wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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441175 | Tony Clement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony%20Clement | Tony Clement
using the information might "create havoc" by altering the contents.
## Minister responsible for the Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario.
On February 6, 2006, in addition to being appointed Minister of Health, Clement was also appointed Minister responsible for FedNor (Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario). Clement held the FedNor portfolio until July 2013. FedNor invests in projects that support community economic development, business growth and competitiveness, and innovation; FedNor's goal is to encourage economic growth, diversification, job creation and self-reliant communities in northern Ontario.
Between February 2006 and January 2012, | 6,128,300 |
441175 | Tony Clement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony%20Clement | Tony Clement
FedNor approved $398 million in support of 1,742 projects, which leveraged an additional $614 million from other sources. During this same period, FedNor also approved $11 million towards 364 youth internships, with close to two-thirds of these interns finding employment following their internship. Of the total funding from February 2006 to January 2012, $44 million went toward 300 tourism-related projects, which included over 70 youth internships.
FedNor projects include some of the following:
Red Lake - Unorganized Kenora District - To build on existing efforts to extend Union Gas' natural gas pipeline to the Goldcorp mines, businesses, and residences of the Red Lake community. $2.7 million
Dryden | 6,128,301 |
441175 | Tony Clement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony%20Clement | Tony Clement
- The Corporation of The City of Dryden - To expand Dryden's industrial park and the Norwill subdivision (acquisition and clearing of land, construction of an access road, and expansion of municipal services). $1,470,000
Eagle Lake - Eagle Lake First Nation - To prepare the First Nation for the development of one of two proposed wood processing plants for the Two Feathers Forest Products Initiative. Project cancelled on January 27, 2011
Parry Sound - The Corporation of the Town of Parry Sound - To expand municipal services to accommodate the announced $6.2-million construction of an expanded Parry Sound Canadore College campus. $1,290,000
FedNor has provided funding to encourage tourism in | 6,128,302 |
441175 | Tony Clement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony%20Clement | Tony Clement
northern Ontario by:
- Increasing the awareness of this region as a tourism destination;
- Encouraging product development and investments in northern Ontario's tourism assets and products by supporting new and expanding festivals and events, and developing niche tourism products (e.g., authentic Aboriginal, francophone, motorcycling touring routes);
- Fostering an adequate supply of skills and labour to enhance visitor experiences.
## Opposition.
Clement retained his seat in the 2015 general election that defeated the Conservative government. Moving to the Opposition benches, he was appointed the Opposition's critic for foreign affairs by interim Leader of the Opposition Rona Ambrose. | 6,128,303 |
441175 | Tony Clement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony%20Clement | Tony Clement
He stepped down from the Shadow Cabinet on July 12, 2016 in order to launch his campaign for the leadership of the Conservative Party. He ended his campaign on October 12, 2016, due to not meeting fundraising goals he had set for his campaign.
## Sexting scandal.
In early November 2018, Clement resigned his House of Commons committee assignments and his role as Conservative Shadow Minister for Justice. The resignation was filed after he admitted having shared "sexually explicit images and a video of [himself]" with an individual or party that he "believed was a consenting female recipient" but was actually a person that Clement claimed had targeted him for extortion. The RCMP were investigating | 6,128,304 |
441175 | Tony Clement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony%20Clement | Tony Clement
the situation. After additional allegations of improper behaviour were made against Clement on November 7, party leader Andrew Scheer requested that he also resign from the Conservative caucus. Clement did so and now sits as an independent MP. In January 2019, two men from the Ivory Coast were arrested in connection with the attempted extortion of Clement. On April 2, Tony Clement announced that he will not be standing as a candidate in the next federal election.
# Political positions.
Clement has stated that there are circumstances where the death penalty is warranted.
Clement, as Conservative Public Safety Critic, stated in February 2017 that the RCMP needs to "enforce the law" to stop | 6,128,305 |
441175 | Tony Clement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony%20Clement | Tony Clement
the influx of Syrian Refugees attempting to cross the Canada–United States border in the wake of US President Donald Trump's Executive Order 13769 to ban citizens of certain majority Muslim countries from entering the United States. When a CBC Radio reporter asked Clement in a telephone interview to specify the measures the RCMP must take to do so, he refused to answer and hung up. Clement stated in an interview with "Power Play" on CTV News Channel that the Conservatives "are calling for two things in particular. One, more resources, more money and funding, and human resources for the border agents and for the RCMP to deal with this much higher influx... Secondly, we want the federal government | 6,128,306 |
441175 | Tony Clement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony%20Clement | Tony Clement
r two things in particular. One, more resources, more money and funding, and human resources for the border agents and for the RCMP to deal with this much higher influx... Secondly, we want the federal government to develop a plan. What is the plan that is going to be employed or deployed to ensure that the rule of law continues in this country, that the laws are obeyed, that we don't have illegal crossings?"
Clement favored reforming Canada's taxation system. When running for the Conservative Party leadership he collaborated with Roger Martin on a proposal for a lifetime income tax.
# External links.
- Archival papers held at University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services | 6,128,307 |
441197 | Blood film | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood%20film | Blood film
Blood film
A blood film—or peripheral blood smear—is a thin layer of blood smeared on a glass microscope slide and then stained in such a way as to allow the various blood cells to be examined microscopically. Blood films are examined in the investigation of hematological (blood) disorders and are routinely employed to look for blood parasites, such as those of malaria and filariasis.
# Preparation.
Blood films are made by placing a drop of blood on one end of a slide, and using a "spreader slide" to disperse the blood over the slide's length. The aim is to get a region, called a monolayer, where the cells are spaced far enough apart to be counted and differentiated. The monolayer is found | 6,128,308 |
441197 | Blood film | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood%20film | Blood film
in the "feathered edge" created by the spreader slide as it draws the blood forward.
The slide is left to air dry, after which the blood is fixed to the slide by immersing it briefly in methanol. The fixative is essential for good staining and presentation of cellular detail. After fixation, the slide is stained to distinguish the cells from each other.
Routine analysis of blood in medical laboratories is usually performed on blood films stained with Romanowsky stains such as Wright's stain, Giemsa stain, or Diff-Quik. Wright-Giemsa combination stain is also a popular choice. These stains allow for the detection of white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelet abnormalities. Hematopathologists | 6,128,309 |
441197 | Blood film | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood%20film | Blood film
often use other specialized stains to aid in the differential diagnosis of blood disorders.
After staining, the monolayer is viewed under a microscope using magnification up to 1000x. Individual cells are examined and their morphology is characterized and recorded.
# Clinical significance.
Blood smear examination is usually performed in conjunction with a complete blood count in order to investigate abnormal results or confirm results that the automated analyzer has flagged as unreliable.
Microscopic examination of the shape, size, and coloration of red blood cells is useful for determining the cause of anemia. Disorders such as iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, megaloblastic anemia | 6,128,310 |
441197 | Blood film | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood%20film | Blood film
and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia result in characteristic abnormalities on the blood film.
The proportions of different types of white blood cells can be determined from the blood smear. This is known as a manual white blood cell differential. The white blood cell differential can reveal abnormalities in the proportions of white blood cell types, such as neutrophilia and eosinophilia, as well as the presence of abnormal cells such as the circulating blast cells seen in acute leukemia. Qualitative abnormalities of white blood cells, like toxic granulation, are also visible on the blood smear. Modern complete blood count analyzers can provide an automated white blood cell differential, but | 6,128,311 |
441197 | Blood film | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood%20film | Blood film
they have a limited ability to differentiate immature and abnormal cells, so manual examination of the blood smear is frequently indicated.
Blood smear examination is the preferred diagnostic method for certain parasitic infections, such as malaria and babesiosis. Rarely, bacteria may be visible on the blood smear in patients with severe sepsis.
# Malaria.
The preferred and most reliable diagnosis of malaria is microscopic examination of blood films, because each of the four major parasite species has distinguishing characteristics. Two sorts of blood film are traditionally used.
- Thin films are similar to usual blood films and allow species identification, because the parasite's appearance | 6,128,312 |
441197 | Blood film | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood%20film | Blood film
is best preserved in this preparation.
- Thick films allow the microscopist to screen a larger volume of blood and are about eleven times more sensitive than the thin film, so picking up low levels of infection is easier on the thick film, but the appearance of the parasite is much more distorted and therefore distinguishing between the different species can be much more difficult.
From the thick film, an experienced microscopist can detect all parasites they encounter. Microscopic diagnosis can be difficult because the early trophozoites ("ring form") of all four species look identical and it is never possible to diagnose species on the basis of a single ring form; species identification | 6,128,313 |
441197 | Blood film | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood%20film | Blood film
is always based on several trophozoites.
