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536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
Assembly of British Columbia. Subsequently, an elected member of the Liberal Party caucus stepped aside so there could be a by-election in a riding, to provide her with a seat in the House. During her second election as leader, she led her party to win 43 out of 87 ridings. Due to a historic confidence and supply agreement between the NDP and BC Green Party, her party narrowly lost the confidence of the House, forcing her government's resignation. Clark tried unsuccessfully to have the BC Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon reject the NDP-Green Party combined majority and willingness to govern and to call another election. Her decision to leave politics followed shortly after this. Following | 6,130,200 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
a period of repose, Clark was hired by Bennett Jones, a law firm with offices in Vancouver, in May 2018, with more appointments to follow at other institutions and firms.
Clark served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from 1996 to 2005, serving as deputy premier from 2001 to 2005 during the first term of Gordon Campbell's government. She left politics in 2005, and became the host of an afternoon radio talk show. At the time of her leadership victory, Clark was not an MLA. She re-entered the legislature after winning a by-election on May 11, 2011, in Vancouver-Point Grey, the seat left vacant by Campbell.
Her government was re-elected in the 2013 provincial election, but Clark was | 6,130,201 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
defeated by NDP candidate David Eby in her own riding of Vancouver-Point Grey. She was subsequently returned to the legislature in a by-election in Westside-Kelowna on July 10, 2013.
In the 2017 provincial election she was re-elected in Westside-Kelowna. The Liberals were reduced to 43 seats—one short of a majority. After the election, the Liberals entered negotiations with the Green Party of British Columbia, which held the balance of power in the legislature. On May 29, 2017 the Green Party reached a supply agreement with the NDP. Clark subsequently recalled the Legislature, to present a Throne Speech.
On June 29, 2017, her minority government was defeated 44–42, on a motion of non-confidence | 6,130,202 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
by the NDP-Green alliance. Subsequently, Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon denied Clark's request for a snap election and instead asked NDP leader John Horgan to form a minority government. Horgan succeeded Clark as the 36th premier of British Columbia on July 18, 2017, and Clark became Leader of the Opposition. On July 28, Clark announced that she was resigning as Liberal leader effective August 4, 2017, and leaving politics.
# Early life and family.
Clark was born on October 29, 1965, in Burnaby, British Columbia, the daughter of Mavis Audrey (née Bain) and Jim Clark. Her father was a teacher and a three-time candidate for the legislative assembly, and her mother, who was born in Glasgow, | 6,130,203 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
Scotland, was a marriage and family therapist in Vancouver. On June 8, 2016, she shared that, as a 13-year-old girl on her way to work at her first job, she was forcibly grabbed and pulled into some bushes; she also shared that she had been subject to other sexual offences throughout her life and that she had not felt able to share this until a campus sexual assault bill proposed by the Green Party came up.
Clark graduated from Burnaby South Senior Secondary before attending Simon Fraser University (SFU), the Sorbonne in France and the University of Edinburgh in Scotland to major in political science and religious studies. She did not graduate from any post-secondary institution.
In 2001, | 6,130,204 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
Clark gave birth to her only child, Hamish Marissen-Clark, with then husband Mark Marissen. Clark was the second woman in Canadian history to give birth to a child while serving as a cabinet minister, after Pauline Marois, then a Quebec provincial minister, in 1985.
# Early political career.
## Opposition.
Clark was first elected to the legislative assembly in the 1996 election, representing the riding of Port Moody-Burnaby Mountain. During the next five years, she served as the Official Opposition critic for the environment, children and families and for the public service. She also served as the campaign co-chair for the BC Liberals during the 2001 election, in which the party won 77 of | 6,130,205 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
79 seats in the legislative assembly.
## Government.
Following the BC Liberal Party's election victory in 2001, Premier Gordon Campbell appointed Clark Minister of Education and Deputy Premier. She brought in a number of changes that were claimed to increase accountability, strengthen parental power in the decision-making process, and provide parents greater choice and flexibility in the school system. These changes were unpopular amongst teachers, school board members, opposition politicians, and union officials who argued that the decision not to fund the pay increases agreed to by the government resulted in funding gaps. The changes made were challenged by the BC Teacher's Federation, and | 6,130,206 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
were later found to be unconstitutional.
As Education Minister, Clark sought to increase the independence of the BC College of Teachers against heavy opposition from the British Columbia Teachers' Federation. In 2002 the BC Liberals and Education Minister Christy Clark introduced Bills 27 & 28 forcing teachers back to work and banning collective bargaining. In 2011 the BC Supreme Court found Minister Clark's decision to do so unconstitutional.
Clark was deputy premier at the time of the privatization of BC Rail and resulting scandal. Clark was also the co-chair of the 2001 Liberal campaign, which included a platform that specifically promised not to sell BC Rail. In 2009, Michael Bolton, defence | 6,130,207 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
attorney in the Basi-Virk trial, alleged that Clark had participated in the scandal by providing government information to lobbyist Erik Bornmann. These allegations were never proven or tested in court. Her brother Bruce Clark was the subject of one of the warrants. Though confidential draft "Request for Proposal" documents relating to the bid process allegedly provided by Dave Basi were found in Bruce Clark's home no charges were laid against him. Dave Basi and Bob Virk, Liberal Party insiders were charged for accepting benefits from one of the bidders. Clark has rebuffed talk of her links to the scandal as "smear tactics". At the time of the raids and associated warrants, her then-husband | 6,130,208 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
Mark Marissen was visited at home by the RCMP. Her husband was also not under investigation, and was told that he might have been the "innocent recipient" of documents then in his possession.
In 2004, Clark was appointed Minister of Children and Family Development after Minister Gordon Hogg was forced to resign. On September 17, 2004, Clark quit provincial politics and did not seek re-election in the 2005 provincial election. She declared she wanted to spend more time with her three-year-old son.
## Campaign for mayor of Vancouver.
On August 31, 2005, Clark announced that she would seek the nomination of the Non-Partisan Association (NPA) to run for mayor in the Vancouver Civic Elections | 6,130,209 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
against local councillor Sam Sullivan. On September 24, 2005, she lost the NPA's mayoral nomination to Sullivan by 69 votes out of 2,100 cast. Sullivan was subsequently elected Mayor of Vancouver and in 2013 was elected a Liberal MLA while Clark was premier.
# Radio show and columnist.
Clark hosted "The Christy Clark Show," airing weekdays on CKNW 980 AM in Vancouver from August 27, 2007, until the time of her decision to enter the BC Liberal leadership election in December 2010. Clark also served as a weekly columnist for the "Vancouver Province" and the "Vancouver Sun" newspapers during the 2005 provincial election and an election analyst for Global BC and CTV News Channel during the 2006 | 6,130,210 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
federal election.
# Leadership campaign.
On December 8, 2010, Clark officially announced her intent to seek the leadership of the BC Liberal Party. While Clark had long been touted as a potential successor to BC Premier Gordon Campbell, she often claimed she had no further interest in a political career. Public polling conducted prior to and after the announcement of her candidacy showed that Clark was the frontrunner to succeed Campbell as leader of the BC Liberals and premier. Clark launched her leadership bid saying she wanted a "family-first agenda". During the campaign she tried to cast herself as an outsider from the current caucus, and as the only candidate who could provide the change | 6,130,211 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
voters were looking for. Clark's policy proposals included observing a provincial Family Day in February, establishing an Office of the Municipal Auditor General to monitor local government taxation, and to provide a more open government by holding 12 town hall meetings a year to hear from residents. Regarding the controversial Harmonized Sales Tax (HST), she campaigned early on to cancel the referendum scheduled for September 2011. She suggested a free vote in the legislature by MLAs, believing the HST referendum has little chance of success. "Let our MLAs do their jobs and let our MLAs vote down the HST. Do it by March 31 and get it over with and get on with life in B.C.", Clark told a crowd | 6,130,212 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
of about 40 in Pitt Meadows. However, she eventually decided to continue with the planned referendum.
