wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
Insofar as the minstrels had authentic contact with black culture, it was via neighborhoods, taverns, theaters and waterfronts where blacks and whites could mingle freely. The inauthenticity of the music and the Irish and Scottish elements in it are explained by the fact that slaves were rarely allowed to... | 5,700 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
to American people who come from all over the world creating one big 'melting pot,' it is only fitting that some of the first forms of truly American music and drama are composed of elements from many different places.
Early blackface songs often consisted of unrelated verses strung together by a common ... | 5,701 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
were sung have a tone of mockery and a spirit of laughing at black Americans rather than with them. The minstrel show texts sometimes even mixed black lore, such as stories about talking animals or slave tricksters, with humor from the region southwest of the Appalachians, itself a mixture of traditions f... | 5,702 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
and high-brow style became popular in minstrel music. The banjo, played with "scientific touches of perfection" and popularized by Joel Sweeney, became the heart of the minstrel band. Songs like the Virginia Minstrels' hit "Old Dan Tucker" have a catchy tune and energetic rhythm, melody and harmony; minst... | 5,703 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
middle-class Northerners, by playing music the spectators would find familiar and pleasant.
Despite the elements of ridicule contained in blackface performance, mid-19th century white audiences, by and large, believed the songs and dances to be authentically black. For their part, the minstrels always bi... | 5,704 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
were much truer to their alleged source. The success of "Jump Jim Crow" is indicative: It was an old English tune with fairly standard lyrics, which leaves only Rice's dance—wild upper-body movements with little movement below the waist—to explain its popularity. Dances like the Turkey Trot, the Buzzard L... | 5,705 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
about the stage with no obvious foot movement. The walk around, a common feature of the minstrel show's first act, was ultimately of West African origin and featured a competition between individuals hemmed in by the other minstrels. Elements of white tradition remained, of course, such as the fast-paced ... | 5,706 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
first undeniable adoption of black music. These songs remained relatively authentic in nature, antiphonal with a repetitive structure that relied heavily on call and response. The black troupes sang the most authentic jubilees, while white companies inserted humorous verses and replaced religious themes w... | 5,707 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
entertainment perpetuated the racist stereotype of the uneducated, ever-cheerful, and highly musical black person well into the 1950s. Even as the minstrel show was dying out in all but amateur theater, blackface performers became common acts on vaudeville stages and in legitimate drama. These entertainer... | 5,708 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
when the sound era of cartoons began in the late 1920s, early animators such as Walt Disney gave characters such as Mickey Mouse (who already resembled blackface performers) a minstrel-show personality; the early Mickey is constantly singing and dancing and smiling. The face of Raggedy Ann is a color-reve... | 5,709 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
the reference. Radio shows got into the act, a fact perhaps best exemplified by the popular radio shows "Two Black Crows", "Sam 'n' Henry", and "Amos 'n' Andy", A transcription survives from 1931 of "The Blue Coal Minstrels", which uses many of the standard forms of the minstrel show, including Tambo, Bon... | 5,710 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
in hip hop culture and movies. The 2000 Spike Lee movie "Bamboozled" alleges that modern black entertainment exploits African-American culture much as the minstrel shows did a century ago, for example.
Meanwhile, African-American actors were limited to the same old minstrel-defined roles for years to com... | 5,711 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
The Rabbit's Foot Company was a variety troupe, founded in 1900 by an African American, Pat Chappelle, which drew on and developed the minstrel tradition while updating it and helping to develop and spread black musical styles. Besides Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith, later musicians working for "the Foots" in... | 5,712 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
structure of songs, gags, "hokum" and dramatic pieces continued into vaudeville, variety shows, and to modern sketch comedy shows such as "Hee Haw" or, more distantly, "Saturday Night Live" and "In Living Color". Jokes once delivered by endmen are still told today: "Why did the chicken cross the road?" "W... | 5,713 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
(sometimes rendered as the rustic white "rube") and even the interlocutor into early blues and country music incarnations through the medium of "race music" and "hillbilly" recordings. Many minstrel tunes are now popular folk songs. Most have been expunged of the exaggerated black dialect and the overt re... | 5,714 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
the last days of the shows, such as Uncle Dave Macon, helped popularize the banjo and fiddle in modern country music. And by introducing America to black dance and musical style, minstrels opened the nation to black cultural forms for the first time on a large scale.
