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441201 | Hazing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing | Hazing
stemming from the concept that they would be forced to drive a child's bicycle or tricycle). In Latvian, the word , which literally means "in-blessings", is used, also standing for religious rites of passage, especially confirmation. In Swedish, the term used is , literally "zeroing" (from the fact that when you start your first year, you're a "one'er", but before passing the rite you are a "zero"). In Portugal, the term , which literally means "practice" or "habit", is used for initiation. In Brazil, it is called and is usually practiced at universities by older students ( and ) against newcomers () in the first week of their first semester. In the Italian military, instead, the term used was | 6,128,500 |
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, from (literally "grandfather"), a jargon term used for the soldiers who had already served for most of their draft period. A similar equivalent term exists in the Russian military, where a hazing phenomenon known as exists, meaning roughly "grandfather" or the slang term "gramps" (referring to the senior corps of soldiers in their final year of conscription). At education establishments in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, this practice involves existing students baiting new students and is called ragging. In Polish schools, hazing is known as (literally "catting", coming from the noun cat). It often features cat-related activities, like competitive milk drinking. Other popular tasks | 6,128,501 |
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include measuring a long distance (i.e. hallways) with matches.
Often most or all of the endurance or the more serious ordeal is concentrated in a single session, which may be called "hell night", or prolonged to a "hell week", sometimes again at the pledge's birthday (e.g. by birthday spanking), but some traditions keep terrorizing pledges over a long period, resembling fagging.
In Israel, the practice is called (an Arabic-derived Hebrew slang word roughly equivalent to 'willie') and exists primarily in Israeli Defense Force combat units and the Israel Air Force. Unlike hazing in many other places, is typically used to mark the achievement of important milestones (in an ironic 'don't get | 6,128,502 |
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too big for your britches' way), such as after a pilot's first solo flight.
# Methods.
Hazing activities can involve forms of ridicule and humiliation within the group or in public, while other hazing incidents are akin to pranks. A snipe hunt is such a prank, when a newcomer or credulous person is given an impossible task. Examples of snipe hunts include being sent to find a "dough repair kit" in a bakery, while in the early 1900s rookies in the Canadian military were ordered to obtain a "brass magnet" when brass is not magnetic.
Spanking is done mainly in the form of paddling among fraternities, sororities and similar clubs, sometimes over a lap, a knee, furniture or a pillow, but mostly | 6,128,503 |
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with the victim "assuming the position", i.e., simply bending over forward. A variation of this (also as punishment) is trading licks. This practice is also used in the military. Alternative modes (including bare-buttock paddling, strapping and switching, as well as mock forms of antiquated forms of physical punishments such as stocks, walking the plank and running the gauntlet) have been reported.
The hazee may be humiliated by being hosed or by sprinkler or buckets; covered with dirt or with (sometimes rotten) food, even urinated upon. Olive or baby oil may be used to "show off" the bare skin, for wrestling or just slipperiness, e.g., to complicate pole climbing. Cleaning may be limited to | 6,128,504 |
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a dive into water, hosing down or even paddling the worst off. They may have to do tedious cleaning including swabbing the decks or cleaning the toilets with a toothbrush. In fraternities, pledges often must clean up a mess intentionally made by brothers which can include fecal matter, urine, and dead animals.
Servitude such as waiting on others (as at fraternity parties) or various other forms of housework, often with tests of obedience. In some cases, the hazee may be made to eat raw eggs, peppers, hot sauce, or drink too much alcohol. Some hazing even includes eating or drinking vile things such as bugs or rotting food.
The hazee may have to wear an imposed piece of clothing, outfit, item | 6,128,505 |
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or something else worn by the victim in a way that would bring negative attention to the wearer. Examples include a uniform (e.g. toga); a leash or collar (also associated with bondage); infantile and other humiliating dress and attire.
Markings may also be made on clothing or bare skin. They are painted, written, tattooed or shaved on, sometimes collectively forming a message (one letter, syllable or word on each pledge) or may receive tarring and feathering (or rather a mock version using some glue) or branding.
Submission to senior members of the group is common. Abject "etiquette" required of pledges or subordinates may include prostration, kneeling, literal groveling, and kissing body | 6,128,506 |
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parts.
Other physical feats may be required, such as calisthenics and other physical tests, such as mud wrestling, forming a human pyramid, or climbing a greased pole. Exposure to the elements may be required, such as swimming or diving in cold water or snow.
Orientation tests may be held, such as abandoning pledges without transport. Dares include jumping from some height, stealing from police or rival teams and obedience. Blood pinning among military aviators (and many other elite groups) to celebrate becoming new pilots is done by piercing their chests with the sharp pins of aviator wings.
On a pilot's first solo flight, they are often drenched with water, as well as having the back of | 6,128,507 |
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their shirt cut off to celebrate the achievement. Cutting off the back of the shirt originates from the days of tandem trainers, where the instructor sat behind the student and tugged on the back of their shirt in order to get their attention. Cutting off the back of the shirt symbolizes that the instructor has no need to do that anymore.
On their first "crossing the equator" in military and commercial navigation, each "pollywog" is subjected to a series of tests usually including running or crawling a gauntlet of abuse and various scenes supposedly situated at King Neptune's court. A "pledge auction" is a variation on the slave auction, where people bid on the paraded pledges.
Hazing also | 6,128,508 |
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occurs for apprentices in some trades. In printing, it consists of applying bronze blue to the apprentice's penis and testicles, a color made by mixing black printers ink and dark blue printers ink, which takes a long time to wash off. Similarly, mechanics get their groins smeared with old dirty grease.
Hazing by women of their suitors, often assisted by the women's friends, can also play a role in budding romantic relationships, usually taking mental and psychological rather than physical forms, and apparently for the same basic purposes as other hazing.
# Psychology, sociology, purpose, and effects.
Hazing supposedly serves a deliberate purpose of building solidarity. Psychologist Robert | 6,128,509 |
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Cialdini uses the framework of consistency and commitment to explain the phenomenon of hazing and the vigor and zeal to which practitioners of hazing persist in and defend these activities even when they are made illegal. Cialdini cites a 1959 study in which the researchers observed that "persons who go through a great deal of trouble or pain to attain something tend to value it more highly than persons who attain the same thing with a minimum of effort." The 1959 study shaped the development of cognitive dissonance theory by Leon Festinger.
There are several psychological effects that both the hazer and hazee endure throughout the hazing process. In an article published by Raalte, Cornelius, | 6,128,510 |
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Linder, and Brewer, the researchers used sports teams as the subject of their study. The authors suggest that hazing can result in some positive outcomes. During the hazing process, a bond between the two parties (the hazer and the hazee) grew. Many people view hazing as an effective way to teach respect and develop discipline and loyalty within the group, and believe that hazing is a necessary component of initiation rites. Hazing can be used as a way to engender conformity within a social group, something that can be seen in many sociological studies. Moreover, initiation rituals when managed effectively can serve to build team cohesion and improve team performance, while negative and detrimental | 6,128,511 |
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forms of hazing alienate and disparage individuals.
Dissonance can produce feelings of group attraction or social identity among initiates after the hazing experience because they want to justify the effort used. Rewards during initiations or hazing rituals matter in that initiates who feel more rewarded express stronger group identity. As well as increasing group attraction, hazing can produce conformity among new members. Hazing could also increase feelings of affiliation because of the stressful nature of the hazing experience. Also, hazing has a hard time of being extinguished by those who saw it to be potentially dangerous like administration in education or law enforcement. In an article | 6,128,512 |
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published by Linda Wilson, she and the National Pan-Hellenic Council Leaders at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University gave their perspectives and opinions on hazing at their institution, and she discussed why hazing is so hard to discontinue. The reason why is because the act of hazing is deeply rooted traditionally, so it becomes hard to break those traditional actions. For example, York College in Pennsylvania tried to solve this issue with suspending students who partake in the act. However, it's hard to dismantle not only because of tradition, but also because it's meant to be done in private spaces. It isn't meant to be public which makes getting rid of it even harder.
