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21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
Tuscan and Montrose buildings were finished.
More was needed. The old Columbia School could no longer safely accommodate the student population. A magnificent new structure was planned. The design process was unique in that the faculty and all members of the staff participated by subm... | 6,115,000 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
period of time Columbia gained increasing fame for its academic excellence. Educators generally considered it to be one of the most outstanding high schools in the United States. Much of that reputation was due to Henry W. Foster, superintendent from 1900 to 1927, and John H. Bosshart,... | 6,115,001 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
peace that follows." Columbia High School met the challenge, primarily with curriculum changes designed to prepare boys for service in the military. The science department developed courses in aeronautics. In biology, students studied the effect of flying on the human body. A new moder... | 6,115,002 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
Corps with the objective of encouraging pupils "to take some active part in their own community's war effort while they are yet in school.
For many years following its opening in 1927, the high school physical plant was more than sufficient for the needs of its population. Although fo... | 6,115,003 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
further additions would be required. During the 1970−71 school year, B and D Wings were added at a total cost of $5,250,000.
The total high school population was now approaching 2,400. The same committee which concluded that physical additions were needed also recommended a new organi... | 6,115,004 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
All of these were in addition to the traditional school-wide activities.
### Vietnam War.
Student reaction to the Vietnam War was a nationwide phenomenon, and Columbia provided no exception to the pattern. A Student Peace Group was organized at Columbia in 1968, and over 300 students... | 6,115,005 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
of Ultimate Frisbee.
The Vietnam era generally coincided with a time of protest against all things establishment. One manifestation of this was the ascendancy of Ultimate (also known as Ultimate Frisbee), which became popular around the country as an alternative to varsity sports. The... | 6,115,006 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
CHS Ultimate players from as far back as the original 1968 team to return to "The Lot" to play against the current incarnation of the team.
## Columbia High School today.
By the late 1970s, student populations around the nation had entered what proved to be a period of extended numer... | 6,115,007 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
was the first school in the nation to observe Earth Day, on April 17, 1970. Due to the fact that Columbia was on spring break on April 22, when Earth Day was scheduled for national observance, the presentation was known as Earth Day Minus Five and a specially prepared flag was run up t... | 6,115,008 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
school year, Columbia High School received the National Blue Ribbon Award of Excellence from the United States Department of Education, the highest honor that an American school can achieve.
Columbia was ranked the 36th best high school in New Jersey in 2012 by "U.S. News & World Repo... | 6,115,009 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
"New Jersey Monthly" magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 47th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 75th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the ... | 6,115,010 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
the mathematics (82.5%) and language arts literacy (94.6%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).
The Columbia High School Student Council was named an "NJASC Honor School" for the 3rd consecutive year in January 2008. It also won a "Top 10 Projects" award for th... | 6,115,011 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
Builder, Pencil Points, and The American School Board Journal. Rendered in the Collegiate Gothic style by James O. Betelle of the Newark, New Jersey architectural firm of Guilbert & Betelle, the school served as a standard in design as evidenced by the inclusion of a floor plan in a 19... | 6,115,012 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
by "Architectural Digest" on its 2017 list of the "Most Beautiful Public High School in Every State in America".
Prominent original exterior features include carved limestone detail, numerous false chimneys, steeply pitched slate roofs, and a seven-story clock tower. While it is not k... | 6,115,013 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
is no longer functional, but there is a more modern Celestron C11 reflecting telescope that is used by students. Two levels below are the E. Howard & Co. Style #3 clock works. Alongside the clock is an enormous bronze bell by the Meneely Bell Foundry. Inside the school can be found roo... | 6,115,014 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
plaster ceiling. Recently, dubious student art dating from as far back as the 1970s was painted over, among other improvements. The auditorium includes a three-manual Ernest M. Skinner Organ. Although it is little used and not completely functional, the organ is one of the few unmodifi... | 6,115,015 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
arched window is blocked by a later addition.