# Motion pictures with minstrel show ... | 5,715 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
(1939), in which Eleanor Powell performs a blackface dance homage to Bill "Bojangles" Robinson.
- "Fresh Hare" (1942), an animated short featuring Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd. The final scene, edited out of recent television broadcasts, shows Bunny and Fudd in blackface, along with five tall men in the sam... | 5,716 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
a musical number entitled "Abraham" with Bing Crosby performing in blackface in the style of a minstrel show. Beginning in the 1980s, this number has been cut from many TV broadcasts.
- "Hollywood Varieties" (1950), a collection of stage acts with Glen Vernon and Edward Ryan in a blackface skit.
- "I Dr... | 5,717 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
story tells of Jakie Rabinowitz (Al Jolson), the son of a devout Jewish family, who runs away from home to become a jazz singer.
- "Mammy" (1930), another Al Jolson film, this relives Jolson's early years as a minstrel man. With songs by Irving Berlin, who is also credited with the original story titled ... | 5,718 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
Act" (1926), a Vitaphone sound-on-disc short film starring Al Jolson. Long thought to have been lost, a copy of the film and sound disc were located and the restored version has been issued as a bonus feature on the DVD release of "The Jazz Singer".
- "Show Boat" (1936), film starring Irene Dunne, Allan ... | 5,719 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
number, done in blackface, entitled "Two-faced Woman."
- "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1903), an early "full-length" movie (between 10 and 14 minutes), was directed by Edwin S. Porter and used white actors in blackface in the major roles. Similar to the earlier "Tom Shows" it featured black stereotypes such as ha... | 5,720 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
also made to look like watermelons (complete with seeds on the women's sequined bodysuits), a common racist trope following the Civil War. The lyrics to the song include the line "I'd pawn my overcoat and vest / To see a minstrel show ", which model the assumed careless and carefree nature of poverty.
- ... | 5,721 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
perform in the roles they popularized in Minstrel shows.
- "Here Come The Waves" (1944), contains a show-within-a-show. It includes a minstrel routine performed by Bing Crosby and Sonny Tufts; their two characters then sing a musical number entitled "Ac-Cen-Tchu-Ate the Positive".
- "Swing Time" (1936),... | 5,722 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
Blackface
- List of blackface minstrel songs
- List of blackface minstrel troupes
- List of entertainers who performed in blackface
- Coon song
- "The Black and White Minstrel Show", a British television and theatre show of the American traditional genre in the 1960s and 1970s
- Stage Irish, the ste... | 5,723 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
Karen (2006). ""Staging Race: Black Performers in Turn of the Century America"" Cambridge: (Harvard University Press).
- Strausbaugh, John (2006). "Black Like You". Tarcher.
- Sweet, Frank W. (2000). "A History of the Minstrel Show". Backintyme. .
- .
- .
# External links.
- "Minstrel Potpourri" per... | 5,724 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
and manager Frank Dumont, containing more than 50 years of documentation about minstrelsy and its origins is available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
- The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain, 1842-1852
- Guide to American Minstrel Show Collection at Houghton... | 5,725 |
206663 | Minstrel show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel%20show | Minstrel show
ity
- American Minstrel Show Collection, Princeton University
- Historical Notes for Collection 1: African-American and Jamaican Melodies, includes biographical sketches of many black minstrel composers and access to their music.
