wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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343618 | Emperor Xian of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Xian%20of%20Han | Emperor Xian of Han
Xian's name — including a harshly-worded edict condemning Yuan Shao for taking over nearby provinces — even though it still bestowed Yuan with the highly honorific post of Grand Commandant. Cao Cao and Emperor Xian maintained a superficially cordial relationship, but this did not prevent two major c... | 50,700 |
343618 | Emperor Xian of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Xian%20of%20Han | Emperor Xian of Han
to act in the capital, but in 200, Dong's conspiracy was discovered, and he, along with Zhong Ji and Wang Fu, were killed. Liu Bei was later defeated by Cao Cao and forced to flee to Yuan Shao's territory. Dong Cheng's daughter, an imperial consort, was pregnant, and Emperor Xian personally tried to... | 50,701 |
343618 | Emperor Xian of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Xian%20of%20Han | Emperor Xian of Han
and forced Emperor Xian to have Empress Fu deposed. Emperor Xian was hesitant, and Cao Cao sent his soldiers into the palace to put pressure on the emperor. Empress Fu hid inside the walls, but was finally discovered and dragged out. As she was led away, she cried out to Emperor Xian for him to save... | 50,702 |
343618 | Emperor Xian of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Xian%20of%20Han | Emperor Xian of Han
of himself, ending the Han dynasty. Cao Pi established a new state known as Cao Wei (sometimes known inaccurately as the Kingdom of Wei), and he granted Emperor Xian a noble title – Duke of Shanyang (山陽公). The former Emperor Xian died in 234 and was buried with honours befitting an emperor, using Ha... | 50,703 |
343618 | Emperor Xian of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Xian%20of%20Han | Emperor Xian of Han
nobility on his predecessor, from whom he usurped the throne, was known as "er wang san ke" (二王三恪).
# Era names.
- 189: "Yonghan" ()
- 190–193: "Chuping" ()
- 194–195: "Xingping" ()
- 196–220: "Jian'an" ()
- 220: "Yankang" ()
# Family.
- Parents:
- Liu Hong, Emperor Xiaoling (; 156–189)
- ... | 50,704 |
343618 | Emperor Xian of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Xian%20of%20Han | Emperor Xian of Han
name Jie ()
- Princess Changle (), personal name Man ()
- Unknown
- Liu Xi, Prince Jiyin ()
- Liu Yi, Prince Shanyang ()
- Liu Mao, Prince Jibei ()
- Liu Dun, Prince Donghai ()
- First daughter
- Married Cao Pi (187–226)
- Second daughter
- Married Cao Pi (187–226)
# See also.
- Chinese ... | 50,705 |
343651 | Carlos Mesa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos%20Mesa | Carlos Mesa
Carlos Mesa
Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert (born August 12, 1953) is a Bolivian historian and presidential candidate for this upcoming 2019 election in Bolivia. He was vice president of Bolivia from August 2002 to October 2003 and then became president, holding office from October 17, 2003 until his resignation... | 50,706 |
343651 | Carlos Mesa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos%20Mesa | Carlos Mesa
shut down Bolivia in a bitter dispute known as the Bolivian Gas War. The demonstrations eventually forced Sánchez de Lozada to resign, leaving Mesa as president.
Mesa is currently a Bolivian spokesman in the Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean case in the International Court of Justice. He ... | 50,707 |
343651 | Carlos Mesa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos%20Mesa | Carlos Mesa
like President Sanchez de Lozada, under the same extreme internal and external political pressures over the use of Bolivia's 1.5 trillion cubic meters of natural gas reserves, estimated to be worth billions of dollars (USD).
After a resurgence of Gas protests in 2005 on March 6, 2005, after weeks of new st... | 50,708 |
343651 | Carlos Mesa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos%20Mesa | Carlos Mesa
president.
As vice president, Carlos Mesa also was the leader of the Bolivian congress.
Before politics, Mesa was a historian and journalist in radio, television and newspapers. He is a member of the Bolivian History Academy, and co-wrote with his parents an exhaustive compendium of Bolivian history from ... | 50,709 |
343651 | Carlos Mesa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos%20Mesa | Carlos Mesa
demand that our products be admitted into the markets of rich countries in adequate conditions.
