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
MIDI synthesis or MT-32 emulation, without the use of a TSR program. This improved software compatibility, lowered CPU usage, and eliminated host system memory usage.
The Motorola 68EC000 core was later used in the m68k-based DragonBall processors from Motorola/Freescale.
It also was used as a sound co... | 49,612 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
using register A6 as the frame pointer. This kind of calling convention supports reentrant and recursive code and is typically used by languages like C and C++. The subroutine then retrieves the parameters passed to it ( and ) from the stack. It then loops, reading an ASCII character (a single byte) from... | 49,613 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
in each iteration of the loop.
In contrast, the code below is for a stand-alone function, even on the most restrictive version of AMS for the TI-89 series of calculators, being kernel-independent, with no values looked up in tables, files or libraries when executing, no system calls, no exception proces... | 49,614 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
– an early 68000 newsletter
# Further reading.
- Datasheets and manuals
- "M68000 Microprocessor Users Manual (9th Edition)"; Motorola (Freescale); 224 pages; 1996.
- "Addendum to M68000 User Manual (Rev 0)"; Motorola (Freescale); 26 pages; 1997.
- "M68000 Family Programmer's Reference Manual"; Moto... | 49,615 |
20270 | Motorola 68000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorola%2068000 | Motorola 68000
-Bootle and Bob Fowler; Howard Sams & Co; 370 pages; 1985; .
- "Mastering The 68000 Microprocessor"; 1st Ed; Phillip Robinson; Tab Books; 244 pages; 1985; .
- "Pocket Guide Assembly Language for the 68000 Series"; 1st Ed; Robert Erskine; Pitman Publishing; 70 pages; 1984; .
# External links.
- comp.s... | 49,616 |
343452 | Tisdale, Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tisdale,%20Saskatchewan | Tisdale, Saskatchewan
Tisdale, Saskatchewan
Tisdale is the business centre for the rich agricultural boreal forest area in central Saskatchewan, Canada. This town is in the Rural Municipality of Tisdale No. 427, Saskatchewan.
Located at the junction of Highway 35 and Highway 3, and serviced by both the Canadian Natio... | 49,617 |
343452 | Tisdale, Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tisdale,%20Saskatchewan | Tisdale, Saskatchewan
Bee in Falher, Alberta, is actually bigger at 22 feet 8 inches).
This town is the administrative office of the Kinistin Saulteaux Nation band government.
# History.
English explorer Henry Kelsey passed through this area in 1690 during his exploration of the Carrot River.
The post office of Tis... | 49,618 |
343452 | Tisdale, Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tisdale,%20Saskatchewan | Tisdale, Saskatchewan
east of Tisdale in 1920. The historic gunfight involved a posse of Saskatchewan Provincial Police and four outlaws
In 2005, Tisdale celebrated its 100th birthday with a homecoming celebration in conjunction with Saskatchewan's centennial. The town also underwent beautification projects, including... | 49,619 |
343452 | Tisdale, Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tisdale,%20Saskatchewan | Tisdale, Saskatchewan
the area produces about 9 million pounds ($7.2 million) in honey. Due to the obvious alternate meaning, industrial metal band Ministry named their 1988 album "The Land of Rape and Honey" after seeing the motto on a Tisdale souvenir mug. The town adopted the new motto "Opportunity Grows Here" on Au... | 49,620 |
343452 | Tisdale, Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tisdale,%20Saskatchewan | Tisdale, Saskatchewan
in Henry Hamilton Park.
## Parks.
5 major parks are located within the town.
Some regional and provincial parks near Tisdale are:
- Kipabiskau Regional Park is located in the Barrier Valley nearby.
- Greenwater Lake Provincial Park is the largest neighbouring park.
- Wapiti Valley Regional P... | 49,621 |
343452 | Tisdale, Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tisdale,%20Saskatchewan | Tisdale, Saskatchewan
situated along the Doghide River. Tisdale's sporting facilities draw teams and individuals from all over Northeast Saskatchewan and beyond.
# Infrastructure.
Tisdale Hospital is a 24-bed hospital with four doctors, an ambulance service, and long term care facilities.