The biggest pitfall in most laboratories in developed countries is leaving too great a delay between taking the blood sample and making the blood films. As blood cools to room temperature, male gametocytes will divide and release microgametes: these are long sinuous filamentous structures that can be mistaken for organisms such as "Borrelia". If the blood is kept at warmer temperatures, schizonts will rupture and merozoites invading erythrocytes will mistakenly give the appearance of the accolé form of "P. falciparum". If "P. vivax" or "P. ovale" is left for several hours in EDTA, the buildup of acid in the sample will cause the parasitised erythrocytes | 6,128,314 |
441197 | Blood film | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood%20film | Blood film
to shrink and the parasite will roll up, simulating the appearance of "P. malariae". This problem is made worse if anticoagulants such as heparin or citrate are used. The anticoagulant that causes the least problems is EDTA. Romanowsky stain or a variant stain is usually used. Some laboratories mistakenly use the same staining pH as they do for routine haematology blood films (pH 6.8): malaria blood films must be stained at pH 7.2, or Schüffner's dots and James's dots will not be seen.
Immunochromatographic capture procedures (rapid diagnostic tests such as the malaria antigen detection tests) are nonmicroscopic diagnostic options for the laboratory that may not have appropriate microscopy | 6,128,315 |
441197 | Blood film | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood%20film | Blood film
e of "P. malariae". This problem is made worse if anticoagulants such as heparin or citrate are used. The anticoagulant that causes the least problems is EDTA. Romanowsky stain or a variant stain is usually used. Some laboratories mistakenly use the same staining pH as they do for routine haematology blood films (pH 6.8): malaria blood films must be stained at pH 7.2, or Schüffner's dots and James's dots will not be seen.
Immunochromatographic capture procedures (rapid diagnostic tests such as the malaria antigen detection tests) are nonmicroscopic diagnostic options for the laboratory that may not have appropriate microscopy expertise available.
# External links.
- Blood photomicrographs | 6,128,316 |
441206 | Windows Media | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows%20Media | Windows Media
Windows Media
Windows Media is a discontinued multimedia framework for media creation and distribution for Microsoft Windows. It consists of a software development kit (SDK) with several application programming interfaces (API) and a number of prebuilt technologies, and is the replacement of NetShow technologies.
The Windows Media SDK is replaced by Media Foundation.
# Software.
- Windows Media Center
- Windows Media Player
- Windows Media Encoder
- Windows Media Services
- Windows Movie Maker
# Formats.
- Advanced Systems Format (ASF)
- Advanced Stream Redirector (ASX)
- Windows Media Audio (WMA)
- Windows Media Playlist (WPL)
- Windows Media Video (WMV) and VC-1
- Windows Media | 6,128,317 |
441206 | Windows Media | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows%20Media | Windows Media
Station (NSC)
- WMV HD, (Windows Media Video High Definition), the branding name for high definition (HD) media content encoded using Windows Media codecs. WMV HD is not a separate codec.
- HD Photo (formerly Windows Media Photo, standardized as JPEG XR)
- DVR-MS, the recording format used by Windows Media Center
- SAMI, the closed caption format developed by Microsoft. It can be used to synchronize captions and audio descriptions with online video.
# Protocols.
- Media Stream Broadcast (MSB), for multicast distribution of Advanced Systems Format content over a network
- Media Transfer Protocol (MTP), for transferring and synchronizing media on portable devices
- Microsoft Media Services | 6,128,318 |
441206 | Windows Media | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows%20Media | Windows Media
he recording format used by Windows Media Center
- SAMI, the closed caption format developed by Microsoft. It can be used to synchronize captions and audio descriptions with online video.
# Protocols.
- Media Stream Broadcast (MSB), for multicast distribution of Advanced Systems Format content over a network
- Media Transfer Protocol (MTP), for transferring and synchronizing media on portable devices
- Microsoft Media Services (MMS), the streaming transport protocol
- Windows Media DRM, an implementation of digital rights management
# See also.
- QuickTime - Apple Computer's multimedia framework
- Silverlight
# External links.
- Description of the algorithm used for WMA encryption | 6,128,319 |
441216 | List of troubadours and trobairitz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20troubadours%20and%20trobairitz | List of troubadours and trobairitz
List of troubadours and trobairitz
This is a list of troubadours and trobairitz. It is composed of medieval figures who are known to have written lyric verse in the Occitan language.
- Ademar Jordan
- Ademar lo Negre
- Ademar de Peiteus
- Ademar de Rocaficha
- Aimeric de Belenoi
- Aimeric de Peguilhan
- Aimeric de Sarlat
- Alaisina
- Alamanda de Castelnau
- Alberico da Romano
- Albert Malaspina
- Albertet Cailla
- Albertet de Sestaro
- Alegret
- Alfonso II of Aragon
- Almucs de Castelnau
- Amanieu de la Broqueira
- Amanieu de Sescars
- Amoros dau Luc
- Andreu Febrer
- Arnaut Bernart de Tarascon
- Arnaut Catalan
- Arnaut Daniel
- Arnaut de Comminges
- Arnaut de Mareuil
- | 6,128,320 |
441216 | List of troubadours and trobairitz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20troubadours%20and%20trobairitz | List of troubadours and trobairitz
Arnaut de Tintinhac
- Arnaut Guilhem de Marsan
- Arnaut Plagues
- Arnaut Vidal de Castelnou d'Ari
- Arnaut Vidal
- At de Mons
- Audric del Vilar
- Austorc d'Aorlhac
- Austorc de Segret
- Aycart del Fossat
- Azalais d'Altier
- Azalais de Porcairagues
- Beatritz de Dia
- Berengier Trobel
- Berenguer d'Anoia
- Berenguer de Palou
- Berenguier de Poizrengier
- Bernart Alanhan de Narbona
- Bernart Arnaut d'Armagnac
- Bernart d'Auriac
- Bernart de la Barta
- Bernart de Bondeills
- Bernart de Panassac
- Bernart de Rovenac
- Bernart de Tot-lo-mon
- Bernart de Ventadorn
- Bernart de Venzac
- Bernart Marti
- Bernart Sicart de Maruèjols
- Bertolome Zorzi
- Bertran Carbonel
- | 6,128,321 |
441216 | List of troubadours and trobairitz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20troubadours%20and%20trobairitz | List of troubadours and trobairitz
Bertran d'Alamanon
- Bertran de Born lo Filhs
- Bertran de Born
- Bertran de Gourdon
- Bertran de Paris
- Bertran de Preissac
- Bertran del Pojet
- Bertran Folcon d'Avinhon
- Bieiris de Romans
- Blacasset
- Blacatz
- Bonfilh
- Bonifaci Calvo
- Bonifaci de Castellana
- Cadenet
- Calega Panzan
- Carenza
- Castelloza
- Cercamon
- Cerverí de Girona
- Chardo (his status as a troubadour is doubtful)
- Clara d'Anduza
- Codolen
- Cossezen
- Dalfi d'Alvernha
- Dalfinet
- Dante Alighieri (only wrote troubadour verse within the "Divine Comedy")
- Dante da Maiano
- Daude de Pradas
- Duran Sartor de Paernas
- Eble d'Ussel
- Eble II of Ventadorn
- El Bord del rei d'Aragó
- | 6,128,322 |
441216 | List of troubadours and trobairitz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20troubadours%20and%20trobairitz | List of troubadours and trobairitz
Elias Cairel
- Elias de Barjols
- Elias d'Ussel
- Elias Fonsalada
- Engenim d'Urre de Valentinès
- Englés
- Felip de Valenza
- Ferrarino Trogni da Ferrara
- Folquet de Lunel
- Folquet de Marselha
- Folquet de Romans
- Formit de Perpinyà
- Frederick II of Sicily
- Garin d'Apchier
- Garin lo Brun
- Garsenda de Proença
- Gaucelm Faidit
- Gaudairença
- Gausbert Amiel
- Gausbert de Puicibot
- Gauseran de Saint Leidier
- Gavaudan
- Gilabert de Próixita
- Girard Cavalaz
- Giraut de Salignac
- Giraut del Luc
- Gormonda de Monpeslier
- Grimoart Gausmar
- Guerau III of Cabrera
- Gui de Cavaillo
- Gui d'Ussel
- Guilhelma de Rosers
- Guilhem d'Anduza
- Guilhem Anelier de | 6,128,323 |
441216 | List of troubadours and trobairitz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20troubadours%20and%20trobairitz | List of troubadours and trobairitz
Tolosa
- Guilhem d'Autpol
- Guilhem de l'Olivier
- Guilhem de Montanhagol
