wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
343694 | The War of the Jewels | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20War%20of%20the%20Jewels | The War of the Jewels
ritings.
- Tolkien's exploration of the origins of the Ents and the great Eagles.
- "Quendi and Eldar" discusses the many names the Elves gave to themselves in Primitive Quendian and Common Eldarin and their evolution in Quenya, Telerin, and Sindarin; it has many details about the history of the... | 50,800 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
Stanford Band
The Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band (LSJUMB) is the student marching band representing Stanford University and its athletic teams. Billing itself as "The World's Largest Rock and Roll Band", the Stanford Band performs at sporting events, student activities, and other functio... | 50,801 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
control over it. As a result, the band is almost entirely student-run.
In 1972, the Band went from an all-male band to co-ed.
The band and its new director also clicked over his arrangement of "The Star-Spangled Banner", which featured the striking effect of a single trumpet playing the first half of th... | 50,802 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
uniforms, eventually settling for a mostly rock and roll repertoire and a simplified uniform consisting of a white fishing hat with red trim (and as many buttons as will fit), red blazer, black pants, and "the ugliest tie you can get your hands on." In the springtime and at non-athletic events, band membe... | 50,803 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
is heavy on classic rock of the 1970s, particularly songs by Tower of Power, Santana, and The Who. In the 1990s, more modern music was introduced, including songs by Green Day and The Offspring. For many years, it has billed itself as "The World's Largest Rock 'n Roll Band."
The "de facto" fight song is ... | 50,804 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
marching bands to record and release their music, the band has produced thirteen albums since 1967. Arrangements focus on the loudest brass instruments—trumpets, mellophones, and trombones—and percussion—one bass drum (called the Axis o' Rhythm), snare drums, and single tenor drums. This led a "Rolling St... | 50,805 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
or suggestive shapes, as well as words. A team of Stanford students writes a script for the halftime show, delivered over the public address system, which provides a basic explanation for the band's formations.
## Stunts and incidents.
The LSJUMB's behavior has made them notorious. They have been critic... | 50,806 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
due to their antics, such as taking over the microphone on the Storyland Canal boats, while visiting in Anaheim for the 1972 Rose Bowl. Disneyland officials were upset with the "true story" behind the ride. Additionally the Rose Bowl committee still requires advance review if the band marches in the parad... | 50,807 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
to the UCLA football game scheduled on November 8, 1986 after incidents in previous games that season. First, on October 11, 1986, an infamous incident of public urination happened following the home football game against the Washington Huskies. Second, during the halftime show of the home USC game on Oct... | 50,808 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
that year, amid very close scrutiny.
- In 1989, before an away game against USC, the USC Trojan Marching Band toilet-papered the Stanford tree mascot in the Coliseum tunnel before the pre-game show, resulting in a free-for-all between members of both bands and the mascot that had to be broken up by the r... | 50,809 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
the band not return to Oregon for several years; the band did not return until 2001. After the spotted owl incident, all halftime shows were reviewed and approved by Stanford's Athletic Department.
- In 1991, the University of Notre Dame banned the LSJUMB from visiting its campus after a halftime show at... | 50,810 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
and forcibly ripped the nun habit off of his head. Selvik pursued and regained his habit from the attacker, who in the scuffle for the habit told the drum major he was "going to hell for this."
- In 1992, the LSJUMB was denied entrance to Disneyland after being invited there to play in connection with th... | 50,811 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
Courthouse during jury selection for the O.J. Simpson murder trial. The band's song selection included an arrangement of The Zombies' "She's Not There." Defense lawyer Robert Shapiro described the incident to the media as "a new low in tasteless behavior." Later that year, during the halftime show of the ... | 50,812 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
and the Irish at a game against Notre Dame. The band put on a show entitled "These Irish, Why Must they Fight?" Besides the mocking supposedly stereotypical Irish-Catholic behavior, there was a Riverdance formation, and a Potato Famine joke, drawing criticism for its "tasteless" portrayal of Catholics. St... | 50,813 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
Tree in on a wheelchair.
- In 2002 and 2006, the band was sanctioned for off-the-field behavior, including violations of the University alcohol policy.
- In 2004, the band drew national attention and Mormon ire for joking about polygamy during a game against Brigham Young University. The Dollies appeare... | 50,814 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
"Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!" on September 9, 2006.