A | 6,128,513 |
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2014 paper by Harvey Whitehouse discusses theories that hazing can cause social cohesion though group identification and identity fusion. A 2017 study published in "Scientific Reports" found that groups that share painful or strong negative experiences can cause visceral bonding, and pro-group behavior. Students of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu who had experienced painful belt-whipping gauntlets had a higher willingness to donate time or risk their lives for the club.
# Scope.
## United States.
According to one of the largest US National Surveys regarding hazing including over 60,000 student athletes from 2,400 colleges and universities:
The survey found that 79% of college athletes experienced some | 6,128,514 |
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form of hazing to join their team, yet 60% of the student-athletes respondents indicated that they would not report incidents of hazing.
A 2007 survey at American colleges found 55% of students in "clubs, teams, and organizations" experienced behavior the survey defined as hazing, including in varsity athletics and Greek-letter organizations. This survey found 47% of respondents experienced hazing before college, and in 25% of hazing cases, school staff were aware of the activity. 90% of students who experienced behavior the researchers defined as hazing did not consider themselves to have been hazed, and 95% of those who experienced what they themselves defined as hazing did not report it. | 6,128,515 |
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The most common hazing-related activities reported in student groups included alcohol consumption, humiliation, isolation, sleep deprivation, and sex acts.
Some chapters of fraternities and sororities have developed complex hazing rituals that range from demeaning tasks to embarrassing ceremonies. These practices are most common in, but not limited to, North American schools. Other groups within university life that have hazing rituals include competition teams, fan clubs, social groups, secret societies and even certain service clubs. While hazing is less common in high schools, some secondary education institutions have developed hazing rituals.
The armed forces have long had hazing rituals, | 6,128,516 |
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which often involve violence and punishments. The United States military defines hazing as unnecessarily exposing a fellow soldier to an act which is cruel, abusive, oppressive, or harmful. In the modern western military, which combines discipline with welfare priorities, initiation practices can cause controversy. There is a tradition in many military – especially elite – corps of subjecting the newly trained ranks to a hell night-like "joining run", a macho preparation of men in the prime of their lives for the ordeals of warfare, going beyond what most civilians (and even many service personnel) would find acceptable; it usually combines humiliation (such as nudity) with physical endurance.
Police | 6,128,517 |
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forces, especially those with a paramilitary tradition, or sub-units of police forces such as tactical teams, may also have hazing rituals. Rescue services, such as lifeguards or air-sea rescue teams may have hazing rituals.
## Netherlands.
In the Netherlands, the so-called 'traditional fraternities' have an introduction time which includes hazing rituals. The pledges go for a few days to a camp during which they undergo hazing rituals but are meanwhile introduced in the traditions of the fraternity. After camp, there are usually evenings or whole days in which the pledges have to be present at the fraternity, although slowly the pressure is released and the relations become somewhat more | 6,128,518 |
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equal. Often, pledges collect or perform chores to raise funds for charity. At the end of the hazing period, the inauguration of the new members take place.
Incidents have occurred resulting in injuries and death. Often these incidents occur when members wish to join a house, (prestigious) sub-structure or commission for which they undergo a second (and usually heavier) hazing ritual. Incidents mostly occur during hazing rituals for these sub-structures, since there is less or no control from the fraternity board. Also, these sub-structure hazing rituals involve often excessive alcohol abuse, even when alcohol has become a taboo in hazing of the fraternity itself. Other situations causing additional | 6,128,519 |
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risks for incidents are members (often joining the hazing camp but not designated with any responsibility) separating pledges and taking them away from the main group to 'amuse themselves' with them.
In 1965 a student at Utrecht University choked to death during a hazing ritual ("Roetkapaffaire"). There was public outrage when the perpetrators were convicted to light conditional sentences while left-wing Provo demonstrators were given unconditional prison sentences for order disturbances. The fact that the magistrates handling the case were all alumni of the same fraternity gave rise to accusions of nepotism and class justice. Two incidents in 1997, leading to one heavy injury and one death, | 6,128,520 |
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lead to sharpened scrutiny over hazing. Hazing incidents have nevertheless occurred since, but justice is becoming keener in persecuting perpetrators.
The Netherlands has no anti-hazing legislation. Hazing incidents can be handled by internal resolution by the fraternity itself (the lightest cases), and via the criminal justice system as assault or in case of death negligent homicide or manslaughter. Universities as a rule support student unions (financially and by granting board members of such union a discount on the required number of ECTS credits) but can in the most extreme case suspend or withdraw recognition and support for such union.
## Philippines.
According to R. Dayao, hazing, | 6,128,521 |
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usually in initiation rites of fraternities, has a long history in the Philippines, and has been a source of public controversy after many cases that resulted to death of the neophyte. The first recorded death due to hazing in the Philippines was recorded in 1954, with the death of Gonzalo Mariano Albert. Hazing was regulated under the Anti-Hazing Act of 1995, after the death of Leonardo Villa in 1991, but many cases, usually causing severe injury or death, continued even after it was enacted, the latest involving Horacio Castillo III, a College of Law student from the University of Santo Tomas.
## Ragging in South Asia.
Ragging is a practice similar to hazing in educational institutions in | 6,128,522 |
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South Asia. The word is mainly used in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Ragging involves existing students baiting or bullying new students. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to psychological or physical torture.
In 2009 the University Grants Commission of India imposed regulations upon Indian universities to help curb ragging, and launched a toll-free 'anti ragging helpline'.
# Controversy.
The practice of ritual abuse among social groups is not clearly understood. This is partly due to the secretive nature of the activities, especially within collegiate fraternities and sororities, and in part a result of long-term acceptance of hazing. Thus, | 6,128,523 |
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it has been difficult for researchers to agree on the underlying social and psychological mechanisms that perpetuate hazing. In military circles hazing is sometimes assumed to test recruits under situations of stress and hostility. Although in no way a recreation of combat, hazing does put people into stressful situations that they are unable to control, which allegedly should weed out the weaker members prior to being put in situations where failure to perform will cost lives. A portion of the military training course known as Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) simulates as closely as is feasible the physical and psychological conditions of a POW camp.
The problem with this approach, | 6,128,524 |
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according to opponents, is that the stress and hostility comes from "inside" the group, and not from "outside" as in actual combat situation, creating suspicion and distrust towards the superiors and comrades-in-arms. Willing participants may be motivated by a desire to prove to senior soldiers their stability in future combat situations, making the unit more secure, but blatantly brutal hazing can in fact produce negative results, making the units more prone to break, desert or mutiny than those without hazing traditions, as observed in the Russian army in Chechnya, where units with the strongest traditions of dedovschina were the first to break and desert under enemy fire. At worst, hazing | 6,128,525 |
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may lead into fragging incidents. Colleges and universities sometimes avoid publicizing hazing incidents for fear of damaging institutional reputations or incurring financial liability to victims.
In a 1999 study, a survey of 3,293 collegiate athletes, coaches, athletic directors and deans found a variety of approaches to prevent hazing, including strong disciplinary and corrective measures for known cases, implementation of athletic, behavioral, and academic standards guiding recruitment; provisions for alternative bonding and recognition events for teams to prevent hazing; and law enforcement involvement in monitoring, investigating, and prosecuting hazing incidents. Hoover's research suggested | 6,128,526 |
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half of all college athletes are involved in alcohol-related hazing incidents, while one in five are involved in potentially illegal hazing incidents. Only another one in five was involved in what Hoover described as positive initiation events, such as taking team trips or running obstacle courses.