- Metropolitan Police Minstrels - from the 1920s
- Minstrel show by whit... | 5,726 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
De facto
In law and government, de facto ( or ; , "in fact"; ) describes practices that exist in reality, even though they are not officially recognized by laws. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with "de jure" ("in law"), which refers to things that happen according to law... | 5,727 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
like ISO 9000 requirements, but may be obligatory, enforced by government norms, like drinking water quality requirements. The term "de facto standard" is used for both: to contrast obligatory standards (also known as "de jure standards"); or to express a dominant standard, when there is more than one proposed... | 5,728 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
addition to an official language. In Lebanon and Morocco the official language is Arabic, but an additional de facto language is also French. In New Zealand, Maori and New Zealand Sign Language are de jure official languages, while English is a de facto official language. In Singapore, English is the de jure l... | 5,729 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
de facto government is a government wherein all the attributes of sovereignty have, by usurpation, been transferred from those who had been legally invested with them to others, who, sustained by a power above the forms of law, claim to act and do really act in their stead.
In politics, a de facto leader of a... | 5,730 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
sometimes do not hold a constitutional office and may exercise power informally.
Not all dictators are de facto rulers. For example, Augusto Pinochet of Chile initially came to power as the chairperson of a military junta, which briefly made him de facto leader of Chile, but he later amended the nation's cons... | 5,731 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
al-Bakr, the de jure president.
In Argentina, the successive military coups that overthrew constitutional governments installed de facto governments in 1930–1932, 1943–1946, 1955–1958, 1966–1973 and 1976–1983, the last of which combined the powers of the presidential office with those of the National Congress... | 5,732 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
a subsequent legitimate government.
That doctrine was nullified by the constitutional reform of 1994. Article 36 states:
In 1526, after seizing power Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi made his brother, Umar Din, the de jure Sultan of the Adal Sultanate. Ahmad, however, was in all practice the de facto Sultan. ... | 5,733 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
their respective nations; recording their legal, correct title would not give an accurate assessment of their power. Terms like "strongman" or "dictator" are often used to refer to de facto rulers of this sort. In the Soviet Union, after Vladimir Lenin was incapacitated from a stroke in 1923, Joseph Stalin—who... | 5,734 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
of a de facto ruler is someone who is not the actual ruler but exerts great or total influence over the true ruler, which is quite common in monarchies. Some examples of these de facto rulers are Empress Dowager Cixi of China (for son Tongzhi and nephew Guangxu Emperors), Prince Alexander Menshikov (for his fo... | 5,735 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
as the de jure head of state (the sovereign) does within the United Kingdom.
In the Westminster system of government, executive authority is often split between a de jure executive authority of a head of state and a de facto executive authority of a prime minister and cabinet who implement executive powers in... | 5,736 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
its laws in, and to defend against encroachments by other countries that may also claim the same territory de jure. The Durand Line is an example of a de facto boundary. As well as cases of border disputes, de facto boundaries may also arise in relatively unpopulated areas in which the border was never formall... | 5,737 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
Indians dated back decades before.
De facto racial discrimination and segregation in the United States (outside of the South) until the 1950s and 1960s was simply discrimination that was segregation by law (de jure). "Jim Crow laws", which were enacted in the 1870s, brought legal racial segregation against bl... | 5,738 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
situation that antitrust laws are intended to eliminate.
## Relationships.
A domestic partner outside marriage is referred to as a de facto husband or wife by some authorities. In Australia and New Zealand, the phrase "de facto" by itself has become a colloquial term for one's domestic partner. In Australian... | 5,739 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
a registered relationship (i.e.: civil union or domestic partnership) or by being assessed as such by the Family Court or Federal Circuit Court. Couples who are living together are generally recognised as a de facto union and thus able to claim many of the rights and benefits of a married couple, even if they ... | 5,740 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
and thus the court had no jurisdiction to divide up their property under family law following a request for separation. In his ruling, the judge stated "de facto relationship(s) may be described as ‘marriage like’ but it is not a marriage and has significant differences socially, financially and emotionally."
... | 5,741 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
forms originated in England in the Middle Ages, this is particularly true in Anglo-American legal traditions and in former colonies of the British Empire, while also playing a role in some countries that have mixed systems with significant admixtures of civil law.
## Relationships not recognised outside Austr... | 5,742 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
a state. There must be a state nexus between the de facto relationship itself and the Australian state.
If an Australian de facto couple moves out of a state, they do not take the state with them and the new federal law is tied to the territorial limits of a state. The legal status and rights and obligations ... | 5,743 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
by marriage law and conventions, Hague Convention on Marriages (1978).