Tisdale has twelve churches... | 49,622 |
343452 | Tisdale, Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tisdale,%20Saskatchewan | Tisdale, Saskatchewan
College,
- Tisdale Middle and Secondary School.
- The Wapiti Regional Library and the school library
- a daycare
- a state of the art artificial ice arena and a 6 sheet curling rink
- The John Baron Auditorium
- The Maurice Taylor Performing Arts Theatre.
An outdoor pool, outdoor ice rink, ... | 49,623 |
343452 | Tisdale, Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tisdale,%20Saskatchewan | Tisdale, Saskatchewan
e
- a state of the art artificial ice arena and a 6 sheet curling rink
- The John Baron Auditorium
- The Maurice Taylor Performing Arts Theatre.
An outdoor pool, outdoor ice rink, trails and playing fields are located on the grounds surrounding the complex.
# Notable people.
- Susan Aceron, ... | 49,624 |
343460 | Marquess of Beixiang | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquess%20of%20Beixiang | Marquess of Beixiang
Marquess of Beixiang
The Marquess of Beixiang (; died 10 December 125), personal name Liu Yi, also referred to as Emperor Shao (少帝, literally "young emperor"), was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty. He was selected to succeed Emperor An after Emperor An's sudden death in 125, but died soon aft... | 49,625 |
343460 | Marquess of Beixiang | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquess%20of%20Beixiang | Marquess of Beixiang
not known when Liu Yi was born—other than he was described as young at the time he ascended the throne in 125 and therefore must have been born late in the reign of Emperor An. His father was Liu Shou (劉壽), Prince Hui of Jibei, who was a son of Emperor Zhang, making him Emperor An's cousin. Nothing... | 49,626 |
343460 | Marquess of Beixiang | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquess%20of%20Beixiang | Marquess of Beixiang
Empress Yan and her brother Yan Xian (閻顯) wanted to have full control of power, and they falsely accused Fan, Wang, and Gen of crimes. Fan was executed, while Wang and Gen, along with their families, were exiled. The Yan brothers became the most powerful officials in the capital Luoyang and ruled a... | 49,627 |
343460 | Marquess of Beixiang | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquess%20of%20Beixiang | Marquess of Beixiang
Shun, recognizing that the former Marquess of Beixiang was young and not complicit in Empress Yan's plot, did not posthumously dishonor him or carry out reprisals against his family, but nor did he recognize his predecessor as a legitimate emperor. Later in the year, he had the former emperor burie... | 49,628 |
343460 | Marquess of Beixiang | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquess%20of%20Beixiang | Marquess of Beixiang
Empress Yan's plot, did not posthumously dishonor him or carry out reprisals against his family, but nor did he recognize his predecessor as a legitimate emperor. Later in the year, he had the former emperor buried with the honors of an imperial prince—in other words, higher than of his previous ti... | 49,629 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
Mohammad Najibullah
Najibullah Ahmadzai (Pashto/); 6 August 1947 – 27 September 1996), commonly known as Najibullah or Dr. Najib, was the President of Afghanistan from 1987 until 1992, when the mujahideen took over Kabul. He had previously held different careers under the People's Democratic Party ... | 49,630 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
of state, party and government. During Karmal's rule, Najibullah became head of the KHAD, the Afghan equivalent of the Soviet KGB. He was a member of the Parcham faction led by Karmal.
During Najibullah's tenure as KHAD head, it became one of the most brutally efficient governmental organs. Because... | 49,631 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
as PDPA General Secretary in 1986, and replace him with Najibullah. For a number of months Najibullah was locked in a power struggle against Karmal, who still retained his post of Chairman of the Revolutionary Council. Najibullah accused Karmal of trying to wreck his policy of National Reconciliatio... | 49,632 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
Pakistan and the United States continued its support for the mujahideen. Throughout his tenure, he tried to build support for his government via the National Reconciliation reforms by distancing from socialism in favor of Afghan nationalism, abolishing the one-party state and letting non-communists ... | 49,633 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, Najibullah was left without foreign aid. This, coupled with the internal collapse of his government, led to his resignation in April 1992.