Despite her perceived frontrunner status, backbench MLA Harry Bloy was the only sitting member of BC Liberal caucus to endorse her candidacy for leader. The majority of the caucus supported the campaigns of Kevin Falcon and George Abbott, who were each endorsed by 19 MLAs. While many saw Clark as the best hope for the party there were fears that Clark's past background with the federal Liberal Party could fracture the party. The BC Liberals are not affiliated with any party at the federal level and is considered a "free-enterprise coalition" made up of both federal Conservatives and Liberals, | 6,130,213 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
and there were fears that right-wing supporters would move to the British Columbia Conservative Party which had started to make a comeback in the province after decades of dormancy.
Her campaign faced questions regarding her involvement in the sale of BC Rail due to her cabinet position and family connection to people "mentioned prominently in court documents, including search warrants", with opposition members stating that she "wants to shut down the public's questions about the scandal". It was in the wake of the controversial Basi-Virk guilty pleas that ended the trial proceedings that she declared her candidacy for the party leadership on her radio show. Clark had called for more questions | 6,130,214 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
to be answered about BC Rail, but since then has said that there is no need for a public inquiry, as have the other Liberal Party leadership contenders.
At the leadership convention held on February 26, 2011, Clark was elected leader of the BC Liberals on the third ballot, over former Health Minister Kevin Falcon. She won 52 per cent of the vote, compared to 48 per cent for Falcon.
# Premier of British Columbia (2011–2017).
Clark was sworn in as premier of British Columbia on March 14, 2011, and unveiled a new smaller cabinet on the same day. At the time of her swearing in, she did not hold a seat in the legislature. Clark ran in former Premier Gordon Campbell's riding of Vancouver-Point | 6,130,215 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
Grey and defeated NDP candidate David Eby by 595 votes. Her win marked the first time that a governing party won a by-election in 30 years.
After Clark became premier, the Liberal Party saw a bounce in support and lead in opinion polls, after falling behind the Official Opposition NDP under Campbell. However, the increase in support was short lived and within months the party had fallen behind the NDP once again. Several polls eventually showed a statistical tie between the Liberals and the Conservative Party with support for each party in the low twenties, while support for the NDP was in the high 40s. Internal problems within the Conservative Party towards the end of 2012 saw the party bleed | 6,130,216 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
support to the Liberals.
In the summer of 2012, several high-profile caucus members, including the Ministers of Education and Finance, announced they wouldn't seek re-election. Though Premier Clark suggested she "expected" the resignations, the news shook her government. There was public outrage and disruption within her party, including calls for her resignation, as a result of the Quick Wins ethnic outreach scandal.
During her premiership, she was accused of conflict of interest by MLA and former BC Liberal cabinet minister John van Dongen in relation to the sale of BC Rail during her service as a cabinet minister in the Campbell government. In April 2013, B.C.’s Conflict of Interest Commissioner | 6,130,217 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
released a decision that Clark had been in neither a real nor apparent conflict of interest.
## 2013 re-election.
As the 2013 general election approached, polls showed that Clark was one of the least popular premiers in Canada. Two months prior to the election, The Province newspaper's front page featured a column by pundit Michael Smyth with the banner headline: "If This Man Kicked A Dog He Would Still Win The Election." However, Clark ran a "tightly-focused campaign that centred on jobs, LNG, and a "debt free" B.C." During the leaders' televised debate, Clark attacked NDP leader Adrian Dix for his "waffling position on the Kinder Morgan pipeline expansion". Dix's strategy of taking the "high | 6,130,218 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
road", similar to Jack Layton's successful approach in the 2011 federal election, left him vulnerable to "relentless [BC] Liberal attacks on the economic competence of his party".
Clark defied pollster predictions by leading her party to victory, its fourth consecutive mandate but her first, in the May 13, 2013 provincial election reversing a 20-point lead held by the BC NDP at the beginning of the campaign. However, she suffered personal defeat in Vancouver-Point Grey, losing her seat to the NDP candidate, David Eby by a margin of 785 votes. According to parliamentary precedent, she was entitled to remain premier, but had to win a by-election in order to sit in the Legislative Assembly. She | 6,130,219 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
did not rule out running in a riding outside the Lower Mainland in order to get back into the chamber, telling "The Globe and Mail" that she believed one reason she lost her own riding was that she was devoting so much time to serving the entire province.
On June 4, Clark announced she would run in a by-election for the safe Liberal seat of Westside-Kelowna to re-enter the Legislative Assembly. The incumbent MLA, government whip Ben Stewart, resigned in Clark's favour. Clark won the by-election on July 10, 2013, taking more than 60 per cent of the vote over NDP candidate Carole Gordon.
## Race relations.
In May 2014, Clark gave a formal apology for 160 historical racist and discriminatory | 6,130,220 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
policies imposed against Chinese-Canadians:
While the governments which passed these laws and policies acted in a manner that [was] lawful at the time, today this racist discrimination is seen by British Columbians — represented by all members of the legislative assembly — as unacceptable and intolerable. The entire legislative assembly acknowledges the perseverance of Chinese Canadians that was demonstrated with grace and dignity throughout our history while being oppressed by unfair and discriminatory historical laws.
In October 2014, the British Columbia government exonerated First Nations leaders who had been sentenced to be hanged in the Chilcotin War by Judge Begbie in 1864. Clark stated, | 6,130,221 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
"We confirm without reservation that these six Tsilhqot'in chiefs are fully exonerated for any crime or wrongdoing."
## "Behind The Smile" biography.
In 2016, just prior to an election year, former Liberal MLA Judi Tyabji published an unauthorized biography "Behind the Smile" of Clark. Judi Tyabji, however, has received a $128,000 provincial government grant for a shearing project on the sheep farm she and her husband, former Liberal leader Gordon Wilson, own on the Sunshine Coast; $67,000 went directly to Tyabji's supervision of the project. Clark has also had to fend off criticism involving Wilson, who is being paid $150,000 a year to run LNG-Buy B.C., a site aiming to connect B.C. businesses | 6,130,222 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
with LNG opportunities.
# Federal politics.
## Missing and murdered indigenous women.
Beginning in 2014, Clark has expressed her support for a national inquiry into missing and murdered indigenous women and girls. On December 8, 2015 Clark tweeted her support of the federal government's decision to call such a national inquiry.
## Senate.
In December 2015, Clark expressed her disappointment over Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's plans for a non-partisan senate, saying "appointing senators on merit will give legitimacy to an unelected, unaccountable upper house." She also expressed disappointment over the lack of representation from British Columbia, as of the 105-seat chamber, British Columbia | 6,130,223 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
has only six seats.
# Controversies.
## B.C. Liberal "Ethnic Vote Plan".
A leaked 17-page document dated January 10, 2012 and called "Multicultural Strategy Outreach Plan" was sent by Kim Haakstad, Clark's deputy chief of staff, to the personal email addresses of eight people, including Pamela Martin, former CTV anchor who worked for the premier's office; Brian Bonney, a former government multiculturalism communications director; and former Liberal caucus official Jeff Melland.
The leaked strategy revealed plans to outflank the NDP in its approach to handling the ethnic media, with the objective to "match and then exceed the B.C. NDP's ethnic media efforts in a place of importance equal | 6,130,224 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
to that of so-called mainstream media."
The documents revealed the plan included eight strategy components, including quick wins, election readiness and community engagement.
The quick wins component involved building political capital in ethnic communities by taking what would be perceived as thoughtful and caring actions, stated the documents.
In response to criticisms, Multiculturalism Minister John Yap said the plan was more than a year old and did not completely portray the government's plans for engaging with ethnic communities. "Since coming into the role as minister responsible for multiculturalism, we're reaching out to communities and not following through on some of the ideas that | 6,130,225 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
were listed," he said.