## Non-marital relationship contract.
A de facto relationship is comparable to non-marital relationship contracts (sometimes called "palimony agreements") and certain limited forms of domestic partnership, which are found in many jurisdic... | 5,744 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
rules of comity mandate the recognition of any marriage that was legally formed in the jurisdiction where it was contracted.
## Family law – custody.
De facto joint custody is comparable to the joint legal decision-making authority a married couple has over their child(ren) in many jurisdictions (Canada as a... | 5,745 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
or suspension of the constitution.
A de facto state of war is a situation where two nations are actively engaging, or are engaged, in aggressive military actions against the other without a formal declaration of war.
In engineering, is a system in which the intellectual property and know-how is privately hel... | 5,746 |
43594 | De facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20facto | De facto
on of the constitution.
A de facto state of war is a situation where two nations are actively engaging, or are engaged, in aggressive military actions against the other without a formal declaration of war.
In engineering, is a system in which the intellectual property and know-how is privately held. Usually ... | 5,747 |
43610 | Grease | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grease | Grease
Grease
Grease may refer to:
# Common uses.
- Grease (lubricant), a type of industrial lubricant
- Grease, any petroleum product or fat (including cooking fat) that is a soft solid at room temperature
- Brown grease, waste vegetable oil, animal fat, grease, etc. that is recovered from a grease trap
- Yellow... | 5,748 |
43610 | Grease | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grease | Grease
mob has been known to "grease" anyone who gets in its way"
- Pomade, a hair styling wax
# Arts, entertainment, and media.
## Films.
- "Grease" (film), 1978 film made from the musical
- "Grease 2", the 1982 film sequel
## Music.
- "Grease" (song), the title song of the 1978 film
- "", the soundtrack album... | 5,749 |
43610 | Grease | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grease | Grease
the lead roles in revivals of the musical
- "Grease is the Word", a U.K. 2007 reality TV show casting the lead roles in revivals of the musical
### Episodes.
- "Grease", a 1997 episode of the cartoon "Extreme Ghostbusters"
## Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media.
- "Grease" (musical), a 1971 musical... | 5,750 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
United States Naval Observatory
The United States Naval Observatory (USNO) is one of the oldest scientific agencies in the United States, with a primary mission to produce Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) for the United States Navy and the United States Department of Defense. Lo... | 5,751 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
the GPS satellite constellation run by the United States Air Force. The USNO performs radio VLBI-based positions of quasars with numerous global collaborators, in order to produce Earth Orientation parameters.
Aside from its scientific mission, a house located within the Naval Observato... | 5,752 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
to officially use the latter. Adams had made protracted efforts to bring astronomy to a national level at that time. He spent many nights at the observatory, watching and charting the stars, which had always been one of Adams' avocations.
Established by the order of the United States Se... | 5,753 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
of $25,000. Lieutenant James Melville Gilliss was put in charge of "obtaining the instruments needed and books." Lt. Gilliss visited the principal observatories of Europe with the mission to purchase telescopes and scientific devices and books.
The observatory's primary mission was to c... | 5,754 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
Hill overlooking Massachusetts Avenue. These facilities were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.
The first superintendent was Navy Commander Matthew Fontaine Maury. Maury had the world's first vulcanized time ball, created to his specifications by Charles Goodyea... | 5,755 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
clocks were linked via telegraph to ring the alarm bells in all of the Washington, D.C. firehouses three times a day, and by the early 1870s the Observatory's daily noon-time signal was being distributed nationwide via the Western Union Telegraph Company. Time was also "sold" to the rail... | 5,756 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
20, 1894, the NAO became a "branch" of USNO, however it remained autonomous for several years after this.
An early scientific duty assigned to the Observatory was the U.S. contribution to the definition of the Astronomical Unit, or the AU, which defines a standard mean distance between ... | 5,757 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
The results of the surveys conducted simultaneously from several locations around the world (for each of the two transits) produced a final value of the solar parallax, after adjustments, of 8.809", with a probable error of 0.0059", yielding a "U.S. defined" Earth-Sun distance of , with ... | 5,758 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
(radio) signals with the United States Naval Observatory, using an antenna in Arlington, Virginia to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions.