Hoover wrote: "Athletes most at risk for any kind of hazing for college sports were men; non-Greek members; and either swimmers, divers, soccer players, or lacrosse players. The campuses where hazing was most likely to occur were primarily in eastern or southern states with no anti-hazing laws. The campuses were rural, residential, and had Greek systems." (Hoover uses the term "Greek" to refer to | 6,128,527 |
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U.S.-style fraternities and sororities.) Hoover found that non-fraternity members were most at risk of hazing, and that football players are most at risk of potentially dangerous or illegal hazing. In the May issue of the "American Journal of Emergency Medicine", Michelle Finkel reported that hazing injuries are often not recognized for their true cause in emergency medical centers. The doctor said hazing victims sometimes hide the real cause of injuries out of shame or to protect those who caused the harm. In protecting their abusers, hazing victims can be compared with victims of domestic violence, Finkel wrote.
Finkel cites hazing incidents including "beating or kicking to the point of traumatic | 6,128,528 |
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injury or death, burning or branding, excessive calisthenics, being forced to eat unpleasant substances, and psychological or sexual abuse of both males and females". Reported coerced sexual activity is sometimes considered "horseplay" rather than rape, she wrote. Finkel quoted from Hank Nuwer's book "Wrongs of Passage" which counted 56 hazing deaths between 1970 and 1999.
In November 2005, controversy arose over a video showing Royal Marines fighting naked and intoxicated as part of a hazing ritual. The fight culminated with one soldier receiving a kick to the face, rendering him unconscious. The victim, according to the BBC, said "It's just Marine humour". The Marine who leaked the video | 6,128,529 |
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said "The guy laid out was inches from being dead." Under further investigation, the Marines had just returned from a six-month tour of Iraq, and were in their "cooling down" period, in which they spend two weeks at a naval base before they are allowed back into society. The man who suffered the kick to the head did not press charges.
In 2008, a national hazing study was conducted by Dr Elizabeth Allan and Dr Mary Madden from the University of Maine. This investigation is the most comprehensive study of hazing to date and includes survey responses from more than 11,000 undergraduate students at 53 colleges and universities in different regions of the U.S. and interviews with more than 300 students | 6,128,530 |
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and staff at 18 of these campuses. Through the vision and efforts of many, this study fills a major gap in the research and extends the breadth and depth of knowledge and understanding about hazing. Ten initial findings are described in the report, Hazing in View: College Students at Risk. These include:
- 1. More than half of college students involved in clubs, teams, and organizations experience hazing.
- 2. Nearly half (47%) of students have experienced hazing prior to coming to college.
- 3. Alcohol consumption, humiliation, isolation, sleep deprivation, and sex acts are hazing practices common across student groups.
# Notable examples.
With hazing, there have been countless instances | 6,128,531 |
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where it has been taken too far and has resulted in death or near death experiences. Sometimes people who haze others are too indulged in the act of doing it that they’re not attentive to possible harm to the other person.
- 1495: Leipzig University banned the hazing of freshmen by other students: "Statute Forbidding Any One to Annoy or Unduly Injure the Freshmen. Each and every one attached to this university is forbidden to offend with insult, torment, harass, drench with water or urine, throw on or defile with dust or any filth, mock by whistling, cry at them with a terrifying voice, or dare to molest in any way whatsoever physically or severely, any, who are called freshmen, in the market, | 6,128,532 |
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streets, courts, colleges and living houses, or any place whatsoever, and particularly in the present college, when they have entered in order to matriculate or are leaving after matriculation."
- 1684: Cambridge, Massachusetts, a Harvard Student, Joseph Webb, was expelled for hazing.
- 1873: a "New York Times" headline read: "West Point. 'Hazing' at the Academy – An Evil That Should be Entirely Rooted Out"
- 1900: Oscar Booz began at West Point in June 1898 in good physical health. Four months later, he resigned due to health problems. He died in December 1900 of tuberculosis. During his long struggle with the illness, he blamed the illness on hazing he received at West Point in 1898, claiming | 6,128,533 |
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he had hot sauce poured down his throat on three occasions as well as a number of other grueling hazing practices, such as brutal beatings and having hot wax poured on him in the night. His family claimed that scarring from the hot sauce made him more susceptible to the infection, causing his death. Among other things, Booz claimed that his devotion to Christianity made him a target and that he was tormented for reading his Bible.
The practice of hazing at West Point entered the national spotlight following his death. Congressional hearings investigated his death and the pattern of systemic hazing of first-year students, and serious efforts were made to reform the system and end hazing at West | 6,128,534 |
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Point.
- 1903: Three young boys, aged 11, 10, and 7, read about hazing practices in college and decided to try it themselves. They built a fire in a pasture behind the schoolhouse and led 9-year-old Ralph Canning to the spot. They heated a number of stones until they were red hot. The boys forced Canning to both sit and stand on the hot stones and held him there despite his screams. The boys then either walked or jumped on him (depending on the source). He was finally allowed to leave and he crawled home, where he died two weeks later. The public was stunned by the young age of the perpetrators.
- 1925: The tradition of "tubbing" came under fire following the death of Reginald Stringfellow | 6,128,535 |
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at the University of Utah. Tubbing was a hazing ritual that involved pushing the victim's head under water until they can no longer hold their breath and gasp for air under the water. His death through class hazing – hazing of freshmen by upperclassmen – led to the practice being banned at the University of Utah and brought greater recognition to the dangers of the practice.
- 1959: USC pledge Richard Swanson choked to death during a hazing stunt for Kappa Sigma fraternity. Pledges were told to swallow a quarter pound piece of raw liver soaked in oil without chewing. The liver became lodged in his throat and he began choking. The fraternity brothers omitted the cause of his trouble breathing, | 6,128,536 |
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telling police and ambulance workers instead that he was suffering from a "nervous spasm". He died 2 hours later. The incident inspired the 1977 film "Fraternity Row" as well as an episode of "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation" called "Pledging Mr. Johnson".
- 1967: Delta Kappa Epsilon, Yale University. Future president George W. Bush was implicated in a scandal where members of the DKE fraternity were accused of branding triangles onto the lower back of pledges. Mr. Bush is quoted as dismissing the injuries as "only a cigarette burn". The fraternity received a fine for their behavior.
- 1974: Pledge William Flowers, along with other pledges, were digging a deep hole in the sand (said to be a | 6,128,537 |
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symbolic grave), when the walls collapsed and Flowers was buried, causing his death. His death spurred an anti-hazing statute in New York. Flowers would have been the first black member of ZBT at Monmouth had he survived.
- 1975: Rupa Rathnaseeli, a 22-year-old student of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, became paralyzed as a result of jumping from the second floor of the hostel "Ramanathan Hall" to escape the physical ragging carried out by older students. It was reported that she was about to have a candle inserted in her vagina just before she had jumped out of the hostel building. She committed suicide in 2002.
- 1978: At Alfred University in western New | 6,128,538 |
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York, student Chuck Stenzel died in a fraternity hazing incident from aspirated vomit while passed out following an evening of drinking at Klan Alpine fraternity. He had been transported to the frat house in a car trunk along with two other pledges. Following his death, his mother formed CHUCK, the Committee to Halt Useless College Killings to help stop hazing practices on college campuses.
- 1993–2007: in Indonesia, 35 people died as a result of hazing initiation rites in the Institute of Public Service (IPDN). The most recent was in April 2007 when Cliff Muntu died after being beaten by the seniors.
- 1997: Selvanayagam Varapragash, a first-year engineering student at University of Peradeniya, | 6,128,539 |
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was murdered on the campus due to hazing. He was subjected to sadistic ragging and in the post-mortem a large quantity of toothpaste was found in his rectum.
- 1997: During the hazing period of a Dutch fraternity, a pledge was run over by members when he was sleeping drunk in the grass. A few weeks later, a pledge, Reinout Pfeiffer, died after drinking a large quanitity of jenever as part of an initiation ritual for his student house attached to the same fraternity. These incidents prompted Dutch fraternities to regulate their hazing rituals more strictly.
