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43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
the interim head of state until Komorowski's swearing-in on 6 August.
# Former Presidents.
Within Poland, former presidents are entitled to lifetime personal security protection by Biuro Ochrony Rządu officers, in addition to receiving a substantial pension and a private office. On 10 April 2010, ... | 5,500 |
43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
e to Russia.
As of 2019, three former Presidents of Poland are alive:
- Lech Wałęsa (1990–1995)
- Aleksander Kwaśniewski (1995–2005)
- Bronisław Komorowski (2010–2015)
Also, three former Acting Presidents are alive:
- Bronisław Komorowski (2010)
- Bogdan Borusewicz (2010)
- Grzegorz Schetyna... | 5,501 |
43585 | 753 BC | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=753%20BC | 753 BC
753 BC
# Events.
- April 21: Rome founded by Romulus (according to tradition). Beginning of the Roman "Ab urbe condita" calendar. | 5,502 |
43591 | Édouard Roche | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Édouard%20Roche | Édouard Roche
Édouard Roche
Édouard Albert Roche (17 October 1820 – 27 April 1883) was a French astronomer and mathematician, who is best known for his work in the field of celestial mechanics. His name was given to the concepts of the Roche sphere, Roche limit and Roche lobe. He also was the author of works in meteor... | 5,503 |
43591 | Édouard Roche | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Édouard%20Roche | Édouard Roche
until 1877. The most important were on comets (1860) and the nebular hypothesis itself (1873). Roche's studies examined the effects of strong gravitational fields upon swarms of tiny particles.
He is perhaps most famous for his theory that the planetary rings of Saturn were formed when a large moon came ... | 5,504 |
43591 | Édouard Roche | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Édouard%20Roche | Édouard Roche
other objects will be captured by one or the other, and the Roche lobe approximates the gravitational sphere of influence of one astronomical body in the face of perturbations from another heavier body around which it orbits.
# Works.
Roche's works are in French, his vernacular language.
## Lists of wo... | 5,505 |
43591 | Édouard Roche | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Édouard%20Roche | Édouard Roche
ptured by one or the other, and the Roche lobe approximates the gravitational sphere of influence of one astronomical body in the face of perturbations from another heavier body around which it orbits.
# Works.
Roche's works are in French, his vernacular language.
## Lists of works.
- List of works, o... | 5,506 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
Teresa of Ávila
Saint Teresa of Ávila, born Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada, also called Saint Teresa of Jesus (28 March 15154 October 1582), was a Spanish noblewoman who chose a monastic life in the Catholic Church. A Carmelite nun, prominent Spanish mystic, religious reformer, author, theologian o... | 5,507 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
of the Discalced Carmelites. A formal papal decree adopting the split was issued in 1580.
Teresa, who had been a social celebrity in her home province, was dogged by early family losses and ill health. In her mature years, she became the central figure of a movement of spiritual and monastic renewal bo... | 5,508 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
death in 1622, Teresa was canonized by Pope Gregory XV. At the time she was considered a candidate for national patron saint of Spain, but lost out to St. James the Apostle. She has since become one of the patron saints of Spain.
Her written contributions, which include her autobiography, "The Life of ... | 5,509 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
Paul VI proclaim Teresa a "Doctor of the Church" in recognition of her centuries-long spiritual legacy to Catholicism.
Other associations with Teresa beyond her writings continue to exert a wide influence. A "Santero" image of the Immaculate Conception of El Viejo said to have been sent by her with a b... | 5,510 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
to philosophers, theologians, historians, neurologists, fiction writers, artists as well as countless ordinary people interested in Christian spirituality and mysticism.
Speaking to pilgrims from Avila in October 1981, Pope John Paul II said: "It is necessary for the rich legacy left by Teresa of Jesus... | 5,511 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
in 1515 in Ávila, Spain. Her paternal grandfather, Juan Sánchez de Toledo, was a marrano or Converso, a Jew forced to convert to Christianity or emigrate. When Teresa's father was a child, Juan was condemned by the Spanish Inquisition for allegedly returning to the Jewish faith, but he was later able to... | 5,512 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
to raise her daughter as a pious Christian. Teresa was fascinated by accounts of the lives of the saints and ran away from home at age seven with her brother Rodrigo to find martyrdom among the Moors. Her uncle stopped them on the road as he was returning to the town, having spotted them outside the tow... | 5,513 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
into religious life.