- Guilhem de Mur
- Guilhem de Saint-Leidier
- Guilhem Fabre
- Guilhem Figueira
- Guilhem Peire Cazals de Caortz
- Guillem Ademar
- Guillem Augier Novella
- Guillem de Balaun
- Guillem de Berguedà
- Guillem de Cabestany
- Guillem de la Tor
- Guillem de Masdovelles
- Guillem de Ribes
- Guillem del Baus
- Guillem Magret
- Guillem Raimon
- Guillem Rainol d'At
- Guillem Ramon de Gironella
- Guiraudo lo Ros
- Guiraut de Bornelh
- Guiraut de Calanso
- Guiraut de Tholoza
- Guiraut Riquier
- Henry I of Rodez
- Henry II of Rodez
- Huguet de Mataplana
- Isarn
- Isarn Marques
- Isarn Rizol
- Iseut | 6,128,324 |
441216 | List of troubadours and trobairitz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20troubadours%20and%20trobairitz | List of troubadours and trobairitz
de Capio
- Iznart d'Entrevenas
- Jacme Grils
- Jacme Rovira
- James II of Aragon
- Jaufre de Pons
- Jaufre Reforzat de Trets
- Jaufre Rudel
- Joan de Castellnou
- Joan Miralhas
- Jofre de Foixà
- Johan Blanch
- Johan Esteve de Bezers
- Johanet d'Albusson
- Jordan Bonel de Confolens
- Jordan de Born
- Jordan de l'Isla de Venessi
- Jordan IV of L'Isle-Jourdain
- Joyos de Tolosa
- Lanfranc Cigala
- Lombarda
- Lorenç Mallol
- Luca Grimaldi
- Luchetz Gateluz
- Manfred I Lancia
- Marcabru
- Marcoat
- Maria de Ventadorn
- Matfre Ermengau
- Matieu de Caersi
- Miquel de Castillon
- Monge de Montaudon
- Montan
- Nicoletto da Torino
- Oberto II of Biandrate
- Obs de Biguli
- | 6,128,325 |
441216 | List of troubadours and trobairitz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20troubadours%20and%20trobairitz | List of troubadours and trobairitz
Olivier lo Templier
- Ot de Montcada
- Ozil de Cadartz
- Palaizi
- Paolo Lanfranchi da Pistoja
- Paulet de Marselha
- Paves
- Peire Bremon lo Tort
- Peire Bremon Ricas Novas
- Peire Cardenal
- Peire d'Alvernha
- Peire de Barjac
- Peire de Bussignac
- Peire de Castelnou
- Peire de Corbiac
- Peire de la Caravana
- Peire de la Mula
- Peire de Ladils
- Peire de Maensac
- Peire de Rius
- Peire de Valeira
- Peire del Vilar
- Peire Duran de Limoux
- Peire d'Ussel
- Peire Ermengau
- Peire Espanhol
- Peire Fabre d'Uzès
- Peire Guilhem de Luserna
- Peire Guillem de Tolosa
- Peire Lunel de Montech
- Peire Milo
- Peire Pelet
- Peire Raimon de Tolosa
- Peire Rogier
- Peire | 6,128,326 |
441216 | List of troubadours and trobairitz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20troubadours%20and%20trobairitz | List of troubadours and trobairitz
Trabustal
- Peire Vidal
- Peirol
- Peironet
- Perceval Doria
- Perdigon
- Pere de Montsó
- Pere Galceran
- Pere Salvatge
- Peter III of Aragon
- Pistoleta
- Ponç de la Guàrdia
- Ponç d'Ortafà
- Ponç Hug IV of Empúries
- Pons de Capduelh
- Pons de Monlaur
- Pons Santolh
- Raimbaut d'Aurenga
- Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
- Raimon d'Avinhon
- Raimon de Cornet
- Raimon de Durfort
- Raimon de las Salas
- Raimon de Miravalh
- Raimon de Tors de Marseilha
- Raimon Escrivan
- Raimon Gaucelm de Bezers
- Raimon Guillem
- Raimon Jordan
- Raimon Vidal de Bezaudun
- Rainaut de Pons
- Rainaut de Tres Sauzes
- Rambertino Buvalelli
- Ramon de Rosselló
- Raymond VI of Toulouse
- Ricau | 6,128,327 |
441216 | List of troubadours and trobairitz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20troubadours%20and%20trobairitz | List of troubadours and trobairitz
zaudun
- Rainaut de Pons
- Rainaut de Tres Sauzes
- Rambertino Buvalelli
- Ramon de Rosselló
- Raymond VI of Toulouse
- Ricau de Tarascon
- Ricaut Bonomel
- Richard I of England (his status as a troubadour is doubtful)
- Rigaut de Berbezilh
- Roger-Bernard III of Foix
- Rostaing Berenguier
- Rostanh de Merguas
- Rubaut
- Sail d'Escola
- Savari de Mauléon
- Scotto
- Simon Doria
- Sordello
- Terramagnino da Pisa
- Thomas II of Piedmont
- Thomas Periz de Fozes
- Tibors de Sarenom
- Tomier
- Tremoleta
- Tribolet
- Turc Malec
- Uc Brunet
- Uc Catola
- Uc de la Bacalaria
- Uc de Lescura
- Uc de Pena
- Uc de Saint Circ
- William IX of Aquitaine
- Ysabella
- Yselda | 6,128,328 |
441208 | Rugby shirt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugby%20shirt | Rugby shirt
Rugby shirt
A rugby shirt is worn by players of rugby union or rugby league. It usually has short sleeves, though long sleeves are common as well.
Rugby shirts have a buttoned opening at the top, in a similar style to polo shirts but with a stiffer collar. Modern rugby shirts often have a very small collar so as to provide less material for a potential tackler to latch onto (even though such an action is illegal in a game). Due to the nature of the game, the fabric is generally strong, and traditionally rugby shirts have rubber buttons so that they would, if pulled on in a game, come undone rather than pop off.
A traditional design of rugby shirt consists of five or six horizontal stripes | 6,128,329 |
441208 | Rugby shirt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugby%20shirt | Rugby shirt
or "hoops" in alternating colours. Rugby league shirts often have a large 'V' around the neck as part of their design. Football shirts by contrast, traditionally generally have vertical stripes. Rugby shirts, like most sport shirts, will usually have a number on the back, though shirts not meant for competitive play will usually forgo this. Logos and labels of sponsorship are now common, and generally appear on the abdominal area of the shirt.
# Materials.
Rugby shirts were traditionally made out of cotton, but as synthetic fabrics became cheaper they have become incorporated into rugby shirts. The two most common materials are a mix between cotton and polyester (many of these shirts are meant | 6,128,330 |
441208 | Rugby shirt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugby%20shirt | Rugby shirt
for supporter use, though they can be used in a rugby game), and pure polyester (these shirts are generally designed for game use).
The reason for the preference of polyester in a game situation is twofold: firstly, polyester is harder to get hold of in a tackle situation, as it is inherently more 'slippery' than cotton or a cotton-blend. In addition, the increasing use of skin tight shirts further enhances this effect, as there is no loose material for a tackler to get a grip of.
The other benefit of man-made fibre over cotton is that it absorbs less water and mud. As rugby is a sport played mainly in winter and/or bad weather, a cotton rugby kit can weigh around when wet. This extra weight | 6,128,331 |
441208 | Rugby shirt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugby%20shirt | Rugby shirt
s a sport played mainly in winter and/or bad weather, a cotton rugby kit can weigh around when wet. This extra weight has to be carried by the player, in addition to running in wet, heavy ground.
The gaining popularity of rugby sevens has made more of a demand for lighter, more breathable jerseys as well. Rugby sevens is a faster, more wide open game in which players compete 7 versus 7 as opposed to 15 versus 15.
The rugby shirt has, in numerous cultures, become a popular fashion item, with many clothing manufacturers producing rugby styles shirts, with the distinctive collar and hooped or squared design, which do not represent an actual club.
# See also.
- Jersey (sport)
- Away colours | 6,128,332 |
441194 | Beholder (Dungeons & Dragons) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beholder%20(Dungeons%20&%20Dragons) | Beholder (Dungeons & Dragons)
Beholder (Dungeons & Dragons)
The beholder is a fictional monster in the "Dungeons & Dragons" fantasy role-playing game. Its appearance is that of a floating orb of flesh with a large mouth, single central eye, and many smaller eyestalks on top with powerful magical abilities.
The beholder is among the "Dungeons & Dragons" monsters that have appeared in every edition of the game since 1975. Beholders are one of the few classic Dungeons & Dragons monsters that Wizards of the Coast claims as Product Identity and as such was not released under its Open Game License.
# Publication history.
Unlike many other "Dungeons & Dragons" monsters, the beholder is an original creation for "D&D", as | 6,128,333 |
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it is not based on a creature from mythology or other fiction. Rob Kuntz's brother Theron O. Kuntz created the "Beholder", and Gary Gygax detailed it for publication.