As the gas conflict escalated, Mesa ended discontent with the government's heavy-handed repression of the protests, which would leave over 60 people dead during September and October 2003. He did not resign, but... | 50,710 |
343651 | Carlos Mesa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos%20Mesa | Carlos Mesa
addition, in January 2004, he announced that his government would hold a series of rallies around the country and at its embassies abroad, demanding that Chile return to Bolivia a stretch of seacoast that the country lost in 1879 after the end of the War of the Pacific. Chile has traditionally refused to ne... | 50,711 |
343651 | Carlos Mesa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos%20Mesa | Carlos Mesa
and oil-rich south continued to rise. Weeks of escalating street demonstrations and widening disorder reached a peak in June 2005 as tens of thousands of protesters marched into La Paz. Aware of his growing inability to control or influence events without resorting to violence, Mesa tendered his resignation... | 50,712 |
343651 | Carlos Mesa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos%20Mesa | Carlos Mesa
Evo Morales in December 2005. Later, Evo Morales's government accused Carlos Mesa for economic damages to the country interests.
## Bolivian spokesman before the ICJ.
Leaving behind previous animosity, Morales agreed with Mesa that the latter would be the Bolivian spokesman in the ongoing case against Chi... | 50,713 |
343651 | Carlos Mesa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos%20Mesa | Carlos Mesa
década de conversaciones en democracia" (1993)
- "La epopeya del fútbol boliviano" (1994)
- "Territorios de libertad" (1995)
- "Historia de Bolivia" (co-author, 1997)
- "El vano de la vida incansable" (co-author, 1999)
- "La espada en la palabra" (2000)
- "El Vicepresidente ¿la sombra del poder?" (co-... | 50,714 |
343651 | Carlos Mesa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos%20Mesa | Carlos Mesa
(2008)
- "Un gobierno de ciudadanos" (editor, 2008)
- Many documentaries made for television, including the series "Bolivia Siglo XX", a contemporary history of Bolivia consisting of 36 documentaries, each about an hour long, made in conjunction with Mario Espinoza and produced by Ximena Valdivia.
# Exte... | 50,715 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
Zhang Liang (Western Han)
Zhang Liang ( 3rd century BC – 186 BC), courtesy name Zifang, was a strategist and statesman who lived in the early Western Han dynasty. He is also known as one of the "Three Heroes of the early Han dynasty" (漢初三傑), along with Han Xin(韓信) and Xiao He. Zhang Liang con... | 50,716 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
His grandfather served three generations of the Hán rulers as chancellors while his father served two generations. Zhang Liang missed the opportunity to inherit his family's legacy as the Hán state was annexed by the Qin state in 230 BC as part of Qin's wars of unification.
# Becoming a Fugit... | 50,717 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
160 lbs. or 72 kg) forged for the strongman. In 218 BC, Zhang Liang heard that Qin Shi Huang was going to Yangwu County (east of present-day Yuanyang County, Henan) as part of his inspection tour, and was due to pass by Bolangsha during the journey.
Zhang Liang and the strongman lay in ambush... | 50,718 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
actually not in that carriage and survived the assassination attempt, after which he ordered the arrest of Zhang Liang. Zhang Liang eluded the dragnet for ten days by using fake identities and becoming a fugitive.
## Meeting Huang Shigong.
As a wanted man by the government, Zhang Liang trave... | 50,719 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
lifted his foot and ordered Zhang Liang to put on the shoe for him. Zhang Liang was furious but he controlled his temper and meekly obliged. The man did not show any sign of gratitude and walked away laughing.
The old man came back after walking a distance and praised Zhang Liang, "This child... | 50,720 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
the second time but the old man still arrived earlier than him, and he was scorned by the old man once more and told to return again five days later. The third time, Zhang Liang went to the bridge at midnight and waited until the old man appeared. This time, the old man was impressed with Zhan... | 50,721 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
Rock Old Man") . The book was titled "The Art of War by Taigong" (太公兵法) and believed to be the "Six Secret Teachings" by Jiang Ziya, while some called it "Three Strategies of Huang Shigong". In legend, Zhang Liang returned to the indicated site 13 years later and did see a yellow rock there. H... | 50,722 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
as well, but his force was too weak, so he led his followers to join Jing Ju, a pretender to the throne of the former Chu state. He met Liu Bang during his journey and was impressed with Liu's charisma that he changed his decision and joined Liu instead. Zhang Liang became a temporary advisor ... | 50,723 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
appointed as the Hán's chancellor. Han Cheng's armies attempted to capture Qin cities that were formerly Hán territories but did not achieve much success and engaged in guerrilla warfare for about a year. Later that year, Xiang Liang was killed in action at the Battle of Dingtao and King Huai ... | 50,724 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
Zhang Liang served as a temporary advisor to Liu Bang. Zhang Liang contributed to Liu Bang's eventual victory in the race to Guanzhong for the strategies he proposed. For example, at the battle of Yao Pass, Zhang Liang suggested tricking the Qin commander into surrendering by bribing him with ... | 50,725 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
being surrounded by the enemy if Liu did so.