After completing her education, she initially resisted the idea of a religious vocation, but after a stay with her uncle and other relatives, she relented. In 1536 aged 18, much to the disappointment of her pious and austere father, she decided to enter the local easy-going Carmeli... | 5,514 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
she recovered thanks to the miraculous intercession of St. Joseph, she believed. She began to experience instances of religious ecstasy.
## Foundations of spirituality.
Her reading of medieval mystics, consisted of directions for examinations of conscience and for spiritual self-concentration and inne... | 5,515 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
she had risen from the lowest stage, "recollection", to the "devotions of silence" or even to the "devotions of ecstasy", which was one of perfect union with God (see ). During this final stage, she said she frequently experienced a rich "blessing of tears". As the Catholic distinction between mortal an... | 5,516 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
But her confessor, the Jesuit Saint Francis Borgia, reassured her of the divine inspiration of her thoughts. On St. Peter's Day in 1559, Teresa became firmly convinced that Jesus Christ presented himself to her in bodily form, though invisible. These visions lasted almost uninterrupted for more than two... | 5,517 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
her lifelong imitation of the life and suffering of Jesus, epitomized in the adage often associated with her: "Lord, either let me suffer or let me die."
## Embarrassment of raptures.
Teresa who became a celebrity in her town dispensing wisdom from behind the convent grille, was also known for her rap... | 5,518 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
life, means that an invaluable and exceedingly rare medical record from the 16th-century has been preserved. Examination of this record has led to the speculative conclusion that she may have suffered from Temporal lobe epilepsy.
# Monastic reformer.
Over time, Teresa found herself increasingly at odd... | 5,519 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
Such intrusions in the solitude essential to develop and sustain contemplative prayer so grieved Teresa that she longed to intervene.
The incentive to take the practical steps inspired by her inward motivation was supported by the Franciscan priest, Saint Peter of Alcantara, who met her early in 1560 a... | 5,520 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
citizens and authorities of Ávila, and the small house with its chapel was in peril of suppression. However, powerful patrons, including the local bishop, coupled with the impression of well ordered subsistence and purpose, turned animosity into approval.
In March 1563, after Teresa had moved to the ne... | 5,521 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
the discalceation of the religious. For the first five years, Teresa remained in seclusion, mostly engaged in prayer and writing.
## Extended travels.
In 1567, Teresa received a patent from the Carmelite General, Rubeo de Ravenna, to establish further houses of the new order. This process required man... | 5,522 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
to adopt the reforms. She convinced two Carmelite friars, John of the Cross and Father Anthony of Jesus to help with this. They founded the first monastery of Discalced Carmelite brothers in November 1568 at Duruelo. Another friend of Teresa, Jerónimo Gracián, the Carmelite visitator of the older observ... | 5,523 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
members of the Carmelite order began to persecute Teresa, her supporters and her reforms. Following a number of resolutions adopted at the general chapter at Piacenza, the governing body of the order forbade all further founding of reformed convents. The general chapter instructed her to go into "volunt... | 5,524 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
edict from Pope Gregory XIII allowed the appointment of a special provincial for the newer branch of the Carmelite religious, and a royal decree created a "protective" board of four assessors for the reform.
During the last three years of her life, Teresa founded convents at Villanueva de la Jara in no... | 5,525 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
to the Gregorian calendar, which required the excision of the dates of 5–14 October from the calendar. She died either before midnight of 4 October or early in the morning of 15 October which is celebrated as her feast day. (According to the liturgical calendar then in use, she died on the 15th in any c... | 5,526 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
clothing had rotted. Before the body was re-interred one of her hands was cut off, wrapped in a scarf and sent to Ávila. Father Gracián cut the little finger off the hand and - according to his own account - kept it with him until it was taken by the occupying Ottoman Turks, from whom he had to redeem i... | 5,527 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
de Tormes and he brought the body back in 1586, with Pope Sixtus V ordering that it remain in Alba de Tormes on pain of excommunication. A grander tomb on the original site was raised in 1598 and the body was moved to a new chapel in 1616.