- 2004: In Sandwich, Massachusetts, nine high school football players faced felony charges after a freshman teammate lost his spleen in | 6,128,540 |
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a hazing ritual.
- 2004: On September 16, 2004, Lynn Gordon Baily Jr died at the age of 18 during a hazing ritual that he participated in. He was a part of the Chi Psi Fraternity at the University of Colorado.
- 2005: Matthew Carrington was killed at Chico State University during a hazing activity on February 2, 2005. Matt's Law, named in Carrington's memory, was passed by the California legislature into law to eliminate hazing in California.
- 2005: A few months later, in May 2005, a Dutch student almost died from water intoxication after participating in a hazing drinking game in which the liquor was replaced by water.
- 2005: The victim of a high-profile hazing attack in Russia, Andrey | 6,128,541 |
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Sychyov, required the amputation of his legs and genitalia after he was forced to squat for four hours whilst being beaten and tortured by a military group on New Year's Eve, 2005. President Vladimir Putin spoke out about the incident and ordered Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov "to submit proposals on legal and organizational matters to improve educational work in the army and navy".
- 2007: At Rider University, one fraternity pledge died and another was hospitalized with alcohol poisoning, during what a judge called "knowingly or recklessly organized, promoted, facilitated or engaged in conduct which resulted in serious bodily injury". Five people were charged, including two university administrators.
- | 6,128,542 |
441201 | Hazing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing | Hazing
2007: On June 26 at the Tokisukaze stable, 17-year-old Sumo wrestler Takashi Saito was beaten to death by his fellow rikishi with a beer bottle and metal baseball bat at the direction of his trainer, Jun'ichi Yamamoto. Though originally reported as heart failure, Saito's father demanded an autopsy, which uncovered evidence of the beating. Both Yamamoto and the other rikishi were charged with manslaughter.
- 2010: In a hazing incident in the Netherlands, pledges were asked to 'baffle the members' with a stunt. They decided to do so by dressing one of them in a Sinterklaas costume, dousing the suit in lamp oil, and putting it on fire. The victim jumped in the water in his burning costume, and | 6,128,543 |
441201 | Hazing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing | Hazing
suffered second-degree burns needing medical treatment. The student who set the victim's costume on fire was sentenced to 50 hours of unpaid labor.
- 2011: Two Andover High School basketball players were expelled and five were suspended for pressuring underclassmen to play "wet biscuit", where the loser was forced to eat a semen-soaked cookie.
- 2011: Thirteen students from Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University attacked drum major Robert Champion on a bus after a marching band performance, beating him to death. Since the 2011 death, a series of reports of abuse and hazing within the band have been documented. In May 2012, two faculty members resigned in connection with a hazing investigation | 6,128,544 |
441201 | Hazing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing | Hazing
and 13 people were charged with felony or misdemeanor hazing crimes. Eleven of those individuals face one count of third-degree felony hazing resulting in death, which is punishable by up to six years in prison. The FAMU incident prompted Florida Governor Rick Scott to order all state universities to examine their hazing and harassment policies in December. Scott also asked all university presidents to remind their students, faculty and staff "how detrimental hazing can be".
- 2013: Chun Hsien Deng, a freshman at Baruch College, died during a hazing incident after he was blindfolded and made to wear a backpack weighted with sand while trying to make his way across a frozen yard as members of | 6,128,545 |
441201 | Hazing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing | Hazing
a fraternity, Pi Delta Psi, tried to tackle him. During at least one tackle, he was lifted up and dropped on the ground in a move known as spearing. He complained his head hurt but continued participating and was eventually knocked out. After Mr. Deng was knocked unconscious, the authorities said the fraternity members delayed in seeking medical help.
- 2013: Tyler Lawrence, a student at Wilmington College (Ohio), lost a testicle as a result of hazing.
- 2014: Seven members of the Sayreville War Memorial High School football team in Sayreville, New Jersey, were arrested and charged with sexual assaults on younger players. "In the darkness, a freshman football player would be pinned to the | 6,128,546 |
441201 | Hazing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing | Hazing
locker-room floor, his arms and feet held down by multiple upperclassmen. Then, the victim would be lifted to his feet" and sexually abused. Six of the team members were sentenced for lesser crimes, and the seventh case was still pending in 2016.
- 2016: in August 2016, a student in a Dutch fraternity suffered serious head injuries after a member forced him to lie on the floor, placed his foot on his head and exercised pressure on the skull. The perpetrator was convicted to a prison sentence of 31 days (of which 30 days conditional), 240 hours of unpaid labor, and €5,066.80 damage compensation to the victim. The perpetrator appealed against this verdict, after which it was reduced in appeal | 6,128,547 |
441201 | Hazing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing | Hazing
to a fine of €1,000.
- 2016: In December 2016, Newcastle University student Ed Farmer, 20, died from a cardiac arrest and immense brain damage after an initiation ceremony into the Agricultural Society. Events included head shaving, being sprayed with paint used to mark stock, drinking vodka from a pig's head and bobbing for apples in a mixture of urine and alcohol. Ed was known to have drank 27 vodka shots in three hours. Initiation ceremonies have been strictly banned by the university.
- 2017: Tim Piazza died as result of a hazing incident while pledging a fraternity at Pennsylvania State University. Despite observing grievous injuries to Piazza, fraternity brothers waited nearly 12 hours | 6,128,548 |
441201 | Hazing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing | Hazing
before calling for medical assistance. The Piazza case resulted in one of the largest hazing prosecutions in United States history. Following a grand jury investigation, 18 members of the fraternity were charged in connection with Piazza's death: 8 were charged with involuntary manslaughter and the rest with other offenses, including hazing. In addition to the fraternity "brothers", the fraternity itself (Beta Theta Pi) was also charged.
- 2017: Maxwell Gruver (Louisiana State University, at 18 years old)
- 2017: Andrew Coffey (Florida State, at 20 years old)
- 2017: Matthew Ellis (Texas State, at 20 years old)
- 2018: Three Belgian students were hospitalized after consuming a large amount | 6,128,549 |
441201 | Hazing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing | Hazing
with other offenses, including hazing. In addition to the fraternity "brothers", the fraternity itself (Beta Theta Pi) was also charged.
- 2017: Maxwell Gruver (Louisiana State University, at 18 years old)
- 2017: Andrew Coffey (Florida State, at 20 years old)
- 2017: Matthew Ellis (Texas State, at 20 years old)
- 2018: Three Belgian students were hospitalized after consuming a large amount of fish sauce as part of a hazing ritual. One slipped into a coma and died, likely due to a combination of the high concentration of salt in the sauce and hypothermia.
# External links.
- IMDb references by the word and keyword
- World Corporal Punishment Research Corporal punishment as initiation | 6,128,550 |
441262 | Herzog (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herzog%20(disambiguation) | Herzog (disambiguation)
Herzog (disambiguation)
Herzog is a German title of nobility.