# Chu–Han Contention.
## Feast at Hong Gate.
Upon entering the Epang Palace in Xianyang (the Qin capital), Liu Bang was strongly tempted by the riches it housed and wanted to stay there forever. Zhang Liang reminded Liu Bang about overindulgence ... | 50,726 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
Pass (eastern gateway to Guanzhong) and Liu ordered his men to prevent Xiang's forces from entering Guanzhong. Xiang Yu was furious when he learnt that Liu Bang had beat him in the race to Guanzhong, and he wanted to kill Liu after being instigated by Fan Zeng and a defector from Liu's side, C... | 50,727 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
to oppose him. With help from Xiang Bo, Liu Bang managed to survive the dangerous banquet and Xiang Yu dismissed the idea of killing Liu. However, Fan Zeng was dissatisfied and he asked Xiang Yu's cousin Xiang Zhuang to pretend to perform a sword dance and use the opportunity to kill Liu Bang.... | 50,728 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
by Xiahou Ying, who had been waiting nearby on Zhang Liang's instruction. Zhang Liang remained behind to hold Xiang Yu's attention while Liu Bang escaped. Before leaving, Zhang Liang presented Xiang Yu and Fan Zeng with a pair of jade pieces.
## Eighteen Kingdoms.
Xiang Yu split the former Q... | 50,729 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
Liu Bang's side back to Hán to continue serving as chancellor. Before parting ways, Liu Bang presented Zhang Liang with some gold and pearls, all of which Zhang gave to Xiang Bo. Zhang Liang also urged Liu Bang to destroy the gallery roads leading to Bashu during the journey to Hanzhong, in or... | 50,730 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
and made his subordinate Zheng Chang the new King of Hán. Zhang Liang was still the chancellor of Hán under the new arrangement but he was aware of his precarious position, and cognisant of how Xiang Yu had destroyed his hope of restoring the Hán state. Zhang Liang fled from Hán later and retu... | 50,731 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
known as the Chu–Han Contention. In 205 BC, Liu Bang was defeated by Xiang Yu at the Battle of Pengcheng and he retreated to Xiayi. Zhang Liang proposed a strategy to Liu Bang to counter Xiang Yu, known as the "Xiayi Plan" (下邑之謀). Liu Bang followed Zhang Liang's advice: he sent Xiao He to pers... | 50,732 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
thrones. This plan was intended to help Liu Bang gain the support of the vassal states' rulers, who would help him in the war against Xiang Yu. However, Zhang Liang disapproved of the plan as he felt that the states were more likely to support Western Chu instead as Chu was superior to Han in ... | 50,733 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
his aid. Zhang Liang reminded Liu Bang that if he refused to approve Han Xin's request, Han might be discontented and declare independence from Liu, putting them in a dangerous situation. Liu Bang reluctantly agreed and sent Zhang Liang to pass the king's seal to Han Xin. Zhang Liang met Han X... | 50,734 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
by Xiang Yu because the expected reinforcements from Han Xin and Peng Yue did not arrive. Zhang Liang explained to Liu Bang that Han Xin and Peng Yue did not mobilise their troops because they did not have their fiefs yet, even though they had received their titles of vassal kings. Liu Bang fo... | 50,735 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
and became historically known as "Emperor Gaozu of Han". Following the establishment of the Han dynasty, Zhang Liang remained as a key advisor to Gaozu even though he did not receive any formal appointment as a government minister. Together with Lou Jing, Zhang Liang later suggested for Gaozu ... | 50,736 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
to ask Gaozu whom of all his subjects he hated the most. Gaozu mentioned Yong Chi, who had rebelled against him before but surrendered later. Zhang Liang then suggested to Gaozu to grant Yong Chi a noble title, because if the others saw that Gaozu was able to forgive Yong Chi, they would be at... | 50,737 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
Ying, in governing the home territories. After returning from the campaign, Gaozu wanted to replace Liu Ying with Liu Ruyi, the Prince of Zhao. Zhang Liang opposed Gaozu's decision but Gaozu ignored him so Zhang feigned illness and retired again. When approached by Empress Lü Zhi to help Liu Y... | 50,738 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
Liang Tomb stands at 6 km southwest of present-day Lankao County, Henan. According to legend, during the Lü Clan Disturbance, Zhang Liang moved to Mount Baiyun at the southwest of Donghun County (present-day Lankao County, Henan), and was buried there after his death. A Zhang Liang Temple used... | 50,739 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
Liang's tomb was in present-day Pei County, Xuzhou. According to the 7th-century gazetteer "Kuodi Zhi", Zhang Liang's tomb was 65 "li" east of Pei County, near Liucheng, where a Zhang Liang Temple was also located.