# 2017 campaign.
On September 14, 2016 the B.C. Liberal Party named executive director Laura Miller to be the party's campaign director for the May 9, 2017 provincial election. This was despite facing charges in Ontario for allegedly deleting emails while in service with the Dalton McGuinty provincial Liberal government, charges for which she was later found not guilty.
The BC Liberals planned a bridge to replace the Massey Tunnel. The Liberal government instituted taxes for Metro Vancouver property purchases by foreign buyers ("Foreign Buyers Tax"), and implemented a program of no-interest loans from the government to first-time home buyers.
Clark campaigned on her | 6,130,226 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
government's economic track record, however the opposition NDP and Greens criticized her inaction on "lax political fundraising laws" and portrayed her as "beholden to big money interests", attacking the BC Liberals on "housing, transit and other affordability issues". While B.C. enjoyed strong economic growth and her government had five balanced budgets, B.C. was also "becoming behind the country’s most unequal province, socio-economically speaking, thanks to 37 per cent cuts to income tax levies, tightened rules for welfare eligibility, cuts to child-care subsidies, reductions in support for women’s centres and the doubling of post-secondary tuitions". Furthermore, Clark's approval ratings | 6,130,227 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
dropped due to her "ruthless, hyper-partisan style" which led to the perception that to her "winning always seemed so much more important than governing", in the wake of numerous scandals such as "ethnic outreach" and "triple delete" document destruction. Clark also faced "relentless criticism over bottomless corporate and foreign donations that gave her party a four-fold advantage over the NDP, such that even "The New York Times" labelled B.C. the "wild west" of political cash and the province's elections agency referred its investigation to the RCMP". During her leadership of the B.C. Liberals, she had shifted them "so far to the right [with regards to environmental and energy policies] to | 6,130,228 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
appease its ascendant federal Conservative flank it is now unrecognizable from the centrist party led by Gordon Campbell, her predecessor". The combination of these controversies caused Liberal support in Metro Vancouver to collapse, as an estimated 100,000 voters switched from the Liberals to the Greens.
Furthermore, a video of Clark having a run-in with a disgruntled voter inside a North Vancouver grocery store went viral with the hashtag #IamLinda.
In the 2017 general election, the BC Liberals held the largest number of seats (43), ahead of the NDP (41) and Greens (3), but they were one seat short of forming a majority in the Legislative Assembly.
# Return to the Opposition and Retirement.
After | 6,130,229 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
the election, the Liberals entered negotiations with the Green Party of British Columbia, which held the balance of power in the legislative assembly, however on May 29, 2017 the Greens instead reached a supply agreement with the official opposition NDP. Although NDP leader John Horgan and Green Party leader Andrew Weaver did not have a close personal relationship, Weaver picked the NDP over the Liberals, citing Clark's dismantling of the province's climate change plan (that Weaver worked with then-Premier Gordon Campbell to develop prior to entering politics) plus support for energy companies and pipelines. Furthermore, Horgan reached out to Weaver personally while Clark did not.
Nonetheless, | 6,130,230 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
the Liberal government did not relinquish power yet, and Clark's new cabinet was sworn in on June 8, 2017. Clark subsequently recalled the legislative assembly to test her government's confidence, with a Throne Speech that included billions in new funding and key policies supported by the NDP and Greens. Critics saw the throne speech as a cynical way for the Clark government to "desperately cling to power in selling out her party and its supporters in offering a de facto “renewed” policy platform that stands in stark contrast to the last several years of the B.C. Liberal government and the still-warm corpse of the party’s election platform". Clark's gambit was regarded as unprincipled "because | 6,130,231 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
it’s disrespectful to voters who rely on parties as aggregators of ideas that lead to policies they like", noted that the 30 pledges were absent from the Liberals' election platform, but also the "dramatic conversion to an NDP/Green-light version of her party appear like an over-correction, given the modest shift in support" as the Liberals lost 4 percentage points of popular vote in the general election. However, both the NDP and Green Party leaders said they would not consider legislation by the Liberal minority government, and none of their MLAs broke ranks to support the throne speech.
On June 29, 2017, Clark's minority government was defeated 44–42 after NDP leader John Horgan introduced | 6,130,232 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
a no-confidence motion as an amendment to the Speech from the Throne. Clark then resigned as premier and asked Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon for a new election, contending that an NDP minority government would be unstable due to the need for one of the NDP's members to become Speaker. Clark argued that this would result in a large number of 43-43 votes requiring the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly to use his casting vote. Guichon did not agree, and instead invited Horgan to form a minority government. Horgan had earlier secured confidence and supply from the Greens, allowing him to form a government by one seat. Horgan succeeded Clark as the 36th premier of British Columbia on July | 6,130,233 |
536470 | Christy Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christy%20Clark | Christy Clark
ment would be unstable due to the need for one of the NDP's members to become Speaker. Clark argued that this would result in a large number of 43-43 votes requiring the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly to use his casting vote. Guichon did not agree, and instead invited Horgan to form a minority government. Horgan had earlier secured confidence and supply from the Greens, allowing him to form a government by one seat. Horgan succeeded Clark as the 36th premier of British Columbia on July 18, 2017.
On July 28, 2017, Clark announced that she would resign as Liberal Party Leader and exit from politics, effective August 4, 2017.
# External links.
- Official Biography, Office of the Premier | 6,130,234 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
Big Bear Lake
Big Bear Lake is a reservoir in the San Bernardino Mountains, in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is a completely snow-fed lake, having no other means of tributaries or mechanical replenishment. At a surface elevation of , it has an east-west length of approximately and is approximately at its widest measurement, though the lake's width mostly averages a little more than . These approximations are based on the lake having an optimum retainable water level. At dam's end Big Bear measures its deepest water at .
# History.
The region now known as Big Bear Lake was populated by the indigenous Serrano Indian tribe for approximately 2,500 years. They referred to | 6,130,235 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
the territory as "Yuhaviat" which translates into "Pine Place". They inhabited small villages of 10 to 30 round buildings located along fresh water sources and subsisted on berries, nuts, tubers, acorns, and plentiful game harvested along the lush valley. The Serrano looked at the native grizzly bears as ancestors and did not eat the meat or wear the fur of these massive animals. Several contemporary communities in the area feature place names reflecting the Big Bear region's rich Native history. These include Yucaipa, Cucamonga, and Muscupiabe.
The Big Bear Lake area was first discovered by European explorers when an Indian-hunting party was formed by Benjamin Wilson. Wilson moved to California | 6,130,236 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
during the days of Mexican territorial Alta California. He married into the Spanish landholder family, the Yorbas, and bought a portion of Rancho Jurupa (Riverside) from Juan Bandini. He became a local rancher statesman of great repute.
Wilson had signed on as Justice of the Peace of the Inland Territory and was commissioned by the territorial authorities to locate and pursue Native Americans suspected of raiding ranches in nearby Riverside. This group, led by the fierce Chief Walkara, drove the herd into the Lucerne Valley on the north side of the San Bernardinos. Wilson gathered a posse of 44 men, 22 of whom he sent through the Cajon Pass while he engineered a pincer movement with the other | 6,130,237 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
22 men into the headwaters of the Santa Ana River, effectively cutting the Utes off at the other end of Lucerne.
On the trip Wilson came upon a broad watershed teeming with wildlife, particularly bear. His posse immediately became a hunting party where the men were split into 11 pairs, each pair bringing back a bear hide. Wilson dubbed the grassy expanse "Bear Valley" and one of the nearby shallow seasonal marshes "Big Bear Lake". This same ephemeral feature is today called Baldwin Lake after Elias J. "Lucky" Baldwin of Rancho Santa Anita fame, who bought the nearby Gold Mountain Mine that was renamed for him in 1876. On Wilson's return trip (the posse had presumably lost interest in tracking | 6,130,238 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
renegade Indians), the party took 11 more bear pelts.
