wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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536435 | Sea swallow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20swallow | Sea swallow
Sea swallow
Sea swallow may refer to:
- the common tern, "Sterna hirundo", a seabird in the family Laridae
- "Glaucus atlanticus", a pelagic aeolid nudibranch | 6,130,000 |
536436 | Perkins County | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perkins%20County | Perkins County
Perkins County
Perkins County is the name of two counties in the United States:
- Perkins County, Nebraska
- Perkins County, South Dakota | 6,130,001 |
536443 | Pennington County | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennington%20County | Pennington County
Pennington County
Pennington County is the name of two counties in the United States:
- Pennington County, Minnesota
- Pennington County, South Dakota | 6,130,002 |
536445 | Pendleton County | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendleton%20County | Pendleton County
Pendleton County
Pendleton County is the name of two counties in the United States:
- Pendleton County, Kentucky
- Pendleton County, West Virginia | 6,130,003 |
536446 | Treaty of Ulm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Ulm | Treaty of Ulm
Treaty of Ulm
Treaty of Ulm can refer to one of several treaties signed in Ulm, Germany:
- Treaty of Ulm (1326), establishing the joint rule of Frederick the Fair and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor in the Holy Roman Empire
- Treaty of Ulm (1620), under which the Protestant Union established its neutrality in the conflict between Frederick V of the Palatinate and the Catholic League
- Truce of Ulm (1647), establishing a truce between France, Sweden, and Bavaria during the Thirty Years' War | 6,130,004 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
1997 Red River flood
The Red River flood of 1997 was a major flood that occurred in April and May 1997 along the Red River of the North in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Southern Manitoba. It was the most severe flood of the river since 1826. The flood reached throughout the Red River Valley, affecting the cities of Fargo and Winnipeg, but none so greatly as Grand Forks and East Grand Forks, where floodwaters reached more than inland. They inundated virtually everything in the twin communities. Total damages for the Red River region were US$3.5 billion. The flood was the result of abundant snowfall and extreme temperatures.
Flooding in Manitoba resulted in over $500 million in damages. The Red | 6,130,005 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
River Floodway, an artificial waterway completed in 1968 and known as "Duff's Ditch", diverted some floodwaters around Winnipeg, saving it from flooding. As a result of the 1997 flood and its extensive property losses, the United States and state governments made additional improvements to the flood protection system in North Dakota and Minnesota. They converted former areas of development in the floodplain on both sides of the river to the Greater Grand Forks Greenway, providing year-round recreation areas for residents as well as a natural way to absorb floodwaters. A dike system was built to protect the twin Forks cities.
In Grand Forks, thousands of people, including Air Force personnel | 6,130,006 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
from Grand Forks Air Force Base, tried to prepare for the 1997 flood by building sandbag dikes. These dikes were constructed based on a 49-foot estimate of flooding set by the National Weather Service. The river crested at 54 feet in Grand Forks. Grand Forks mayor Pat Owens had to order the evacuation of more than 50,000 people, most of the population of the city, as a huge area was flooded. A large fire started in Grand Forks, engulfing eleven buildings and sixty apartment units before being extinguished.
Those affected by the flood in the U.S. received donations from across the nation, along with billions of dollars in federal aid. City officials and flood-forecasters were criticized for | 6,130,007 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
the difference in estimates and actual flood levels.
In the aftermath, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) worked with the cities of Grand Forks and East Grand Forks to clear residential and business development from a large area of floodplain, because of the certainty of future regional floods. A system of new dikes was built beyond this on both sides of the river to prevent damage to the cities from future floods. They also redeveloped the floodplain along the river as the Greater Grand Forks Greenway, including several parks, a Minnesota state campground recreation area, and a 20-mile biking and walking trail.
# Previous floods.
The Red River of the North has flooded repeatedly | 6,130,008 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
through the centuries. It is highly prone to spring flooding because of its northward flow, the nearly flat former lake bed of the valley, and ice formation on the river. As spring approaches, the snow melts from south to north in the same direction as the riverflow. At times high waters encounter ice on the river and back up, spreading out of the banks. The wide flatness of the terrain, formed from an ancient lake bed, and the low slope of the river also contribute to severe flooding in the region.
Serious floods occurred in 1948 and 1950. The 1950 flood reached a high of 30 ft (9.2 m) at Winnipeg and caused the largest evacuation in Canada's history: an estimated 70,000 to 100,000 people | 6,130,009 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
had to be evacuated. An estimated $606 million CAD (1997) of damage resulted. In the aftermath, the government of Manitoba and the Canadian federal government constructed flood safety measures.
The first known records of floods along the Red River were documented in the 1770s. Severe floods have occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, including in 1979. Residents and officials incorrectly assumed that homes that were safe in 1979 would be beyond the reach of a future flood.