After a failed attempt to flee to India, Najibullah remained in Kabul living in the United Nations headqua... | 49,634 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
and he is now seen to have been a strong and patriotic leader with a "normal" regime compared to his PDPA predecessors and the mayhem that happened after his ousting. In 2017 a pro-Najibist "Watan Party" was created as a continuation of Najibullah's party.
# Early life and career.
Najibullah was b... | 49,635 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
sub-tribe of the Ghilzai Pashtun tribe in Gardiz.
In 1965 Najibullah joined the Parcham faction of the Communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). He served as Babrak Karmal's close associate and bodyguard during the latter's tenure in the lower house of parliament (1965–1973), Najib... | 49,636 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
Iran, he was dismissed from government and went into exile in Europe.
## 1979–1986.
#### 1980–1985.
He returned to Kabul after the Soviet intervention in 1979. In 1980, he was appointed the head of KHAD, the Afghan equivalent to the Soviet KGB, and was promoted to the rank of Major General. He ... | 49,637 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
to top positions within the KHAD. In June 1981, Najibullah, along with Mohammad Aslam Watanjar, a former tank commander and the then Minister of Communications and Major General Mohammad Rafi, the Minister of Defence were appointed to the PDPA Politburo. Under Najibullah, KHAD's personnel increased ... | 49,638 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
its peak under Najibullah. He reported directly to the Soviet KGB, and a big part of KHAD's budget came from the Soviet Union itself.
As time would show, Najibullah was very efficient, and during his tenure as leader of KHAD, thousands were arrested, tortured, and executed. There are first-hand acc... | 49,639 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
did not want Najibullah to succeed Babrak Karmal because of the fact that Najibullah was known for exploiting his powers for his own benefit. It didn't help either that during his period as KHAD chief that the Pul-i Charki had become the home of several Khalqist politicians. Another problem was that... | 49,640 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
power was proven by turning KHAD from a government organ to a ministry in January 1986. With the situation in Afghanistan deteriorating, and the Soviet leadership looking for ways to withdraw, Mikhail Gorbachev wanted Karmal to resign as PDPA General Secretary. The question of who was to succeed Kar... | 49,641 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
more. The GRU preferred Assadullah Sarwari, earlier head of ASGA, the pre-KHAD secret police, who they believed would be better able to balance between the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Uzbeks. Another viable candidate was Abdul Qadir, who had been a participant in the Saur Revolution. Najibullah succeeded K... | 49,642 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
When Najibullah took the office of PDPA General Secretary, Karmal still had enough support in the party to disgrace Najibullah. Karmal went as far as to spread rumours that Najibullah's rule was little more than an interregnum, and that he would soon be reappointed to the general secretaryship. As i... | 49,643 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
in the PDPA in November relieved Karmal of his Revolutionary Council chairmanship, and he was exiled to Moscow where he was given a state-owned apartment and a dacha. In his position as Revolutionary Council chairman Karmal was succeeded by Haji Mohammad Chamkani, who was not a member of the PDPA.
... | 49,644 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
and talks between the various opposition forces, this was part of his policy of National Reconciliation. The discussions, if fruitful, would lead to the establishment of a coalition government and be the end of the PDPA's monopoly of power. The programme failed, but the government was able to recrui... | 49,645 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
The reason for this move, according to Najibullah, was the need for real-power sharing. On 13 July 1987 the official name of Afghanistan was changed from the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan to Republic of Afghanistan, and in June 1988 the Revolutionary Council, whose members were elected by the p... | 49,646 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
Many parts of the Afghan government's economic monopoly was also broken, this had more to do with the tight situation than any ideological conviction. Abdul Hakim Misaq, the Mayor of Kabul, even stated that traffickers of stolen goods would not be prosecuted by law as long as their goods were given ... | 49,647 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
to all deputy ministers, retained its majority in the state bureaucracy and that it retained all its provincial governors. The government was not willing to concede all of these positions, and when the offer was broadcast, the ministries of defence and state security.