In 1859, the newly discovered valley became a venue for gold prospectors. William F. Holcomb, a prospector from Indiana, moved to Los Angeles from the Northern California mines where he heard about the prospecting at Big Bear. He moved to Starvation Flats, where he had little luck the first winter. Because of his marksmanship, he was hired by several of the other miners to hunt bear for meat. With his Indian companion, Holcomb tracked, shot and wounded a grizzly bear one ridge north of Bear Valley. There he noticed a vein of quartz flecked with gold. When this discovery was revealed, the Southern California gold rush was on, and Holcomb | 6,130,239 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
Valley quickly became the largest populated area in San Bernardino County.
In 1884 marshy, nearly flat Bear Valley was dammed with a single arch granite impoundment, which held back some of water for irrigation purposes in the Redlands area. Redlands citrus growers found that the 1884 dam produced insufficient water. The Bear Valley Mutual Water Company (successor to Bear Valley Irrigation Company) hired John S. Eastwood to design a new dam. In 1912 a multiple arch dam was constructed about downstream of the old dam and increased the lake capacity to . The original granite dam still remains, usually under about 20 feet of water. A highway bridge (SR 18) was built over the arches of the new | 6,130,240 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
dam in 1923. A new bypass bridge was built next to the old bridge in 2009, and the old bridge on top of the new dam was removed (12). Elevation at the surface is , but this level fluctuates according to annual snowmelt and runoff. Big Bear Municipal Water District acquired the dam and other assets from the Mutual Water Company in 1977.
The unregulated hunting of grizzly bear in the San Bernardinos took a heavy toll upon the once significant native population, and by 1906 all the local "Ursus californicus" were killed off.
Tourism began with the onset of the automobile and the eventual establishment of highways accessing the seemingly remote area. Hollywood soon discovered Big Bear, and several | 6,130,241 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
movies, particularly westerns, have been filmed in the region.
# Geography.
Big Bear Lake is geophysically defined by its North and South Shore. Big Bear Boulevard follows the South Shore and leads into the Big Bear Valley as a continuation of Highway 18 (the so-called Rim of the World Highway, which approaches from the west). Big Bear Boulevard winds east through Papoose Bay, Boulder Bay and Metcalf Bay, then leads directly east to the city of Big Bear Lake. At a point called The Village, the road turns toward the lake and then curves eastward to Moonridge, the ski resorts at Snow Summit and Bear Mountain, and Stanfield Cutoff, a causeway located near the east end of the lake. Big Bear Boulevard | 6,130,242 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
then continues east into Big Bear City, which is an unincorporated community despite its name. Bear Creek and Siberia Creek flow into the lake and Bear Creek flows out of the lake, traveling about southwest to the Santa Ana River.
North Shore (Highway 38) begins at the Dam Junction of Highway 18. It travels east past the historic location of Gray's Landing, a famous 1920s fishing camp. It turns north around Grout Bay and travels through the small unincorporated town of Fawnskin. The road meanders across North Shore through Forestry lands, past the Big Bear Solar Observatory, past the Big Bear Discovery Center, past the Serrano Campground (U.S.F.S), accessing the public boat launch, and Stanfield | 6,130,243 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
Cutoff. North Shore Drive continues east into Big Bear City and Baldwin Lake.
The primary approach to Big Bear is via Highway 330 out of San Bernardino through Running Springs where it intersects Highway 18. Highway 18 proceeds past Arrowbear and Snow Valley, over 7,200 ft (2,190 m) Lake Vista Summit and across the "Arctic Circle" for a total distance of . Big Bear Lake can also be accessed by Hwy 38 (referred to as 'The Backside') at the San Bernardino (10) Freeway near Redlands, and takes a mile route that passes through Big Bear City on the east. From north of Lucerne Valley, it can be accessed by Highway 18 over the pass into Baldwin Lake and through the north side, into Big Bear City.
## | 6,130,244 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
Climate.
According to the National Weather Service, the warmest month at Big Bear is July, with a daily average temperature of . The coolest month is January, with a daily average temperature of . There are an average of 1.7 days each year with highs of or higher. Freezing temperatures have occurred in every month and occur on an average of 186 days each year, on average from September 24 to June 4. With a period of record dating only back to 1960, the highest temperature recorded was , last recorded on July 15, 1998, while lowest was on January 29, 1979.
Due to the elevation of the weather station, precipitation is greater than in the lowlands of San Bernardino County, averaging a year. The | 6,130,245 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
maximum 24-hour precipitation was on December 6, 1966. Measurable precipitation normally occurs 44.9 days a year. Mountain thunderstorms occasionally produce heavy rainfall, even in midsummer (when most southern California lowland locations are quite dry). Big Bear Lake's climate is "Csb" (Warm-summer Mediterranean) under the Köppen climate classification.
In contrast to most of southern California, the Big Bear Lake region normally receives significant winter snow because of its high elevation. Snowfall, as measured at lake level, averages per season; upwards of can accumulate on the forested ridges bordering the lake, at elevation above . In February 1990, of snow were recorded. The most | 6,130,246 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
snow in 24 hours was on March 27, 1991. The greatest snow depth was on February 3, 1979. Snow has fallen in every month except July and August. There are normally 18 days each year with measurable snow of or more.
# Transportation.
Located east of Los Angeles and surrounded by the San Bernardino National Forest, Big Bear Lake is accessible via three scenic highways: Highway 330 from Highland, Highway 38 from Redlands, and Highway 18 from Victorville to the west, San Bernardino to the east.
# Activities.
Big Bear Lake provides an attractive setting for many outdoor activities, including fishing (trout, bluegill, crappie, catfish and largemouth bass), pleasure boating, and water skiing. Because | 6,130,247 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
of the very cold water and the presence of underwater obstacles near the shorelines, swimming is discouraged. The lake is patrolled by the BBMWD Lake Patrol.
Many lakeside residents have private docks, and visiting boaters obtain mooring in several of the marinas found on both shores. Big Bear Municipal Water District (a special district of the State of California) provides public launches on the east end and west end of North Shore. Local marinas rent various sport and pleasure boats, and parasailing is available.
The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has developed an advisory for Big Bear Lake because of mercury and PCBs found in fish caught here. The advisory | 6,130,248 |
536529 | Big Bear Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Bear%20Lake | Big Bear Lake
des safe eating advice for black bass species, common carp, crappie, and rainbow trout.
# Points of interest.
North Shore (west to east)
- Fawnskin (San Bernardino County uninc.)
- Big Bear Solar Observatory (New Jersey Institute of Technology)
- Big Bear Discovery Center
South Shore (west to east)
- Snow Summit (skiing; snowboarding; mountain biking in summer; ski lift open in summer for sightseeing)
- Bear Mountain (skiing and snowboarding in winter; golf course in summer)
# See also.
- Big Bear City, California, an unincorporated town east of Big Bear Lake
- List of people from Big Bear Lake, California
- List of dams and reservoirs in California
- List of lakes in California | 6,130,249 |
536580 | Distributed Sender Blackhole List | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distributed%20Sender%20Blackhole%20List | Distributed Sender Blackhole List
Distributed Sender Blackhole List
The Distributed Sender Blackhole List was a DNSBL that listed IP addresses of insecure e-mail hosts. DSBL could be used by server administrators to tag or block e-mail messages that came from insecure servers, which is often spam.
The DSBL published its lists as domain name system (DNS) zones that could be queried by anyone on the Internet.