Herzog may also refer to:
# People.
## Academia.
- Fritz Herzog (1902–2001), American mathematician
- Hanna Herzog (born 1946), sociology professor at Tel Aviv University
- Johann Jakob Herzog (1805–1882), German Protestant theologian
- Marvin Herzog (1927–2013), Yiddish linguist, professor at Columbia University
- T. K. G. Herzog (1880–1961), German bryologist and phytogeographer
- Ze'ev Herzog (born 1941), archaeology professor at Tel Aviv University
## Artists, entertainers, film and stage people.
- Arthur Herzog, Jr. (1900–1983), American jazz songwriter
- Hermann Ottomar Herzog (1831–1932), German-American artist
- | 6,128,551 |
441262 | Herzog (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herzog%20(disambiguation) | Herzog (disambiguation)
Jens-Daniel Herzog (born 1964), German stage director
- Seth Herzog, American comedian
- Werner Herzog (born 1942), German: screenwriter, film director, actor and opera director
## Politicians and religious leaders.
- Herzog family
- Chaim Herzog (1918–1997), sixth president of Israel; son of Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog
- Aura Herzog (born 1928), widow of Chaim Herzog
- Gustav Herzog (born 1958), German SPD politician, member of the Bundestag
- Henry Herzog (1848–1935), American politician
- Isaac (Buzi) Herzog (born 1960), Israeli politician, son of Chaim Herzog
- Jakob Herzog (1892–1931), Swiss socialist
- J. B. M. Hertzog (1866–1942), German-South African politician
- Martin H. Herzog, | 6,128,552 |
441262 | Herzog (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herzog%20(disambiguation) | Herzog (disambiguation)
(1878–1971), American politician
- Maurice Herzog (1919–2012), French mountaineer and politician
- Robert Herzog (1823–1886), Polish Roman Catholic bishop
- Roman Herzog (1934–2017), President of Germany from 1994 to 1999
- Ronald Paul Herzog (1942–1942), American Roman Catholic bishop
- Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog (1889–1959), Chief Rabbi of Ireland and later of Israel
## Sportspeople and mountaineers.
- Andreas Herzog (born 1968), Austrian football player
- Dieter Herzog (born 1946), German football player
- Maurice Herzog (1919–2012), French mountaineer and politician
- Otto Herzog (1888–1964), German climber
- Whitey Herzog (born 1931), U.S. baseball player and Hall of Fame baseball | 6,128,553 |
441262 | Herzog (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herzog%20(disambiguation) | Herzog (disambiguation)
manager
## Writers and journalists.
- Arthur Herzog (1927–2010), American novelist
- Émile Herzog (1885–1967), Franco-German writer, known by his pen name André Maurois
- Wilhelm Herzog (1884–1960), German historian, dramatist, and pacifist
- Vladimir Herzog (1937–1975), Croatian-Brazilian journalist
## Others.
- Jacques Herzog (born 1950), Swiss architect, founder of Herzog & de Meuron
- Karl Herzog (1906–1998), German military officer
- Sofie Herzog (1846–1925), Texas physician
- Todd Herzog (born 1985), winner of ""
# Ships.
- , the name of more than one United States Navy ship
# Other.
- "Herzog" (novel), a novel by Saul Bellow
- "Herzog" (video game), a strategy video game | 6,128,554 |
441262 | Herzog (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herzog%20(disambiguation) | Herzog (disambiguation)
og (1906–1998), German military officer
- Sofie Herzog (1846–1925), Texas physician
- Todd Herzog (born 1985), winner of ""
# Ships.
- , the name of more than one United States Navy ship
# Other.
- "Herzog" (novel), a novel by Saul Bellow
- "Herzog" (video game), a strategy video game by TechnoSoft
- Herzog (band), an American indie rock band
- Herzog Mountains, Papua New Guinea
- Herzog Hospital, a psycho-geriatric hospital in Israel
- Herzog, Fox & Neeman, a law firm in Israel
- Herzog, a township in Ellis County, Kansas
- Herzog, a Volga-German settlement renamed Victoria, Kansas, in 1913
# See also.
- Ferenc Herczeg (1863–1954), born "Franz Herzog", German-Hungarian writer | 6,128,555 |
441256 | List of localities in England by population | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20localities%20in%20England%20by%20population | List of localities in England by population
List of localities in England by population
"This article is provided for historical interest only, because this sense of 'locality' disappears in the 2011 census and consequently the table cannot be updated reliably. The data here shows the figures as at 2001 and is deliberately not current."
Localities, also called urban sub-divisions, are component areas of the urban areas (conurbations) of England and Wales defined by the Office for National Statistics to enable detailed study of smaller areas within conurbations, and to enable comparisons to be made with historical data. The boundaries of localities within conurbations often follow those of local authorities existing before local government | 6,128,556 |
441256 | List of localities in England by population | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20localities%20in%20England%20by%20population | List of localities in England by population
re-organisation in 1974, the boundaries of current authorities within agglomerations, or the points where previously separate urban areas joined.
Localities are not the same as local government areas such as cities or borough council areas, as localities are based upon the actual built-up area and cannot extend beyond a single physically contiguous urban area, but can extend beyond local government boundaries. For the population of these local government areas see List of English districts by population.
This is a list of the localities within England that had a population greater than 100,000 at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001.
# See also.
- List of English districts by population
- | 6,128,557 |
441256 | List of localities in England by population | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20localities%20in%20England%20by%20population | List of localities in England by population
ocal government boundaries. For the population of these local government areas see List of English districts by population.
This is a list of the localities within England that had a population greater than 100,000 at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001.
# See also.
- List of English districts by population
- List of English counties by population
- List of ceremonial counties of England
- List of towns and cities in England by historical population
- List of English districts by area
- List of English districts and their ethnic composition
- List of conurbations in the United Kingdom
- List of localities in Wales by population
- List of localities in Scotland by population | 6,128,558 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
7th Armored Division (United States)
The 7th Armored Division ("Lucky Seventh") was an armored division of the United States Army that saw distinguished service on the Western Front, from August 1944 until May 1945, during World War II.
# History.
The division was activated on 1 March 1942 out of "surplus" elements of the reorganized 3rd and 5th Armored Divisions, itself reorganized on 20 September 1943, and arrived in England in June 1944. Throughout most of its existence the 7th Armored Division was commanded by Major General Lindsay McDonald Silvester, an infantryman who had distinguished himself in World War I.
## Order of battle.
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 7th Armored | 6,128,559 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
Division
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command B
- Headquarters, Reserve Command
- 17th Tank Battalion
- 31st Tank Battalion
- 40th Tank Battalion
- 23rd Armored Infantry Battalion
- 38th Armored Infantry Battalion
- 48th Armored Infantry Battalion
- Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 7th Armored Division Artillery
- 434th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 440th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 489th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 87th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)
- 33rd Armored Engineer Battalion
- 147th Armored Signal Company
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company. 9th | 6,128,560 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
Armored Division Trains
- 129th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
- 77th Armored Medical Battalion
- Military Police Platoon
- Band
## Action in France.
The 7th Armored Division landed on Omaha and Utah Beaches, 13–14 August 1944, and was assigned to U.S. Third Army, commanded by Lieutenant General George S. Patton. The division drove through Nogent-le-Rotrou in an attack on Chartres. The city fell on 18 August. From Chartres, the division advanced to liberate Dreux and then Melun, where they crossed the Seine River, 24 August. The division then pushed on to bypass Reims and liberate Château-Thierry and then Verdun, 31 August.
The 7th Armored halted briefly for refueling and then | 6,128,561 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
on 6 September drove on toward the Moselle and made a crossing near Dornot. This crossing had to be withdrawn in the face of the heavy fortifications around Metz. The 7th Armored then made attempts to cross the Moselle northwest of Metz but the deep river valley was not suitable terrain for an armored attack. Elements of the division assisted the 5th Infantry Division in expanding a bridgehead east of Arnaville, south of Metz, and on 15 September, the main part of the division crossed the Moselle there. The 7th Armored Division was repulsed in its attacks across the Seille River at and near Sillegny, part of an attack in conjunction with the 5th Infantry division that was also repulsed further | 6,128,562 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
north.
## Support of Operation Market Garden.
On 25 September 1944, the 7th Armored Division was transferred to the U.S. Ninth Army, under Lieutenant General William Hood Simpson, and began the march to the Netherlands where they were needed to protect the right (east) flank of the corridor opened by Operation Market Garden. They were to operate in the southeast Netherlands, so that British and Canadian forces and the 104th Infantry Division could clear the Germans from the Scheldt Estuary in the southwest Netherlands and open the shipping lanes to the critical port of Antwerp, to allow Allied ships to bring supplies from Britain.