##### 1987 and 1988.
Local e... | 49,648 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
(Wolesi Jirga), and a president to be indirectly elected to a 7-year term. The new political parties had to oppose colonialism, imperialism, neo-colonialism, Zionism, racial discrimination, apartheid and fascism. Najibullah stated that only the extremist part of the opposition could not join the pla... | 49,649 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
had won a total of 24 seats. Although the election was boycotted by the Mujahideen, the government left 50 of the 234 seats in the House of Representatives, as well as a small number of seats in the Senate, vacant in the hope that the guerrillas would end their armed struggle and participate in the ... | 49,650 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
the state of emergency on 18 February 1989, four days after the Soviet withdrawal. 1,700 intellectuals were arrested in February alone, and until November 1991 the government still supervised and restricted freedom of speech. Another problem was that party members took his policy seriously too, Naji... | 49,651 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
to his policy of National Reconciliation was met party-wide, but especially from Karmalists. Many people did not support the handing out of the already small state resources the Afghan state had at its disposal. On the other side, several members were proclaiming anti-Soviet slogans as they accused ... | 49,652 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
tenure, the PDPA tried to improve their standing with Muslims by moving, or appearing to move, to the political centre. They wanted to create a new image for the party and state. In 1987 Najibullah re-added Ullah to his name to appease the Muslim community. Communist symbols were either replaced or ... | 49,653 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
Islam was the state religion, and Article 73 stated that the head of state had to be born into a Muslim Afghan family. The 1990 constitution stated that Afghanistan was an Islamic state, and the last references to communism were removed. Article 1 of the 1990 Constitution said that Afghanistan was a... | 49,654 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
one month before the government's fall. According to the plan, the economy, which had grown less than 2 percent annually until 1985, would grow 25 percent in the plan. Industry would grow 28 percent, agriculture 14–16 percent, domestic trade by 150 percent and foreign trade with 15 percent. As expec... | 49,655 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
the "de jure" leader of Afghanistan, Soviet advisers still did the majority of work when Najibullah took power. As Gorbachev remarked "We're still doing everything ourselves [...]. That's all our people know how to do. They've tied Najibullah hand and foot." Fikryat Tabeev, the Soviet ambassador to ... | 49,656 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
mistake with Najibullah." As time would prove, the problem was that Najibullah's aims were the opposite of the Soviet Union's; Najibullah was opposed to a Soviet withdrawal, the Soviet Union wanted a Soviet withdrawal. This was logical, considering the fact that the Afghan military was on the brink ... | 49,657 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
planning to withdraw, but the United States Government didn't believe it. When Gorbachev met with Ronald Reagan during his visit the United States, Reagan called, bizarrely, for the dissolution of the Afghan army.
On 14 April 1988 the Afghan and Pakistani governments signed the Geneva Accords, and ... | 49,658 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
Eduard Shevardnadze said "We will leave the country in a deplorable situation", and further talked about the economic collapse, and the need to keep at least 10 to 15,000 troops in Afghanistan. In this Vladimir Kryuchkov, the KGB Chairman, supported him. This stance, if implemented, would be a betra... | 49,659 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
Soviet representatives in Kabul. This time Najibullah stated that Ahmad Shah Massoud was the main problem, and that he needed to be killed. In this, the Soviets agreed, but repeated that such a move would be a breach of the Geneva Accords; to hunt for Massoud so early on would disrupt the withdrawal... | 49,660 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
survive if Massoud remained alive. Shevardnadze again repeated that troops could not stay, since it would lead to international outcry, but said he would look into the matter. Shevardnadze demanded that the Soviet embassy created a plan in which at least 12,000 Soviet troops would remain in Afghanis... | 49,661 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
about moving a unit to break the siege of Kandahar, and to protect convoys from and to the city. The Soviet leadership were against Shevardnadze's plan, and Chernyaev even believed it was part of Najibullah's plan to keep Soviet troops in the country. To which Shevardnadze replied angrily "You've no... | 49,662 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
There was still a small presence of Soviet troops after the Soviet withdrawal; for instance, parachutists who protected the Soviet embassy staff, military advisors and special forces and reconnaissance troops still operated in the "outlying provinces", especially along the Afghan–Soviet border.