DSBL is a dead RBL as of May 2008. Its administrators continued to run their authoritative nameservers for several months after their decommissioning announcement; as of March 9, 2009, even those servers are offline. At this point, using any *.dsbl.org lookups in an RBL check results in DNS failures and can even prevent | 6,130,250 |
536580 | Distributed Sender Blackhole List | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distributed%20Sender%20Blackhole%20List | Distributed Sender Blackhole List
an SMTP server from starting a conversation.
# Blocking.
It is not possible for DSBL to block or intercept mail. E-mail is sometimes blocked or bounced with a message referencing DSBL. These messages were not blocked by DSBL; they were blocked by the administrator of the "receiving" mail server, who chose to reject messages coming from a potentially-insecure IP address listed by DSBL. See DNSBL for a description of how mail transfer agents interact with these lists.
# Methodology.
DSBL lists IP addresses of hosts that are demonstrated to be insecure. DSBL defines an insecure host as one that allows e-mail to be sent from anyone to anyone else. Normal servers only send mail from their own | 6,130,251 |
536580 | Distributed Sender Blackhole List | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distributed%20Sender%20Blackhole%20List | Distributed Sender Blackhole List
users to anyone else. Insecure servers are commonly abused by spammers, although DSBL does not claim that the hosts have sent spam or have been abused by spammers; only that they could be.
DSBL builds its lists by receiving specially-formatted "listme" e-mails triggered by testers. DSBL itself does not test hosts for security vulnerabilities. The testers use software that causes insecure servers to send a message to an e-mail address monitored by DSBL. The message includes a time-sensitive cryptographically secure cookie to prevent servers from being listed by mistake. When a valid listme message is received DSBL adds the IP address of the server that delivered the message to one of its lists.
For | 6,130,252 |
536580 | Distributed Sender Blackhole List | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distributed%20Sender%20Blackhole%20List | Distributed Sender Blackhole List
these messages to reach DSBL the insecure server must have allowed anyone (a DSBL tester) to send mail to anyone (DSBL's monitored address). This proof-of-vulnerability is kept on file at DSBL's web site.
In addition to open mail relays, DSBL lists hosts that were vulnerable to abuse due to formmail bugs, open proxies, and other problems. Because the testers can use any available method to trigger the listme messages, they can adapt to newly discovered vulnerabilities as spammers do.
The testers normally perform tests on hosts that have sent spam to them. Thus many of the IP addresses listed by DSBL are the addresses of servers that have been abused by spammers.
# Delisting.
For an IP address | 6,130,253 |
536580 | Distributed Sender Blackhole List | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distributed%20Sender%20Blackhole%20List | Distributed Sender Blackhole List
to be removed from DSBL's lists, the administrator of the IP address must demonstrate "accountability" by first requesting, and then responding, to a delisting message from DSBL. The message can only be sent to the postmaster or abuse desk of the listed IP address. The postmaster's e-mail domain is determined by consulting reverse DNS.
Until this accountability test is passed, the host remains listed. Thus it is possible that some of the IP addresses listed by DSBL have been secured, but are still listed because the administrator has not demonstrated accountability by requesting and responding to a de-listing message.
Because DSBL does not perform vulnerability tests, the only criterion for | 6,130,254 |
536580 | Distributed Sender Blackhole List | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distributed%20Sender%20Blackhole%20List | Distributed Sender Blackhole List
removal is this accountability test. It is entirely possible that hosts that are delisted are still vulnerable to abuse. If this is the case, it is expected that the host will be relisted by a tester the next time it is abused.
The problem with the delisting process is that dynamic dial-up IP-addresses which make it to the list will never be delisted since delisting would require to run an SMTP-server in the temporary dial-up IP. Another problem is that they require the SMTP server to be running behind a router that allows packets marked with the ECN bits. This may require an upgrade to the newest router software before the accountability email can be received.
# Automated system and credibility.
DSBL | 6,130,255 |
536580 | Distributed Sender Blackhole List | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distributed%20Sender%20Blackhole%20List | Distributed Sender Blackhole List
is a largely automated system. The delisting process, in particular, is an automated self-service web page. Manual processes are not used to remove an IP address from the list, except in rare cases where a bug in DSBL's software prevented a delisting. DSBL's operators believe that manual delisting processes would undermine the list's credibility.
# Lists.
DSBL operated three lists:
- unconfirmed.dsbl.org: The unconfirmed list contains IP addresses of hosts that have delivered listme messages triggered by anonymous or untrusted testers. DSBL does not recommend using this list as part of a blocking system.
- list.dsbl.org: The trusted list contains IP addresses of hosts that have delivered | 6,130,256 |
536580 | Distributed Sender Blackhole List | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distributed%20Sender%20Blackhole%20List | Distributed Sender Blackhole List
this list as part of a blocking system.
- list.dsbl.org: The trusted list contains IP addresses of hosts that have delivered listme messages triggered by trusted testers.
- multihop.dsbl.org: The multihop list contains IP addresses of hosts that deliver mail for insecure servers. The servers in this list may appear to be secure, but can be abused by spammers because they trust other servers that are insecure. This category sometimes includes the mail servers of large ISPs, and DSBL recommends using this list as part of a message scoring system, not as a blocking list.
# External links.
- DSBL web site
- Source code of DSBL and related software
- Open relay test which can report to DSBL | 6,130,257 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
Rod (unit)
The rod or perch or pole is a surveyor’s tool and unit of length exactly equal to yards, 16 feet, of a statute mile or one-fourth of a surveyor's chain (approximately 5.0292 meters). The rod is useful as a unit of length because whole number multiples of it can form one acre of square measure. The 'perfect acre' is a rectangular area of 43,560 square feet, bounded by sides of length 660 feet and 66 feet (220 yards and 22 yards) or, equivalently, 40 rods and 4 rods. An acre is therefore 160 square rods.
A rod is the same length as a "perch" and is also sometimes called a pole, which measure in using cordage or wood slightly antedated the use of both rods and surveyors chains which | 6,130,258 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
are made of more dimensionally regular materials. Its name derives from the Ancient Roman unit, the "pertica".
The measure also has a relationship to the military pike of about the same size. Both measures date from the sixteenth century, when the pike was still utilized in national armies. The tool, normally configured as a metal rod with eye-ends (loops that could be hooked together), was used commonly until quite recently, when it was supplanted by electronic tools such as surveyor lasers (Lidar) and optical target devices for surveying lands. Surveyors rods and chains are still utilized in rough terrains with heavy overgrowth where laser or other optical measurements are difficult or impossible. | 6,130,259 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
In dialectal English the term "lug" has also been used.
# History.
In England, the perch was officially discouraged in favour of the rod as early as the 15th century; however, local customs maintained its use. In the 13th century perches were variously recorded in lengths of , , and ; and even as late as 1820, a House of Commons report notes lengths of , , , , and even . In Ireland, a perch was standardized at , making an Irish chain, furlong and mile proportionately longer by 27.27% than the "standard" English measure.
Until English King Henry VIII seized the lands of the Roman Catholic Church in 1536, land measures as we now know them were essentially unknown. Instead a narrative system | 6,130,260 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
of landmarks and lists was used. Henry wanted to raise even more funds for his wars than he'd seized directly from church property (he'd also assumed the debts of Monasteries), and as James Burke writes and quotes in the book "Connections": the English monk Richard Benese "produced a book on how to survey land using the simple tools of the time, a rod with cord carrying knots at certain intervals, waxed and resined against wet weather." Benese poetically described the measure of an acre in terms of a perch:
The practice of using surveyor's chains, and perch-length rods made into a detachable stiff chain, came about a century later when iron was a more plentiful and common material. A chain | 6,130,261 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
is a larger unit of length measuring , or 22 yards, or 100 links, or 4 rods (20.1168 meters). There are 10 chains or 40 rods in a furlong (eighth-mile), and so 80 chains or 320 rods in one statute mile (1760 yards, 1609.344 m, 1.609344 km); the definition of which was set by Royal surveyor (called the 'sworn viewer') John Ogilby only after the Great Fire of London (1666).