According to "Xianshizhi" (仙釋志) and "Lingmuzhi" (陵墓志), Zhang Liang's tomb was ... | 50,740 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
pillow inside his tomb. The pillow transformed swiftly and flew away like a shooting star, and nothing else was found in the tomb, not even Zhang Liang's body. Zhang Liang became an immortal and served Laozi as an assistant. Zhang Liang's grandson, Zhang Daoling, became an immortal, too, and h... | 50,741 |
343616 | Zhang Liang (Western Han) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang%20Liang%20(Western%20Han) | Zhang Liang (Western Han)
Huang Shigong had also become one of the classic Chinese folk tales about humility for later generations to learn from.
Zhang Liang is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game "Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI" by Koei. He has higher intelligence sta... | 50,742 |
343652 | Lapland longspur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapland%20longspur | Lapland longspur
Lapland longspur
The Lapland longspur ("Calcarius lapponicus"), also known as the Lapland bunting, is a passerine bird in the longspur family Calcariidae, a group separated by most modern authors from the Fringillidae (Old World finches).
# Etymology.
The English name refers to the long hind claws. ... | 50,743 |
343652 | Lapland longspur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapland%20longspur | Lapland longspur
back and chestnut nape and wing panels.
# Distribution and habitat.
It breeds across Arctic Europe and Asia and in Canada and the northernmost United States. It is migratory, wintering in the Russian steppes, the southern United States, Northern Scandinavian arctic areas and down to coastal Southern ... | 50,744 |
343652 | Lapland longspur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapland%20longspur | Lapland longspur
"triiiuuu"; both sounds alternate.
## Breeding.
It breeds in wet areas with birch or willow, and or bare mountains, and winters on cultivated land or coasts. The bird is often seen close to the tree line, and likes to feed in mixed-species flocks in winter. Its natural food consists of insects when f... | 50,745 |
343652 | Lapland longspur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapland%20longspur | Lapland longspur
varying between a few minutes and an hour, then fly away looking for a new foraging area. Their seed diet is composed mainly of seeds from grass, foxtail, cultivated millet, crabgrass and wheat. During the breeding season, the birds migrate to the north, where their diet switches to arthropods. Nestlin... | 50,746 |
343652 | Lapland longspur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapland%20longspur | Lapland longspur
y). The birds often catch insects in mid-air, but do forage through vegetation when climatic conditions prevent the insects from flying. Longspurs can consume between 3000 and 10,000 prey items (insects or seeds) per day, depending on their energy needs. Dipteran larvae and adults form the major part o... | 50,747 |
343663 | Set-theoretic limit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set-theoretic%20limit | Set-theoretic limit
Set-theoretic limit
In mathematics, the limit of a sequence of sets "A", "A", ... (subsets of a common set "X") is a set whose elements are determined by the sequence in either of two equivalent ways: (1) by upper and lower bounds on the sequence that converge monotonically to the same set (analogo... | 50,748 |
343663 | Set-theoretic limit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set-theoretic%20limit | Set-theoretic limit
convergence: the limit exists if the limit infimum and limit supremum are identical. (See below). Such set limits are essential in measure theory and probability.