CHS has had a major addition every 20 to 30 years. In the 1930s, an industrial arts wing brought students the skills needed during the Great Depression. In the 1950s, a large addition, now known as "C-Wing", added classrooms to cope with i... | 6,115,016 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
built. With these additions, the earlier 1927 structure is only visible from the front facade and between later additions. In 2005, much of the space previously used for industrial arts such as wood shop and auto shop was transformed into a theatre performance and general use space. In... | 6,115,017 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
and early 1970s. The clash between this new (and already out-of-fashion) style and the original architecture of the A-Wing is especially visible from Parker Avenue.
# Extracurricular activities.
In 1956 (tied with Cranford High School), 1982 and again in 1990 (tied with Cherry Hill H... | 6,115,018 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
in 2017.
Columbia High School has won multiple Paper Mill Playhouse Rising Star Awards for their musical program. Bethany Pettigrew and Tricia Benn won for Best Director in 2015 for "Ragtime" and "The Silly Girls" won Outstanding Featured Ensemble Group in 2016 for "Beauty and The Bea... | 6,115,019 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
Association in 2014–2019 with first place in its Scholastic Newspaper Awards.
# Sports.
The Columbia High School Cougars compete in the Super Essex Conference, following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Associa... | 6,115,020 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
in Essex County and Union County. Prior to 1972, the school competed in New Jersey's Big Ten Conference.
The school participates in a joint ice hockey program with Nutley High School as the host school / lead agency, under an agreement that expires at the end of the 2018–2019 school y... | 6,115,021 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
the Amherst Invitational in Massachusetts. The men's team was recognized in town hall meetings and Board of Education meetings after winning the 2008 High school eastern championship. The women's team has won the state championship every year that it has been contested, beginning in 20... | 6,115,022 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
was 94−4. In 2006, the girls' fencing team defeated Bernards High School 19−8 to win the NJSIAA 2006 Girls' team fencing state tournament. Columbia won the 2007 Boys' Team Fencing state championship with a 16-11 win over Voorhees High School. The team's head coach, Dr. Arthur Paulina, ... | 6,115,023 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
the NJSIAA state championship Tournament. The boys' team won state championships for the first time since 2007 in a 15−12 win over Bernards High School. In the 2010−11 season, the girls placed No. 3 in the team state championships after defeating Governor Livingston High School in the ... | 6,115,024 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
twelve of the past nineteen state championships, and have remained in the top three for the past eight years in a row, as of 2019. The boys' team have consistently been ranked in NJ.com's top ten, and are frequently mentioned as a contender for the state championship. Several Cougars h... | 6,115,025 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
seven state championships, including being the runner-up multiple times. Notably, every Columbia fencer since the early 2000s has had a state championship win or a Cetrulo or Santelli win. The classes of 2001 and 2006 had four state championship wins.
The school's cross-country team w... | 6,115,026 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
championship in 1982, 1983, 1984, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2004, 2013 and 2014; the 10 state titles are ties for the most won by any girls track program. The boys' track team placed 5th at the Nike Indoor Nationals in the 4x400 meter relay in 2009, making it the best in history for Colu... | 6,115,027 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
sectional championship with a 1−0 win over Westfield High School in the tournament final.
Columbia's varsity football team has been notably unsuccessful in recent years, winning only two games over a span of five seasons, including three consecutive winless seasons from 2005 to 2007, ... | 6,115,028 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
District Court ruled in the case called, "Malnak v. Yogi" (1979), that TM was "religious in nature" and that its use in public schools was in violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which requires "separation of church and state."
... | 6,115,029 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
and for their respective ethnic groups. The article wasn't controversial, per se, but directed national attention to the school district and to Columbia specifically.