The body still remains there, apart from the following parts:
... | 5,528 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
Sanlúcar de Barrameda - one finger
# Canonization.
In 1622, forty years after her death, she was canonized by Pope Gregory XV. The Cortes exalted her to patroness of Spain in 1627. The University of Salamanca had granted her the title "Doctor ecclesiae" (Latin for "Doctor of the Church") with a diplom... | 5,529 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
influence upon many theologians of the following centuries, such as Francis of Sales, Fénelon, and the Port-Royalists. In 1670 her coffin was plated in silver.
# Mysticism.
The ultimate preoccupation of Teresa's mystical thought, as consistently reflected in her writings, is the ascent of the soul to ... | 5,530 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
uplifted awareness granted by God, while other faculties, such as memory, reason, and imagination, are not yet safe from worldly distraction. Although a partial distraction can happen, due to outer activity such as repetition of prayers or writing down spiritual things, the prevailing state is one of qu... | 5,531 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
of being enraptured by the love of God.
- The fourth, "Devotion of Ecstasy", is where the consciousness of being in the body disappears. Sensory faculties cease to operate. Memory and imagination also become absorbed in God, as though intoxicated. Body and spirit dwell in the throes of exquisite pain, ... | 5,532 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
subject awakens from this trance state in tears. it may be regarded as the culmination of mystical experience.
Indeed, Teresa was said to have been observed levitating during Mass on more than one occasion.
Teresa is regarded as one of the foremost writers on mental prayer, and her position among writ... | 5,533 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
be alone with Him whom we know loves us." Throughout her writings, Teresa returns to the image of watering one's garden as a metaphor for mystical prayer.
# Writings.
Teresa's writings are regarded as among the most remarkable in the mystical literature of the Catholic Church.
- The "Autobiography", ... | 5,534 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
("Relationships"), an extension of the autobiography giving her inner and outer experiences in epistolary form.
- Two smaller works are the "Conceptos del Amor" ("Concepts of Love") and "Exclamaciones". In addition, there are "Las Cartas" (Saragossa, 1671), or her correspondence, of which there are 342... | 5,535 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
philosophy professor, claims that the seventeenth-century Frenchman, René Descartes, lifted some of his most influential ideas from Teresa of Ávila, who, fifty years before Descartes, wrote popular books about the role of philosophical reflection in intellectual growth. She describes a number of strikin... | 5,536 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
to flight better than holy water."
A poem:
The modern poem "Christ has no body", though widely attributed to Teresa, is not found in her writings.
# Legacy and the Infant Jesus of Prague.
The Spanish nuns who established "Carmel" in France brought a devotion to the Infant Jesus with them, and it bec... | 5,537 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
such a statue is said to have been in her possession and Teresa is reputed to have given it to a noblewoman travelling to Prague. The age of the statue dates to approximately the same time as Teresa.
It has been thought that Teresa carried a portable statue of the Child Jesus wherever she went, the ide... | 5,538 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
patron saint; the choices were either the current patron, Saint James Matamoros, or a pairing of him and the newly canonised Saint Teresa of Ávila. Teresa's promoters said Spain faced newer challenges, especially the threat of Protestantism and societal decline at home, thus needing a more contemporary ... | 5,539 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
the entire Spanish Kingdom.
# Portrayals.
They include the following:
## Music.
- Marc-Antoine Charpentier composed two motets for the feast of Saint Teresa: "Flores, flores o Gallia" for two voices and two flutes (H 374), c. 1680 and the other, for two high voices, one bass and Bass continuo (H 342... | 5,540 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
and sculpture.
- Saint Teresa was the inspiration for one of Bernini's most famous sculptures, "The Ecstasy of St. Teresa" in Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome.
- Teresa was the subject of a portrait by the Flemish master, Sir Pieter Paul Rubens (1615) now in the collection of the Kunsthistorisches Mus... | 5,541 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
life.
- R. A. Lafferty was strongly inspired by "El Castillo Interior" when he wrote his novel "Fourth Mansions". Quotations from St. Teresa's work are frequently used as chapter headings.
- Pierre Klossowski prominently features Saint Teresa of Ávila in his metaphysical novel "The Baphomet".
- Georg... | 5,542 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
soul ecstatically above her.
- The contemporary poet Jorie Graham features Saint Teresa in the poem "Breakdancing" in her volume "The End of Beauty".
- Barbara Mujica's novel "Sister Teresa", while not strictly hagiographical, is based upon Teresa's life.
