wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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441222 | 5th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 5th Armored Division (United States)
d 1 August 1944 – 25 March 1945, 28 March 1945 – 9 May 1945)
- 202d Field Artillery Battalion (attached 2 August 1944 – 25 August 1944)
The division's losses included 570 killed in action, 2,442 wounded in action, and 140 who died of wounds.
# Commanders.
- MG Jack W. Heard (194... | 6,128,400 |
441228 | Electrical synapse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical%20synapse | Electrical synapse
Electrical synapse
An electrical synapse is a mechanical and electrically conductive link between two neighboring neurons that is formed at a narrow gap between the pre- and postsynaptic neurons known as a gap junction. At gap junctions, such cells approach within about 3.8 nm of each other, a much ... | 6,128,401 |
441228 | Electrical synapse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical%20synapse | Electrical synapse
The fundamental bases for perceiving electrical synapses comes down to the connexons that are located in the gap junction between two neurons. Electrical synapses are often found in neural systems that require the fastest possible response, such as defensive reflexes. An important characteristic of e... | 6,128,402 |
441228 | Electrical synapse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical%20synapse | Electrical synapse
to flow from one cell to the next, thereby connecting the two cells' cytoplasm. Thus when the membrane potential of one cell changes, ions may move through from one cell to the next, carrying positive charge with them and depolarizing the postsynaptic cell.
Gap junction funnels are composed of two h... | 6,128,403 |
441228 | Electrical synapse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical%20synapse | Electrical synapse
of electrical synapses results in synapses that are fast, but can produce only simple behaviors compared to the more complex chemical synapses.
- Without the need for receptors to recognize chemical messengers, signal transmission at electrical synapses is more rapid than that which occurs across ch... | 6,128,404 |
441228 | Electrical synapse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical%20synapse | Electrical synapse
is in cold-blooded animals.
- Because electrical synapses do not involve neurotransmitters, electrical neurotransmission is less modifiable than chemical neurotransmission
- The response is always the same sign as the source. For example, depolarization of the pre-synaptic membrane will always indu... | 6,128,405 |
441228 | Electrical synapse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical%20synapse | Electrical synapse
in the retina are seen during light and dark adaptations of the retina.
The relative speed of electrical synapses also allows for many neurons to fire synchronously. Because of the speed of transmission, electrical synapses are found in escape mechanisms and other processes that require quick respon... | 6,128,406 |
441228 | Electrical synapse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical%20synapse | Electrical synapse
and prevent current from traveling in one of the two directions. Some channels may also close in response to increased calcium () or hydrogen () ion concentration, so as not to spread damage from one cell to another.
There is also evidence for "plasticity" at some of these synapses—that is, that the... | 6,128,407 |
441228 | Electrical synapse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical%20synapse | Electrical synapse
nerve, olfactory bulb, retina, and spinal cord of vertebrates. Other examples of functional gap junctions detected "in vivo" are in the striatum, cerebellum, and suprachiasmatic nucleus.
# History.
The model of a reticular network of directly interconnected cells was one of the early hypotheses for... | 6,128,408 |
441228 | Electrical synapse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical%20synapse | Electrical synapse
in which the award went jointly to Camillo Golgi, a reticularist and widely recognized cell biologist, and Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the champion of the neuron doctrine and the father of modern neuroscience. Golgi delivered his Nobel lecture first, in part detailing evidence for a reticular model of th... | 6,128,409 |
441228 | Electrical synapse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical%20synapse | Electrical synapse
y significant; it could be said that the Nobel committee acted with great foresight in awarding the Prize jointly.
There was substantial debate on whether the transmission of information between neurons was chemical or electrical in the first decades of the twentieth century, but chemical synaptic t... | 6,128,410 |
441233 | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%204th%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
Roger de Mortimer, 4th Earl of March (11 April 137420 July 1398) was an English nobleman. He was considered the heir presumptive to his cousin King Richard II.