In 1934, the last (then) large telescope to be installed at USNO saw "first light". This 40-inch aperture instru... | 5,759 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
of a new Navy command, now called the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station (NOFS). Those operations commenced in 1955, and within a decade, the Navy's largest telescope, the 61-inch "Kaj Strand Astrometric Reflector" was built, seeing light at NOFS in 1964.
The United States Naval Observ... | 5,760 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
calculation methods — and distributes this information (such as star catalogs) in the Astronomical Almanac, The Nautical Almanac, and on-line.
Perhaps it is best known to the general public for its highly accurate ensemble of atomic clocks and its year 2000 time ball replacement. The si... | 5,761 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
Alternate Master Clock, mentioned above, also continues to operate at Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado.
# Departments.
In 1990, the Orbital Mechanics Department and Astronomical Applications Department were established, and Nautical Almanac Office became a division of the Astronomi... | 5,762 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
to it. In the alpine woodlands above 7,000 feet altitude outside Flagstaff, Arizona, NOFS performs its national, Celestial Reference Frame (CRF) mission under dark skies in that region.
## Official residence of the Vice President of the United States.
Since 1974, a house situated in th... | 5,763 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
2009 blog posting by "Newsweek's" Eleanor Clift, Vice President Joe Biden revealed the existence of what Clift described as a bunker-like room in the residence. The bunker is the secure, undisclosed location where former Vice President Dick Cheney remained under protection in secret afte... | 5,764 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
the bunker report, suggesting that Biden had instead been describing "an upstairs workspace".
# Time service.
The U.S. Naval Observatory operates two Master Clock facilities. The primary facility, in Washington, D.C. maintains 57 HP/Agilent/Symmetricom 5071A-001 high performance cesium... | 5,765 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
temperatures are kept constant to within 0.1 degree C and whose relative humidities (for all masers and most cesiums) are kept constant to within 1%. The timescale is based only upon the Washington DC clocks. On June 7, 2007, 70 standards were weighted in the timescale computations.
The... | 5,766 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
local time (daylight or standard), and include a background of 1-second ticks. Local time announcements are made on the minute, and 15, 30, and 45 seconds after the minute. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is announced five seconds after the local time. Upon connecting, only the second-m... | 5,767 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
(USNOA) (v. 1–6: 1846–1867)
- "Astronomical and Meteorological Observations made at the U.S. Naval Observatory" (USNOM) (v. 1–22: 1862–1880)
- "Observations made at the U.S. Naval Observatory" (USNOO) (v. 1–7: 1887–1893)
- "Publications of the U.S. Naval Observatory", Second Series (P... | 5,768 |
43596 | United States Naval Observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | United States Naval Observatory
Naval Observatory" (USNOO) (v. 1–7: 1887–1893)
- "Publications of the U.S. Naval Observatory", Second Series (PUSNO) (v. 1–16: 1900–1949)
- "U.S. Naval Observatory Circulars"
- "The Astronomical Almanac"
- "The Nautical Almanac"
- "The Air Almanac"
- "Astronomical Phenomena"
# See... | 5,769 |
43602 | Wassenaar Arrangement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wassenaar%20Arrangement | Wassenaar Arrangement
Wassenaar Arrangement
The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies is a multilateral export control regime (MECR) with 42 participating states including many former Comecon (Warsaw Pact) countries.
The Wassenaar Arrangement was establishe... | 5,770 |
43602 | Wassenaar Arrangement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wassenaar%20Arrangement | Wassenaar Arrangement
which undermine these goals, and are not diverted to support such capabilities.