On 30 September, the 7th Armored Division launched an attack | 6,128,563 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
from the north on the town of Overloon, against significant German defenses. The attacks progressed slowly and finally settled into a series of counter-attacks reminiscent of trench warfare of World War I. On 8 October, the division was relieved from the attack on Overloon by the British 11th Armoured Division and moved south of Overloon to the Deurne–Weert area. Here they were attached to the British Second Army, under Lieutenant General Sir Miles C. Dempsey, and ordered to make demonstration attacks to the east, in order to divert enemy forces from the Overloon and Venlo areas, where British troops pressed the attack. This plan succeeded, and the British were finally able to liberate Overloon.
On | 6,128,564 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
27 October 1944, the main part of the 7th Armored Division was in essentially defensive positions along the line Nederweert (and south) to Meijel to Liesel, with the demonstration force still in the attack across the Deurne canal to the east. The Germans launched a two-division offensive centered on Meijel, catching the thinly stretched 87th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron of the 7th Armored Division by surprise. However, the response by the 7th Armored and by British Lieutenant General Sir Richard O'Connor's British VIII Corps, to which the division was attached, stopped the German attack on the third day and then from 31 October to 8 November gradually drove the enemy out of the terrain that | 6,128,565 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
they had taken. During this operation, at midnight on the night of 31 October–1 November Major General Lindsay Silvester, who had led the division since its activation, was relieved as commander of the division and replaced by Major General Robert W. Hasbrouck.
## Refit and retraining.
On 8 November 1944, the 7th Armored was again transferred to the Ninth Army and moved south to rest areas at and east of Maastricht. Following an inflow of many replacements, they began extensive training and reorganization, since so many original men had been lost in France and the Netherlands that a significant part of the division was now men who had never trained together. At the end of November, the division | 6,128,566 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
straddled the Dutch-German border with one combat command in Germany (in the area of Ubach, north of Aachen) and two in the Netherlands.
Elements of the division were attached to the 84th Infantry Division for operations in early December in the area of Linnich, Germany, on the banks of the Rur (Roer). The 7th was preparing to drive into Germany when the Ardennes offensive began on 16 December 1944.
## Battle of the Bulge.
The division was transferred to the U.S. First Army, under Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges, and ordered to St. Vith, Belgium, a critical road and rail center needed by the Germans to supply their offensive. Over the course of almost a week, the 7th Armored (along with | 6,128,567 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
elements of the 106th, the 28th Infantry Division and 9th Armored Divisions) absorbed much of the weight of the German drive, throwing the German time table into great disarray, before being forced to withdraw west of the Salm River on 23 December. The division moved to the area of Manhay, Belgium, and by the end of December had cleared the town of the enemy. They were then relieved by the 75th Infantry Division. After a brief rest in January 1945, the division returned to positions near St. Vith, attacked, and re-captured the town on 23 January 1945.
## Movement into Germany.
In February 1945, now attached to the U.S. First Army's V Corps, the division returned to Germany. In the first week | 6,128,568 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
of the month, Combat Command R was attached to 78th Infantry Division for attacks on Strauch, Simmerath, Steckenborn, and other towns in the area of the Huertgen Forest. The Division remained in the area of Steckenborn, Germany throughout the month, waiting for the flood waters to recede after the Germans destroyed major dams in the Allies' path. However, large contingents of men were sent back into Belgium and attached to Engineer Combat Battalions (e.g. most of the men of 38 AIB were attached to 1110 Engineers at Stavelot) from 12 to 27 February, for use as laborers in using logs to build a solid base for the torn-up roads through the Ardennes Forest.
In March 1945, the 7th Armored took part | 6,128,569 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
in two major breakthroughs with a two-week period during which they established and maintained an important defensive position. The first breakthrough came early in March when the division, as part of the III Corps, pushed east from the Rur river to establish a defensive position along the west bank of the Rhine, south of Bonn to Unkelbach. The second major breakthrough began 26 March when the division, still under III Corps control, took part in an armored offensive intended to break the thin crust ringing the Remagen bridgehead and overrun the rich German farmland to the east and north and surround the Ruhr Pocket in a double envelopment.
In April, the 7th Armored Division completed their | 6,128,570 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
part of the encirclement of the Ruhr Pocket and captured the critical Edersee Dam. They then attacked into the Ruhr Pocket, in order to reduce it. On 16 April the LIII Panzer Corps surrendered to the division and the eastern sector of the pocket collapsed. The 7th Armored, after a brief rest, were then transferred once again to the British Second Army and moved north to the Baltic Sea. From this area, Lieutenant William A. Knowlton led a force eastward to make contact with the Red Army. The 7th Armored Division remained in this area until the war in Europe ended.
## Casualties.
- Total battle casualties: 5,799
- Killed in action: 898
- Wounded in action: 3,811
- Missing in action: 165
- | 6,128,571 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
Prisoner of war: 925
## Occupation duty.
The division was then moved into the future Soviet zone of occupation, at Dessau, Germany. President Truman wanted one of his armored divisions parading in front of him on the 4 July in Berlin, and 2nd and 7th Armored were both prepared for the honor. When the 2nd Armored was chosen for the parade, 7th Armored immediately moved southwest to the future American zone of occupation.
The division then began to be gradually filled with more and more new faces, as the veterans were transferred elsewhere. The first large contingent of veterans left in mid July: these were low-point men who were headed back to the United States to begin training for the invasion | 6,128,572 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
of Japan. Other large groups of high-point men were transferred to other units that were going back home before the 7th Armored Division was inactivated.
## Inactivation.
The division returned to New York and was inactivated on 11 October 1945.
## Achievements.
During its service during World War II, the 7th Armored Division captured and destroyed a disproportionate number of enemy vehicles and took more than 100,000 prisoners.
## Enemy vehicles destroyed and prisoners captured.
- Armored vehicles destroyed: 621;
- Armored vehicles captured: 89;
- Miscellaneous vehicles destroyed: 2,653;
- Miscellaneous vehicles captured: 3,517;
- Armament destroyed: 583 pieces;
- Armament captured | 6,128,573 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
(only pieces larger than 50mm included): 361;
- Prisoners taken: 113,041.
## Division statistics.
- Distance travelled ;
- Gasoline consumed
- Ammunition expended
- 105mm: 350,027 rounds
- 76mm: 19,209 rounds
- 75mm: 48,724 rounds
- .50cal: 1,267,128 rounds
- .45cal: 540,523 rounds
- .30cal: 9,367,966 rounds
## Decorations awarded.
- Medal of Honor: 2
- Distinguished Service Cross: 9
- Silver Star Medal: 351
- Bronze Star Medal: 888
- Meritorious Service Medal: 1,047
- Purple Hearts: 1,211
- Presidential Unit Citation: 1
## Korean War activation.
The division was reactivated in the early 1950s, but was not sent to Korea. It was stationed at Camp Roberts, California for the | 6,128,574 |
441234 | 7th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 7th Armored Division (United States)
e early 1950s, but was not sent to Korea. It was stationed at Camp Roberts, California for the duration of the conflict.
# External links.
- 7th Armored Division Association
- 7th Armored Division Document Repository
- 7th Armored Division Troops in the Battle at Baraque de Fraiture, Belgium ("Parker's Crossroads") 20–23 December 1944
- US Non-Airborne Troops in Holland in World War II
- 87th Cavalry Squadron Reconn
- Lucky Seventh – The Netherlands
- Fact Sheet of the 7th Armored Division WARNING: the information on this link is extremely flawed: the units listed are not at all the units of the 7th Armored Division, and the purported history of the division has major gaps and errors | 6,128,575 |
441252 | Norman Garstin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman%20Garstin | Norman Garstin
Norman Garstin
Norman Garstin (28 August 1847 – 22 June 1926) was an Irish artist, teacher, art critic and journalist associated with the Newlyn School of painters. After completing his studies in Antwerp and Paris, Garstin travelled around Europe and painted some of his first professional paintings while on the journey. He later took students to Europe to some of his favourite places.