An acre is defined as the area of 10 square chains (that is, an area of one chain by one furlong), and derives from the shapes of new-tech plows and the desire to quickly survey seized church lands into a quantity of squares for quick sales by Henry VIII's agents; buyers simply wanted to know what they were buying whereas | 6,130,262 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
Henry was raising cash for wars against Scotland and France. Consequently, the surveyor's chain and surveyor rods or poles (the perch) have been used for several centuries in Britain and in many other countries influenced by British practices such as North America and Australia. By the time of the industrial revolution and the quickening of land sales, canal and railway surveys, et al. Surveyor rods such as used by George Washington were generally made of dimensionally stable metal—semi-flexible drawn wrought iron linkable bar stock (not steel), such that the four folded elements of a chain were easily transportable through brush and branches when carried by a single man of a surveyor's crew. | 6,130,263 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
With a direct ratio to the length of a surveyor's chain and the sides of both an acre and a square (mile), they were common tools used by surveyors, if only to lay out a known plottable baseline in rough terrain thereafter serving as the reference line for instrumental (theodolite) triangulations.
The rod as a survey measure was standardized by Edmund Gunter in England in 1607 as one-fourth of a chain (of ), or long.
## In ancient cultures.
The perch as a lineal measure in Rome (also "decempeda") was , and in France varied from 10 feet ("perche romanie") to 22 feet ("perche d'arpent"—apparently of "the range of an arrow"—about 220 feet). To confuse matters further, by ancient Roman definition, | 6,130,264 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
an arpent equalled 120 Roman feet. The related unit of square measure was the "scrupulum" or "decempeda quadrata", equivalent to about .
## In continental Europe.
Units comparable to the perch, pole or rod were used in many European countries, with names that include and "canne", , and "pertica", and . They were subdivided in many different ways, and were of many different lengths.
Based on data from the following:
- - Niemann (Quedlinburg and Leipzig - 1830).
## In Britain.
In England, the rod is first defined in law by the Composition of Yards and Perches, one of the statutes of uncertain date from the late 13th to early 14th centuries.
The length of the "chain" was standardized in | 6,130,265 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
1620 by Edmund Gunter at exactly four rods. Fields were measured in "acres", which were one chain (four rods) by one furlong (in the United Kingdom, ten chains).
Bars of metal one rod long were used as standards of length when surveying land. The rod was still in use as a common unit of measurement in the mid-19th century, when Henry David Thoreau used it frequently when describing distances in his work, "Walden".
A "Scottish rood" ("ruid" in Lowland Scots, "ròd" in Scottish Gaelic) was a land measurement of Anglo-Saxon origin. It was in greatest use in the South East of Scotland, and along the border, whereas in the north various other systems were used, based on the land's productivity, | 6,130,266 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
rather than actual area. Four Scottish roods made up a Scottish acre.
As in England, "rood" was also used to mean a cross or crucifix, whence "Holyrood" (the name of the new Scottish parliament), an Anglicisation of the Lowland Scots "haly ruid" (holy cross), and also "The Dream of the Rood".
Equivalent to -
- Scottish units:
- acre, 40 square falls
- Metric system
- 12.7 ares, 1270 square metres
- Imperial system
- 1.3 roods (English)
# Modern use.
The rod was phased out as a legal unit of measurement in the United Kingdom as part of a ten-year metrication process that began on 24 May 1965.
In the US, the rod, along with the chain, furlong, and statute mile (as well as the survey | 6,130,267 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
inch and survey foot) are based on the pre-1959 values for United States customary units of linear measurement. The Mendenhall Order of 1893 defined the yard as exactly meters, with all other units of linear measurement, including the rod, based on the yard.
In 1959, an international agreement (the International yard and pound agreement), defined the yard as the fundamental unit of length in the Imperial/USCU system, defined as exactly 0.9144 metres. However, the above-noted units, when used in surveying, may retain their pre-1959 values, depending on the legislation in each state.
Despite no longer being in widespread use, the rod is still employed in certain specialized fields. In recreational | 6,130,268 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
canoeing, maps measure portages (overland paths where canoes must be carried) in rods; typical canoes are approximately one rod long. The term is also in widespread use in the acquisition of pipeline easements, as the offers for an easement are often expressed on a "price per rod".
In the United Kingdom, the sizes of allotment gardens continue to be measured in square poles in some areas, sometimes being referred to simply as "poles" rather than "square poles".
In Vermont, the default right-of-way width of state and town highways and trails is three rods (49.5 feet or 15.0876 m). Rods can also be found on the older legal descriptions of tracts of land in the United States, following the "metes | 6,130,269 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
and bounds" method of land survey; as shown in this actual legal description of rural real estate:
# Area and volume.
The terms "pole", "perch", "rod" and "rood" have been used as units of area, and "perch" is also used as a unit of volume. As a unit of area, a "square perch" (the perch being standardized to equal feet, or yards) is equal to a square rod, or acre. There are 40 square perches to a rood (e.g., a rectangular area one furlong (10 chains i.e. 40 rods) in length by one rod in width), and 160 square perches to an acre (an area one furlong by one chain (i.e. 4 rods)). This unit is usually referred to as a "perch" or "pole" even though "square perch" and "square pole" were the more | 6,130,270 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
precise terms. Confusingly, "rod" was also sometimes used as a unit of area to refer to a rood.
However, in the traditional French-based system in some countries, 1 square "perche" is 42.21 square metres.
As of August 2013 perches and roods are used as government survey units in Jamaica. They appear on most property title documents. The perch is also in extensive use in Sri Lanka, being favored even over the rood and acre in real estate listings there.
Perches were informally used as a measure in Queensland real estate until the early 21st century, mostly for historical gazetted properties in older suburbs.
## Volume.
A traditional unit of volume for stone and other masonry. A perch of | 6,130,271 |
536505 | Rod (unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20(unit) | Rod (unit)
volume for stone and other masonry. A perch of masonry is the volume of a stone wall one perch () long, high, and thick. This is equivalent to exactly .
There are two different measurements for a perch depending on the type of masonry that is being built:
- 1. A dressed stone work is measured by the -cubic foot perch () long, high, and thick. This is equivalent to exactly .
- 2. a brick work or rubble wall made of broken stone of irregular size, shape and texture, made of undressed stone, is measured by the () long, high, and thick. This is equivalent to exactly .
# See also.
- Chain (unit)
- Furlong
- Imperial units
- English units
- United States customary units
- Anthropic units | 6,130,272 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
Captive portal
A captive portal is a web page accessed with a web browser that is displayed to newly connected users of a Wi-Fi network before they are granted broader access to network resources. Captive portals are commonly used to present a landing or log-in page which may require authentication, payment, acceptance of an end-user license agreement, acceptable use policy, survey completion, or other valid credentials that both the host and user agree to adhere by. Captive portals are used for a broad range of mobile and pedestrian broadband services - including cable and commercially provided Wi-Fi and home hotspots. A captive portal can also be used to provide access to enterprise or residential | 6,130,273 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
wired networks, such as apartment houses, hotel rooms, and business centers.
The captive portal is presented to the client and is stored either at the gateway or on a web server hosting the web page. Depending on the feature set of the gateway, websites or TCP ports can be white-listed so that the user would not have to interact with the captive portal in order to use them. The MAC address of attached clients can also be used to bypass the login process for specified devices.
# Uses.
Captive portals are primarily used in open wireless networks where the users are shown a welcome message informing them of the conditions of access (allowed ports, liability, etc.). Administrators tend to do | 6,130,274 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
this so that their own users take responsibility for their actions and to avoid any legal responsibility. Whether this delegation of responsibility is legally valid is a matter of debate.