Roger Mortimer's father, the 3rd Earl of March, died in 1381, leaving the six-year-old Rog... | 6,128,411 |
441233 | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%204th%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
Mortimer was born 11 April 1374 at Usk in Monmouthshire. He was the eldest son of Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, by his wife Philippa of Clarence, who was the daughter of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, and granddaughter of King Edward III. Philippa passed on a strong cla... | 6,128,412 |
441233 | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%204th%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
in the years 1382–4". Eventually, on 16 December 1383, Mortimer's estates in England and Wales were granted for £4000 per annum to a consortium consisting of Mortimer himself, the Earls of Arundel, Northumberland, and Warwick, and John, Lord Neville. The guardianship of Mortimer's pers... | 6,128,413 |
441233 | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%204th%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
his lands in Ireland on 18 June 1393, and of those in England and Wales on 25 February 1394.
King Richard had no issue, thus Mortimer, a lineal descendant of Edward III, was next in line to the throne and married to his half-niece. G. E. Cokayne states that in October 1385 Mortimer wa... | 6,128,414 |
441233 | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%204th%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
King Richard had first made Mortimer his Lord Lieutenant of Ireland on 24 January 1382 when he was a child of seven, with his uncle, Sir Thomas Mortimer, acting as his deputy. The king reappointed Roger Mortimer as his lieutenant in Ireland on 23 July 1392, and in September 1394, Altho... | 6,128,415 |
441233 | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%204th%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
minor one. His closest relationships in England appear to have been with family members, including his brother, Edmund, to whom he granted lands and annuities; the Percy family, into which his elder sister, Elizabeth had married; and the Earl of Arundel, who had married his younger sis... | 6,128,416 |
441233 | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%204th%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
in January 1398, he was 'rapturously received', according to Adam Usk and the Wigmore chronicler, by a vast crowd of supporters wearing his colours. These events excited the king's suspicions, and on Mortimer's return to Ireland after the Parliament in January 1398, 'his enemy, the Duk... | 6,128,417 |
441233 | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%204th%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
Abbey. The King went to Ireland in the following year to avenge Mortimer's death.
Mortimer's young son, Edmund, succeeded him in the title and claim to the throne. The Wigmore chronicler, while criticising Mortimer for lust and remissness in his duty to God, extols him as 'of approved... | 6,128,418 |
441233 | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%204th%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
Roger (23 April 1393c. 1413)
- Eleanor (born 1395-1422), who married Sir Edward de Courtenay (died 1418), and had no issue. Married secondly John Harpeden.
In June 1399 Roger Mortimer's widow, Alianor, married Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton, by whom she had two daughters:
- J... | 6,128,419 |
441233 | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%204th%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
3c. 1413)
- Eleanor (born 1395-1422), who married Sir Edward de Courtenay (died 1418), and had no issue. Married secondly John Harpeden.
In June 1399 Roger Mortimer's widow, Alianor, married Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton, by whom she had two daughters:
- Joan, who married Jo... | 6,128,420 |
441229 | 6th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 6th Armored Division (United States)
6th Armored Division (United States)
The 6th Armored Division ("Super Sixth") was an armored division of the United States Army during World War II. It was formed with a cadre from the 2nd Armored Division. 6th AD was formed under the 1942 Table of Organization and Equipment.
# Hi... | 6,128,421 |
441229 | 6th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 6th Armored Division (United States)
25 August 1942, and then returned to Camp Chaffee on 21 September 1942. The 6th AD then moved to Camp Young at the Desert Training Center on 10 October 1942, and participated in the first California Maneuvers. The 6th AD then moved to Camp Cooke to continue its training. The 6th AD ... | 6,128,422 |
441229 | 6th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 6th Armored Division (United States)
follow-on unit, and went on the offensive as separate combat commands in the Cotentin Peninsula in support of the Normandy Campaign.