In 2004, Columbia High School made national headlines when the administration amended a policy regarding religiously t... | 6,115,030 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
Caucasian. Within this black-and-white composition are found a variety of ethnic backgrounds including Jamaican, Nigerian, Haitian, African-American, English, French, Jewish, Polish, Italian, and Irish. There has been much discussion regarding the Racial Academic Achievement Gap in the... | 6,115,031 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
year she became the official principal. On April 27, 2010, hundreds of students participated in a statewide walkout of high school students protesting the budget cuts put in place by Chris Christie. On January 20, in protest of the presidential inauguration of Donald Trump, hundreds of... | 6,115,032 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
and disciplinary systems, stating that the overuse of discipline and "zero-tolerance" policy, and implicit racial bias within the level selection system violate Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Claims were made that the suspens... | 6,115,033 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
filed a civil lawsuit against the school's baseball coaches. He alleged that the coaches had harassed, bullied, and intimidated him throughout his high school career.
# Administration.
The interim principal is Dr. Kalisha Morgan.
# Notable alumni.
The school has a hall of fame list... | 6,115,034 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
(born 1975, class of 1993), actor, producer, writer, director; leading actor on the television series "Scrubs"
- Julie Brill (class of 1972), Commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission, 2010–2016
- Mark Bryant (born 1965, class of 1984), former NBA basketball player
- Joetta Clark... | 6,115,035 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
(born 1932), architect; one of the earliest practitioners of deconstructivism in American architecture
- Linda Gottlieb (class of 1956), producer of "Dirty Dancing"
- Lauryn Hill (born 1975, class of 1993), eight-time Grammy Award-winning artist; member of The Fugees
- Helen E. Hoen... | 6,115,036 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
producer; head writer for "The Daily Show", writer for "The Onion", David Letterman and his own theatrical productions; first runner-up in 1988 "Jeopardy!" Teen Tournament
- Amalya Lyle Kearse (born 1937, class of 1955), judge; first female African American partner in a Wall Street la... | 6,115,037 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
Award)
- Andrew Shue (born 1967, class of 1985), actor best known for his leading role on the television series "Melrose Place"; produced and appeared in the 2007 film "Gracie"
- Elisabeth Shue (born 1963, class of 1981), Academy Award-nominated actress of "Leaving Las Vegas", "Graci... | 6,115,038 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
Viorst (born 1931), poet, children's book author
- Max Weinberg (born 1951, class of 1969), drummer for Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band; band leader of The Max Weinberg 7 of "Late Night with Conan O'Brien"
- C. K. Williams (born 1936, class of 1954), Pulitzer Prize- and Natio... | 6,115,039 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
coach at New Jersey City University
- Marques Brownlee (born 1993, class of 2011), video blogger, best known for his technology-based YouTube channel
- Bisa Butler (born c. 1975, class of 1991), fiber artist known for her quilted portraits and designs celebrating black life.
- Paul ... | 6,115,040 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
James Bond films "GoldenEye", "Tomorrow Never Dies" and "The World Is Not Enough", and his best-selling humor books, including "Real Men Don't Eat Quiche"
- Donna Fiducia (born 1956, class of 1975), radio DJ and TV news reader
- Christian Fuscarino (born c. 1981), community organizer... | 6,115,041 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
1951, class of 1969), author of "Two Guys from Verona"
- Joe Kinney (born c. 1968, class of 1984), college baseball coach and former outfielder; head coach of the Lafayette Leopards baseball team
- Frank Langella (born 1938, class of 1955), actor
- David Levin (1948–2017), balloonis... | 6,115,042 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
magazine
- Ibtihaj Muhammad (born 1985, class of 2003), sabre fencer and member of the United States fencing team; first Muslim woman to wear a hijab to compete for the U.S. team at the 2016 Summer Olympics
- Ellen Pao (born 1970, class of 1987), former CEO of Reddit
- Ahmad Khan Ra... | 6,115,043 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
former football player, assistant coach, head coach general manager and team president of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats; inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1998 as a builder
- Robert Sheckley (1928–2005, class of 1946), Hugo and Nebula-nominated science fiction writer
- Pa... | 6,115,044 |
21201044 | Columbia High School (New Jersey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia%20High%20School%20(New%20Jersey) | Columbia High School (New Jersey)
er team, and its marching band were featured in "Gracie", a film loosely based on the lives of alumni Elisabeth Shue and Andrew Shue; the film was directed by Elisabeth Shue's husband, Davis Guggenheim, and produced by the Shues (who also acted in it).