## "Dungeons & Dragons" (1974–1976).
The beholder was introduced with the first "Dungeons & Dragons" supplement, "Greyhawk" (1975), and is depicted on its cover (as shown in the section below). It is described as a "Sphere of Many Eyes" or "Eye Tyrant", a levitating globe with ten magical eye stalks. The beholder later appears in the "Companion Rules" set, in the "Dungeon Masters Companion: Book Two" (1984). In 1991, it appears in the "Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia".
## "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" 1st edition (1977–1988).
With | 6,128,334 |
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the release of "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" 1st edition, the beholder appeared in the first edition "Monster Manual" (1977), where it is described as a hateful, aggressive, avaricious spherical monster that is most frequently found underground. Ed Greenwood and Roger E Moore authored "The Ecology of the Beholder", which featured in "Dragon" #76 (August 1983).
## "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" 2nd edition (1989–1999).
Second edition supplements to "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons", especially those of the "Spelljammer" campaign setting, added further details about these classic creatures' societies and culture. Beholders feature prominently in the Spelljammer setting, and a number of variants and | 6,128,335 |
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related creatures are introduced in the "" campaign set, in the "Lorebook of the Void" booklet (1989). It also appeared in the "Monstrous Compendium Volume One" (1989), and is reprinted in the "Monstrous Manual" (1993). The book "I, Tyrant" (1996), and the "Monstrous Arcana" module series that accompanies it, develops the beholder further. "I, Tyrant" expands the information on beholders through details of the race's history, religion, culture, settlements and psychology, and more.
Based on Tom Wham's depiction in the first edition "Monster Manual", TSR artist Keith Parkinson characterized its popular appearance with plate-like armored scales and arthropod-like eyestalks. Jeff Grubb cites Keith | 6,128,336 |
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Parkinson's artwork as the inspiration for the beholder-kin created for the Spelljammer campaign setting. The Beholder's xenophobia towards other subraces of Beholders was added after Jim Holloway submitted multiple designs for the Beholder's spelljamming ship and Jeff Grubb decided to keep them all and used xenophobia to explain the differences in design style.
## "Dungeons & Dragons" 3.0 edition (2000–2002).
The third edition of "Dungeons & Dragons" included the Beholder in the "Monster Manual" (2000) with the expanded monster statistics of this release. Beholder variants appear in "" (2001).
## "Dungeons & Dragons" 3.5 edition (2003–2007).
The beholder appears in the revised "Monster | 6,128,337 |
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Manual" for the 3.5 edition (2003). The mindwitness was a sample creature of the half-illithid template using a beholder as the base creature, featured on Wizards of the Coast's website on August 14, 2003. The beholder receives its own chapter in the book "Lords of Madness: The Book of Aberrations" (2005).
## "Dungeons & Dragons" 4th edition (2008–2014).
With the release of the fourth edition of "Dungeons & Dragons", the beholder once again appears in the "Monster Manual" for this edition (2008), including the "beholder eye of flame" and the "beholder eye tyrant". Variants of the beholder also appear in "Monster Manual 2" (2009), and "Monster Manual 3" (2010).
## "Dungeons & Dragons" 5th | 6,128,338 |
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edition (2014–).
The beholder appears along with the more powerful undead death tyrant and the spectator in the 5th Edition "Monster Manual" (2014), with the zombie beholder also appears under the "zombies" section later in the book. "Volo's Guide to Monsters" (2016) provides more detail on beholder culture and contains stats for the death kiss, guath and gazer beholder kin. The half-illithid mindwitness also makes an appearance in this book. The book "Xanathar's Guide to Everything" (2017) contains various notes written from the perspective of the beholder known as Xanathar. Xanathar is also one of the possible villains adventurers can face in the adventure module "" (2018)"."
# Description.
A | 6,128,339 |
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Beholder is an "aberration" comprising a floating spheroid body with a large fanged mouth and single eye on the front and many flexible eyestalks on the top.
A beholder's eyes each possess a different magical ability; the main eye projects an anti-magical cone, and the other eyes use different spell-like abilities (disintegrate objects, transmute flesh to stone, cause sleep, slow the motion of objects or beings, charm animals, charm humans, cause death, induce fear, levitate objects, and inflict serious wounds). Many variant beholder species exist, such as "observers", "spectators", "eyes of the deep", "elder orbs", "hive mothers", and "death tyrants". In addition, some rare beholders can use | 6,128,340 |
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their eyes for non-standard spell-like abilities; these mutant beholders are often killed or exiled by their peers. Beholders wishing to cast spells like ordinary wizards relinquish the traditional use of their eyestalks, and put out their central anti-magic eye, making these beholder mages immediate outcasts.
In 4th edition, different breeds of Beholders have different magic abilities. Beholder Eyes of Flame only have "Fear", "Fire", and "Telekenesis Rays" ; Eyes of Frost are the same, with fire replaced by frost. The Beholder Eye Tyrant is mostly unchanged from traditional beholders, but the "Death Ray" causes ongoing necrotic damage rather than an instant kill, and the "Disintegration Ray" | 6,128,341 |
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does not automatically kill its target. Other Beholder types each have their own set of abilities. In this edition, the Beholder's central eye no longer cancels out magic, instead dazing or giving some vulnerability to its victim.
## Society.
Beholders are extremely xenophobic. They will sometimes take members of other, non-beholder races as slaves; however, they will engage in a violent intra-species war with others of their kind who differ even slightly in appearance. This intense hatred of other beholders is not universal; the most prominent exceptions are Hive Mothers, who use their powers of mind control to form hives with other beholders and beholder-kin. Beholder communities in the | 6,128,342 |
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Underdark often, when provoked, wage war on any and all nearby settlements, finding the most resistance from the drow and illithids.
Beholders worship their insane, controlling goddess known as the Great Mother, though some also, or instead, follow her rebel offspring, Gzemnid, the beholder god of gases.
Some beholder strains have mutated far from the basic beholder stock. These are aberrant beholders, of which there are numerous different types. These aberrants may have differing abilities and/or appearances but the unifying feature among beholders and the various aberrant beholders seems to be a simple, fleshy body with one or more grotesque eyes.
# Campaign settings.
## "Forgotten Realms".
Beholders | 6,128,343 |
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are especially prominent in the "Forgotten Realms" campaign setting, where they infiltrate and seek to control many sectors of society—many beholders are allied to the Zhentarim, some work with the Red Wizards of Thay, and a particularly powerful beholder, known as "The Evil Eye" or "The Xanathar" controls Skullport's influential Thieves Guild.("The Xanathar" being the title of the thieves guild leader, passed from one to the next.) Beholders also compete to control the Underdark from where most of them originate, with their base of power in the City of the Eye Tyrants, Ootul.Known for shooting beams from their medusa-like eye tentacles and petrifying would-be adventurers.
## Spelljammer.
According | 6,128,344 |
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to Ken Rolston, the beholder and the mind flayer "win starring roles as intergalactic menaces" in Spelljammer, and notes that the beholders, "with their abundant magical powers, are perhaps the most formidable warrior race of the universe, but fortunately they are too busy slaughtering one another to present a big threat to other spacefaring races".
Beholders in the Spelljammer campaign are common antagonists, like the deadly neogi and sadistic illithids. However, one thing prevents them from being the most dangerous faction in wildspace: the beholders are engaged in a xenophobic civil war of genetic purity.
There are a large number of variations in the beholder race with some sub-races having | 6,128,345 |
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smooth hides and others chitinous plates. Other noticeable differences include snakelike eyestalks or crustacean like eyestalk joints. Some variations seem minor such as variations in the size of the central eye or differences in skin colour. Each beholder nation believes itself to be the true beholder race and sees other beholders as ugly copies that must be destroyed.
Lone beholders in wildspace are often refugees who have survived an attack that exterminated the rest of their nest or are outcasts who were expelled for having some form of mutation. The most famous lone beholder is Large Luigi, who works as a barkeeper on the Rock of Bral.
Beholders use a large number of different ship designs. | 6,128,346 |
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Some of these ships feature a piercing ram but others have no weaponry. All beholder ships allow a circuit of beholders to focus their eye stalks into a 400-yard beam of magical energy. These ships are powered and navigated by the "orbus" (plural "orbii") race of beholders, who are stunted, albino, and very weak in combat.
## Eberron.
Beholders served as living artillery during the Daelkyr incursion, using the terrible power of their eyes to shatter whole goblin armies. In Eberron, beholders do not reproduce naturally and have not created a culture of their own—they are simply the immortal servants of the daelkyr. Most continue to serve their masters, commanding subterranean outposts of aberrations | 6,128,347 |
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or serving as the hidden leaders of various Cults of the Dragon Below. Others lead solitary lives, contemplating mysteries or studying the world. Such lone beholders may manipulate humanoid communities, but their actions are rarely driven by a desire for personal power.