## Order of battle.
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 6th Armored Division
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A
- Head... | 6,128,423 |
441229 | 6th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 6th Armored Division (United States)
Battalion
- 86th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)
- 25th Armored Engineer Battalion
- 146th Armored Signal Company
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 6th Armored Division Trains
- 128th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
- 76th Armored Medical Battalion
- Milita... | 6,128,424 |
441229 | 6th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 6th Armored Division (United States)
4th AD and secured the area bridges.
In mid-August in Europe, the 6th Armored Division moved down to Lorient, where it was relieved by the 94th Infantry Division in September. Elements of the division participated in the Battle for Brest (7 August - 19 September, 1944).
The 6th th... | 6,128,425 |
441229 | 6th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 6th Armored Division (United States)
The 6th was heavily engaged in the battle for Bastogne, finally driving the enemy back across the Our River into Germany by late January 1945.
After a short period of rehabilitation, the division resumed the offensive, penetrated the Siegfried Line, crossed the Prum, reached the Rh... | 6,128,426 |
441229 | 6th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 6th Armored Division (United States)
prisoners of war and the German concentration camp at Buchenwald. The division raced on, took Leipzig, crossed the RiverZwickau Mulde at Rochlitz on 15 April 1945, and stopped, pending the arrival of the Red Army. Defensive positions along the Mulde River were held until the end of ... | 6,128,427 |
441229 | 6th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 6th Armored Division (United States)
Amphibian Tank Battalion, and 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion, saw action in the Mariana Islands (1944) at the battles of Saipan and Tinian, in the Marshall Islands (1943–44), the Ryukyu Islands (1945), and in the Philippine Islands as well as the Liberation of the Philippines. Some ... | 6,128,428 |
441229 | 6th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 6th Armored Division (United States)
Clyde J. Burke along with Aide-de-Camp Captain Cyrus R. Shockey, compiled a "Combat Record of the Sixth Armored Division in the European Theatre of Operations 18 July 1944-8 May 1945". The official history by George F. Hofmann, "The Super Sixth: History of the 6th Armored Division i... | 6,128,429 |
441229 | 6th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 6th Armored Division (United States)
ann, "The Super Sixth: History of the 6th Armored Division in World War II" (1975, reprinted 2000) has been called by World War II scholar Martin Blumenson, a "first-rate military history." He also noted that General Patton called the 6th AD one of the two best divisions in his Thir... | 6,128,430 |
441245 | Prince Gustaf of Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince%20Gustaf%20of%20Sweden | Prince Gustaf of Sweden
Prince Gustaf of Sweden
Several Swedish Princes have been named Gustaf. This list does not include those who eventually became Kings of Sweden.
- Gustaf Gustafsson of Vasa, later known as "Gustaf Gustafsson of Vasa" (1799-1877)
- Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland (1827-1852) ("The Singer Prince"... | 6,128,431 |
441244 | Aimeric de Peguilhan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aimeric%20de%20Peguilhan | Aimeric de Peguilhan
Aimeric de Peguilhan
Aimeric or Aimery de Peguilhan, Peguillan, or Pégulhan (c. 1170 – c. 1230) was a troubadour (fl. 1190–1221) born in Peguilhan (near Saint-Gaudens) the son of a cloth merchant.
Aimeric's first patron was Raimon V of Toulouse, followed by his son Raimon VI. However, he fled the... | 6,128,432 |
441244 | Aimeric de Peguilhan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aimeric%20de%20Peguilhan | Aimeric de Peguilhan
ain and ten years in Lombardy. It is said that he had secretly loved a neighbour while living in Toulouse, and that it was for her that he returned.