- Lauryn Hill, for her 1998 rele... | 6,115,045 |
21201490 | Nuussuaq Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuussuaq%20Peninsula | Nuussuaq Peninsula
Nuussuaq Peninsula
Nuussuaq Peninsula (, old spelling: "Nûgssuaq") is a large (180x48 km) peninsula in western Greenland.
# Geography.
The waters around the peninsula are that of Baffin Bay. To the south and southwest the peninsula is bounded by Disko Bay, an inlet of Baffin Bay. It is separated f... | 6,115,046 |
21201490 | Nuussuaq Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuussuaq%20Peninsula | Nuussuaq Peninsula
northwest the entire length of the peninsula. The two arms are dissected by a deep Kuussuaq Valley, partially filled in the center with Sarqap Tassersuaq, a glacial, emerald lake.
# History.
Archaeological excavations in Qilakitsoq on the southwestern shore revealed the existence of an ancient Arct... | 6,115,047 |
21201490 | Nuussuaq Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuussuaq%20Peninsula | Nuussuaq Peninsula
led the existence of an ancient Arctic culture later named the Saqqaq culture that inhabited the area of west-central Greenland between 2500 BCE and 800 BCE.
The world's largest fossil mollusk, "Inoceramus steenstrup", was found in 1952 in Qilakitsoq Valley on the Nuussuaq peninsula.
# Settlements.... | 6,115,048 |
21201485 | Chip Vaughn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chip%20Vaughn | Chip Vaughn
Chip Vaughn
Clarence B. "Chip" Vaughn (born October 26, 1985) is an American football safety who is currently a member of the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the fourth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football at Wake Forest.
Vaughn has also ... | 6,115,049 |
21201485 | Chip Vaughn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chip%20Vaughn | Chip Vaughn
NFL Draft. He was placed on injured reserve and missed the entire 2009 season. He was waived on September 4, 2010.
## Philadelphia Eagles.
Vaughn was signed to the Philadelphia Eagles' practice squad on September 6, 2010. He was released on September 21.
## Indianapolis Colts.
Vaughn was signed by the I... | 6,115,050 |
21201485 | Chip Vaughn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chip%20Vaughn | Chip Vaughn
ve and missed the entire 2009 season. He was waived on September 4, 2010.
## Philadelphia Eagles.
Vaughn was signed to the Philadelphia Eagles' practice squad on September 6, 2010. He was released on September 21.
## Indianapolis Colts.
Vaughn was signed by the Indianapolis Colts on October 25, 2010. He... | 6,115,051 |
21201515 | State Electricity Regulatory Commission | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State%20Electricity%20Regulatory%20Commission | State Electricity Regulatory Commission
State Electricity Regulatory Commission
State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC, ) was a government agency responsible for the administration and regulation of the electricity and power industry in the People's Republic of China. This includes regulating the development of... | 6,115,052 |
21201515 | State Electricity Regulatory Commission | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State%20Electricity%20Regulatory%20Commission | State Electricity Regulatory Commission
Quan (December 2006 - April 2008)
- 3. Wang Xudong (April 2008 - June 2011)
- 4. Wu Xinxiong (June 2011 - March 2013)
# See also.
- Electric power industry in China
- Chinese electric motor industry
- North China Electric Power University
- North China University of Water ... | 6,115,053 |
21201515 | State Electricity Regulatory Commission | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State%20Electricity%20Regulatory%20Commission | State Electricity Regulatory Commission
ry
- North China Electric Power University
- North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power
- State Grid Corporation of China
- China Power International Development
- China Power Investment Corporation
- China Yangtze Power
- China Resources Power
- China... | 6,115,054 |
21201532 | Klaić | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaić | Klaić
Klaić
Klaić is a Croatian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Bratoljub Klaić, Croatian linguist and writer
- Miho Klaić, Croatian politician
- Miro Klaić, footballer from Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Nada Klaić, Croatian historian
- , Croatian sculptor
- Vjekoslav Klaić, Croatian historian and... | 6,115,055 |
21201509 | Intermittent hypoxic training | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intermittent%20hypoxic%20training | Intermittent hypoxic training
Intermittent hypoxic training
Intermittent hypoxic training (IHT), also known as "intermittent hypoxic therapy" technique aimed at improving human performance by way of adaptation to reduced oxygen.