- In 2006, the band was suspended by Stanford administrators when their former "Band Shak" was vandalized. After moving into a new $2.8 million facility, the previous Shak, a trailer that served as a temporary home for the band, was found with broken wi... | 50,815 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
barred from performing at halftime of the 2006 Big Game as a result. However, the University two stated that November they would not press vandalism charges. In March 2007, the University exonerated the individual Band members involved in the incident. It also charged the band $8,000 for damages (though i... | 50,816 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
all, it takes a special kind of man to be wanted for sexual harassment, drug trafficking, tax evasion, prostitution, child abuse and disruptive flatulence. But that's just the kind of captain of industry Joe Francis is."
- Organizers of the 2011 Orange Bowl supposedly banned the band from performing thei... | 50,817 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
limited to a pre game show.
- In 2015, following a joint investigation by Stanford's Organization Conduct Board (OCB) and Title IX Office, it was announced that the band would be prohibited from performing at away athletic events for one year and would be required to adopt a number of reforms. The univer... | 50,818 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
was given an alcoholic concoction intended to make that individual vomit publicly; an annual trip in which some band members used illegal substances; and a band selection process in which individuals were asked a number of inappropriate questions on sexual matters.
- At halftime of the 2016 Rose Bowl Gam... | 50,819 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
was booed by Iowa fans, and the incident sparked outrage on social media. A transcript of the field show can be found on the band's Facebook page.
- In December 2016, a Stanford Organizational Conduct Board panel found the band responsible for new violations of campus alcohol policy, the alcohol suspensi... | 50,820 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
to last through the 2016–2017 school year, but the band successfully appealed the decision to Provost John Etchemendy. The appeal placed the band on a "provisional status" through the end of the 2016–2017 school year.
- At halftime of the 2017 Alamo Bowl, the band performed a routine that appeared to moc... | 50,821 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
field, thinking the game was over after Stanford players appeared to have tackled ball-carrier Dwight Garner. Garner managed to lateral it to another player, and they continued to lateral back and forth, with Cal's Kevin Moen dodging through the band for a winning touchdown, which he ended by running over... | 50,822 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
player Garner's knee touched the ground before his lateral; all band members performing the re-enactment froze in place at this stage, and a single member, carrying a large yellow arrow, ran out and repeatedly pointed at the "down" Garner. Officials at the time did not call Garner down and though no insta... | 50,823 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
operate under the band's aegis. The Dollies appear at all sporting events and school/community rallies with the Stanford Band and Tree.
The Dollies are a dance group, rather than cheerleaders in the typical sense. They are a separate entity from the Stanford Cheerleading team, who currently fall under th... | 50,824 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
to tallest).
Dollies serve one-year terms, and each year five new dancers are chosen by previous Dollies and the band. Try-outs are held in February and culminate in "Dollie Day," when prospective Dollies ("ProDos") demonstrate their ability in front of the entire assembled band. Each year's new Dollie c... | 50,825 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
2016–2017 Dollies: Janelle Kaneda, Arianna Tapia, Taylor Butze, Jolena Ma, Emily O'Neal
- 2015–2016 Dollies: Alida Ratteray, Claudia Aber, Chloe Koseff, Shelby Crants, Dalia Szafer
- 2014–2015 Dollies: Erika Nguyen, Aubriana Menendez, Martha Collins, Shelby Mynhier, Jordan Huelskamp
- 2013–2014 Dollies... | 50,826 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
Paula Markey, Nia Minor, Kim Souza, Elise Birkhofer
- 2008–2009 Dollies: Jennifer Lee, Ali Romer, Taylor Phillips, Sydney Gulbronson, Taylor Thibodeaux
# Albums of the LSJUMB.
- Funny On Occasion, Embarrassing On Average (2013)
- The One, The Only (2008)
- This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things (2003)... | 50,827 |
343692 | Stanford Band | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford%20Band | Stanford Band
nifer Lee, Ali Romer, Taylor Phillips, Sydney Gulbronson, Taylor Thibodeaux
# Albums of the LSJUMB.
- Funny On Occasion, Embarrassing On Average (2013)
- The One, The Only (2008)
- This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things (2003)
- Ultrasound (1999)
- The Winds of Freedom Blow (Greatest Hits 1970–1998) ... | 50,828 |
343693 | Morgoth's Ring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgoth's%20Ring | Morgoth's Ring
Morgoth's Ring
Morgoth's Ring (1993) is the tenth volume of Christopher Tolkien's 12-volume series "The History of Middle-earth" in which he analyses the unpublished manuscripts of his father J. R. R. Tolkien.