- Timothy Findley's 1999 novel "Pilgrim" feat... | 5,543 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
portrayed as the determined foundress of new carmelite houses while protecting the infant Jesus statue on her many arduous journeys. The devotion to the Child Jesus spread quickly in Spain, possibly due to her mystical reputation and then to other places, including France.
- Nigel Wingrove's 1989 short... | 5,544 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
ARBOS 1995.
- Paz Vega stars as Teresa in "Teresa, el cuerpo de Cristo", a 2007 Spanish biopic directed by Ray Loriga.
# See also.
- Asín on mystical analogies in Saint Teresa of Avila and Islam
- "Book of the First Monks"
- Byzantine Discalced Carmelites
- Carmelite Rule of St. Albert
- Constitu... | 5,545 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
and edited by E. Allison Peers, including 2 volumes of correspondence. London: Sheed and Ward, 1982.
- "The Interior Castle". Edited by E. Allison Peers, Doubleday, 1972.
- "The Way of Perfection". Translated and Edited by E. Allison Peers, Doubleday, 1991.
- "The Life of Teresa of Jesus: The Autobio... | 5,546 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
Publishing Company, 2008.
- "The Complete Poetry of St. Teresa of Avila". A Bilingual Edition - Edición y traducción de Eric W. Vogt." New Orleans University Press of the South, 1996. Second edition, 2015. xl, 116 p.
## About Teresa.
This article was originally based on the text in the "Schaff-Herzog... | 5,547 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
A. Greene. "Castles in the Sand" fiction with cited sources about Teresa of Avila Lighthouse Trails Publishing, 2009.
- Jean Abiven. "15 Days of Prayer with Saint Teresa of Avila", New City Press, 2011.
- Bárbara Mujica, "Teresa de Ávila: Lettered Woman", (Nashville, Vanderbilt University Press, 2009)... | 5,548 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
depiction in the sculpture of Gianlorenzo Bernini" in John Thomas, "Happiness, Truth & Holy Images. Essays of Popular Theology and Religion & Art" (Wolverhampton, Twin Books, 2019), pp. 12–16.
- John Thomas, "Architectural image and "via mystica". St. Teresa's "Las Moradas"", in John Thomas, "Happiness... | 5,549 |
43583 | Teresa of Ávila | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa%20of%20Ávila | Teresa of Ávila
erence held at Roehampton University in 2015 on the 500th anniversary of Teresa's birth/a
- "St. Teresa, Virgin", "Butler's Lives of the Saints"
- Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica
- Biography Online: Saint Teresa of Avila
- Patron Saints: Saint Teresa of Avila
- Books written by Saint Teresa o... | 5,550 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
Carmelites
The Carmelites, formally known as the Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel () or sometimes simply as Carmel by synecdoche, is a Roman Catholic mendicant religious order founded, probably in the 12th century, on Mount Carmel in the Crusader States, hence the name Carmel... | 5,551 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
and service. These three elements are at the heart of the Carmelite charism. The most recent statement about the charism of Carmel was in the 1995 Constitutions of the Order, in which Chapter 2 is entirely devoted to the idea of charism. Carmel understands contemplation and action to be complementary, not co... | 5,552 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
Mount Carmel. As in most of the orders dating to medieval times, the First Order is the friars (who are active/contemplative), the Second Order is the nuns (who are cloistered), and the Third Order consists of laypeople who continue to live in the world, and can be married, but participate in the charism of ... | 5,553 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
men had gathered at the well of Elijah on Mount Carmel. These men, who had gone to Palestine from Europe either as pilgrims or as crusaders, chose Mount Carmel in part because it was the traditional home of Elijah.
The foundation is believed to have been dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. (The Carmelites... | 5,554 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
between 1206 and 1214 the hermits, about whom very little is known, approached Albert of Jerusalem, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem and papal legate, for a rule. (Albert is credited with giving a rule to the Humiliati during his long tenure as Bishop of Vercelli, and was well-versed in diplomacy, being sent... | 5,555 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
in individual cells, constancy in prayer, the hearing of Mass every morning in the oratory of the community, vows of poverty and toil, daily silence from vespers until terce the next morning, abstinence from all forms of meat except in cases of severe illness, and fasting from Holy Cross Day (September 14) u... | 5,556 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
oral tradition of the order.