# Procedure.
An IHT session consists of an interval of several minutes breathing hypoxic... | 6,115,056 |
21201509 | Intermittent hypoxic training | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intermittent%20hypoxic%20training | Intermittent hypoxic training
remain stationary while breathing hypoxic air via a hand-held mask. The therapy is delivered using a hypoxicator during the day time, allowing the dosage to be monitored. Biofeedback can be delivered using a pulse oximeter.
# Effects.
A number of effects are reported. It is important to ... | 6,115,057 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
History of the East–West Schism
History of the East–West Schism refers to history of the East–West Schism that occurred in 1054, representing one of the most significant events in the history of Christianity. It includes various events and processes that led to the Schism, and also thos... | 6,115,058 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
of the Holy Spirit, and the use of the Filioque clause in the Creed. One of the main ecclesiological issues was the question of Papal supremacy. Other points of difference were related to various liturgical, mainly ritual and disciplinary customs and practices. Some political and cultura... | 6,115,059 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
excommunications [of 1054]" because those excommunications were "only one factor in a much longer and larger story involving cultural, political and theological factors." Because so many factors contributed to the ever-widening separation between East and West, it is difficult to point t... | 6,115,060 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
of claims by Rome to papal primacy and rejection by Eastern Churches.
Some scholars have argued that the Schism between East and West has very ancient roots, and that sporadic schisms in the common unions took place under Pope Victor I (2nd century), Pope Stephen I (3rd century) and Pop... | 6,115,061 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
found in undeveloped form as early as John Philoponus (c. 490–c. 570); it was enunciated in its most advanced form by Photios I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893). Constantinople, as the seat of the ruler of the empire and therefore of the world, was the highest among the patriarchates an... | 6,115,062 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
Apostles. Antioch had attracted Peter and Paul and Barnabas, plus others of the thousands of apostles. Antioch was the base from which Paul made his missionary journeys to the pagans. The Church of Antioch sent the apostles Peter and Paul to Rome to assist the fledgling church there in i... | 6,115,063 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
itself. The Church of the East was as large as the Mediterranean Church for some centuries, especially in the 6th to 8th centuries with its highly successful movement into India, Mongolia, China, Tibet, Korea, and Japan.
Saint Andrew is credited with establishing the church in the Greek... | 6,115,064 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
been lost in the intellectual abstractions of the time. Theology was also used as a weapon against opponent bishops, since being branded a heretic was the only sure way for a bishop to be removed by other bishops. Incompetence was not sufficient grounds for removal.
Over the course of h... | 6,115,065 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
effect blurred the very fine line between secular and ecclesiastical power.
"See also: First phase of papal supremacy and Early centers of Christianity"
In the early church up until the ecumenical councils, Rome was regarded as an important centre of Christianity, especially since it w... | 6,115,066 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
occurred in the year 90, when a group of Corinthian clerics, who had been removed from their positions, petitioned Rome for help.
The church at Rome claimed a special authority over the other churches due, in part, to its connection with the apostles Peter and Paul. In the first three c... | 6,115,067 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
with the Apostle Paul, who preached and was martyred there, and the Apostle Peter, who was a martyr there as well. The Eastern Orthodox liturgy calls Peter and Paul "the wisest Apostles and their princes" and "the radiant ornaments of Rome". Peter is seen as founder of the Church in Rome... | 6,115,068 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
other as catholic churches holding the orthodox faith concerning God's Gospel in Jesus. According to St Ignatius, the bishop of Antioch who died a martyr's death in Rome around the year 110, 'the church which presides in the territories of the Romans' was 'a church worthy of God, worthy ... | 6,115,069 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
the church of the capital city of the Roman empire that then constituted the 'civilized world (oikoumene)'."