Aimeric is known to have composed at least fifty works, the music for six of which survives:
- "Atressi·m pren com fai al jogador"
- "Cel que s'ira... | 6,128,433 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
2nd New Zealand Division
The 2nd New Zealand Division, initially the New Zealand Division, was an infantry division of the New Zealand Military Forces (New Zealand's army) during the Second World War. The division was commanded for most of its existence by Lieutenant-General Bernard C. Freyber... | 6,128,434 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
of the year. In early 1944, the division formed the nucleus of the New Zealand Corps, fighting two battles attempting unsuccessfully to penetrate the Gustav Line at Monte Cassino. The division saw further action on the Gothic Line in Italy in 1944 and took part in the Allied 1945 Spring offensi... | 6,128,435 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
This force became known as 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force and the division, initially, as the New Zealand Division. The first echelon, 2NZEF Headquarters and a Brigade Group, left NZ shores in January and landed in Egypt on 12 February 1940. The second echelon, also a Brigade Group, was di... | 6,128,436 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
division remained as part of the British Eighth Army to the end of World War II in 1945, during which it fought in the Battle of Greece (March–April 1941), the Battle of Crete (May 1941), Operation "Crusader" (November–December 1941), Minqar Qaim (June 1942), First Battle of El Alamein (July 19... | 6,128,437 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
the invading Germans. (The Second Echelon of the 2 NZEF had been diverted to the United Kingdom between June 1940 and January 1941, and had had an anti-invasion role with British VII Corps.) The New Zealanders were combined with Australian and British forces as 'W' Force under Lieutenant-Genera... | 6,128,438 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
by 25 April 1941, having sustained losses of 291 men killed, 387 seriously wounded, and 1,826 men captured in this campaign.
# Battle of Crete.
Since most 2nd New Zealand Division troops had evacuated to Crete from Greece, they were very much involved in the defence of Crete against further G... | 6,128,439 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
casualties, the Germans gradually gained the upper hand over the Allied forces in the Battle of Crete. By the end of the month, German soldiers had once again overwhelmed British and Commonwealth forces, and it was decided to evacuate the Division from the island, again without its heavy weapon... | 6,128,440 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
Africa.
## Operation "Crusader".
Following the disasters in Europe, the division was then integrated into the regular order of battle of the British Eighth Army. It fought in many of the critical battles in the North African Campaign over the next year and a half. On 18 November 1941, the div... | 6,128,441 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
during the Second World War, with 879 men killed, and 1,700 wounded.
Originally known as the 'New Zealand Division', the division became known as 2nd New Zealand Division from June 1942 onward as part of the Operation Cascade deception scheme and the 'formation' of Maadi Camp, the division's b... | 6,128,442 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
night, the division's 4th Brigade broke through the German positions, and the division retired to El Alamein.
## El Alamein.
The division played a prominent role in both Battles of El Alamein. During the First Battle of El Alamein, in July 1942, the division put in a night attack against the ... | 6,128,443 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
Upham was awarded the Bar to his VC, becoming only the third man to be awarded the VC twice and the first soldier in a combatant role. Also at Ruweisat, Sergeant Keith Elliott of 22nd Battalion was awarded the VC for continuing to lead his company, despite wounds, in assaults which led to the d... | 6,128,444 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
and 90th Light Divisions; the following morning, the armour continued to be attacked, suffering heavy losses. However, the 9th Armoured Brigade's sacrifice had made the follow-up successes possible.
## Tunisia.
Following the victory at Alamein, the Eighth Army advanced west through Libya to E... | 6,128,445 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
to conduct an outflanking movement while two divisions made a frontal attack. The battle started on the night of 11 December. Looking to preserve his forces, Rommel commenced a withdrawal to Buerat on the 12th.
The division then formed the left flank of the advancing Eighth Army and on 16 Dece... | 6,128,446 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
January, when it was ordered forward to take part in the final push through Buerat and advance the remaining to Tripoli. The operation began on 15 January; by 21 January, Tripoli was less than ahead. However, skilful delaying tactics allowed the Axis forces to withdraw in good order and when le... | 6,128,447 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
defenses through the Tebaga Gap. The attack was launched on 21 March and the entrance to the gap had been secured after four days fighting but no break through made. Further reinforcements from British X Corps were sent to the Tebaga Gap and overall control of the operation transferred to X Cor... | 6,128,448 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
the following message to Freyberg:
The division continued to fight in Tunisia with Eighth Army until Tunis fell to First Army on 7 May, prompting the surrender of the remaining Axis forces.