Garstin painted "plein air" and was influenced by Impressionism, Japanese works and James McNeill Whistler. Some of his works are at Tate and Penlee House. Garstin was a founding member of the Newlyn Art Gallery. His daughter, Alethea, was also a Newlyn School artist.
# Personal life.
He was born 28 August | 6,128,576 |
441252 | Norman Garstin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman%20Garstin | Norman Garstin
1847 in Caherconlish, County Limerick, Ireland to Captain William Garstin and Mary Moore Garstin. He was raised by aunts and grandparents following his father's suicide and his mother's incapacitating disabilities.
Garstin attended Victoria College on the island of Jersey and then he worked in architecture and engineering for brief periods. He then travelled to South Africa where he befriended Cecil Rhodes, worked as a journalist and was involved in government in Cape Town.
Pursuing an interest in art, Garstin trained in 1880 in Antwerp at the Royal Academy. From 1882 to 1884 he studied in Paris at an academy founded by Carolus-Duran. He then travelled and painted his way through Spain, Morocco | 6,128,577 |
441252 | Norman Garstin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman%20Garstin | Norman Garstin
and Venice, Italy.
In 1886, he married Louisa Jones, also known as Dochie. Many of Garstin's friends from school in Antwerp had settled in Newlyn; Garstin and Dochie moved to Mount Vernon in Newlyn by 1886. They had three children: Crosbie, Denis and Alethea. The boys took up journalism and Alethea became an artist. The family moved to Penzance by 1895.
On 22 June 1926, Garstin died in Penzance.
# Career.
Garstin worked as a painter, teacher, art critic and journalist. As printed in "100 Years in Newlyn", Norman Garstin was:
He was a man of intensely individual impulses and opinions, and incurred unpopularity at times through his views on war and other topics. But he was a stimulating teacher | 6,128,578 |
441252 | Norman Garstin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman%20Garstin | Norman Garstin
and a shrewd critic, and had a true eye for a picture with old architecture and historic atmosphere, as well as a brush capable of rendering his intentions with right effect.
In 1888 he became a member of the New English Art Club (NEAC). Garstin became a member of the Newlyn Society of Artists (NSA) and was on the Newlyn Art Gallery's Provisional Committee for its opening in 1895. Garstin said of the plein-air approach used by St Ives and Newlyn artists: They were "filled with this idea of a fresh unarranged nature to be studied in her fields, and by her streams, and on the margin of her great seas – in these things they were to find the motives of their art."
He was a teacher and took groups | 6,128,579 |
441252 | Norman Garstin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman%20Garstin | Norman Garstin
to "his favorite painting haunts on the Continent." For instance, Frances Hodgkins, a New Zealand artist, attended Garstin's 1901 and 1902 summer sketching classes in France. He taught Harold Harvey, the only Cornish Newlyn School painter, and his daughter, Alethea.
# Works.
His work consisted primarily of small oil panels in the "plein air" style, something he had picked up from the French Impressionists, like Manet. He was also fascinated by Japanese prints and admired the work of the American painter James McNeill Whistler.
One of his best and most famous works is his 1889 painting "The Rain, it raineth every day" of the Penzance promenade. The title of the work comes from Shakespeare's | 6,128,580 |
441252 | Norman Garstin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman%20Garstin | Norman Garstin
"King Lear" and "Twelfth Night." "The composition of this painting demonstrates Garstin's admiration for Japanese art," says Penlee House.
A partial list of his works includes:
- "Crosbie Garstin as a Baby," 1887, oil on canvas, Penlee House, loan from Newlyn Art Gallery
- "In a Cottage by the Sea," 1887, oil on canvas, Penlee House, loan from Newlyn Art Gallery
- "The Drinking Pool," 1887, watercolour
- "The Rain, it raineth every day", 1889, oil on canvas
- "A View of Newlyn from the North Pier," c. 1892, oil on canvas, Penlee House, loan from Newlyn Art Gallery
- "Houses and Boats", oil on panel, Penlee House, loan from Newlyn Art Gallery
- "Market Jew Street", oil on panel, Penlee | 6,128,581 |
441252 | Norman Garstin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman%20Garstin | Norman Garstin
887, watercolour
- "The Rain, it raineth every day", 1889, oil on canvas
- "A View of Newlyn from the North Pier," c. 1892, oil on canvas, Penlee House, loan from Newlyn Art Gallery
- "Houses and Boats", oil on panel, Penlee House, loan from Newlyn Art Gallery
- "Market Jew Street", oil on panel, Penlee House, loan from Newlyn Art Gallery
- "Saturday (an Interior View of Garstin's Home)", oil on panel, Penlee House, loan from Newlyn Art Gallery
# Further reading.
- Richard Pryke. "Norman Garstin: Irishman & Newlyn artist". Spire Books Ltd; 2005. .
# External links.
- "Mount's Bay and Tolcarne from Trewidden Farm Footpath with Alethea and her Mother", Tate
- "Haycocks and Sun", Tate | 6,128,582 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
Roger Mortimer, 3rd Baron Mortimer, 1st Earl of March (25 April 128729 November 1330), was an English nobleman and powerful Marcher lord who gained many estates in the Welsh Marches and Ireland following his advantageous marriage to the wealthy heiress Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville. In November 1316, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1322 for having led the Marcher lords in a revolt against King Edward II in what became known as the Despenser War. He later escaped to France, where he was joined by Edward's queen consort Isabella, whom he may have taken as his mistress. After he and Isabella led | 6,128,583 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
a successful invasion and rebellion, Edward was subsequently deposed; Mortimer allegedly arranged his murder at Berkeley Castle. For three years, Mortimer was "de facto" ruler of England before being himself overthrown by Edward's eldest son, Edward III. Accused of assuming royal power and other crimes, Mortimer was executed by hanging at Tyburn.
# Early life.
Mortimer, grandson of Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer and Maud de Braose, Baroness Mortimer, was born at Wigmore Castle, Herefordshire, England, the firstborn of Marcher Lord Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer, and Margaret de Fiennes. He was born on 25 April 1287, the Feast of Saint Mark, a day of bad omen. He shared this birthday | 6,128,584 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
with King Edward II, which would be relevant later in life. Edmund Mortimer was a second son, intended for minor orders and a clerical career, but on the sudden death of his elder brother Ralph, Edmund was recalled from Oxford University and installed as heir. According to his biographer Ian Mortimer, Mortimer was possibly sent as a boy away from home to be fostered in the household of his formidable uncle, Roger Mortimer de Chirk. It was this uncle who had carried the severed head of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Wales to King Edward I in 1282.
Mortimer attended the Coronation of Edward II on 25 February 1308 and carried a table bearing the royal robes in the ceremony's procession.
# Marriage.
Like | 6,128,585 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
many noble children of his time, Mortimer was betrothed at a young age, to Joan de Geneville (born 1286), the daughter of Sir Piers de Geneville, of Trim Castle and Ludlow. They were married on 20 September 1301 when he was aged fourteen. Their first child was born in 1302.
Through his marriage, Mortimer not only acquired numerous possessions in the Welsh Marches, including the important Ludlow Castle, which became the chief stronghold of the Mortimers, but also extensive estates and influence in Ireland. However, Joan de Geneville was not an "heiress" at the time of her marriage. Her grandfather Geoffrey de Geneville, at the age of eighty in 1308, conveyed most, but not all, of his Irish lordships | 6,128,586 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
to Mortimer, and then retired: he finally died in 1314, with Joan succeeding as "suo jure" 2nd Baroness Geneville. During his lifetime Geoffrey also conveyed much of the remainder of his legacy, such as Kenlys, to his younger son Simon de Geneville, who had meanwhile become Baron of Culmullin through marriage to Joanna FitzLeon. Mortimer therefore succeeded to the eastern part of the Lordship of Meath, centred on Trim and its stronghold of Trim Castle. He did not succeed, however, to the Lordship of Fingal.