###... | 49,663 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
on Soviet aid to function. When the Soviet Union was dissolved on 26 December 1991, Najibullah turned to former Soviet Central Asia for aid. These newly independent states had no wish to see Afghanistan being taken over by religious fundamentalists, and supplied Afghanistan with 6 million barrels of... | 49,664 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
during 1986, and a major offensive that year included 10,000 Soviet troops and 8,000 Afghan troops.
Pakistani people and establishment continued to support the Afghan mujahideen even if it was in contravention of the Geneva Accords. At the beginning most observers expected the Najibullah government... | 49,665 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
began when the mujahideen bribed several government military officers, from there, they tried to take the airport, but were repulsed with heavy casualties. The willingness of the common Afghan government soldier to fight increased when the mujahideen began to execute people during the battle. During... | 49,666 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
ended in July, the mujahideen had lost an estimated 3,000 troops. One mujahideen commander lamented "the battle of Jalalabad lost us credit won in ten years of fighting."
Hardline Khalqist Shahnawaz Tanai attempted to overthrow Najibullah in a failed coup attempt in March 1990.
From 1989 to 1990, ... | 49,667 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
the government stood at 300,000. This trend did not continue, and by the summer of 1990, the Afghan government forces were on the defensive again. By the beginning of 1991, the government controlled only 10 percent of Afghanistan, the eleven-year Siege of Khost had ended in a mujahideen victory and ... | 49,668 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
leadership and the Soviet Union was in the middle of an economic and political crisis, which would lead directly to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. At the same time Boris Yeltsin became Russia's new hope, and he had no wish to continue to aid Najibullah's government, which h... | 49,669 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
Afghan Air Force, the most effective part of the Afghan military, was grounded due to lack of fuel. The Afghan mujahideen continued to be supported by Pakistan and establishment. Major cities were lost to the rebels, and terrorist attacks became common in Kabul. On the fifth anniversary of his polic... | 49,670 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
by an interim government with all parties involved in the struggle. In mid-April Najibullah accepted a UN plan to hand power to a seven-man council, and several days later on 14 April, Najibullah was forced to resign on the orders of the Watan Party because of the loss of Bagram Airbase and the town... | 49,671 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
was thwarted by troops of Abdul Rashid Dostum - once loyal to him, but now allied with Ahmad Shah Massoud - who controlled the airport. At the UN compound in Kabul, while waiting for the UN to negotiate his safe passage to India, he engaged himself in translating Peter Hopkirk's book "The Great Game... | 49,672 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
to let him take refuge at the Indian embassy as it risked creating "subcontinental rivalries" and reprisals against Kabul's Indian community, arguing that Najibullah would be far safer at the UN compound. All attempts failed and he eventually sought haven in the local UN headquarters, where he would... | 49,673 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
of him, and that Massoud "probably harboured hopes of a co-habitation with Najib somewhere in the womb of time because that extraordinary Afghan politician was a strategic asset to have by his side". At the time, Massoud was commanding the government's forces fighting the militias of Dostum and Gulb... | 49,674 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
has claimed that Najibullah feared that "if he fled with the Tajiks, he would be for ever damned in the eyes of his fellow Pashtuns." Others, like general Tokhi, who was with Dr. Najibullah until the day before his torture and execution, have stated that Najibullah mistrusted Massoud after his milit... | 49,675 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
them to come with them to flee Kabul, they rejected the offer. Najibullah was at the UN compound when the Taliban soldiers came for him on the evening of 26 September 1996. The Taliban shot him in the head and then dragged his dead, mutilated and castrated body behind a truck through the streets. Hi... | 49,676 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
of them were given a proper funeral by their fellow Ahmadzai tribesmen.