It is the successor to the Cold War-era Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM), and was established on 12 July 1996, in Wassenaar, the Netherlands, which is near The Hague. The Wassenaar Arran... | 5,771 |
43602 | Wassenaar Arrangement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wassenaar%20Arrangement | Wassenaar Arrangement
information on deliveries of conventional arms to non-Wassenaar members that fall under eight broad weapons categories: battle tanks, armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs), large-caliber artillery, military aircraft, military helicopters, warships, missiles or missile systems, and small arms and light... | 5,772 |
43602 | Wassenaar Arrangement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wassenaar%20Arrangement | Wassenaar Arrangement
Category 1 – Special Materials and Related Equipment
- Category 2 – Materials Processing
- Category 3 – Electronics
- Category 4 – Computers
- Category 5 – Part 1 – Telecommunications
- Category 5 – Part 2 – Information Security
- Category 6 – Sensors and Lasers
- Category 7 – Navigation an... | 5,773 |
43602 | Wassenaar Arrangement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wassenaar%20Arrangement | Wassenaar Arrangement
item to be placed on the lists, Member States must take into account the following
criteria:
- Foreign availability outside Participating States
- Ability to effectively control the export of the goods
- Ability to make a clear and objective specification of the item.
- Controlled by another ... | 5,774 |
43602 | Wassenaar Arrangement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wassenaar%20Arrangement | Wassenaar Arrangement
non-proliferation policies and appropriate national policies, including adherence to:
- Non-proliferation policies, such as (where applicable) the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Missile Technology Control Regime, and the Australia Group
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Biological Weapons Co... | 5,775 |
43602 | Wassenaar Arrangement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wassenaar%20Arrangement | Wassenaar Arrangement
joined as the 42nd participating state on 07 December 2017. "Wassenaar Arrangement participating states reviewed the progress of a number of current membership applications and agreed at the plenary meeting to admit India which will become the Arrangement's 42nd participating state as soon as the ... | 5,776 |
43602 | Wassenaar Arrangement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wassenaar%20Arrangement | Wassenaar Arrangement
designed to defeat a computer or network's protective measures so as to extract data or information—as well as IP network surveillance systems.
The purpose of the amendments was to prevent Western technology companies from selling surveillance technology to governments known to abuse human rights... | 5,777 |
43602 | Wassenaar Arrangement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wassenaar%20Arrangement | Wassenaar Arrangement
mpanies have expressed concerns that the scope of the controls may be too broad, limiting security researchers' ability to identify and correct security vulnerabilities. Google and Facebook criticized the agreement for the restrictions it will place on activities like penetration testing, sharing ... | 5,778 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
Flux
Flux describes any effect that appears to pass or travel (whether it actually moves or not) through a surface or substance. A flux is either a concept based in physics or used with applied mathematics. Both concepts have mathematical rigor, enabling comparison of the underlying mathematics when the terminolo... | 5,779 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
is "to flow". As "fluxion", this term was introduced into differential calculus by Isaac Newton.
The concept of heat flux was a key contribution of Joseph Fourier, in the analysis of heat transfer phenomena. His seminal treatise "Théorie analytique de la chaleur" ("The Analytical Theory of Heat"), defines "fluxio... | 5,780 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
The specific quote from Maxwell is:
According to the transport definition, flux may be a single vector, or it may be a vector field / function of position. In the latter case flux can readily be integrated over a surface. By contrast, according to the electromagnetism definition, flux "is" the integral over a sur... | 5,781 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
flux" according to the electromagnetism definition. Their names in accordance with the quote (and transport definition) would be "surface integral of electric flux" and "surface integral of magnetic flux", in which case "electric flux" would instead be defined as "electric field" and "magnetic flux" defined as "ma... | 5,782 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
Given a current such as electric current—charge per time, current density would also be a flux according to the transport definition—charge per time per area. Due to the conflicting definitions of "flux", and the interchangeability of "flux", "flow", and "current" in nontechnical English, all of the terms used in ... | 5,783 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
of flow of a property per unit area," which has the dimensions [quantity]·[time]·[area]. The area is of the surface the property is flowing "through" or "across". For example, the magnitude of a river's current, i.e. the amount of water that flows through a cross-section of the river each second, or the amount of ... | 5,784 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
will be written in bold when and only when they are vectors.