It is a common misconception that the limits infimum and supremum described here involve sets of accumulation points, that is, sets of "... | 50,749 |
343663 | Set-theoretic limit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set-theoretic%20limit | Set-theoretic limit
that do involve accumulation points under different metrics or topologies.)
# Definitions.
## The two definitions.
Suppose that formula_1 is a sequence of sets. The two equivalent definitions are as follows.
- Using union and intersection, define
- Using indicator functions, let 1(x) equal 1 if... | 50,750 |
343663 | Set-theoretic limit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set-theoretic%20limit | Set-theoretic limit
in "A" for every "m" ≥ "n", which is to say if and only if "x" ∉ "A" for only finitely many "n".
Therefore, "x" is in the iff "x" is in all except finitely many "A". For this reason, a shorthand phrase for the limit infimum is ""x" ∈ "A" all except finitely often" (or ""x" ∈ "A" all but finitely of... | 50,751 |
343663 | Set-theoretic limit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set-theoretic%20limit | Set-theoretic limit
i.o.".
To put it another way, the limit infimum consists of elements that "eventually stay forever" (are in "each" set after "some" "n"), while the limit supremum consists of elements that "never leave forever" (are in "some" set after "each" "n").
## Monotone sequences.
The sequence {"A"} is sai... | 50,752 |
343663 | Set-theoretic limit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set-theoretic%20limit | Set-theoretic limit
the limit supremum:
- Using the monotonicity of formula_12 and of formula_13,
- By using DeMorgan's rule twice, with set complement "A" = "X"\"A",
- From the second definition above and the definitions for limit infimum and limit supremum of a real-valued sequence,
- Suppose formula_18 is a σ-al... | 50,753 |
343663 | Set-theoretic limit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set-theoretic%20limit | Set-theoretic limit
limit supremum, are essential for probability and measure theory. Such limits are used to calculate (or prove) the probabilities and measures of other, more purposeful, sets. For the following, formula_30 is a probability space, which means formula_18 is a σ-algebra of subsets of formula_32 and form... | 50,754 |
343663 | Set-theoretic limit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set-theoretic%20limit | Set-theoretic limit
or showing that the limsup of a sequence of events has probability equal to 1 or to 0. The statement of the first (original) Borel–Cantelli lemma is
The second Borel–Cantelli lemma is a partial converse:
## Almost sure convergence.
One of the most important applications to probability is for demo... | 50,755 |
343671 | Cirl bunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirl%20bunting | Cirl bunting
Cirl bunting
The cirl bunting ( ), "Emberiza cirlus", is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae, a group now separated by most modern authors from the finches, Fringillidae.
It breeds across southern Europe, on the Mediterranean islands and in north Africa. It is a resident of these warmer ar... | 50,756 |
343671 | Cirl bunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirl%20bunting | Cirl bunting
mascot on the signs for the village of Stokeinteignhead in Devon.
# Etymology.
The genus name "Emberiza" is from Old German "Embritz", a bunting. The specific "cirlus" is from a local Italian name "cirlo", for a type of bunting, from "zirlare", "to chirp". The English "cirl" is derived from "cirlus", "pr... | 50,757 |
343671 | Cirl bunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirl%20bunting | Cirl bunting
the yellowhammer, but has a streaked grey-brown rump and chestnut shoulders.
The monotonous song of the cock is rattling trill, like Arctic warbler or the terminal rattle of lesser whitethroat.
In the summer their natural food consists of invertebrates for example grasshoppers and crickets to feed their ... | 50,758 |
343671 | Cirl bunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirl%20bunting | Cirl bunting
runs from April until mid-September, potentially having three broods in total. They are sedentary in nature and will often travel only from their nests to forage in summer, and up to in winter to find stubbles.
Two to five eggs are laid, which show the hair-like markings characteristic of buntings.
The i... | 50,759 |
343671 | Cirl bunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirl%20bunting | Cirl bunting
ornithologist George Montagu discovered the species, as he recorded in his book, the "Ornithological Dictionary", 1802. The species appears to have first colonised Britain near Kingsbridge, most likely not long before Montagu described it. It expanded from there across southern England in the nineteenth ce... | 50,760 |
343671 | Cirl bunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirl%20bunting | Cirl bunting
Allow stubbles to overwinter. Leave crops such as spring barley stubble untreated (no fertiliser, pesticide, or cultivation) until the end of the following March. This allows the cirl bunting to feed over the winter on the spilt grain and seeds of broad-leaved arable weeds like fat hen, chickweed, and annu... | 50,761 |
343671 | Cirl bunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirl%20bunting | Cirl bunting
mix crop. This crop has an open structure, allowing birds to forage.