Members of the Cults of the Dragon Below believe that these creatures function as the eyes of a greater power. Some insist that they serve Belashyrra, a powerful Daelkyr who is also known as the Lord of Eyes. Others claim the beholders are the eyes of Xoriat itself—that while they serve the daelkyr, they are conduits to a power even greater and more terrible than the shapers of flesh.
# Variants and kin.
Information about | 6,128,348 |
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beholder variations and related creatures has been made available in "Dungeons & Dragons" publications.
# Reception.
A reviewer for "Arcane" magazine described the beholder: "11 eyes, paranoid, xenophobic, having a taste for live animals and being deadly with magic."
"Wizard" magazine's top 100 greatest villains ever list selected the Beholder as the 99th greatest villain. Rob Bricken from io9 named the beholder as the 1st most memorable D&D monster.
The beholder (gauth) was ranked sixth among the ten best mid-level monsters by the authors of "Dungeons & Dragons For Dummies". The authors described the true beholder as an iconic creature of the game, "What could be more fantastic than a giant | 6,128,349 |
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floating eyeball with little eye stalks sticking out, all of which shoot magic rays?" Of the gauth, the authors say "its ability to inflict a bewildering variety of damage on a party of heroes is unparalleled... until they fight a true beholder, that is."
# Appearances in other media.
Beholders have appeared in many D&D related or licensed products including :
- Two Beholders are seen briefly in the 2000 motion picture "Dungeons & Dragons".
- The "Dungeons & Dragons" TV cartoon series featured a Beholder in the 1983 episode "Eye of the Beholder".
- A Beholder also appears in the interactive movie "".
- "Dungeons & Dragons" licensed computer and video games, including the "Eye of the Beholder" | 6,128,350 |
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series; throughout "Baldur's Gate 2"; and one named Xantam in "".
## "D&D" Miniatures.
- A Beholder is featured in "D&D Miniatures: Deathknell" set #32 (2005).
- The Beholder Eye Tyrant was included as a random packed figure in "D&D Miniatures: Dangerous Delves" (#5/40) (2009).
- The Beholder Ultimate Tyrant was available as a visible piece "Legendary Evils" set (#6/40) (2009).
## Media unrelated to Dungeons & Dragons.
- The "Futurama" episode "How Hermes Requisitioned His Groove Back" features a Beholder who guards the Central Bureaucracy. He is a Grade 11 bureaucrat who begs the Planet Express crew not to tell its supervisor that he was sleeping on the job. He has another cameo in "Lethal | 6,128,351 |
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Inspection", still working at the Central Bureaucracy.
- The "Goblin Slayer" series features a "Giant Eyeball" (episode 8 of the anime and volume 5 of the manga), which closely resembles a beholder with disintegration and magic dispelling abilities.
- Beholders appeared as a boss and recurring monster in the original Japanese version of Final Fantasy, but was renamed to "Evil Eye" and redesigned for the game's North American release to avoid copyright issues with Wizards of the Coast. Current installments of the Final Fantasy series have continued to use the monster with the design and name heavily altered.
# Further reading.
- Cagle, Eric. "Worshipers of the Forbidden." "Dragon" #296 (Paizo | 6,128,352 |
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for the game's North American release to avoid copyright issues with Wizards of the Coast. Current installments of the Final Fantasy series have continued to use the monster with the design and name heavily altered.
# Further reading.
- Cagle, Eric. "Worshipers of the Forbidden." "Dragon" #296 (Paizo Publishing, 2002).
- Collins, Andy, Bruce R. Cordell, and Thomas M. Reid. "Epic Level Handbook (Wizards of the Coast, 2002).
- Demokopoliss, Dougal. "The Ecology of the Spectator." "Dragon" #139 (TSR, 1988).
- Greenwood, Ed. "The Ecology of the Eye of the Deep." "Dragon" #93 (TSR, 1985).
- Mearls, Michael. "Eye Wares: Potent Powers of the Beholders." "Dragon" #313 (Paizo Publishing, 2003). | 6,128,353 |
441214 | Carole Montillet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carole%20Montillet | Carole Montillet
Carole Montillet
Carole Montillet-Carles (born 7 April 1973) is a French alpine skier.
# Career.
Born in Corrençon-en-Vercors, Isère, she became a member of the Villard-de-Lans ski club in Grenoble. In 1994 and 1998, finished 14th in the Super-G at the Winter Olympics at Lillehammer and Nagano respectively.
In January 2002 Montillet was chosen by the Comité National Olympique et Sportif Français to be the flag bearer for the 2002 Winter Olympics at Salt Lake City.
Her victory in the downhill ski event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City was her first major triumph. It was also the first gold medal won by a Frenchwoman in Alpine Skiing since Marielle Goitschel's triumph in the women's | 6,128,354 |
441214 | Carole Montillet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carole%20Montillet | Carole Montillet
slalom event in Grenoble in 1968. She dedicated this to her former teammate Régine Cavagnoud, who was killed in a training accident in 2001.
Her achievements were more remarkable because she has suffered multiple serious injuries early in her career, such as torn knee ligaments.
On 13 February 2006, while training for the downhill race at the 2006 Winter Olympics, Montillet-Carles crashed and was evacuated by helicopter to a nearby hospital. She suffered rib, back and facial injuries, but she decided to compete in the downhill race and eventually finished in 28th position. Several racers had complained that the downhill course was too easy, and Olympic organizers had made several changes to | 6,128,355 |
441214 | Carole Montillet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carole%20Montillet | Carole Montillet
it. She finished in 5th place in the Super-G five days later.
She retired at the end of the 2005–2006 season.
# Results.
## World Cup (overall).
- 1991–1992: 105th
- 1992–1993: 58th
- 1993–1994: 58th
- 1994–1995: 67th
- 1995–1996: 31st
- 1996–1997: 15th
- 1997–1998: 26th
- 1998–1999: 26th
- 1999–2000: 55th
- 2000–2001: 9th
- 2001–2002: 16th
- 2002–2003: 6th
- 2003–2004: 5th
- 2004–2005: 18th
## Olympics.
- 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano
- Downhill 14th
- Super-G 14th
- 2002 Winter Olympics at Salt Lake City
- Downhill 1st
- Super-G 7th
- Giant Slalom 18th
- 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin
- Downhill 28th
- Super-G 5th
## World Championships.
- 1993 at Morioka
- Downhill | 6,128,356 |
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Downhill 14th
- Super-G 14th
- 2002 Winter Olympics at Salt Lake City
- Downhill 1st
- Super-G 7th
- Giant Slalom 18th
- 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin
- Downhill 28th
- Super-G 5th
## World Championships.
- 1993 at Morioka
- Downhill 8th
- 1997 at Sestriere
- Downhill 7th
- Super-G 4th
- 2001 at Sankt Anton
- Downhill 10th
- Super-G 5th
- 2003 at St. Moritz
- Downhill 7th
- Super-G 14th
- 2005 at Bormio
- Team event 3rd
## World Cup.
- Overall ranking: 5th (2004), 6th (2003), 9th (2001)
- Super-G ranking: 1st (2003), 2nd (2004), 3rd (2001)
- Downhill ranking: 3rd (2004), 7th (2005)
World Cup victories
# External links.
- Biography at Yahoo.com
- Official website | 6,128,357 |
441189 | Trellick Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trellick%20Tower | Trellick Tower
Trellick Tower
Trellick Tower is a Grade II* listed tower block on the Cheltenham Estate in Kensal Town, London. Opened in 1972, it had been commissioned by the Greater London Council and designed in the Brutalist style by architect Ernő Goldfinger. The tower was planned to replace outdated social accommodation, and designed as a follow up to Goldfinger's earlier Balfron Tower in East London. It was the last major project he worked on, and featured various space-saving designs, along with a separate access tower containing a plant room.
High-rise apartments and Brutalist architecture were falling out of favour by the time the tower was completed, and it became a magnet for crime, vandalism, | 6,128,358 |
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drug abuse and prostitution. Its fortunes gradually improved in the 1980s after the establishment of a residents' association. Security measures were put in place and a concierge was employed, which led to lower crime levels. By the 1990s the tower had become a desirable place to live, and although it still contains predominantly social housing, demand for private flats has remained high. A local landmark, it has been Grade II* listed since 1998, and has retained its distinctive concrete facade as a result. A fire broke out in 2017, but the concrete structure meant damage was limited, unlike the nearby Grenfell Tower. Trellick Tower has featured on film and television several times.
# Location.
Trellick | 6,128,359 |
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Tower is on the Cheltenham Estate in Golborne Road, Kensal Town, Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (RBKC). It is bounded to the north and east by the Grand Union Canal and to the south by the A40 Westway and the Great Western main line leading from London Paddington station.