# Italian Campaign.
Following the Axis surrender in Tunisia the 2nd New Zealand Division was withdrawn... | 6,128,449 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
was involved in very heavy fighting during the Moro River Campaign at Orsogna. By the end of the year the deteriorating winter weather made movement of even tracked vehicles impossible except on metaled roads and severely impeded vital close air support operations. This, together with the failu... | 6,128,450 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
Cassino massif had ground to a halt and the "Battle for Rome" had stalled. The 15th Army Group commander General Sir Harold Alexander and Fifth Army commander Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark looked around for solutions to penetrate the defences, as their careers and reputations were irrevocabl... | 6,128,451 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
Eighth Army Division. As an American, he was even more apprehensive of having Freyberg, whom he considered a "prima donna" who "had to be handled with kid gloves" leading the Army Reserve. Clark feared that, due to Freyberg's extensive experience, he would question or dispute his orders. What c... | 6,128,452 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
Infantry Division as well as the British 78th Infantry Division from Eighth Army to join this strategic reserve. This formation was initially known as "Spadger Force" to confuse German intelligence, with the commander, General Freyberg being known as "Spadger". The Corps later became known as t... | 6,128,453 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
would not succeed with any further attacks and he "allowed" the British (and Dominions) to attempt to strike the final blow against the Axis line at Cassino. By this time, U.S. VI Corps had already landed at Anzio and were under heavy threat from the reinforcing Germans. An outright destruction... | 6,128,454 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
attack—differentiating it from the approach previously used by Keyes' II Corps. This flanking movement was eventually excluded from the final plan and Freyberg dictated that the attack be along the same unsuccessful lines as used by the Americans the month before. Major-General Francis Tuker, c... | 6,128,455 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
strongest and most fortified point of the Gustav Line. As part of his plan, and encouraged by the complaints from Tucker, Freyberg insisted to Clark that the monastery should be flattened by bombing in the preparatory stage of the attack. General Alexander, although expressing the opinion that ... | 6,128,456 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
was to commence directly after the second bombing mission, was delayed due to differences regarding H-Hour between Freyberg and his 7th Indian Brigade. Also, the division commanders were insisting that a preliminary high-point (Point 593) was to be captured as a prelude to the main attack.
The... | 6,128,457 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
the Rapido River and to seize the station south of Cassino town, to establish a bridgehead for the corps armour to move into the town and to the foot of the Cassino massif—the attack starting at 21:30. By dawn, German 10th Army artillery had stopped the 28th Battalion advance on the Rapido Rive... | 6,128,458 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
for the next day. In a third attempt to penetrate the Gustav Line, the Corps was again launched against Cassino town and the monastery on top of the massif. By this time, U.S. VI Corps, which had landed at Anzio some two months before, had still not been able to break out of its beachhead, thou... | 6,128,459 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
started, which would continue for eight hours. The 6th NZ Brigade lead the attack, assaulting Cassino town, supported by the tanks of the 19th Armoured Regiment and at the same time, the 4th Indian Division was to advance on Hangman's Hill after which they were to assault the Monastery. The nex... | 6,128,460 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
through the badly damaged roads, covered in rubble and bomb craters. The infantry, advancing without tanks came under severe fire from German paratroopers in the town, their fire further preventing armoured engineer bulldozers from clearing access routes for the tanks. Although the armour had b... | 6,128,461 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
as it was already dark, further delays were encountered by the Indian Division struggling to find Castle Hill. The Indian advance on Hangman's Hill only commenced after midnight, further compounded by heavy rain.