# Contents.
This volume, along with the subsequent "The War of the Jewels", provides detaile... | 50,829 |
343693 | Morgoth's Ring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgoth's%20Ring | Morgoth's Ring
the very matter of Arda, thus the whole of Middle-earth was Morgoth's Ring".
"Morgoth's Ring" presents source material and editorial on the following:
- Later (1951) revisions of "The Silmarillion", showing Tolkien's drastic revisiting and rewriting of his legends.
- "Annals of Aman" — detailed chrono... | 50,830 |
343693 | Morgoth's Ring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgoth's%20Ring | Morgoth's Ring
an Elven king Finrod Felagund and Andreth, a mortal woman, about the tragedy of death and immortality, and the way Elves and Men suffer their different sorrows; and about the healing of death by the Resurrection and the Incarnation.
- "Tale of Adanel" — the Middle-earth version of the tale of original s... | 50,831 |
343693 | Morgoth's Ring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgoth's%20Ring | Morgoth's Ring
period following the completion of "The Lord of the Rings". There are three extant versions of the text, including a carefully emended manuscript, a typescript and its carbon copy each featuring different corrections and notes, and a typescript of the earlier sections of the text that deviates from the p... | 50,832 |
343693 | Morgoth's Ring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgoth's%20Ring | Morgoth's Ring
events of the chronology.
"The Annals of Aman" presents the history of the world from the entry of the Valar into Arda until the Hiding of Valinor after the revolt and exile of the Noldor in the form of year-by-year entries of varying lengths, much in the style of real-world annals. Tolkien attributes t... | 50,833 |
343693 | Morgoth's Ring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgoth's%20Ring | Morgoth's Ring
engths, much in the style of real-world annals. Tolkien attributes the work to the Noldorin lore-master and linguist Rúmil of Tirion. According to the second typescript, "The Annals of Aman" were remembered by the Noldorin Exiles in Middle-earth, who transmitted their knowledge to the Men of Númenor, whe... | 50,834 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
Chinese space program
The space program of the People's Republic of China is directed by the China National Space Administration (CNSA). Its technological roots can be traced back to the late 1950s, when China began a ballistic missile program in response to perceived American (and, later, Soviet... | 50,835 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
have articulated long term ambitions to exploit Earth-Moon space for industrial development.
# History.
After the United States threatened to use nuclear weapons during the Korean War, Chairman Mao Zedong decided that only a nuclear deterrent of its own would guarantee the security of the newly ... | 50,836 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
of China (CPC) Central Committee meeting held on January 15, 1955. The Chinese nuclear weapons program was designated by the codename of "02".
The Fifth Academy of the National Defense Ministry () was founded on October 8, 1956, with Qian Xuesen, who had just been deported from the United States ... | 50,837 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
on May 17, 1958 to make China an equal with the superpowers (“”) (We need to develop the artificial satellite too), by adopting "Project 581" with the objective of placing a satellite in orbit by 1959 to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the PRC's founding.
This goal would be achieved in three ph... | 50,838 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
(SRBM), itself an upgraded version of a German V-2 rocket. Its range was 590 km, weighing 20.5 tons and propelled with liquid oxygen and alcohol.
- China's first ever T-7 sounding rocket was successfully launched from the Nanhui launch site on February 19, 1960.
- China started to develop medium... | 50,839 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
Mao asserting that there had been a counter-revolution in the Soviet Union and that capitalism had been restored, the friendly relationship between the two countries turned to confrontation. As a consequence, all Soviet technological assistance was abruptly withdrawn after the 1960 Sino-Soviet spl... | 50,840 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
The first successful launch of a Chinese 1059 SRBM missile copy of the R-2 was conducted only two months later on November 5, 1960. The missile was also designated DF-1. The first DF-2 MRBM was tested on March 21, 1962, but failed.