The nearest stations are Kensal Green (Bakerloo line and London Overground), Ladbroke Grove and Westbourne Park (Circle and Hammersmith & City lines). The tower is served by London Buses route 23.
# Design.
The tower is tall ( including the communications mast) and is a Grade II* listed building. The design is based on Goldfinger's earlier and slightly smaller Balfron Tower in Poplar, East London. It has a long, | 6,128,360 |
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thin profile, with a separate lift and service tower linked at every third storey to the access corridors in the main building, which overall has 31 floors. Flats above and below the corridor levels have internal stairs, while the 23rd and 24th floors are taken up by maisonettes split over the two floors. Overall, the building contains 217 dwellings and was originally owned by the GLC with the flats rented as council flats. All the apartments have balconies. The other building, containing shops and amenities has seven floors.
The service tower has two additional floors higher than the main building, which includes a projecting plant room that holds the main heating system. It is fully linked | 6,128,361 |
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by stairs in addition to the lifts, and also has a refuse chute mechanism. The majority of the plant and the hot water storage tank is located in the plant room, which reduces the need for pumps and reduces the amount of pipework needed. Shorter pipe runs also reduce heat loss. The oil-fired boilers originally used became obsolete due to the 1973 oil crisis, the year after the tower opened. The flats now have electric heaters and the plant room, although disused, still houses most of the now defunct mechanism.
Goldfinger designed the entire tower block freehand on butcher's paper. He planned various communal areas, and purposefully put slight variations in the structure so that each apartment | 6,128,362 |
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would look different. He included a number of space-saving designs, such as using sliding doors to access bathrooms, and light switches embedded in the door surrounds. All apartments have large windows facing the balconies, in order to let in as much natural light as possible. As well as residential accommodation, there are a variety of shops, an office, and a youth centre. Throughout, quality materials were used in construction, including better fixtures and finishing the balconies with cedarwood. It was intended to be a good example of social accommodation alongside modern design.
# History.
## Planning.
Construction of Trellick Tower began in 1968, in order to replace sub-standard local | 6,128,363 |
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Victorian housing. The tower was one of several such buildings, and was initially welcomed as a way of resolving the crises of post-Second World War housing. Goldfinger said "the whole object of building high is to free the ground for children and grown-ups to enjoy Mother Earth and not to cover every inch with bricks and mortar".
Goldfinger had been encouraged to construct Trellick Tower by the London County Council (LCC) following the success of Balfron Tower, which had been commissioned in 1963 and opened four years later. He took his inspiration from Balfron, where he had moved into one of the apartments in order to experience what life would be like for the tenants, and invited residents | 6,128,364 |
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round for regular cocktail parties to tell him their likes and dislikes. This feedback was incorporated into the design of Trellick Tower. Many immigrants from the West Indies and the Caribbean settled in Trellick Tower, as for them it was one of the few affordable places to live in London. The tower opened on 28 June 1972; construction costs ran to £2.4 million. It was the last major project Goldfinger worked on; his reputation suffered as concrete tower blocks became unfashionable, and he died in 1987 before it could be restored.
## Decline.
By the time Trellick Tower opened, high-rise tower blocks were becoming unfashionable. The LCC had been replaced by the Greater London Council (GLC) | 6,128,365 |
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by the time construction started, who put more stringent construction and financial constraints on the project. Shortly after its completion the building was transferred to the RBKC local council. Goldfinger had intended that tenants should be vetted for suitability and petitioned the GLC for the building to have proper security and a concierge, but the council declined his request. This meant that the building was open access and rough sleepers and drug criminals took up residence in its corridors. Drying rooms on the ground floor, designed by Goldfinger to stop tenants hanging laundry on the balconies, were vandalised before the tower block opened.
By the late 1970s Trellick Tower was a scene | 6,128,366 |
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of crime and anti-social behaviour, and many tenants were very reluctant to move in. On one occasion vandals set off a fire extinguisher on the 12th floor, with water from the sprinkler system flooding the lifts and leaving the tower without electricity, heat or running water over the Christmas period. A pensioner was forced to use the stairs after all the lifts were out of order, and subsequently collapsed and died. On the 15th floor, a 27-year-old woman was dragged from one of the lifts and raped. The tower became nicknamed "The Tower of Terror" and residents attempted to be re-housed. The GLC spent more than £300,000 on an intercom system and wholesale electrical repairs, but reliability | 6,128,367 |
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and management problems made them counterproductive.
In 1982 a man was killed after jumping off the top of Trellick Tower when his parachute failed to open. He was a member of a group of dangerous sports enthusiasts who were interested in jumping off fixed objects. The action was condemned by the British Parachute Association.
## Revival.
With the introduction of the "right to buy" council homes, several of the flats were bought by their tenants. On 8 October 1984 a new residents' association was formed. As a result of pressure from the occupants, several security improvements including a door entry intercom system were installed, and a concierge was hired in 1987. In 1994 residents in the | 6,128,368 |
441189 | Trellick Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trellick%20Tower | Trellick Tower
tower, along with other residents in Kensington & Chelsea council properties, elected to self-manage the properites, in order to avoid increased rents and the threat of eviction.
Four low-power television relay transmitters with aerials were added to the communications equipment on top of the lift tower in December 1989, to solve reception problems for some residents of adjacent districts, including Notting Hill and Westbourne Grove. The transmitter installation is referred to by the BBC and Ofcom as "Kensal Town".
In 1991, Sand Helsel, Professor of Architecture at RMIT, made a BBC documentary praising Trellick Tower, which helped to change public opinion in its favour. The tower subsequently | 6,128,369 |
441189 | Trellick Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trellick%20Tower | Trellick Tower
became more respectable owing to its location in Notting Hill and the gentrification of Golborne Road. Property prices rose and flats in the tower came to be regarded as highly desirable residences; requests to sell flats began to be posted on the tower's communal noticeboard. By 1999 a flat in the tower could sell for £150,000 (£ as of ). In 2013 a three-bedroom end apartment (with views on three sides) was let for £2,600 pcm. The tower itself is a local landmark and was awarded a Grade II* listing in 1998, which included the main building and the adjacent row of shops and amenities. Also included is a doctor's surgery with the original shop front and layout. Most of the flats are still social | 6,128,370 |
441189 | Trellick Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trellick%20Tower | Trellick Tower
housing, but a significant minority are now privately owned.
On 19 April 2017 the top floors of the tower caught fire, believed to have been started by a discarded cigarette. There were no injuries. The building's listed status meant that the concrete facade could not be covered over, which is thought to have prevented a far worse fire similar to Grenfell Tower which happened a few months later.
# Cultural references.
In recent years, Trellick Tower has become a London icon, appearing on T-shirts, featuring in adverts, films, and songs, and attracting visitors. The tower was the filming location for "Shopping" (1994), written and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson, is featured in the film "For | 6,128,371 |
441189 | Trellick Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trellick%20Tower | Trellick Tower
Queen and Country" (1988), starring Denzel Washington. Additionally, it can be seen in the films "London Kills Me" (1991) and "Never Let Me Go" (2010).
The tower is believed to have been the inspiration behind J. G. Ballard's dystopian novel "High Rise" (1975) and its 2016 film adaptation directed by Ben Wheatley. The tower also features in Martin Amis' black comedy novel "London Fields". Several music videos have featured Trellick Tower, including releases from Blur (which refers to the tower in their song "Best Days".
Trellick Tower has appeared in several television adverts, including idents for the BBC's coverage of the 2012 Olympics. The whole of one side of the building's exterior was | 6,128,372 |
441189 | Trellick Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trellick%20Tower | Trellick Tower
llick Tower has appeared in several television adverts, including idents for the BBC's coverage of the 2012 Olympics. The whole of one side of the building's exterior was used for the credits for the BBC's children's television show "Incredible Games", starring David Walliams, in the early 1990s. The tower was used as a filming location (and a character's home) in "The Professionals" episode "The Madness Of Mickey Hamilton". Additionally, the tower was used as the location of game developer Colin Ritman's apartment in the "Black Mirror" interactive episode/film "".
# See also.
- Tall buildings in London
- Tower blocks in Great Britain
# External links.
- – history of the tower
- – blog | 6,128,373 |
441223 | Hanns Ludin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns%20Ludin | Hanns Ludin
Hanns Ludin
Hanns Elard Ludin (10 June 1905, in Freiburg – 9 December 1947, in Bratislava) was a German diplomat.
Born in Freiburg to Friedrich and Johanna Ludin, Ludin began his Nazi affiliation in 1930 by joining the party, and was arrested for his political activities the same year. Imprisoned until 1931, he joined the SA on his release.