The next morning, while concentrated German artillery fire and house to house fig... | 6,128,462 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
by the NZ Division to expand their perimeter in town continued on 16 March—XIV Panzer Corps reported in this regard "... south of the town, the enemy [the NZ Division] fought our foremost posts to a standstill by weight of fire and then occupied the station after hand-to-hand fighting ... [but]... | 6,128,463 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
were again driven back by German fire from unassailable positions. The NZ Division re-occupied the railway station and the botanical gardens in the town and the process of attack and counterattack continued until 23 March when Alexander decided to call off the offensive. The Monte Cassino Abbey... | 6,128,464 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
final and successful offensive on the Cassino front, X Corps was employed in a holding role making diversionary feints and anchoring the right flank of the Eighth Army attack. Some of the division's armoured elements were detached, however, and placed under command of the British 4th Infantry D... | 6,128,465 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
After the fall of Rome in early June X Corps formed a pursuit force comprising 2nd New Zealand and 8th and 10th Indian Infantry Divisions. On 10 June elements of the division entered Avezzano and the division passed into army reserve to spend a period of rest and training.
In mid July, the div... | 6,128,466 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
crests of the Pian dei Cerri hills at the start of August was the turning point of the battle for Florence. Florence was declared an open city and Allied troops entered on 4 August. Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese, the Eighth Army commander wrote:
Kirkman, the Corps commander also wrote:
## G... | 6,128,467 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
underfoot found in Italy, however, tank mobility was very restricted and the division always found itself short of infantry. During the winter of 1944–45 the Divisional Cavalry Regiment and 22nd (Motor) Battalion were converted to infantry, giving each infantry brigade a fourth battalion. By th... | 6,128,468 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
NZ Division.
In April 1945, the division, still as part of British V Corps with 8th Indian Division, was performing assault crossings of first the Senio stream and then the river Santerno, marking the start of the Allied spring 1945 offensive in Italy (Operation "Grapeshot"). The division was ... | 6,128,469 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
expressed by Rommel in his report to the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht on 21 July 1942 (at the end of the First Battle of El Alamein) in which he highly rated the New Zealand Division. This view was repeated within the German 5th Panzer Division intelligence reports. Rommel also paid tribute to th... | 6,128,470 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
Bar, of the New Zealand Division, was the only person to be awarded the Victoria Cross twice during the Second World War. Other Victoria Crosses were awarded to John 'Jack' Hinton, Alfred Hulme, Keith Elliott, and Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu. Lance Sergeant Haane Manahi of the Māori Battalion was ... | 6,128,471 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
New Zealand contribution to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan.
# Order of battle.
## Initial composition, 1940–41.
Headquarters New Zealand Division
- Divisional Cavalry Regiment
- HQ Divisional Artillery
- 4 Field Regiment
- 5 Field Regiment
- 6 Field Regiment
- 7 Ant... | 6,128,472 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
26th Battalion
- 27th Machine-Gun Battalion
- 28th (Māori) Battalion
- HQ Divisional Army Service Corps
- Divisional Ammunition Company
- Divisional Petrol Company
- Divisional Supply Column
- Reserve MT Company
- 4, 5, 6 Field Ambulances
- 4 Field Hygiene Section
- Divisional Provost... | 6,128,473 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
Armoured Brigade
- 4 Squadron, 2 NZ Divisional Signals
- 18 Armoured Regiment
- 19 Armoured Regiment
- 20 Armoured Regiment
- 22 (Motor) Battalion
- HQ 2 NZ Divisional Artillery
- 4 Field Regiment
- 5 Field Regiment
- 6 Field Regiment
- 7 Anti-Tank Regiment
- 14 Light Anti-Aircraft R... | 6,128,474 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
Service Corps
- 1 Ammunition Company
- 2 Ammunition Company
- 1 Petrol Company
- 1 Supply Company
- 4 Reserve Mechanical Transport Company
- 6 Reserve Mechanical Transport Company
- 18 Tank Transporter Company
- Water Issue Section
- NZ Section, Motor Ambulance Convoy
- Medical
- 4 F... | 6,128,475 |
441192 | 2nd New Zealand Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd%20New%20Zealand%20Division | 2nd New Zealand Division
urgical Unit
- 2 Anti-Malarial Control Unit
- 3 Anti-Malarial Control Unit
- 102 Mobile Venereal Disease Treatment Centre
- Dental
- 1 Mobile Dental Unit
- Ordnance
- 2 NZ Divisional Ordnance Field Park
- Mobile Laundry and Bath Unit
- Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
- 2 NZ Divisi... | 6,128,476 |
441237 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Baron%20Mortimer | Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer
Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer
Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer (1231 – 27 October 1282), of Wigmore Castle in Herefordshire, was a marcher lord who was a loyal ally of King Henry III of England and at times an enemy, at times an ally, of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales.