There was widespread international condemnation,"Situation of human rights in Afghanistan" United Nations Resolution 51/108, Article 10. 12 December 1996. Retrieved 15 June 2015 ""Endorses the Special Rapporteur's condemnation ... | 49,677 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
on Dostum, Massoud and Burhanuddin Rabbani. India, which had been supporting Najibullah, strongly condemned his public execution and began to support Massoud's United Front/Northern Alliance in an attempt to contain the rise of the Taliban. On the 20th anniversary of his death, in 2016, Afghanistan'... | 49,678 |
20290 | Mohammad Najibullah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad%20Najibullah | Mohammad Najibullah
akistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) for his death, saying that the plan to kill Najibullah was implemented by the ISI through the Taliban they backed.
# Legacy.
After his death, the brutal civil war between mujahideen factions, followed by the hardline Taliban regime, dramatically changed N... | 49,679 |
343485 | Brookfield Place (New York City) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brookfield%20Place%20(New%20York%20City) | Brookfield Place (New York City)
Brookfield Place (New York City)
Brookfield Place, built as and still commonly referred to as the World Financial Center, is a shopping center and office-building complex located across West Street from the World Trade Center in the Battery Park City neighborhood of Manhattan, New York... | 49,680 |
343485 | Brookfield Place (New York City) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brookfield%20Place%20(New%20York%20City) | Brookfield Place (New York City)
by Toronto-based Brookfield Office Properties, except for the spaces occupied by American Express, which is owned by the American Express Company. Brookfield Place also serves as the United States headquarters for Brookfield Office Properties, which has its headquarters located in 250 V... | 49,681 |
343485 | Brookfield Place (New York City) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brookfield%20Place%20(New%20York%20City) | Brookfield Place (New York City)
Rooftop: round dome
- 200 Vesey Street, formerly Three World Financial Center, (also known as American Express Tower) (1985), height , 51 stories
- Leasable area:
- Rooftop: pyramid
- 250 Vesey Street, formerly Four World Financial Center, (1986), height , 34 stories ("North Tower")... | 49,682 |
343485 | Brookfield Place (New York City) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brookfield%20Place%20(New%20York%20City) | Brookfield Place (New York City)
by architect César Pelli, with Adamson Associates, the World Financial Center complex was built by Olympia and York between 1982 and 1988 on landfill used to build Battery Park City. The fill material consisted of dirt excavated during the building of the World Trade Center, as well as ... | 49,683 |
343485 | Brookfield Place (New York City) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brookfield%20Place%20(New%20York%20City) | Brookfield Place (New York City)
damage to its glass and steel frame, but ceremonially reopened on September 11, 2002.
After the attacks, the World Financial Center underwent a $250 million renovation and expansion project, in conjunction with the construction of a new east-west passageway linking the complex with the... | 49,684 |
343485 | Brookfield Place (New York City) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brookfield%20Place%20(New%20York%20City) | Brookfield Place (New York City)
has also been used as an amphitheater; thus, the plans for demolition had outraged residents, who promptly appealed for its preservation in the latest redevelopment plans. The transit pavilion opened in 2013, and is located at 100 West Street.
Leasable space on the lower floors of the ... | 49,685 |
343485 | Brookfield Place (New York City) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brookfield%20Place%20(New%20York%20City) | Brookfield Place (New York City)
temporarily closed due to construction, a food truck court was in operation beginning in early 2012 on North End Avenue. Various food trucks that operate around New York City, serving a variety of foods, service the Brookfield Place/Battery Park City area five days a week during lunch h... | 49,686 |
343485 | Brookfield Place (New York City) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brookfield%20Place%20(New%20York%20City) | Brookfield Place (New York City)
ive more tourism in the area with the retail and the new access to the passageway under West Street. It is also being developed as a catalyst to integrate and drive development in the Battery Park City area, of which the World Financial Center sits promptly in between the largely reside... | 49,687 |
343491 | Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine-Labelle%20Regional%20County%20Municipality | Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality
Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality
Antoine-Labelle is a regional county municipality located in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada. Its seat is Mont-Laurier. It is named for Antoine Labelle.