- Delay spraying insecticides to provide invertebrate food for as long as possible.
- Leave hedgerows untrimmed for periods of time. This provides breeding areas and food.
A partnership between Natural England and the RSPB runs the "Ci... | 50,762 |
343671 | Cirl bunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirl%20bunting | Cirl bunting
rts of conservation organisations and landowners, the cirl bunting population has increased from 118 pairs in 1989 to 700 pairs in 2003. However, their range has not expanded.
# External links.
- ARKive stills, video
- An RSPB guide to cirl bunting sites in Devon. Retrieved 18 May 2007
- Ageing and sex... | 50,763 |
343658 | Bruce Greenwood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce%20Greenwood | Bruce Greenwood
Bruce Greenwood
Stuart Bruce Greenwood (born August 12, 1956) is a Canadian actor and producer. He is known for his role as the American president John F. Kennedy in "Thirteen Days" and as Captain Christopher Pike in J. J. Abrams's "Star Trek" reboot series. In television, Greenwood starred as Gil Garc... | 50,764 |
343658 | Bruce Greenwood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce%20Greenwood | Bruce Greenwood
in "Super 8". Greenwood is also a voice actor; his voice roles include Chiron in the Canadian animated series "Class of the Titans" and Bruce Wayne / Batman in "", "Young Justice" and "".
# Career.
Greenwood is known in the United States for his appearances in "Star Trek"; "I, Robot"; "Double Jeopardy... | 50,765 |
343658 | Bruce Greenwood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce%20Greenwood | Bruce Greenwood
and "Ararat". He appeared in the 1980s teen cult film "The Malibu Bikini Shop" and starred in "". He played a role in "The World's Fastest Indian" and also featured in the Bob Dylan biographical film "I'm Not There". He appeared in "Dinner for Schmucks" as the cruel executive who hosts a dinner for "idi... | 50,766 |
343658 | Bruce Greenwood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce%20Greenwood | Bruce Greenwood
2007, HBO's "John from Cincinnati" premiered, starring Greenwood. Greenwood also appears as the President of the United States in "". He played the Beach Boys drummer, Dennis Wilson, in "Summer Dreams: Story of the Beach Boys". In 2009, he worked with Australian director Bruce Beresford, playing the par... | 50,767 |
343658 | Bruce Greenwood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce%20Greenwood | Bruce Greenwood
ayed the lead role in the horror thriller "Cell 213". He is the lead for the Steven Spielberg produced 2012 ABC series "The River" and reprised his role as Admiral Christopher Pike for J. J. Abrams' "Star Trek Into Darkness".
In 2015, Greenwood had a recurring role in the last season of "Mad Men" as Ri... | 50,768 |
343679 | Levis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levis | Levis
Levis
Lévis or Levis may be:
# Geography.
## Canada.
- Lévis, Quebec
- Lévis (electoral district) (1967–2004), a federal electoral district in Quebec
- Lévis (provincial electoral district), a provincial electoral district in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec
- Levis-Lauzon, a former city in Quebec... | 50,769 |
343679 | Levis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levis | Levis
County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
# People.
- House of Lévis, antique noble French family
- François de Gaston, Chevalier de Lévis (1719–1787), French soldier best known for his command in Canada in 1760
- Levis of Jerusalem, a 2nd-century Jewish Christian bishop
# Military.
- Fort Lévis, a for... | 50,770 |
343679 | Levis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levis | Levis
nada in 1760
- Levis of Jerusalem, a 2nd-century Jewish Christian bishop
# Military.
- Fort Lévis, a former French fortification, now submerged in the St. Lawrence River, near Ogdensburg, New York, U.S.
- Lévis Forts, a series of three forts in Lévis, Quebec
- HMCS "Lévis" (K115), a 190 Royal Canadian Navy F... | 50,771 |
343678 | Aryl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryl | Aryl
Aryl
In the context of organic molecules, aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring, usually an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as phenyl and naphthyl. "Aryl" is used for the sake of abbreviation or generalization, and "Ar" is used as a placeholder for the aryl group in chemical structu... | 50,772 |
343678 | Aryl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryl | Aryl
an aryl group is attached to a substituent. It is typically achieved by cross-coupling reactions.