... | 6,128,477 |
441237 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Baron%20Mortimer | Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer
grandsons of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth.
Mortimer fought for the King against the rebel Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, and almost lost his life in 1264 at the Battle of Lewes fighting Montfort's men. In 1265 Mortimer's wife, Maud de Braose helped rescue Prince Edward; and Mortim... | 6,128,478 |
441237 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Baron%20Mortimer | Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer
for the bridge, where they were slaughtered by Mortimer's men. Mortimer himself killed Hugh Despencer and Montfort, and crushed Montfort's army. Mortimer was awarded Montfort's severed head and other parts of his anatomy, which he sent home to Wigmore Castle as a gift for his wife, La... | 6,128,479 |
441237 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Baron%20Mortimer | Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer
a scion of a Welsh Marches family. Their six known children were:
- 1. Ralph Mortimer, died 10 August 1274, Sheriff of Shropshire and Staffordshire.
- 2. Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer (1251–1304), married Margaret de Fiennes, the daughter of William II de Fiennes and Blanche d... | 6,128,480 |
441237 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Baron%20Mortimer | Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer
June 1297, a knight, married Hawise, daughter and heir of Robert de Mucegros. Died childless.
Their eldest son, Ralph, died in his youth. The second son, Edmund, was recalled from Oxford University and appointed his father's heir.
# Epitaph.
Roger Mortimer died on 27 October 1282 a... | 6,128,481 |
441237 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Baron%20Mortimer | Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer
e, daughter and heir of Robert de Mucegros. Died childless.
Their eldest son, Ralph, died in his youth. The second son, Edmund, was recalled from Oxford University and appointed his father's heir.
# Epitaph.
Roger Mortimer died on 27 October 1282 at Kingsland, Herefordshire, and wa... | 6,128,482 |
441240 | Fritz Hartjenstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz%20Hartjenstein | Fritz Hartjenstein
Fritz Hartjenstein
Friedrich Hartjenstein (3 July 1905 – 20 October 1954) was a German SS functionary during the Nazi era. A member of the SS-Totenkopfverbände, he served at various Nazi concentration camps such as Auschwitz and Sachsenhausen. After the Second World War, Hartjenstein was tried and f... | 6,128,483 |
441240 | Fritz Hartjenstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz%20Hartjenstein | Fritz Hartjenstein
which contained the extermination facilities and crematoria. In 1944 Hartjenstein was appointed commandant of Natzweiler concentration camp in France. In 1945 he went to work at Flossenbürg concentration camp.
# Post war trials.
Hartjenstein was arrested by the British and sentenced to life impriso... | 6,128,484 |
441240 | Fritz Hartjenstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz%20Hartjenstein | Fritz Hartjenstein
Karin Orth: "Die Konzentrationslager-SS. Sozialstrukturelle Analysen und biographische Studien." ungek. Ausg. München 2004,
- Staatliches Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau (Hrsg.): "Auschwitz in den Augen der SS." Oświęcim 1998,
- Tom Segev: "Die Soldaten des Bösen. Zur Geschichte der KZ-Kommandanten". Row... | 6,128,485 |
441240 | Fritz Hartjenstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz%20Hartjenstein | Fritz Hartjenstein
es Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau (Hrsg.): "Auschwitz in den Augen der SS." Oświęcim 1998,
- Tom Segev: "Die Soldaten des Bösen. Zur Geschichte der KZ-Kommandanten". Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1995, .
- Ernst Klee: "Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945." Fischer-Taschen... | 6,128,486 |
441242 | 9th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 9th Armored Division (United States)
9th Armored Division (United States)
The 9th Armored Division (the "Phantom Division") was an armored division of the United States Army during World War II. In honor of their World War II service, the 9th was officially nicknamed the "Phantom Division."