- Development eventually continued with the redesigned DF-2A MRBM... | 50,841 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
to carry a single nuclear warhead and has a maximum range of 12000 km. In November 1966, it was decided to build a second ballistic missile test site, the Northern Missile Test Site (华北导弹试验场)) in Shanxi Province, farther away from China's northern border.
- On October 27, 1966, a nuclear-tipped D... | 50,842 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
of the DF-4 IRBM began in 1967 in parallel with the single-stage DF-3.
- In March 1967, development started on the JL-1 submarine-launched ballistic missile to accompany the Type 092 ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) also in development.
As the space race between the two superpowers reached its... | 50,843 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
start the selection of astronauts.
- As part of the "third line" effort to relocate critical defense infrastructure to the relatively remote interior (away from the Soviet border), it was decided to construct a new space center in the mountainous region of Xichang in the Sichuan province, code-na... | 50,844 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
launcher was derived from the DF-5 ICBM. Only a few months later, a parallel heavy-lift SLV program, also based on the same DF-5 ICBM and known as CZ-2, was started in Beijing by the First Space Academy.
- The DF-4 was used to develop the Long March-1 SLV. A newly designed spin-up orbital inserti... | 50,845 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
the missile to increase its range to over 4750 km.
- The second satellite launch attempt on April 24, 1970 was successful. A CZ-1 was used to launch the 173 kg "Dong Fang Hong I" (东方红一号, meaning The East Is Red I), also known as "Mao-1". It was the heaviest first satellite placed into orbit by a ... | 50,846 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
eyes was consequently dramatically increased to a comfortable magnitude 2 to 3.
- The PRC's second satellite was launched with the last of the CZ-1 SLVs on March 3, 1971. The 221 kg ShiJian-1 (SJ-1) was equipped with a magnetometer and cosmic-ray/x-ray detectors.
- The first crewed space program... | 50,847 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
August 10, 1972, the new heavy-lift SLV FB-1 made its maiden test flight, with only partial success.
- The CZ-2A launcher, originally designed to carry the Shuguang-1 spacecraft, was first tested on November 5, 1974, carrying China’s first FSW-0 recoverable satellite, but failed. After some redes... | 50,848 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
reactionary and therefore forced to retire from all his offices, slowly re-emerged as China's new leader in 1978. At first, new development was slowed. Then, several key projects deemed unnecessary were simply cancelled—the Fanji ABM system, the Xianfeng Anti-Missile Super Gun, the ICBM Early Warn... | 50,849 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
Further development of the Long March rocket series allowed the PRC to initiate a commercial launch program in 1985, which has since launched over 30 foreign satellites, primarily for European and Asian interests.
- The next crewed space program was even more ambitious and proposed in March 1986,... | 50,850 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
was founded on July 5, 1988.
- On September 15, 1988, a JL-1 SLBM was launched from a Type 092 submarine. The maximum range of the SLBM is 2150 km.
Along Deng's policy of capitalist reforms in the Chinese economy, Chinese culture also changed. Therefore, names used in the space program, previous... | 50,851 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
Bureau) was founded in Beijing.
- On February 15, 1996, during the flight of the first Long March 3B heavy carrier rocket carrying Intelsat 708, the rocket veered off course immediately after clearing the launch platform, crashing 22 seconds later. It crashed away from the launch pad into a nearb... | 50,852 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
exploration starting with the Moon. The first Chinese Lunar Exploration Program un-crewed lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 was successfully launched on October 24, 2007, making China the fifth nation to successfully orbit the Moon.
# Chinese space program and the international community.
## Dual-use tech... | 50,853 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
that could have dual-use military applications to countries such as North Korea, Iran or Syria, and announced an official embargo against the PRC in 2000. Thus, financial retaliatory measures have been taken on many occasions against several Chinese space companies.
## Chinese exclusion policy of... | 50,854 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
Chinese nationals from entering NASA facilities without a waiver from NASA.