Often captive portals are used for marketing and commercial communication purposes. Access to the Internet over open Wi-Fi is prohibited until the user exchanges personal data by filling out a web-based registration form in a web browser. The web-based form either automatically opens in a web browser, or appears when the user opens a web browser and tries to visit any web page. In other words, the user is "captive" - unable to access the Internet freely until the user is granted access to the Internet and | 6,130,275 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
has "completed" the captive portal. This allows the provider of this service to display or send advertisements to users who connect to the Wi-Fi access point. This type of service is also sometimes known as "social Wi-Fi", as they may ask for a social network account to login (such as Facebook). Over the past few years, such social Wi-Fi captive portals have become commonplace with various companies offering marketing centered around Wi-Fi data collection.
The user can find many types of content in the captive portal, and it's frequent to allow access to the Internet in exchange for viewing content or performing a certain action (often, providing personal data to enable commercial contact); | 6,130,276 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
thus, the marketing use of the captive portal is a tool for lead generation (business contacts or potential clients).
# Implementation.
There is more than one way to implement a captive portal.
## HTTP redirect.
A common method is to direct all World Wide Web traffic to a web server, which returns an HTTP redirect to a captive portal. When a modern, internet-enabled device first connects to a network, it sends out an HTTP request to a detection URL predefined by its vendor and expects an HTTP status code of 204. If the device receives a HTTP 204 status code, it assumes it has unlimited internet access. Captive portal prompts are displayed when you are able to manipulate this first HTTP message | 6,130,277 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
to return a HTTP status code of 302 (redirect) to the captive portal of your choice.
## ICMP redirect.
Client traffic can also be redirected using ICMP redirect on the layer 3 level.
## Redirect by DNS.
When a client requests a World Wide Web resource, DNS is queried by the browser. In a captive portal, the firewall will make sure that only the DNS server(s) provided by the network's DHCP can be used by unauthenticated clients (or, alternatively, it will forward all DNS requests by unauthenticated clients to that DNS server). This DNS server will return the IP address of the captive portal page as a result of all DNS lookups.
In order to perform redirection by DNS the captive portal uses | 6,130,278 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
DNS hijacking to perform an action similar to a man-in-the-middle attack. To limit the impact of DNS poisoning, a TTL of 0 is typically used.
# Circumvention of captive portals.
Captive portals have been known to have incomplete firewall rule sets. In some deployments, the rule set will route DNS requests from clients to the Internet, or the provided DNS server will fulfill arbitrary DNS requests from the client. This allows a client to bypass the captive portal and access the open Internet by tunneling arbitrary traffic within DNS packets.
Some captive portals may be configured to allow appropriately equipped user agents to detect the captive portal and automatically authenticate. User agents | 6,130,279 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
and supplemental applications such as Apple's Captive Portal Assistant can sometimes transparently bypass the display of captive portal content against the wishes of the service operator as long as they have access to correct credentials, or they may attempt to authenticate with incorrect or obsolete credentials, resulting in unintentional consequences such as accidental account locking.
A captive portal that uses MAC addresses to track connected devices can sometimes be circumvented by connecting a router that allows setting of the router MAC address. Router firmware often calls this MAC cloning. Once a computer or tablet has been authenticated to the captive portal using a valid username | 6,130,280 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
and valid password, the MAC address of that computer or tablet can be entered into the router which will often continue to be connected through the captive portal as it shows to have the same MAC address as the computer or tablet that was previously connected.
# Limitations.
Some of these implementations merely require users to pass a TLS or SSL encrypted login page, after which their IP and MAC address are allowed to pass through the gateway. This has been shown to be exploitable with a simple packet sniffer. Once the IP and MAC addresses of other connecting computers are found to be authenticated, any machine can spoof the MAC address and Internet Protocol (IP) address of the authenticated | 6,130,281 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
target, and be allowed a route through the gateway. For this reason some captive portal solutions created extended authentication mechanisms to limit the risk for usurpation.
Captive portals often require the use of a web browser; this is usually the first application that users start after connected to the Internet, but users who first use an email client or other application that relies on the Internet may find the connection not working without explanation, and will then need to open a web browser to validate. This may be problematic for users who do not have any web browser installed on their operating system. It is however sometimes possible to use email and other facilities that do not | 6,130,282 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
rely on DNS (e.g. if the application specifies the connection IP rather than the hostname). A similar problem can occur if the client uses AJAX or joins the network with pages already loaded into its web browser, causing undefined behavior (for example, corrupt messages appear) when such a page tries HTTP requests to its origin server.
Similarly, as HTTPS connections cannot be redirected (at least not without triggering security warnings), a web browser that only attempts to access secure websites before being authorised by the captive portal will see those attempts fail without explanation (the usual symptom is that the intended website appears to be down or inaccessible).
Platforms that | 6,130,283 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
have Wi-Fi and a TCP/IP stack but do not have a web browser that supports HTTPS cannot use many captive portals. Such platforms include the Nintendo DS running a game that uses Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Non-browser authentication is possible using WISPr, an XML-based authentication protocol for this purpose, or MAC-based authentication or authentications based on other protocols.
It is also possible for a platform vendor to enter into a service contract with the operator of a large number of captive portal hotspots to allow free or discounted access to the platform vendor's servers via the hotspot's walled garden. One such example is the 2005 deal between Nintendo and Wayport to provide free | 6,130,284 |
536539 | Captive portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive%20portal | Captive portal
ed on other protocols.
It is also possible for a platform vendor to enter into a service contract with the operator of a large number of captive portal hotspots to allow free or discounted access to the platform vendor's servers via the hotspot's walled garden. One such example is the 2005 deal between Nintendo and Wayport to provide free Wi-Fi access to Nintendo DS users at certain McDonald's restaurants. Also, VoIP SIP ports could be allowed to bypass the gateway to allow phones to work.
# See also.
- HTTP proxy
- Proximity marketing
- Mobile location analytics
# External links.
- Android Captive Portal Setup
- Captive-Portal Identification Using DHCP or Router Advertisements (RAs) | 6,130,285 |
536591 | North American fraternity and sorority housing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North%20American%20fraternity%20and%20sorority%20housing | North American fraternity and sorority housing
North American fraternity and sorority housing
North American fraternity and sorority housing refers largely to the houses or housing areas in which fraternity and sorority members live and work together. In addition to serving as housing, fraternity and sorority housing may also serve to host social gatherings, meetings, and functions that benefit the community.
# History.
The first fraternity house seems to have been located at Alpha Epsilon of Chi Psi at the University of Michigan around 1846. As fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods.
Fraternity chapter housing initially existed in two forms: lodges that | 6,130,286 |
536591 | North American fraternity and sorority housing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North%20American%20fraternity%20and%20sorority%20housing | North American fraternity and sorority housing
served as meeting rooms and houses that had boarding rooms.
The lodges came first and were largely replaced by houses with living accommodations. Lodges were often no more than rented rooms above stores or taverns. The idea of substantial fraternity housing caught on quickly but was accomplished with much greater ease in the North as southern college students had far less available money for construction.
The first fraternity house in the South was likely one rented by members of Beta Theta Pi at Hampden–Sydney College from at least 1856. Alpha Tau Omega was then the first fraternity to own a house in the South when, in 1880, its chapter at acquired one.
Early chapters of women's fraternities | 6,130,287 |
536591 | North American fraternity and sorority housing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North%20American%20fraternity%20and%20sorority%20housing | North American fraternity and sorority housing
often rented houses where they could live together, usually with a chaperone. This was in a day before colleges and universities had housing available. The first chapter house built by a women's fraternity was the one Alpha Phi erected one at Syracuse University in 1886.