### Quartodeciman controversy, and beyond.
Towards the end of the 2nd century, Victor, the Bishop of Rome, attempted to resolve the Quartodeciman controversy by excommunicating ... | 6,115,070 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
celebrated Easter at the spring full moon, like the Jewish Passover, while the churches in the rest of the world observed the practice of celebrating it on the following Sunday ("the day of the resurrection of our Saviour")
In 155, Anicetus, Bishop of Rome presided over a church council... | 6,115,071 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
Victor I presided over a council in Rome and subsequently sent a letter about the matter to Polycrates of Ephesus and the churches of the Roman province of Asia. In the same year, Polycrates presided over a council at Ephesus attended by several bishops throughout that province, which re... | 6,115,072 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
out his intent to excommunicate the Asian churches, many Catholic apologists point to this episode as evidence of papal primacy and authority in the early Church, citing the fact that none of the bishops challenged his right to excommunicate but rather questioned the wisdom and charity o... | 6,115,073 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
by papal authority; it was only finally resolved by an ecumenical council, the First Council of Nicaea.
The rejection of Bishop Anicetus' position on the Quartodeciman, by Polycarp and later Polycrates' letter to Pope Victor I has been used by Orthodox theologians as proof against the a... | 6,115,074 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
course between whatever extremes were being propounded by theologians of either school. Because Rome was remote from the centres of Christianity in the eastern Mediterranean, it was frequently hoped its bishop would be more impartial. For instance, in 431, Cyril, the patriarch of Alexand... | 6,115,075 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
formulation. But it was not universally accepted and was even called "impious" and "blasphemous" by some. The next ecumenical council corrected a possible imbalance in Pope Leo's presentation. Although the Bishop of Rome was well respected even at this early date, the East holds that the... | 6,115,076 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
was not until the rise of Charlemagne and his successors that the Church of Rome arose out of obscurity on the back of the military successes of the western Mediterranean adventurers.
### Establishment of Constantinople, the New Rome.
After the sole emperor of all the Roman Empire Cons... | 6,115,077 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
also Fall of Rome.
Soon the local bishop was elevated to Patriarch under Constantine, as Metrophanes of Byzantium
The patriarchs of Constantinople often tried to adopt an imperious position over the other patriarchs. In the case of Nestorius, whose actual teaching is now recognised to ... | 6,115,078 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
to control the Church, theological questions ran rampant throughout the Roman Empire. The influence of Greek speculative thought on Christian thinking led to all sorts of divergent and conflicting opinions. Theology was also used as a weapon against opponent bishops, because being brande... | 6,115,079 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
the bishop's connection with the imperial court meant that he was able to free himself from ecclesiastical dependency on Heraclea and in little more than half a century to obtain recognition of next-after-Rome ranking from the first Council held within the walls of the new capital. The F... | 6,115,080 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
ecclesiastical rivalry between Constantinople and Rome that was a factor leading to the schism between East and West and was a basic fact in papal history
Alexandria's objections to Constantinople's promotion, which led to a constant struggle between the two sees in the first half of th... | 6,115,081 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
of the imperial capital succeeded in his efforts to become the leading bishop in the Byzantine Empire: he "headed a vast curia and other bishops who resided in Constantinople constituted a permanent synod, which became the real governing body of the church".