# Impacts.
## North Dakota and Minnesota.
The Red River forms the border between Minnesota and North Dakota. A few sets of "sister cities" developed along opposite sides of the river. Grand Forks, North Dakota | 6,130,010 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
and its counterpart East Grand Forks, Minnesota, were the pair most severely affected by the 1997 flood. Fargo, North Dakota/Moorhead, Minnesota (Fargo-Moorhead) and Wahpeton, North Dakota/Breckenridge, Minnesota also had severe flooding. Much of the flooding accumulated not only because of the rising river levels, but also from overland flooding, as meltwater did not drain away. Temporary dikes were erected along the riverfront and around the edges of towns, but were sometimes overwhelmed.
It was difficult for the cities to prepare for such an enormous flood. The National Weather Service (NWS) had forecast that the river would crest at 49 feet (14.9 m), which was its highest level during the | 6,130,011 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
1979 flood. The cities had built dikes to this level, but the river continued to rise past it. Taken by surprise, the NWS did not upgrade its forecast until April 16, the day the river reached 49 feet.
The dikes in the low-lying Lincoln Drive neighborhood of Grand Forks were the first to break, doing so early on April 18, as the river kept rising. Other dikes in the Grand Forks and East Grand Forks area failed that day and the next, flooding thousands of homes. During this time, Grand Forks mayor Pat Owens ordered the evacuation of more than 50,000 people, much of the population of the city. This was the largest evacuation in the United States since the evacuation of residents in Atlanta, Georgia | 6,130,012 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
during the Civil War.
Water reached areas more than two miles (3 km) inland from the Red River, requiring evacuation of all of East Grand Forks and 75% of Grand Forks. School was cancelled in both cities for the remainder of the term, as were classes at the University of North Dakota. All transportation was cut off between the two cities (and for many miles, the two states). East Grand Forks residents were evacuated to nearby Crookston, namely to the University of Minnesota Crookston. Residents of Grand Forks were given mandatory evacuation orders on April 18, and retreated to Grand Forks Air Force Base (residents stayed in airplane hangars, which were supplied with more than 3,000 cots). Many | 6,130,013 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
residents also evacuated to motels and homes in outlying communities.
The river crested at 54.35 feet (16.6 m) on April 21, and the river level did not fall below 49 feet (14.9 m) until April 26. Because water drained so slowly out of the most low-lying areas, some homeowners could not visit their damaged properties until May. By May 30, the Red River had receded below flood stages everywhere in North Dakota.
## Manitoba.
The province of Manitoba completed the Red River Floodway in 1968 after six years of construction, built permanent dikes in eight towns south of Winnipeg, and built clay dikes and diversion dams in the Winnipeg area. Other flood control structures completed later were the | 6,130,014 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
Portage Diversion and the Shellmouth Dam on the Assiniboine River. Even with these flood protection measures, in 1997 the province had a flood cresting at . It caused 28,000 people to be evacuated and $500 million CAD in damage to property and infrastructure.
The 1997 flood was a 100-year flood. It came close to overwhelming Winnipeg's existing flood protection system. At the time, the Winnipeg Floodway was designed to protect against a flow of , but the 1997 flow was .
To compensate, the province broke operational rules for the Floodway, as defined in legislation, during the night of April 30 / May 1, to prevent waters in Winnipeg from rising above the designed limit of above the "James Avenue | 6,130,015 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
datum", but causing additional flooding upriver. The mayor of Winnipeg, announcing that the design limit had been reached, misinterpreted this as good news that the flooding had peaked. City sand-bagging stopped, and national reporters left the city, but the water continued to rise inside and outside of the city until the peak late on May 3 / early on May 4. The city officials have said that the peak occurred on May 1; scientific reports record a peak on May 3/4.
Towns upriver of Winnipeg, forewarned by footage of buildings in Grand Forks burning and covered in meters of water, built ring dikes to protect their homes and properties. The province of Manitoba called in the Canadian Forces, the | 6,130,016 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and the provincial Department of Natural Resources. Many people chose to evacuate, including residents from Morris, who had only two days notice to evacuate to Winnipeg. Thousands of volunteers helped to build sandbag dikes around homes and property. An emergency long dike, later called the Brunkild Z-dike, was constructed in a matter of days when officials realized that overland flooding threatened the city of Winnipeg. It cost $10 million (CAD).
Almost all of the ring dikes around the towns held, except for that at Ste. Agathe. The town's dike system was prepared for the river approaching from the south, but the river had spread widely and floodwaters swamped | 6,130,017 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
the town from the west. At the flood's peak in Canada on May 4, the Red River occupied an area of 1,840 km (710 mi) with more than 2,560 km (990 mi) of land underwater, which earned it the nickname "Red Sea."
While the flooding was still underway, the federal Liberal government led by Jean Chrétien called a snap election. Several of the party's MPs from the province, including Reg Alcock, requested a delay until the flooding was under control. When Chrétien let the election go ahead as originally planned, Alcock transformed his campaign office into a volunteer relief centre, spending his time in relief efforts instead of campaigning, and won re-election.
# Aftermath.
In July, Canadian Prime | 6,130,018 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
Minister Jean Chrétien and United States President Bill Clinton appointed the International Red River Basin Task Force, comprising members from both countries. The task force's purpose was to find ways to improve flood forecasting.