The history of the U.S. exclusion policy can be traced back in 1998 when a U.S. Congressional Commission led by Christopher Cox discovered that the technical information that American companies provided China for its comm... | 50,855 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
as accidental collision. The United States also fears the Chinese application of dual-use space technology for nefarious purposes. The U.S. imposed an embargo to the U.S. - China space cooperation throughout the 2000s and by 2011, a clause inserted by then-Congressman Frank Wolf in the 2011 U.S. f... | 50,856 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
the space program of the PRC was organized under the People's Liberation Army, particularly the Second Artillery Corps. In the 1990s, the PRC reorganized the space program as part of a general reorganization of the defense industry to make it resemble Western defense procurement.
The China Nation... | 50,857 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
however, it is the intent of the PRC government that they should not be actively state managed and that they should behave much as private companies would in the West.
## Universities and institutes.
The space program also has close links with:
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, Na... | 50,858 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University
## Space cities.
- Dongfeng space city (东风航天城)，also known as "Base 20" (二十基地) or "Dongfeng base" (东风基地)
- Beijing space city (北京航天城)
- Wenchang space city (文昌航天城)
- Shanghai space city (上海航天城)
- Yantai space city (烟台航天城)
-... | 50,859 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
The first successful flight of a biological experimental T-7A(S1) sounding rocket transporting eight white mice was launched and recovered on July 19, 1964.
## Satellite launch centers.
The PRC operates 4 satellite launch centers:
- Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC)
- Xichang Satellite La... | 50,860 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
the communication time between the Shenzhou 7 spaceship and the ground; it will also improve the amount of data that can be transferred. The current orbit coverage of 12 percent will thus be increased to a total of about 60 percent.
- Deep Space Tracking Network composed with radio antennas in Be... | 50,861 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
Xiamen Station
- Lushan Station
- Jiamusi Station
- Dongfeng Station
- Hetian Station
### Overseas tracking stations.
- Karachi Station, Pakistan
- Tarawa Station, Kiribati (dismantled in 2003)
- Malindi Station, Kenya
- Swakopmund tracking station, Namibia
- China Satellite Launch and T... | 50,862 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
PRC should not be left behind, and therefore initiated China's own crewed space program. The top-secret Project 714 aimed to put two people into space by 1973 with the Shuguang spacecraft. Nineteen PLAAF pilots were selected for this goal on March 1971. The Shuguang-1 spacecraft to be launched wit... | 50,863 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
a few times in 1978 with the open publishing of some details including photos, but then was abruptly canceled in 1980. It has been argued that the second crewed program was created solely for propaganda purposes, and was never intended to produce results.
## Project 863.
A new crewed space progr... | 50,864 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
into the 1992 "Project 921".
## Project 921 (Shenzhou).
### Spacecraft.
In 1992, authorization and funding was given for the first phase of Project 921, which was a plan to launch a crewed spacecraft. The Shenzhou program had four uncrewed test flights and two crewed missions. The first one was... | 50,865 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
6" followed two years later ending the first phase of the Project 921. Missions are launched on the Long March 2F rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The China Crewed Space Engineering Office provides engineering and administrative support for the crewed Shenzhou missions.
### Space ... | 50,866 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
target module is intended to be the first step to testing the technology required for a planned space station.
On October 31, 2011, a Long March 2F rocket lifted the Shenzhou 8 uncrewed spacecraft which docked twice with the Tiangong 1 module. The Shenzhou 9 craft took off on 16 June 2012 with a ... | 50,867 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
and a width of 3.35m, much like the Tiangong 1. Shenzhou 11 launched and rendezvoused with Tiangong 2 in October 2016, with an unconfirmed further mission Shenzhou 12 in the future. The Tiangong 2 brings with it the POLAR gamma ray burst detector, a space-Earth quantum key distribution and laser c... | 50,868 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
in-space cold atomic fountain clock.
### Space station.
A larger basic permanent space station (基本型空间站) would be the third and last phase of Project 921. This will be a modular design with an eventual weight of around 60 tons, to be completed sometime before 2020. The first section, designated T... | 50,869 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
is scheduled to be completed in 2020.
## Lunar exploration.
In February 2004, the PRC formally started the implementation phase of its uncrewed Moon exploration project. According to Sun Laiyan, administrator of the China National Space Administration, the project will involve three phases: orbi... | 50,870 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
PRC planned to complete a space station and a crewed mission to the Moon by 2020, assuming funding was approved by the government.