# Nomenclature.
The most basic aryl group is phenyl, which is made up of a benzene ring with one hydrogen atom substituted for some substituent, and has the molecular formula CH−. Note that phenyl groups are not the... | 50,773 |
343678 | Aryl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryl | Aryl
This is usually done when the group attached to the phenyl group consists of six or more carbon atoms.
As an example, consider a hydroxyl group connected to a phenyl group. In this case, if the phenyl group was taken as the parent hydrocarbon, the compound would be named hydroxybenzene. Alternatively, and more co... | 50,774 |
343678 | Aryl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryl | Aryl
However, due to the high stability of benzene rings, they will only react with highly reactive electrophiles, and will only undergo substitution reactions (but not addition reactions). Benzene's unusual stability is explained by its ability to delocalise charges by resonance. Electrophilic aromatic substitution of... | 50,775 |
343678 | Aryl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryl | Aryl
nature of benzene, catalyst such as aluminium chloride is needed. The formula for this reaction is:
## Halogen-metal exchange of aryl halides.
Organometallic compounds are compounds that have a bond between a carbon and a metal atom.
The halogen atom of an aryl halide atom could be exchanged for a metal atom us... | 50,776 |
343678 | Aryl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryl | Aryl
thium cation on bromine. The formula to such reaction is:
The reaction is able to occur since benzene has a higher acidity compared to butane, which can be explained by the stability of the carbanion after the molecule loses a proton. The lithium-phenyl complex (CHLi) can better delocalize the negative charge by ... | 50,777 |
343682 | Pine bunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine%20bunting | Pine bunting
Pine bunting
The pine bunting ("Emberiza leucocephalos") is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae, a group most modern authors now separate from the finches, Fringillidae. It lives in Asia.
# Etymology.
The genus name "Emberiza" is from Old German "Embritz", a bunting. The specific "leucoce... | 50,778 |
343682 | Pine bunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine%20bunting | Pine bunting
of a yellowhammer, but with all the yellow replaced by white. Its song and calls are like those of the yellowhammer.
# Breeding and habitat.
The pine bunting breeds across much of temperate Asia, migrating south to central Asia, north India and southern China in winter. It is common in all sorts of open ... | 50,779 |
343682 | Pine bunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine%20bunting | Pine bunting
vagrant in Suffolk, England in 1982, the "Sizewell bunting", is documented and illustrated with photographs in "British Birds"
Some doubt has been cast upon male birds which appear to all intents and purposes to be pure pine buntings, but show yellow primary fringes. Previously, in Britain, these were reg... | 50,780 |
343682 | Pine bunting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine%20bunting | Pine bunting
ee. However, since 2004, BBRC has regarded these birds as acceptable if they also meet the following conditions:
- the lores must be chestnut, not black or grey
- the throat must be extensively chestnut coloured, without a dark malar line or pale submoustachial line
- the supercilium should be chestnut ... | 50,781 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
In the Mouth of Madness
In the Mouth of Madness is a 1994 American horror film directed and scored by John Carpenter and written by Michael De Luca. It stars Sam Neill, Julie Carmen, Jürgen Prochnow, David Warner and Charlton Heston. Informally, the film is the third installment in Carpenter's ... | 50,782 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
a claim by New York-based Arcane Publishing. During their conversation, Trent's attacked by a man wielding an axe who, after asking him if he reads Sutter Cane, is shot dead by a police officer before he can harm Trent. The man was Cane's agent, who went insane and killed his family after readin... | 50,783 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
memory loss and paranoia in "less stable readers". Trent's skeptical, convinced the disappearance is a publicity stunt. Trent notices red lines on Cane's book's covers which, when aligned properly, form the outline of New Hampshire and mark a location alluded to be Hobb's End, the fictional sett... | 50,784 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
was a stunt to promote Cane's book, but the time distortion and exact replica of Hobb's End were not part of the plan.
Linda enters a church to confront Cane, who exposes her to his final novel, "In the Mouth of Madness", which drives her insane; she begins embracing and kissing Cane passionate... | 50,785 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
an ancient race of monstrous beings which will reclaim the Earth. Cane reveals that Trent is merely one of his characters, who must follow Cane's plot and return the manuscript of "In The Mouth of Madness" to Arcane Publishing, furthering the end of humanity.