First, flux as a (single) scalar:
where:
In this case the surface in which flux is being measured is fixed, and has area "A". The surface is assumed to be flat, and the flow is assumed to be everywhere constant with respect to position, and perpendicu... | 5,785 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
q measures the flow through the disk with area "A" centered at "p" along the surface.
Finally, flux as a vector field:
In this case, there is no fixed surface we are measuring over. "q" is a function of a point, an area, and a direction (given by a unit vector, formula_7), and measures the flow through the disk ... | 5,786 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
directly compare vectors; we take the vector with the biggest norm instead.]
### Properties.
These direct definitions, especially the last, are rather unwieldy. For example, the argmax construction is artificial from the perspective of empirical measurements, when with a Weathervane or similar one can easily ded... | 5,787 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
of flux passing through the surface (i.e. normal to it) is "j" cos θ, while the component of flux passing tangential to the area is "j" sin θ, but there is "no" flux actually passing "through" the area in the tangential direction. The "only" component of flux passing normal to the area is the cosine component.
Fo... | 5,788 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
need not be flat.
Finally, we can integrate again over the time duration "t" to "t", getting the total amount of the property flowing through the surface in that time ("t" − "t"):
## Transport fluxes.
Eight of the most common forms of flux from the transport phenomena literature are defined as follows:
- 1. Mo... | 5,789 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
Volumetric flux, the rate of volume flow across a unit area (m·m·s). (Darcy's law of groundwater flow)
- 5. Mass flux, the rate of mass flow across a unit area (kg·m·s). (Either an alternate form of Fick's law that includes the molecular mass, or an alternate form of Darcy's law that includes the density.)
- 6. ... | 5,790 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
of energy through a unit area (J·m·s). The radiative flux and heat flux are specific cases of energy flux.
- 8. Particle flux, the rate of transfer of particles through a unit area ([number of particles] m·s)
These fluxes are vectors at each point in space, and have a definite magnitude and direction. Also, one ... | 5,791 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
nabla symbol ∇ denotes the gradient operator, "D" is the diffusion coefficient (m·s) of component A diffusing through component B, "c" is the concentration (mol/m) of component A.
This flux has units of mol·m·s, and fits Maxwell's original definition of flux.
For dilute gases, kinetic molecular theory relates th... | 5,792 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
increased diffusion coefficient.
## Quantum mechanics.
In quantum mechanics, particles of mass "m" in the quantum state ψ(r, t) have a probability density defined as
So the probability of finding a particle in a differential volume element dr is
Then the number of particles passing perpendicularly through unit... | 5,793 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
is the vector area of the surface "A", directed as the surface normal.For the second,n is the outward pointed unit normal vector to the surface.
The surface has to be orientable, i.e. two sides can be distinguished: the surface does not fold back onto itself. Also, the surface has to be actually oriented, i.e. we... | 5,794 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
field is then the line density, and the flux through a surface is the number of lines. Lines originate from areas of positive divergence (sources) and end at areas of negative divergence (sinks).
See also the image at right: the number of red arrows passing through a unit area is the flux density, the curve encir... | 5,795 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
net outflux through a closed surface, in other words the net outflux from a 3D region, is found by adding the local net outflow from each point in the region (which is expressed by the divergence).
If the surface is not closed, it has an oriented curve as boundary. Stokes' theorem states that the flux of the curl... | 5,796 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
of flux in electromagnetism is by comparing it to a butterfly net. The amount of air moving through the net at any given instant in time is the flux. If the wind speed is high, then the flux through the net is large. If the net is made bigger, then the flux is larger even though the wind speed is the same. For the... | 5,797 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
such as a single electron in space, has a magnitude defined in coulombs. Such a charge has an electric field surrounding it. In pictorial form, an electric field is shown as a dot radiating "lines of flux" called Gauss lines. Electric Flux Density is the amount of electric flux, the number of "lines," passing thro... | 5,798 |
43590 | Flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flux | Flux
the integral form is:
where ε is the permittivity of free space.
If one considers the flux of the electric field vector, E, for a tube near a point charge in the field of the charge but not containing it with sides formed by lines tangent to the field, the flux for the sides is zero and there is an equal and opp... | 5,799 |
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