## Early history.
Virtually nothing is known of the Carmelites from 1214, when Albert died, until 1238. The Rule of St. Albert was approved by Pope Honorius III in 1226, and again by Pope Gregory IX in 1229, with a modification regarding ownership of property and permission to ... | 5,557 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
later, they established a chapter in southern France. Settlements were established at Losenham, Kent, and Bradmer, on the north Norfolk coast, before 1247. By 1245 the Carmelites were so numerous in England that they were able to hold their first general chapter at Aylesford, where Simon Stock, then eighty y... | 5,558 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
in Scotland with the Aberdeen house established around 1273, as well as some in Italy, Germany and elsewhere.
Acknowledging the changed circumstances of life outside the Holy Land, the Carmelites appealed to the papal curia for a modification of the Rule. Pope Innocent IV entrusted the drafting of a modifie... | 5,559 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
desert places, the canonical office was recited, and abstinence was mitigated.
There is scholarly debate over the significance for the Carmelites of the decree at the Second Council of Lyon in 1274 that no order founded after 1215 should be allowed to continue. This action put an end to several other mendic... | 5,560 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
century onwards, however, interpreted the Second Council of Lyon as a confirmation of the order. Such tensions may in part explain why, at a General Chapter in London in 1281, the order asserted that it had ancient origins from Elijah and Elisha at Mount Carmel.
Such tension appears to have lessened under s... | 5,561 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
at the heart of Western religious life.
The order grew quickly after reaching Europe. By the end of the thirteenth century, the order had around 150 houses in Europe, divided into twelve provinces throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. In England, the order had 30 houses under four "distinctions": London,... | 5,562 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
as mendicant religious. This resulted in the production in 1270 of a letter "Ignea Sagitta "("Flaming Arrow") by the ruling prior general from 1266 to 1271, Nicholas of Narbonne (also known as Nicholas Gallicus, or Nicholas the Frenchman), who called for a return to a strictly eremitical life. His belief tha... | 5,563 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
to respond to the Church's apostolic mission).
By the late 14th century, the Carmelites were becoming increasingly interested in their origins; the lack of a distinctive named founder (by contrast with the Dominicans and Franciscans) may have been a factor in the development of numerous legends surrounding ... | 5,564 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
supposedly a patriarch of Jerusalem, who purportedly wrote the text in Greek in 412. The "Institution" tells of the founding of the Carmelite order by the prophet Elijah and gives a fanciful history of the order in the pre- and early Christian era. It was hugely influential, and has been described as the "ch... | 5,565 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
demanded too much of the friars. The main clauses modified concerned fasting and remaining within individual cells: the bull allowed them to eat meat three days a week and to perambulate in the cloisters of their convents. This reform brought the Carmelites closer into line with other mendicant orders, but i... | 5,566 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
to accept the mitigation of 1432. They instead insisted on a more severe monastic observance than that applied between 1247 and 1432. Under the Mantuan observance, entrance to the cloister was forbidden to outsiders, the friars were banned from being outside the convent without good reason, and money was dis... | 5,567 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
closer to the main Carmelite order, such that in 1462 the Mantuans even accepted parts of the 1432 mitigation.
This was likely in part due to Soreth's own reforming impulses. In 1459, for instance, Pope Pius II left the regulation of fasts to the discretion of the prior general; Soreth accordingly sought un... | 5,568 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
of Pope Sixtus IV founded the Carmelites of the Third Order. They received a special rule in 1635, which was amended in 1678.
The need for reform of the Carmelite order was recognized by the early sixteenth century, and some early attempts at reform were made then, notably from 1523 onwards by Nicholas Aude... | 5,569 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
work of Teresa of Ávila, who, together with John of the Cross, established the Discalced Carmelites. Teresa's foundations were welcomed by King Philip II of Spain, who was most anxious for all Orders to be reformed according to the principles of the Council of Trent (1545–1563). But she created practical pro... | 5,570 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
also faced much opposition from other unreformed Carmelite houses (notably, Carmelites from Toledo arrested and imprisoned John of the Cross in their own monastery). Only in the 1580s did the Discalced Carmelites gain official approval of their status. In 1593, the Discalced Carmelites had their own superior... | 5,571 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
Pierre Behourt began an effort to restore the state of the Province of Touraine, which was continued by the practical reforms of Philip Thibault. The Provincial Chapter of 1604 appointed Thibault the prior of the Convent in Rennes, and moved the Novitiate to Rennes, thereby ensuring that new members of the P... | 5,572 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
of the society with the Order of Carmelites as far as possible. One of the most renowned figures of the Reform was John of St. Samson, a blind lay brother, highly regarded for his humility and exalted spiritual life. In 1612, Br. John was moved to the Convent at Rennes and, in addition to playing the organ, ... | 5,573 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
founded in 1604 in Puebla de los Angeles, New Spain's second largest city, followed by one in the capital Mexico City 1616. In all, before Mexican independence in 1821, there were five Carmelite convents among 56 nunneries.