On December 14, 2005, it was reported "an effort to launch lunar orbiting satellites will be supplanted in 2007 by a program aimed at accomplishing an uncrewed lunar ... | 50,871 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
has been discussed in a 2006 conference by academician Zhang Guitian (张贵田), a liquid propellant rocket engine specialist, who developed the CZ-2 and CZ-4A rockets engines.
On June 22, 2006, Long Lehao, deputy chief architect of the lunar probe project, laid out a schedule for China's lunar explor... | 50,872 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, added that China has the "full capacity to accomplish Mars exploration by 2013."
On December 14, 2013 China's Chang'e 3 became the first object to soft-land on the Moon since Luna 24 in 1976.
On January 3, 2019, Chang'e 4, the China National Space Administrati... | 50,873 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
denoted by a calligraphic Moon ideogram (月) in the shape of a nascent lunar crescent, with two human footsteps at its center, the ultimate objective of the program is to establish a permanent human presence on the Earth's natural satellite.
Yang Liwei declared at the 16th Human in Space Symposium... | 50,874 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
leaks in the media. A typical example is the Lunar Roving Vehicle (月球车) that was shown on a Chinese TV channel (东方卫视) during the 2008 May Day celebrations.
## Mission to Mars and beyond.
Sun Laiyan, administrator of the China National Space Administration, said on July 20, 2006 that China would ... | 50,875 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
a space weather forecast system was to be completed by 2017 with the Kuafu mission satellites placed at the Lagrangian Point L1. However, due to withdrawal first by Canada and then ESA, the project was indefinitely postponed.
In 2006, the Chief Designer of the Shenzhou spacecraft stated in an int... | 50,876 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
of Science and technology that "China had built up a solid industrial foundation, acquired sufficient technology and had enough money to carry out the most ambitious space project in history. Once completed, the solar station, with a capacity of 100MW, would span at least one square kilometre, dwa... | 50,877 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
heavy lift system for the construction of an orbital solar power plant with 10,000 MW capacity massing 50,000 tonnes.
By 2013 there was a national goal, that "the state has decided that power coming from outside of the earth, such as solar power and development of other space energy resources, is... | 50,878 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
SPS system will be in operation at GEO." The article went on to state that "Since SPS development will be a huge project, it will be considered the equivalent of an Apollo program for energy. In the last century, America's leading position in science and technology worldwide was inextricably linke... | 50,879 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
with their video of a Multi-Rotary Joint concept. The design was presented in detail in a paper for the Online Journal of Space Communication.
In 2016, Lt Gen. Zhang Yulin, deputy chief of the [PLA] armament development department of the Central Military Commission, suggested that China would nex... | 50,880 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
crewed lunar base
- Robotic mission to Mars
- Exploit Earth-Moon space for industrial development.
# List of launchers and projects.
## Launch vehicles.
- Air-Launched SLV able to place a 50 kilogram plus payload to 500 km SSO
- Kaituozhe-2
- Kaituozhe-1 (开拓者一号), KT-1A (开拓者一号甲), KT-2 (开拓者二号... | 50,881 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
length of 12.39 m to accommodate large spacecraft
- CZ-2F/G Modified CZ-2F without escape tower, specially used for launching robotic missions such as Shenzhou cargo and space laboratory module with payload capacity up to 11.2 tons in LEO
- CZ-3B(A) More powerful Long March rockets using larger-... | 50,882 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
500 kg to 700 km SSO, first flight for 2010; with Fan Ruixiang (范瑞祥) as Chief designer of the project
- CZ-7 used for Phase 4 of Lunar Exploration Program (嫦娥-4 工程), that is permanent base (月面驻留) expected for 2024; Second generation Heavy ELV for lunar and deep space trajectory injection (70 tonn... | 50,883 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
developed by the Small Satellite Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Space Technology.
- The Double Star Mission comprised two satellites launched in 2003 and 2004, jointly with ESA, to study the Earth's magnetosphere.
- Earth observation, remote sensing or reconnaissance satellites ser... | 50,884 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
research, with the launch of the world's largest Solar Space Telescope in 2008, and "Project 973" Space Hard X-Ray Modulation Telescope (硬X射线调制望远镜HXMT) by 2010.