Ludin was lucky to survive the "Night of the Long Knives" in 1934 when Hitler purged much of the left-wing of the Nazi party. Ludin restored his reputation by joining the Foreign Office and became Ambassador to the Slovak Republic in 1941, replacing Manfred von Killinger.
Ludin's activities included convincing the Slovak government to comply with deportations | 6,128,374 |
441223 | Hanns Ludin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns%20Ludin | Hanns Ludin
for slave labor and providing diplomatic cover to such activities. In 1943, he was promoted to "SA-Obergruppenführer".
Ludin was arrested after the war and extradited to Czechoslovakia, where he was tried with "SS-Obergruppenführer" Hermann Höfle (not to be confused with "SS-Sturmbannführer" Hermann Julius Höfle). He was sentenced to death and was hanged, or rather strangled, on 9 December 1947. It took him twenty minutes to die in the noose.
Married to Erla von Jordan (1905 – 1997), Ludin had six children: Erika (1933 – 1997), Barbara (born 1935), Ellen (born 1937), Tilman (1939 – 1999), Malte (born 1942) and Andrea (born 1943).
# Documentary film.
Hanns Ludin's youngest son, Malte Ludin, | 6,128,375 |
441223 | Hanns Ludin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns%20Ludin | Hanns Ludin
"SS-Sturmbannführer" Hermann Julius Höfle). He was sentenced to death and was hanged, or rather strangled, on 9 December 1947. It took him twenty minutes to die in the noose.
Married to Erla von Jordan (1905 – 1997), Ludin had six children: Erika (1933 – 1997), Barbara (born 1935), Ellen (born 1937), Tilman (1939 – 1999), Malte (born 1942) and Andrea (born 1943).
# Documentary film.
Hanns Ludin's youngest son, Malte Ludin, filmed a documentary about the impact of his father's involvement in the Third Reich on his family. The film, "2 oder 3 Dinge, die ich von ihm weiß", had its initial release in 2005. The movie's commercial run in New York City began on 24 January 2007 at the Film Forum. | 6,128,376 |
441207 | Queen-in-Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen-in-Parliament | Queen-in-Parliament
Queen-in-Parliament
The Queen-in-Parliament (or, during the reign of a male monarch, King-in-Parliament), sometimes referred to as the Crown-in-Parliament or, more fully, in the United Kingdom, as the King or Queen in Parliament under God, is a technical term of constitutional law in the Commonwealth realms that refers to the Crown in its legislative role, acting with the advice and consent of the parliament (including, if the parliament is bicameral, both the lower house and upper house). Bills passed by the houses are sent to the sovereign, or governor-general, lieutenant-governor, or governor as her representative, for Royal Assent, which, once granted, makes the bill into law; these primary | 6,128,377 |
441207 | Queen-in-Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen-in-Parliament | Queen-in-Parliament
acts of legislation are known as "acts of parliament". An act may also provide for secondary legislation, which can be made by the Crown, subject to the simple approval, or the lack of disapproval, of parliament.
Several countries, although having received their independence from the United Kingdom, operate under a system of President-in-Parliament, which formally designates the President as a component of Parliament alongside the House or two Houses.
# Fusion of powers.
The concept of the Crown as a part of parliament is related to the idea of the fusion of powers, meaning that the executive branch and legislative branch of government are fused together. This is a key concept of the Westminster | 6,128,378 |
441207 | Queen-in-Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen-in-Parliament | Queen-in-Parliament
system of government, developed in England and used across the Commonwealth and beyond. It is in contradistinction to the idea of the separation of powers. The specific language of "the Crown", "the King", or "the Queen" in parliament used in the Commonwealth realms also alludes to the constitutional theory that ultimate authority or sovereignty rests with the monarch, but is delegated to elected and/or appointed officials. In federal realms of the Commonwealth, the concept of the Crown-in-the-legislature only applies to those units which are considered separate divisions of the monarchy, sovereign within their own sphere, such as Australian states or the Canadian provinces. (By contrast to | 6,128,379 |
441207 | Queen-in-Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen-in-Parliament | Queen-in-Parliament
states or provinces, no equivalent constitutional concept exists in the territories of Australia and Canada, which are not sovereign.) The legislature of a territory does not receive its authority directly from the monarch, being instead delegated by the federal parliament. Similarly, with city councils and other local governments in the Commonwealth, the idea of the Crown-in-council is not used, as the authority of local governments is derived from a charter or act that can be unilaterally amended by a higher level of government.
# Practical role in legislating.
Because of the sovereign's place in the enactment of laws, the enacting clause of acts of Parliament may mention him or her, as | 6,128,380 |
441207 | Queen-in-Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen-in-Parliament | Queen-in-Parliament
well as the other one or two bodies of parliament. For example, British acts of parliament will start with: "BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows..." The phrasing, however, is different when the bill is passed under the provisions of the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, without the consent of the House of Lords. Similarly, Canadian acts of Parliament typically contain the following enacting clause: "NOW, THEREFORE, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts | 6,128,381 |
441207 | Queen-in-Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen-in-Parliament | Queen-in-Parliament
as follows..."
Because the Queen remains a part of parliament, the enacting clause does not need to explicitly mention her, as in realms such as Australia and Tuvalu, where the clause is simply "The Parliament of Australia enacts" and "ENACTED by the Parliament of Tuvalu...", respectively. This may represent a distinction between whether parliament or the Queen is the primary legislator, however. Similarly, the Canadian province of Quebec does not use a Westminster-style enacting clause. Provincial statutes instead use the clause: "The Parliament of Québec enacts as follows."
The Scottish Parliament follows a different approach. Although its acts require Royal Assent, the Scottish Parliament's | 6,128,382 |
441207 | Queen-in-Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen-in-Parliament | Queen-in-Parliament
er. Similarly, the Canadian province of Quebec does not use a Westminster-style enacting clause. Provincial statutes instead use the clause: "The Parliament of Québec enacts as follows."
The Scottish Parliament follows a different approach. Although its acts require Royal Assent, the Scottish Parliament's authority is delegated from the United Kingdom Parliament, and there is no directly equivalent concept of "Queen-in-(Scottish) Parliament". Instead of the enacting clause seen in UK acts, acts of the Scottish Parliament bear the following text above the long title: "The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on (date) and received Royal Assent on (date)". | 6,128,383 |
441212 | Prime meridian (Greenwich) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime%20meridian%20(Greenwich) | Prime meridian (Greenwich)
Prime meridian (Greenwich)
The future prime meridian based at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, in London, England, was established by Sir George Airy in 1851. By 1884, over two-thirds of all ships and tonnage used it as the reference meridian on their charts and maps. In October of that year, at the behest of US President Chester A. Arthur, 41 delegates from 25 nations met in Washington, D.C., United States, for the International Meridian Conference. This conference selected the meridian passing through Greenwich as the official prime meridian due to its popularity. However, France abstained from the vote, and French maps continued to use the Paris meridian for several decades. In the 18th | 6,128,384 |
441212 | Prime meridian (Greenwich) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime%20meridian%20(Greenwich) | Prime meridian (Greenwich)
century, London lexicographer Malachy Postlethwayt published his African maps showing the "Meridian of London" intersecting the Equator a few degrees west of the later meridian and Accra, Ghana.
The plane of the prime meridian is parallel to the local gravity vector at the Airy transit circle () of the Greenwich observatory. The prime meridian was therefore long symbolised by a brass strip in the courtyard, now replaced by stainless steel, and since 16 December 1999, it has been marked by a powerful green laser shining north across the London night sky.
Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers show that the marking strip for the prime meridian at Greenwich is not exactly at zero degrees, | 6,128,385 |
441212 | Prime meridian (Greenwich) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime%20meridian%20(Greenwich) | Prime meridian (Greenwich)
zero minutes, and zero seconds but at approximately 5.3 seconds of arc to the west of the meridian (meaning that the meridian appears to be 102.478 metres east). In the past, this offset has been attributed to the establishment of reference meridians for space-based location systems such as WGS 84 (which GPS relies on) or that errors gradually crept into the International Time Bureau timekeeping process. The actual reason for the discrepancy is that the difference between precise GNSS coordinates and astronomically determined coordinates everywhere remains a localized gravity effect due to the deflection of the vertical; thus, no systematic rotation of global longitudes occurred between the | 6,128,386 |
441212 | Prime meridian (Greenwich) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime%20meridian%20(Greenwich) | Prime meridian (Greenwich)
former astronomical system and the current geodetic system.