## Controversies with other orders.
By the middle of the 17th century, the Carmelit... | 5,574 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
the "Acta Sanctorum," was answered by the Carmelite Sebastian of St. Paul, who made such serious charges against the orthodoxy of his opponent's writings that the very existence of the Bollandists was threatened. The peril was averted, however. In 1696 a decree of Juan Tomás de Rocaberti, archbishop of Valen... | 5,575 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
of Mantua had continued to function in its little corner of Italy. It was only at the end of the 19th century that those following the reform of Tourraine (by this time known as the "strict observance") and the Mantuan Congregation were formally merged under one set of constitutions. The friars following Man... | 5,576 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
into small groups who lived out of view in private houses.
After the end of the disturbances the wealthy heiress and Carmelite nun Camille de Soyécourt did much to restore the order.
The secularization in Germany and the repercussions on religious orders following the unification of Italy were strong blows... | 5,577 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
with the foundation of St. Albert's College in Rome.
By 2001, the membership had increased to approximately 2,100 men in 25 provinces, 700 enclosed nuns in 70 monasteries, and 13 affiliated Congregations and Institutes. In addition, the Third Order of lay Carmelites count 25,000-30,000 members throughout th... | 5,578 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Colombia, India, Kenya, Lithuania, Mexico, Mozambique, Peru, Romania, Tanzania, Trinidad, Venezuela and Zimbabwe.
Monasteries of enclosed Carmelite nuns exist in Brazil, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kenya, the... | 5,579 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
with the prophets of Ba'al (1 Kings 18:20-40). The monastery is situated about 25 kilometers south of Haifa on the eastern side of the Carmel, and stands on the foundations of a series of earlier monasteries. The site is held sacred by Christians, Jews and Muslims; the name of the area is "el-Muhraqa," an Ar... | 5,580 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
Three nuns of Monastery of Guadalajara who were martyred on the 24th July 1936 by Spanish Republicans. Titus Brandsma, a Dutch scholar and writer who was killed in Dachau concentration camp because of his stance against Nazism; and Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (née Edith Stein), a Jewish convert to Catholic... | 5,581 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
non-vowed monastic) great figures include George Preca, a Maltese priest and Carmelite Tertiary. The Feast of All Carmelite Saints and Blesseds is celebrated on November 14.
Leaders of the Carmelite Order meet from time to time in General Congregation. The most recent General Congregation took place in Fáti... | 5,582 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
Elijah received from the fiery chariot as it fell from his shoulders—was discarded. They wore the same habit as the Dominicans, except that the cloak was white. They also borrowed much from the Dominican and Franciscan constitutions. Their distinctive garment was a scapular of two strips of dark cloth, worn ... | 5,583 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
scapular is popular among Roman Catholics and is one of the most popular devotions in the Church. Wearers usually believe that if they faithfully wear the Carmelite scapular (also called "the brown scapular" or simply "the scapular") and die in a state of grace, they will be saved from eternal damnation. Cat... | 5,584 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
Catholic orders, Carmelite nuns have had a proportionally high ratio of visions of Jesus and Mary and have been responsible for key Catholic devotions.
From the time of her clothing in the Carmelite religious habit (1583) until her death (1607), Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi is said to have had a series of raptu... | 5,585 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
of Divine Love, and to counsels of perfection for souls. These were preserved by her companions, who (unknown to her) wrote them down.