# Military adventures in Ireland and Wales.
Mortimer's childhood came to an abrupt end when his father was mortally wounded in a skirmish near Builth in July 1304. Since Mortimer was underage | 6,128,587 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
at the death of his father, he was placed by King Edward I under the guardianship of Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall. However, on 22 May 1306, in a lavish ceremony in Westminster Abbey with two hundred and fifty-nine others, he was knighted by Edward and granted livery of his full inheritance.
His adult life began in earnest in 1308, when he went to Ireland in person to enforce his authority. This brought him into conflict with the de Lacys, who turned for support to Edward Bruce, brother of Robert Bruce, King of Scots. Mortimer was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by Edward II on 23 November 1316. Shortly afterwards, at the head of a large army, he drove Bruce to Carrickfergus and | 6,128,588 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
the de Lacys into Connaught, wreaking vengeance on their adherents whenever they were to be found. He returned to England and Wales in 1318 and was then occupied for some years with baronial disputes on the Welsh border.
# Opposition to Edward II.
Mortimer became disaffected with his king and joined the growing opposition to Edward II and the Despensers. After the younger Despenser was granted lands belonging to him, he and the Marchers began conducting devastating raids against Despenser property in Wales. He supported Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, in refusing to obey the king's summons to appear before him in 1321 as long as ""the younger Despencer was in the King's train."" Mortimer | 6,128,589 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
led a march against London, his men wearing the Mortimer uniform which was green with a yellow sleeve. He was prevented from entering the capital, although his forces put it under siege. These acts of insurrection compelled the Lords Ordainers led by Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, to order the king to banish the Despensers in August. When the king led a successful expedition in October against Margaret de Clare, Baroness Badlesmere, after she had refused Queen Isabella admittance to Leeds Castle, he used his victory and new popularity among the moderate lords and the people to summon the Despensers back to England. Mortimer, in company with other Marcher Lords, led a rebellion against Edward, | 6,128,590 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
which is known as the Despenser War.
In January 1322 Mortimer attacked and burnt Bridgnorth but, being heavily outnumbered, was forced to surrender to the king at Shrewsbury. Mortimer joined Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge in March 1322 and warrants for his arrest were issued in July. A death sentence was passed upon Mortimer but this was commuted to life imprisonment and he was consigned to the Tower of London. In August 1323 Mortimer, aided by Gerald de Alspaye, the sub-lieutenant or valet of the Tower's Constable, drugged the warders during a feast, allowing Mortimer to escape. He attempted to capture Windsor and Wallingford Castles to free imprisoned Contrariants. Mortimer eventually | 6,128,591 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
fled to France, pursued by warrants for his capture dead or alive.
In the following year Queen Isabella, anxious to escape from her husband, obtained his consent to her going to France to use her influence with her brother, King Charles IV, in favour of peace. At the French court the queen found Mortimer, who became her lover soon afterwards. At his instigation, she refused to return to England so long as the Despensers retained power as the king's favourites.
Historians have speculated as to the date at which Mortimer and Isabella actually became lovers. The modern view is that the affair began while both were still in England, and that after a disagreement, Isabella abandoned Mortimer to | 6,128,592 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
his fate in the Tower. His subsequent escape became one of medieval England's most colourful episodes. However almost certainly Isabella risked everything by chancing Mortimer's companionship and emotional support when they first met again at Paris four years later (Christmas 1325). King Charles IV's protection of Isabella at the French court from Despenser's would-be assassins played a large part in developing the relationship. In 1326, Mortimer moved as Prince Edward's guardian to Hainault, but only after a furious dispute with the queen, demanding she remain in France. Isabella retired to raise troops in her County of Ponthieu; Mortimer arranged the invasion fleet supplied by the Hainaulters | 6,128,593 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
and an army supplied by his supporters back in England, who had been sending him aid and advice since at least March 1326.
# Invasion of England and defeat of Edward II.
The scandal of Isabella's relations with Mortimer compelled them both to withdraw from the French court to Flanders, where they obtained assistance for an invasion of England from Count William of Hainaut, although Isabella did not arrive from Ponthieu until the fleet was due to sail. Landing in the River Orwell on 24 September 1326, they were accompanied by Prince Edward and Henry, Earl of Lancaster. London rose in support of the queen, and Edward took flight to the west, pursued by Mortimer and Isabella. After wandering | 6,128,594 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
helplessly for some weeks in Wales, the king was taken prisoner on 16 November, and was compelled to abdicate in favour of his son. Though the latter was crowned as Edward III of England on 25 January 1327, the country was ruled by Mortimer and Isabella. On 21 September that same year, Edward II died in captivity. The suspicious death of Edward II has been the subject of many conspiracy theories, including that Mortimer's men killed him, but none has been proven.
# Powers won and lost.
Following the removal of the Despensers, Mortimer set to work in restoring the status of his supporters, primarily in the Marches, and hundreds of pardons and restorations of property were made in the first | 6,128,595 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
year of the new king's reign. Rich estates and offices of profit and power were heaped on Mortimer. He was made constable of Wallingford Castle and in September 1328 he was created Earl of March. However, although in military terms he was far more competent than the Despensers, his ambition was troubling to all. His own son Geoffrey, the only one to survive into old age, mocked him as "the king of folly" deriding his ambitious extravagance of "rich clothes ot of manner resoun, both of shaping and wearing." During his short time as ruler of England he took over the lordships of Denbigh, Oswestry, and Clun (the first of which belonged to Despenser, the latter two had been the Earl of Arundel's). | 6,128,596 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
He was also granted the "marcher" lordship of Montgomery by the queen. During the War of Saint Sardos the Regent and his queen spent over £60,000 bankrupting the Treasury, even after the proscriptions of Arundel and the Despensers. The Lancastrian opposition were incensed by this casual display of irresponsible government.
The jealousy and anger of many nobles were aroused by Mortimer's use of power, which in many ways was tenuous. In 1328 Simon de Mepham, reportedly a Lancastrian at court, was elected Archbishop of Canterbury without controversy. However, the feuding would not stop. The day Parliament opened on 15 October Thomas of Lancaster's nemesis, Sir Robert Holland was murdered by highway | 6,128,597 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
robbers. Whereupon March swore on Mepham's cross that he knew nothing of it. Nonetheless the King decreed an indictment; he would be judged at law against the standards of Magna Carta. With Parliament adjourned on 31 October, he was able to slip away to his estates on the Marches. The two earls’ lethal enmity, and enforced absence from the King's presence, rendered their motives almost equally suspect to rowdy Londoners. The young king would have to raise an army of archers if he was to defend his throne from a northern rebellion controlled from Lancaster. In charge of the army Lancaster blamed Mortimer and his queen for the debacle, and the highly contentious Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton | 6,128,598 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
with the Scots.
Henry, Earl of Lancaster, one of the principals behind Edward II's deposition, tried to overthrow Mortimer, but the action was ineffective as the young king passively stood by. Then, in March 1330, Mortimer ordered the execution of Edmund, Earl of Kent, the half-brother of Edward II. After this execution Henry Lancaster prevailed upon the young king, Edward III, to assert his independence. In October 1330, a Parliament was summoned to Nottingham, just days before Edward's eighteenth birthday, and Mortimer and Isabella were seized by Edward and his companions from inside Nottingham Castle. In spite of Isabella's entreaty to her son, "Fair son, have pity on the gentle Mortimer," | 6,128,599 |
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