- Kuafu mission satellites for space weather forecasts was planned to be completed by 2017. However, due to withdrawal first by Canada a... | 50,885 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
Project 921-11 – X-11 spacecraft
- Project 921-2 – Chinese Space Laboratory and Chinese Permanent Space Station, short term and then permanent occupation
- Shenzhou Cargo (货运飞船) – robotic version of the Shenzhou spacecraft to resupply the Chinese Permanent Space Station and return cargo back to ... | 50,886 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
– to be launched in December 2019 to perform a sample-return.
- Fourth phase, Chang'e 6, Chang'e 7 and Chang'e 8 - will explore the south pole for natural resources; may 3D-print a structure using regolith.
- Crewed mission: In the 2030s, see Chinese Lunar Exploration Program#Crewed mission
###... | 50,887 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
targets, within the 2020–2030 timeframe.
Proposed robotic missions include:
- Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover (HX-1), planned for launch in July–August 2020 with arrival at Mars in February 2021. Mission includes an orbiter, a lander, and a rover.
- Asteroid Exploration Missi... | 50,888 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
return.
- Jupiter System Exploration Mission, proposed for launch around 2029–2030, and arriving at Jupiter around 2036. Mission goals include orbital exploration of Jupiter and its four largest moons, study of the magnetohydrodynamics in the Jupiter system, and investigation of the internal comp... | 50,889 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
either been officially approved or are in the study phase as of June 2017.
# Research.
The Center for Space Science and Applied Research (CSSAR), was founded in 1987 by merging the former Institute of Space Physics (i.e. the Institute of Applied Geophysics founded in 1958) and the Center for Spa... | 50,890 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
space program
# External links.
- China National Space Administration
- Center for Space Science and Applied Research – Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- 《宇航学报》 的免费电子版 – Journal of Astronautics published by the Chinese Society of Astronautics
- Go Taikonauts! – An Unofficial Chinese Space W... | 50,891 |
343674 | Chinese space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20space%20program | Chinese space program
e
- Mark Wade 's Encyclopedia Astronautica
- China's Space Ambitions, analysis by Joan Johnson-Freese, IFRI Proliferation Papers n° 18, 2007
- US Senate testimony on Chinese space program, given by James Oberg.
- Excerpts from Senate Q&A period on Chinese space program
- Dragon Space – China'... | 50,892 |
343723 | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Space%20Grant%20College%20and%20Fellowship%20Program | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program
National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program
The space-grant colleges are educational institutions in the United States that comprise a network of 52 consortia formed for the purpose of outer-space-related research. Each consortium is based in one of the 50 st... | 50,893 |
343723 | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Space%20Grant%20College%20and%20Fellowship%20Program | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program
only money.
# Objectives.
The program claims the following objectives:
- Establish and maintain a national network of universities with interests and capabilities in aeronautics, outer space, and related fields;
- Encourage cooperative programs among universities,... | 50,894 |
343723 | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Space%20Grant%20College%20and%20Fellowship%20Program | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program
secondary levels.
# History.
The National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program was established in 1988 by the US Congress following the success of similar scholarship opportunities in the oceanic Sea Grant and agricultural Land Grant fields. The catch-all term... | 50,895 |
343723 | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Space%20Grant%20College%20and%20Fellowship%20Program | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program
was made to begin collecting the history of the council.
# Programs.
Building Leaders for Advancing Science and Technology (BLAST)
BLAST is a three-day summer event that takes place at Virginia's Old Dominion University. This free, STEM-centered event, is available... | 50,896 |
343723 | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Space%20Grant%20College%20and%20Fellowship%20Program | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program
the academic and technological abilities of university students. It utilizes hands-on training in the implementation of space habitats for deep space missions. There is an Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Division where university students can compete to win awards ... | 50,897 |
343723 | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Space%20Grant%20College%20and%20Fellowship%20Program | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program
junior or higher.
NASA KSC Higher Education Support Services
The NASA/Kennedy Space Center Higher Education Support Services supports college grade Higher Education competitions. Such competitions entail internships, senior design projects, and selective grants.
Na... | 50,898 |
343723 | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Space%20Grant%20College%20and%20Fellowship%20Program | National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program
from an economical view to a public view.
Space Systems Engineering Website
The Space Systems Engineering Website is a free, six-week, online course that allows students to work and learn with NASA's engineers. Course materials will always be accessible and students... | 50,899 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.