In the Carmelite convent of Beja, in Portugal, two Carmelite nuns of the Ancient Observance reported several apparitions and mystical revelations throughout their life: Vene... | 5,586 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
France in the 1890s with her many poems and prayers. Eventually Pope Pius XII approved the devotion in 1958 and declared the Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus as Shrove Tuesday (the day before Ash Wednesday) for all Catholics. Therese of Lisieux emerged as one of the most popular saints for Catholics in the 20... | 5,587 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
Virgin appeared to her as Our Lady of Mount Carmel (holding the Brown Scapular). Many years after, Lúcia became a Carmelite nun. When Lúcia was asked in an interview why the Blessed Virgin appeared as Our Lady of Mount Carmel in her last apparition, she replied: "Because Our Lady wants all to wear the Scapul... | 5,588 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
of All Carmelite Saints.
# See also.
- Enclosed religious orders
- "Dialogues of the Carmelites"
- Ipswich Whitefriars
## Other Branches of the Carmelite Order.
- Byzantine Discalced Carmelites
- Carmelites of Mary Immaculate
- Discalced Carmelites (also known as Teresian Carmelites)
- Hermits of th... | 5,589 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
Elijah
- Teresa of Ávila (Doctor of the Church)
- John of the Cross (Doctor of the Church)
- Thérèse of Lisieux (Doctor of the Church)
- Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi
- Sister Lúcia of Fátima
- Nuno of Saint Mary
- Simon Stock
- Elizabeth of the Trinity
- Marie-Antoinette de Geuser "Consumata"
- Edith S... | 5,590 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
Constitutions of the Carmelite Order
- Our Lady of Mount Carmel
- Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
# References.
- "Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion"
- Copsey, Richard and Fitzgerald-Lombard, Patrick (eds.), "Carmel in Britain: studies on the early history of the Carmelite Order" (1992–2004).
... | 5,591 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
Carmelite Tradition", (Maryknoll, NY, 1999),
- J. Smet, "The Carmelites: A History of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel", 4. vol. (Darien IL, 1975)
- J. Welch, "The Carmelite Way: An Ancient Path for Today’s Pilgrim", (New York: 1996),
# External links.
- Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount C... | 5,592 |
43577 | Carmelites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelites | Carmelites
- Index of Carmelite Websites
- Carmelite Hermitage
- Meditations from Carmel
- "Sayings of Light and Love" - Spiritual Maxims of John of the Cross
- The Carmelite history and vocation
- "Mystical Brain" by Isabelle Raynauld (2006) - a documentary film about five Carmelite Nuns who volunteered to have t... | 5,593 |
43597 | Exciton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exciton | Exciton
Exciton
An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force. It is an electrically neutral quasiparticle that exists in insulators, semiconductors and some liquids. The exciton is regarded as an elementary excitation of condensed ... | 5,594 |
43597 | Exciton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exciton | Exciton
band is then effectively attracted to this localized hole by the repulsive Coulomb forces from large numbers of electrons surrounding the hole and excited electron. This attraction provides a stabilizing energy balance. Consequently, the exciton has slightly less energy than the unbound electron and hole. The w... | 5,595 |
43597 | Exciton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exciton | Exciton
electron and hole. The recombination of the electron and hole, i.e. the decay of the exciton, is limited by resonance stabilization due to the overlap of the electron and hole wave functions, resulting in an extended lifetime for the exciton.
The electron and hole may have either parallel or anti-parallel spin... | 5,596 |
43597 | Exciton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exciton | Exciton
fashion through the lattice without the net transfer of charge.
Excitons are often treated in the two limiting cases of small dielectric constant versus large dielectric constant; corresponding to Frenkel exciton and Wannier–Mott exciton respectively.
# Frenkel exciton.
In materials with a relatively small d... | 5,597 |
43597 | Exciton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exciton | Exciton
are typically found in alkali halide crystals and in organic molecular crystals composed of aromatic molecules, such as anthracene and tetracene.
# Wannier–Mott exciton.
In semiconductors, the dielectric constant is generally large. Consequently, electric field screening tends to reduce the Coulomb interactio... | 5,598 |
43597 | Exciton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exciton | Exciton
Coulomb interaction, the binding energy is usually much less than that of a hydrogen atom, typically on the order of . This type of exciton was named for Gregory Wannier and Nevill Francis Mott. Wannier-Mott excitons are typically found in semiconductor crystals with small energy gaps and high dielectric consta... | 5,599 |
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