The 9th Armored Division w... | 6,128,487 |
441242 | 9th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 9th Armored Division (United States)
responsive and accurate fire of its artillery battalion, this widely dispersed force stopped every attack for six days until its surrounded infantry were ordered to fight their way back to them. This staunch defense disrupted the precise German attack schedule and thus gave time for... | 6,128,488 |
441242 | 9th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 9th Armored Division (United States)
by reorganizing and redesignating the white elements of the 2nd Cavalry Division. This was only seven months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which was followed just four days later by the German declaration of war on the United States, thus bringing th... | 6,128,489 |
441242 | 9th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 9th Armored Division (United States)
real landing site for Operation Neptune, the amphibious invasion of Northern France. The 9th was assigned to a camp on the British coastline opposite of the German defenses in Pas-de-Calais, ostensibly as part of the "First US Army Group" (FUSAG) under Major General John W. Leonard.... | 6,128,490 |
441242 | 9th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 9th Armored Division (United States)
to September 1942)
Maj. Gen. John W. Leonard (October 1942 to inactivation).
Returned to U.S.: 10 October 1945.
Inactivated: 13 October 1945.
The 9th Armored Division landed in Normandy late in September 1944, and first went into line, 23 October 1944, on patrol duty in a quiet ... | 6,128,491 |
441242 | 9th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 9th Armored Division (United States)
to dig in for a defense of the city. After a rest period in January 1945, the Division prepared to drive across the Roer River. The offensive was launched on 28 February 1945 and the 9th crossed the Roer to Rheinbach, sending patrols into Remagen. On 7 March 1945, elements of the 9t... | 6,128,492 |
441242 | 9th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 9th Armored Division (United States)
on to Frankfurt and then turned to assist in the closing of the Ruhr Pocket. In April it continued east, encircling Leipzig and securing a line along the Mulde River. The Division was shifting south to Czechoslovakia when the war in Europe ended on 9 May 1945.
## Casualties.
- Tot... | 6,128,493 |
441242 | 9th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 9th Armored Division (United States)
Division
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command B
- Headquarters, Reserve Command
- 2nd Tank Battalion
- 14th Tank Battalion
- 19th Tank Battalion
- 27th Armored Infantry Battalion
- 52nd Armored Infa... | 6,128,494 |
441242 | 9th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 9th Armored Division (United States)
Division Trains
- 131st Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
- 2nd Armored Medical Battalion
- Military Police Platoon
- Band
- 509th Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment
- 656th Tank Destroyer Battalion (attached 22 February 1945 past 9 May 1945)
- 811th Tank Destroyer Ba... | 6,128,495 |
441242 | 9th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 9th Armored Division (United States)
1921, within the newly constituted 1st Cavalry Division. Although never officially reorganized, the Brigade was inactive until its 15 October 1940 activation and redesignation and conversion to HHC, 9th Armored Division Trains, and deployed to Europe, receiving campaign-participatio... | 6,128,496 |
441242 | 9th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 9th Armored Division (United States)
the Central Europe theatres of war, and awarded two Meritorious Unit Commendations, with embroidered streamers reading: "Europe 1944" and "Europe 1945".
# Inactivation.
After World War II, the unit returned state-side. The division was inactivated on October 13, 1945, and reactiva... | 6,128,497 |
441201 | Hazing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing | Hazing
Hazing
Hazing (US English), initiation ceremonies (British English), bastardisation (Australian English), ragging (South Asia), or deposition, refers to the practice of rituals, challenges, and other activities involving harassment, abuse or humiliation used as a way of initiating a person into a group includin... | 6,128,498 |
441201 | Hazing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing | Hazing
by institutions such as colleges and universities because it may include either physical or psychological abuse, such as humiliation, nudity, or sexual abuse.
# Terms.
In some languages, terms with a religious theme or etymology are preferred, such as baptism or purgatory (e.g. in Belgian French, in Belgian Du... | 6,128,499 |
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