# Subdivisions.
There are 28 subdivisions within the RCM:
- Citi... | 49,688 |
343491 | Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine-Labelle%20Regional%20County%20Municipality | Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality
Lac-Bazinet
- Lac-De La Bidière
- Lac-de-la-Maison-de-Pierre
- Lac-de-la-Pomme
- Lac-Douaire
- Lac-Ernest
- Lac-Marguerite
- Lac-Oscar
- Lac-Wagwabika
# Transportation.
## Access Routes.
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including ext... | 49,689 |
343491 | Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine-Labelle%20Regional%20County%20Municipality | Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality
Lac Cache
- Post d'accueil de la Cache
Papineau-Labelle Wildlife ReserveInformation Centers/ Camp Areas:
- Accueil Pie IX
- Benjamin
- Camp de gardien
- Camp du gardien (on Lac Joinville)
- Camp du gardien (on Lac Ernest)
- Caragana
- Corbeau
- De l'Averse
- De l'... | 49,690 |
343491 | Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine-Labelle%20Regional%20County%20Municipality | Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality
de La Macaza
- Poste d'accueil de l'Ascension
Zones d'exploitation contrôlée:
- ZEC Le Sueur
- ZEC Mitchinamecus
- ZEC Normandie
- ZEC Petawaga
# Attractions.
- Armand-Lachaine Covered Bridge [1906] (Chute-Saint-Philippe)
- Exposition de Mont-Laurier Centre (Mont-La... | 49,691 |
343491 | Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine-Labelle%20Regional%20County%20Municipality | Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality
trôlée:
- ZEC Le Sueur
- ZEC Mitchinamecus
- ZEC Normandie
- ZEC Petawaga
# Attractions.
- Armand-Lachaine Covered Bridge [1906] (Chute-Saint-Philippe)
- Exposition de Mont-Laurier Centre (Mont-Laurier)
- Ferme-Rouge Covered Bridge [1903] (Kiamika/Saint-Aimé-du-Lac-d... | 49,692 |
343430 | Spoken word | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spoken%20word | Spoken word
Spoken word
Spoken word is a performance art that is word-based. It is an oral art that focuses on the aesthetics of word play such as intonation and voice inflection. It is a "catchall" term that includes any kind of poetry recited aloud, including poetry readings, poetry slams, jazz poetry, and hip hop, ... | 49,693 |
343430 | Spoken word | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spoken%20word | Spoken word
many years. Long before writing, through a cycle of practicing, listening and memorizing, each language drew on its resources of sound structure for aural patterns that made spoken poetry very different from ordinary discourse and easier to commit to memory.
"There were poets long before there were printin... | 49,694 |
343430 | Spoken word | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spoken%20word | Spoken word
remains one person talking to another".
The oral tradition is one that is conveyed primarily by speech as opposed to writing, in predominantly oral cultures proverbs (also known as maxims) are convenient vehicles for conveying simple beliefs and cultural attitudes.
"The hearing knowledge we bring to a lin... | 49,695 |
343430 | Spoken word | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spoken%20word | Spoken word
poetry, while elegiac and panegyric court poetry were developed extensively throughout the history of the empires of the Nile, Niger and Volta river valleys. One of the best known griot epic poems was created for the founder of the Mali Empire, the Epic of Sundiata. In African culture, performance poetry is... | 49,696 |
343430 | Spoken word | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spoken%20word | Spoken word
drum. Drumming for accompaniment is not to be confused with performances of the "talking drum", which is a literature of its own, since it is a distinct method of communication that depends on conveying meaning through non-musical grammatical, tonal and rhythmic rules imitating speech. Although, they could ... | 49,697 |
343430 | Spoken word | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spoken%20word | Spoken word
similar to spoken-word poetry, in their Olympic Games.
## Development in the United States.
Vachel Lindsay helped maintain the tradition of poetry as spoken art in the early twentieth century. Robert Frost also spoke well, his meter accommodating his natural sentences. Poet laureate Robert Pinsky said, "P... | 49,698 |
343430 | Spoken word | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spoken%20word | Spoken word
the United States."
Some American spoken-word poetry originated from the poetry of the Harlem Renaissance, blues, and the Beat Generation of 1960s. Spoken word in African American culture drew on a rich literary and musical heritage. Langston Hughes and writers of the Harlem Renaissance were inspired by th... | 49,699 |
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