After giving Trent the manuscript, ... | 50,786 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
road, apparently back in reality. During his return to New York, Trent destroys the manuscript. Back at Arcane Publishing, Trent relates his experience to Harglow. Harglow claims ignorance of Linda; Trent was sent alone to find Cane, and the manuscript was delivered months earlier. "In the Mouth... | 50,787 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
it a meaningless hallucination. Trent wakes the following day to find the asylum abandoned. He departs as a radio announces that the world has been overrun with monstrous creatures, including mutating humans, and that outbreaks of suicide and mass murder are commonplace. Trent goes to see the "I... | 50,788 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
as Sutter Cane
- David Warner as Dr. Wrenn
- John Glover as Saperstein
- Bernie Casey as Robinson
- Kali Rocha as Agency Assistant
- Peter Jason as Mr. Paul
- Charlton Heston as Jackson Harglow
- Frances Bay as Mrs. Pickman
- Wilhelm von Homburg as Simon
- Hayden Christensen as Paper Bo... | 50,789 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
to direct. A few years later, Carpenter signed on as director in December 1992 and filming took place from August to October 1993.
The town scenes in Hobb's End were filmed on Main Street Unionville, and the exterior of the Black Church is actually the Cathedral of the Transfiguration. Both are... | 50,790 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
the story told in flashback, a common technique of Lovecraft. Reference is made to Lovecraftian settings and details (such as a character that shares the name of Lovecraft's Pickman family). Sutter Cane's novels have similar titles to H.P. Lovecraft stories : "The Whisperer of the Dark" ("The Wh... | 50,791 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
fiction set in New England hamlets.
# Release.
## Box office.
"In the Mouth of Madness" was released in December 1994 in Italy, and on February 3, 1995 in the U.S. For its worldwide release, In The Mouth Of Madness opened at the #4 spot and grossed $3,441,807 on 1,510 theaters in its first we... | 50,792 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
Ray in a collector's edition form on July 24, 2018.
# Reception.
In The Mouth Of Madness was released to mixed reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 59% based on , with a weighted average rating of 5.6/10. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews,... | 50,793 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
acting and Carpenter's work as a director, but ultimately said the film fell flat due to its screenplay, saying "...one wonders how In the Mouth of Madness might have turned out if the script had contained even just a little more wit and ambition." Gene Siskel gave the film the same rating, as d... | 50,794 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
of cheesy horror, while pretending to be appalled" and gave the film a one-out-of-four star rating. Fred Topel of About.com said the film was "too confusing" and "hard to follow", giving the film a one-out-of-five rating. The film did receive fully positive reviews from the time period though; L... | 50,795 |
343684 | In the Mouth of Madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%20the%20Mouth%20of%20Madness | In the Mouth of Madness
ating.
As with most of Carpenter's work, In The Mouth Of Madness has received a cult following and has gained more positive reviews in the years following its initial release. Stuckmann wrote that he believes the film would've done significantly better if released today, saying "it fits right i... | 50,796 |
343694 | The War of the Jewels | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20War%20of%20the%20Jewels | The War of the Jewels
The War of the Jewels
The War of the Jewels (1994) is the 11th volume of Christopher Tolkien's series "The History of Middle-earth", analysing the unpublished manuscripts of his father J. R. R. Tolkien.
It is the second of two volumes—"Morgoth's Ring" being the first—to explore the later 1951 "S... | 50,797 |
343694 | The War of the Jewels | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20War%20of%20the%20Jewels | The War of the Jewels
conclusion to the "Narn". It was not included in the final "Silmarillion" because Christopher Tolkien feared that the heavy compression which would have been necessary to make it a stylistic match with the rest of the book would have been too difficult and would have made the story overly complex ... | 50,798 |
343694 | The War of the Jewels | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20War%20of%20the%20Jewels | The War of the Jewels
and the portrayal of the Girdle of Melian in the older stories is much weaker than the impenetrable barrier of the post-"Lord of the Rings" writings.
- Tolkien's exploration of the origins of the Ents and the great Eagles.
- "Quendi and Eldar" discusses the many names the Elves gave to themselve... | 50,799 |
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