Many colleges eventually came to support fraternity and sorority housing as they allowed increased enrollment without construction of costly dormitories. The nature of this benefit varied between campuses as some houses were paid for entirely by alumni, some were rented, and some were built on land leased from the college. It was further recognized that, while fraternities having chapter houses did not raise academic performance, | 6,130,288 |
536591 | North American fraternity and sorority housing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North%20American%20fraternity%20and%20sorority%20housing | North American fraternity and sorority housing
it did have a tendency to keep it from falling as the chapters could not afford (financially) to have members leaving school and no longer paying for their rooms.
The Inter-Sorority Congress of 1913 saw the establishment of uniform rules and regulations regarding life in chapter houses.
The number of houses owned by fraternities and sororities grew from 772 in 1915 to 928 in 1920.
# Design.
Fraternity and sorority houses range in size from three to twenty bedrooms or more. They can usually be identified by large Greek letters or flags on the front of the house. The larger houses generally have a large meeting room and/or dining room, commercial kitchen and study room. There is usually a | 6,130,289 |
536591 | North American fraternity and sorority housing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North%20American%20fraternity%20and%20sorority%20housing | North American fraternity and sorority housing
lounge of some sort, access to which is often restricted to fully initiated members. Fraternities and sororities will also often maintain a chapter room, to which only initiates may ever be admitted and even whose existence may be kept secret. The walls of the house may be decorated with pictures of past chapter events, awards and trophies, decorative (or historic) paddles, or composite photos of members from past years.
In some fraternities or sororities, only the representatives live in the houses while in others the entire fraternity or sorority may live in the house. Other, larger fraternities or sororities may have more than one house to accommodate all of its members.
# Policies.
Fraternity | 6,130,290 |
536591 | North American fraternity and sorority housing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North%20American%20fraternity%20and%20sorority%20housing | North American fraternity and sorority housing
and sorority houses are typically owned either by a corporation of alumni, the sponsoring national organization, or the host college. For this reason, such houses may be subject to the rules of the host college, the national organization, or both.
Due to the increase in widely publicized alcohol-related deaths on college campuses, many national organizations and host colleges have implemented dry housing policies in which the consumption and possession of alcohol is prohibited on house property. Some colleges make this policy conditional on overall grade performance.
In addition to banning alcohol, many university-owned fraternity and sorority houses have smoking bans in place inside.
Because | 6,130,291 |
536591 | North American fraternity and sorority housing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North%20American%20fraternity%20and%20sorority%20housing | North American fraternity and sorority housing
les of the host college, the national organization, or both.
Due to the increase in widely publicized alcohol-related deaths on college campuses, many national organizations and host colleges have implemented dry housing policies in which the consumption and possession of alcohol is prohibited on house property. Some colleges make this policy conditional on overall grade performance.
In addition to banning alcohol, many university-owned fraternity and sorority houses have smoking bans in place inside.
Because of residential requirements, some college campuses and national chapter administrations also prohibit members of the opposite sex on certain floors of fraternity and sorority houses. | 6,130,292 |
536586 | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Adventure%20of%20the%20Lion's%20Mane | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane
The Adventure of the Lion's Mane
"The Adventure of the Lion's Mane" (1926), one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is one of 12 stories in the cycle collected as "The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes". It is notable for being narrated by Holmes himself, instead of by Dr. Watson (who does not appear in the story).
# Plot.
Holmes is enjoying his retirement in Sussex when one day at the beach, he meets his friend Harold Stackhurst, the headmaster of a nearby preparatory school called The Gables. No sooner have they met than Stackhurst's science teacher, Fitzroy McPherson, staggers up to them, clearly in agony and wearing only an overcoat and | 6,130,293 |
536586 | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Adventure%20of%20the%20Lion's%20Mane | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane
trousers. He collapses, manages to say something about a "lion's mane", and then succumbs. He is observed to have red welts all over his back, possibly administered by a flexible weapon of some kind, for the marks curve over his shoulder and round his ribs.
Moments later, Ian Murdoch, a mathematics teacher at The Gables, comes up behind them. He has not seen the attack, and has only just arrived at the beach from the school. Holmes sees a couple of people far up the beach, but thinks they are much too far away to have had anything to do with McPherson's death. Likewise, the few fishing boats off the beach are too far out.
It emerges that Murdoch and McPherson were friends, but had not always | 6,130,294 |
536586 | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Adventure%20of%20the%20Lion's%20Mane | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane
been. Murdoch is an enigmatic fellow with an occasional bad temper. He once threw McPherson's dog through a plate-glass window, for instance. Despite this, Stackhurst is sure that the two were on good terms with each other.
McPherson also had a lover, and on further investigation, it turns out that Maud Bellamy was McPherson's fiancée. A note confirming a meeting with her was found on McPherson, although it gave no clear details.
Holmes goes to look at the lagoon formed by a recent storm that local men have been using as a bathing pond. He sees McPherson's towel lying there dry and concludes that he never went into the water. Holmes arranges to have the caves and other nooks at the foot of | 6,130,295 |
536586 | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Adventure%20of%20the%20Lion's%20Mane | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane
the cliffs searched. Nothing and no-one turns up, which is what Holmes expected would be the case.
Stackhurst and Holmes decide to go and see Miss Bellamy to see whether she can shed any light on this perplexing mystery. Just as they are approaching The Haven, the Bellamys' house, they see Ian Murdoch emerge. Stackhurst demands to know what he was doing there, and an angry exchange ensues with Murdoch declaring in effect that it is none of Stackhurst's business. Stackhurst loses his temper and sacks Murdoch on the spot. Murdoch then storms off to get ready to move out.
They visit the Bellamys and find an amazingly beautiful woman in Maud Bellamy, but two extremely unpleasant men in her father | 6,130,296 |
536586 | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Adventure%20of%20the%20Lion's%20Mane | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane
and muscular brother. It seems that Mr. Bellamy and his son did not approve of the liaison between Maud and McPherson; indeed, they do not even find out about the engagement until this meeting, so secret had been the affair. Maud says that she will help however she can. It emerges that Murdoch was once a potential suitor to Miss Bellamy. This, in turn, causes Holmes to suspect that he may be responsible for McPherson's death, out of jealousy.
Then McPherson's dog is found dead at the pool where McPherson met his end. It obviously died in agony, much as its master had. At this point, Holmes begins to suspect something else. The dead McPherson's dying words, "lion's mane," have triggered a memory, | 6,130,297 |
536586 | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Adventure%20of%20the%20Lion's%20Mane | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane
but he cannot quite place it.
Inspector Bardle of the Sussex Constabulary visits Holmes to ask if there is enough evidence to arrest Murdoch. Holmes is sure that there is not. Murdoch has an alibi. He also could not have singlehandedly overcome McPherson, who was quite strong, despite having heart trouble. The two men also consider McPherson's wounds. The weals actually looked as though they may have been administered by a hot wire mesh, or perhaps a cat o' nine tails. Holmes is about to go back to the bathing pond to test a theory he has formed which might explain McPherson's death. As he is about to leave, Murdoch arrives, helped in by Stackhurst, who is afraid that Murdoch might be dying; | 6,130,298 |
536586 | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Adventure%20of%20the%20Lion's%20Mane | The Adventure of the Lion's Mane
he fainted twice in pain. He has the same wounds on him that McPherson had. In great agony, he passes out, but finally recovers.
At the bathing pond, Holmes spots the murderer: a Lion's Mane Jellyfish ("Cyanea capillata"), a deadly creature about which Holmes has read. Holmes takes a rock and kills it. Murdoch is exonerated. It turns out that, given his former relationship with Maud, he acted as a go-between for her and McPherson, but for the same reason, did not wish to discuss it with anyone. Stackhurst forgives Murdoch and gives him his job back.
# Narrator.
This is one of only two stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to be narrated by Sherlock Holmes himself instead of Dr. Watson. The other | 6,130,299 |
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