Patriarch John IV of Constan... | 6,115,082 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
own province, and also the existing privileges of the churches in Antioch and the other provinces. These sees were later called Patriarchates and were given an order of precedence: Rome, as capital of the empire was naturally given first place, then came Alexandria and Antioch. In a sepa... | 6,115,083 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
381. The Second Ecumenical Council, held at the new capital in 381, elevated the see of Constantinople, to a position ahead of the other chief metropolitan sees, except that of Rome. It divided the eastern Roman Empire into five "dioceses": Egypt (under Alexandria), the East (under Antio... | 6,115,084 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
under Pope Damasus I that protested against the raising of Constantinople to a position above that of Alexandria, spoke of Rome as "the apostolic see". Pope Siricius (384-399) claimed for papal decretals the same binding force as decisions of synods, Pope Innocent I (401-417) said that a... | 6,115,085 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
the condemnation of Nestorius by his own Roman synod in 430 was sufficient, but consented to the general council as "of benefit in manifesting the faith" Pope Leo I and his successors rejected canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon, as a result of which it was not officially recorded even ... | 6,115,086 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
wrote to Byzantine Emperor Anastasius, distinguishing the power of civil rulers from that of the bishops (called "priests" in the document), with the latter supreme in religious matters; he ended his letter with: "And if it is fitting that the hearts of the faithful should submit to all ... | 6,115,087 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
state that the 28th Canon of the Council of Chalcedon explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople.
## Chalcedon (451).
The Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon in 45... | 6,115,088 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
the Patriarch of Rome, the Patriarch of Constantinople, the Patriarch of Alexandria, the Patriarch of Antioch and the Patriarch of Jerusalem. The Pope being considered the first among equals.
Although Pope Leo I, whose delegates were absent when this resolution was passed, he recognized... | 6,115,089 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
among all the bishops.
In its disputed 28th canon, the Council also recognized an authority of Constantinople over bishops of dioceses "among the barbarians", which has been variously interpreted as referring either to all areas outside the Byzantine Empire or only to those in the vicin... | 6,115,090 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
with the metropolitan of the province, let him have recourse to the Exarch of the Diocese, or to the throne of the Imperial City of Constantinople, and there let it be tried." This has been interpreted as conferring on the see of Constantinople a greater privilege than what any council e... | 6,115,091 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
North Africa in 429 and by 470 had built a kingdom that removed from the Empire all of North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia and other islands of the western Mediterranean and that had sacked Rome in 455. The Visigoths had already invaded Italy and sacked Rome in 410, before settling in Iberia ... | 6,115,092 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
Fending off challenges from the Allemanni, Burgundians and Visigoths, the Frankish kingdom became the nucleus of the future France and Germany. The initial Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain also occurred during the 5th century, when Roman control of Britain had come to an end.
By 476 th... | 6,115,093 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
4th century, though subsequent leaders (including Constantine) aspired to and sometimes gained control of both regions. Theodosius the Great, who established Nicene Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire (see Edict of Thessalonica), was the last Emperor to rule over a ... | 6,115,094 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
Western Roman Empire soon ceased to exist. In the early fifth century, its whole territory was overrun by Germanic tribes, and the year 476 saw the end even of the pretence of a Western Roman Emperor, when Odoacer forced Romulus Augustus to abdicate. By the end of the 5th century, the We... | 6,115,095 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
bishops of Byzantium. Whereas the Orthodox regions that were predominantly Slavic experienced period foreign dominance as well as period without infrastructure.
The Eastern Roman Empire (known also as the Byzantine Empire) continued to thrive and in the 6th century recovered Italy and o... | 6,115,096 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
became mostly subject to the laws and customs of nations that owed no allegiance to the emperor. These Germanic peoples, particularly the Franks, influenced and changed the Latin Church.
## Language and culture.
Many other factors caused the East and West to drift further apart. The do... | 6,115,097 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
in turn, was not understood by the Latins. When the Latins had to sign something, it was in a language they didn't understand and had to take someone's word for it. Both sides were suspicious of the other.
With linguistic unity gone, cultural unity began to crumble as well. The two halv... | 6,115,098 |
21199904 | History of the East–West Schism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20of%20the%20East–West%20Schism | History of the East–West Schism
never more than partially and temporarily recovered. In 732, Leo III the Isaurian, in revenge for the opposition of Pope Gregory III to the emperor's iconoclast policies, transferred Sicily, Calabria and Illyria from the patriarchate of Rome (whose jurisdiction until then extended as far... | 6,115,099 |
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