# History.
Before the establishment of a common meridian, most maritime countries established their own prime meridian, usually passing through the country in question. In 1721, Great Britain established its own meridian passing through an early transit circle at the newly established Royal Observatory at Greenwich. The meridian was moved around 10 metres or so east on three occasions as transit circles with newer and better instruments were built, on each occasion next door to the existing one. This was to allow uninterrupted observation during each new construction. The final meridian was established as an imaginary line from the | 6,128,387 |
441212 | Prime meridian (Greenwich) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime%20meridian%20(Greenwich) | Prime meridian (Greenwich)
north pole to the south pole passing through the Airy transit circle. This became Great Britain's meridian in 1851. For all practical purposes of the period, the changes as the meridian was moved went unnoticed.
Transit instruments are installed to be perpendicular to the local level (which is a plane perpendicular to a plumb line). In 1884, the International Meridian Conference took place to establish an internationally recognised single meridian. The meridian chosen was that which passed through the Airy transit circle at Greenwich and it became the prime meridian.
At around the time of this conference, scientists were making measurements to determine the deflection of the vertical on a | 6,128,388 |
441212 | Prime meridian (Greenwich) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime%20meridian%20(Greenwich) | Prime meridian (Greenwich)
large scale. One might expect that plumb lines set up in various locations, if extended downward, would all pass through a single point, the centre of the Earth, but this is not the case, primarily due to the Earth being an ellipsoid, not a sphere. The downward extended plumb lines don't even all intersect the rotation axis of the Earth; this much smaller effect is due to the uneven distribution of the Earth's mass. To make computations feasible, scientists defined ellipsoids of revolution; a given ellipsoid would be a good compromise for measurements in a given area, such as a country or continent. The difference between the direction of a plumb line or vertical, and a line perpendicular to | 6,128,389 |
441212 | Prime meridian (Greenwich) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime%20meridian%20(Greenwich) | Prime meridian (Greenwich)
the surface of the ellipsoid of revolution—a "normal" to said ellipsoid—at a particular observatory, is the deflection of the vertical.
When the Airy transit circle was built, a mercury basin was used to align the telescope to the perpendicular. Thus the circle was aligned with the local vertical or plumb line, which is deflected slightly from the normal, or line perpendicular, to the reference ellipsoid used to define geodetic latitude and longitude in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (which is nearly the same as the WGS-84 system used by GPS). While the local vertical defined at the Airy transit circle still points to the modern celestial meridian (the intersection of the prime | 6,128,390 |
441212 | Prime meridian (Greenwich) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime%20meridian%20(Greenwich) | Prime meridian (Greenwich)
meridian plane with the celestial sphere), it does not pass through the Earth's rotation axis. As a result of this, the ITRF zero meridian, defined by a plane passing through the Earth's rotation axis, is 102.478 metres to the east of the prime meridian. A 2015 analysis by Malys et al. shows the offset between the Airy transit circle and the ITRF/WGS 84 meridians can be explained by this deflection of the vertical alone; other possible sources of the offset that have been proposed in the past are smaller than the current uncertainty in the deflection of the vertical near the observatory. The astronomical longitude of the Greenwich prime meridian was found to be 0.19″ ± 0.47″ East, i.e. the plane | 6,128,391 |
441212 | Prime meridian (Greenwich) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime%20meridian%20(Greenwich) | Prime meridian (Greenwich)
defined by the local vertical on the Greenwich prime meridian and the plane passing through the Earth's rotation axis on the ITRF zero meridian are effectively parallel. However, the claim, found, e.g., in a BBC article that this difference between astronomical and geodetic coordinates means that any measurements of transit time across the IRTF zero meridian will occur 0.352 seconds (or 0.353 sidereal seconds) before the transit across the "intended meridian" is based on a failure of understanding. The explanation by Malys et al. on the other hand is both lucid and correct.
# Meridian today.
As of 2019 the Greenwich meridian passes through
- ,
- ,
- ,
- , and
It also passes through the | 6,128,392 |
441212 | Prime meridian (Greenwich) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime%20meridian%20(Greenwich) | Prime meridian (Greenwich)
ss the "intended meridian" is based on a failure of understanding. The explanation by Malys et al. on the other hand is both lucid and correct.
# Meridian today.
As of 2019 the Greenwich meridian passes through
- ,
- ,
- ,
- , and
It also passes through the maritime Exclusive Economic Zones of
- (four times, via proximity to Svalbard, Jan Mayen Island, the Norwegian mainland, and Bouvet Island), and
- (Denmark).
# See also.
- Prime meridian
- Greenwich Mean Time
- IERS Reference Meridian
- United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian
# External links.
- "Where the Earth's surface begins—and ends", "Popular Mechanics", December 1930
- A pictorial catalogue of meridian markers | 6,128,393 |
441222 | 5th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 5th Armored Division (United States)
5th Armored Division (United States)
The 5th Armored Division ("Victory") was an armored formation of the United States Army active from 1941 to 1945 and from 1950 to 1956.
# History.
The 5th Armored "Victory" Division was activated on 10 October 1941, and reached the United Kingdom in February 1944.
## Combat chronicle.
The division landed at Utah Beach on 24 July 1944 under the command of Major General Lunsford E. Oliver, and moved into combat on 2 August, driving south through Coutances, Avranches, and Vitré, and across the Mayenne River to seize the city of Le Mans, 8 August. Turning north, the division surrounded the Germans in Normandy by advancing, through Le Mêle-sur-Sarthe liberated | 6,128,394 |
441222 | 5th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 5th Armored Division (United States)
on 11 August, to the edge of the city of Argentan on 12 August—8 days before the Argentan-Falaise Gap was closed.
Turning Argentan over to the 90th Infantry Division, the 5th Armored advanced 80 miles to capture the Eure River Line at Dreux on 16 August. Bitter fighting was encountered in clearing the Eure-Seine corridor, the second big trap in France. The 5th passed through Paris 30 August to spearhead V Corps drive through the Compiègne Forest, across the Oise, Aisne, and Somme Rivers, and reached the Belgian border at Condé, 2 September.
The division then turned east, advancing 100 miles in 8 hours, and crossed the Meuse at Charleville-Mézières, 4 September. Racing past Sedan, it liberated | 6,128,395 |
441222 | 5th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 5th Armored Division (United States)
Luxembourg City on the 10th and deployed along the German border. The reconnaissance squadron of the division sent a patrol across the German border on the afternoon of 11 September to be the first of the Allies to cross the enemy frontier. On 14 September, the 5th penetrated the Siegfried Line at Wallendorf, remaining until the 20th, to draw off enemy reserves from Aachen.
In October it held defensive positions in the Monschau-Hofen sector. The division entered the Hurtgen Forest area in late November and pushed the enemy back to the banks of the Roer River in very heavy fighting. On 22 December it was withdrawn to Verviers and placed in 12th Army Group reserve.
Crossing the Roer on 25 February | 6,128,396 |
441222 | 5th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 5th Armored Division (United States)
1945 the 5th spearheaded the XIII Corps drive to the Rhine, crossing the Rhine at Wesel, 30 March. The Division reached the banks of the Elbe at Tangermunde, 12 April—45 miles from Berlin. On 16 April, the 5th moved to Klotze to wipe out the Von Clausewitz Panzer Division and again drove to the Elbe, this time in the vicinity of Dannenberg. The division mopped up in the Ninth Army sector until VE-day.
## Casualties.
- Total battle casualties: 3,075
- Killed in action: 833
- Wounded in action: 2,442
- Missing in action: 41
- Prisoner of war: 22
# Order of battle.
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 5th Armored Division
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A
- | 6,128,397 |
441222 | 5th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 5th Armored Division (United States)
Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command B
- Headquarters, Reserve Command
- 10th Tank Battalion
- 34th Tank Battalion
- 81st Tank Battalion
- 15th Armored Infantry Battalion
- 46th Armored Infantry Battalion
- 47th Armored Infantry Battalion
- Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 5th Armored Division Artillery
- 47th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 71st Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 95th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 85th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron
- 22nd Armored Engineer Battalion
- 145th Armored Signal Battalion
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 9th Armored Division Trains
- 127th Armored Maintenance Battalion
- 75th Armored Medical | 6,128,398 |
441222 | 5th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 5th Armored Division (United States)
Battalion
- Military Police Platoon
- Band
- 505th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment
## Attachments.
- 628th Tank Destroyer Battalion (attached 2 August 1944 – 19 December 1944, 28 January 1945 – 9 May 1945)
- 629th Tank Destroyer Battalion (attached 29 August 1944 – 14 December 1944)
- 771st Tank Destroyer Battalion (attached 17 April 1945 – 24 April 1945)
- 387th AAA Automatic Weapons Battalion (attached 1 August 1944 – 25 March 1945, 28 March 1945 – 9 May 1945)
- 202d Field Artillery Battalion (attached 2 August 1944 – 25 August 1944)
The division's losses included 570 killed in action, 2,442 wounded in action, and 140 who died of wounds.
# Commanders.
- MG Jack W. Heard (1941 | 6,128,399 |
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