The province of Manitoba asked the International Joint Commission (IJC) to provide a report on the flood event and to recommend measures to ensure further flood protection for the city of Winnipeg. Largely as a result of this study, the province widened the floodway between 2004 and 2010.
# Societal response.
- Catastroffiti
- Catastroffiti, a form of graffiti related to natural disasters, starts to appear as affected residents gut their houses, placing damaged | 6,130,019 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
materials on the berms. At first, this graffiti was placed on trashed appliances to prevent theft and resale, but soon expanded in medium and purpose. The graffiti done mostly in spray paint (also mud) started to not only be a precaution, but a dialogue of emotions related to the effects of the flood. Post-flood emotions driving this largely consisted of frustration with the National Weather Service after it predicted a flood crest about five feet less than the actual. As this developed, catastroffiti was appearing on not just household appliances, but also houses, garages, and signs. In the aftermath of the 1997 Red River Flood, catastroffiti became a method of commentary and coping in the | 6,130,020 |
536397 | 1997 Red River flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%20Red%20River%20flood | 1997 Red River flood
National Weather Service after it predicted a flood crest about five feet less than the actual. As this developed, catastroffiti was appearing on not just household appliances, but also houses, garages, and signs. In the aftermath of the 1997 Red River Flood, catastroffiti became a method of commentary and coping in the affected areas.
# See also.
- 1950 Red River flood
- 1997 Red River flood in the United States
- 2009 Red River flood
- 2011 Red River flood
# External links.
- Selected Bibliography, Red River of the North Flooding
- The Great Flood of 1997—10 Years Later, from Minnesota Public Radio, Retrieved on March 25, 2009
- North Dakota State University's Fargo Flood website | 6,130,021 |
536461 | NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA%20Division%20II%20Men's%20Basketball%20Tournament | NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament
NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament
The NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament (officially styled by the NCAA as a "Championship" instead of a "Tournament") is an annual championship tournament for colleges and universities that are members of NCAA Division II, a grouping of schools in the United States (plus one school in Canada) that are generally smaller than the higher-profile institutions of Division I. The tournament, originally known as the NCAA College Division Basketball Championship, was established in 1957, immediately after the NCAA subdivided its member schools into the University Division (today's Division I) and College Division. It became the Division II championship | 6,130,022 |
536461 | NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA%20Division%20II%20Men's%20Basketball%20Tournament | NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament
in 1974, when the NCAA split the College Division into the limited-scholarship Division II and the non-scholarship Division III, and added the "Men's" designation in 1982 when the NCAA began sponsoring a Division II women's championship.
Like all other NCAA basketball divisions for men and women, the champion is decided in a single-elimination tournament. The Division II tournament has 64 teams. The Division II tournaments for men and women differ in a major respect from those in Divisions I and III. The finals of both Division II tournaments consist of eight teams, instead of the four in the other two divisions. The eight survivors of regional play meet in the Elite Eight at a predetermined | 6,130,023 |
536461 | NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA%20Division%20II%20Men's%20Basketball%20Tournament | NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament
site.
# Qualification.
As of 2017, a total of 64 bids are available for each tournament: 24 automatic bids (awarded to the champions of the twenty-four Division II conferences) and 40 at-large bids.
The sixty-four bids are allocated evenly among the eight NCAA-designated regions (Atlantic, Central, East, Midwest, South, South Central, Southeast, and West), each of which contains three of the twenty-four Division II conferences that sponsor men's basketball. Each region consists of three automatic qualifiers (the teams who won their respective conference tournaments) and five at-large bids (which are awarded regardless of conference affiliation).
## Conference tournaments.
The Heartland | 6,130,024 |
536461 | NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA%20Division%20II%20Men's%20Basketball%20Tournament | NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament
Conference will disband after the 2018–19 season, with seven of its nine members moving to the Lone Star Conference and the other two joining the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association.
# Results.
- Source:
# Records and statistics.
## Former Division II champions now in Division I.
"Source:"
## Former Division II champions now in Division III.
"Source:"
# Broadcasting.
CBS Sports holds rights to the semi-final and final rounds of the Division II tournament, with the semi-final games broadcast on CBS Sports Network and the final on CBS (covered as part of the "NCAA March Madness" package). In 2015, CBS Sports reached a long-term deal to continue broadcasting the Division | 6,130,025 |
536461 | NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA%20Division%20II%20Men's%20Basketball%20Tournament | NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament
seven of its nine members moving to the Lone Star Conference and the other two joining the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association.
# Results.
- Source:
# Records and statistics.
## Former Division II champions now in Division I.
"Source:"
## Former Division II champions now in Division III.
"Source:"
# Broadcasting.
CBS Sports holds rights to the semi-final and final rounds of the Division II tournament, with the semi-final games broadcast on CBS Sports Network and the final on CBS (covered as part of the "NCAA March Madness" package). In 2015, CBS Sports reached a long-term deal to continue broadcasting the Division II men's semi-final on CBS Sports Network through 2024. | 6,130,026 |
536448 | Hannover Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannover%20Airport | Hannover Airport
Hannover Airport
Hannover Airport is the international airport of Hannover, capital of the German state of Lower Saxony. The ninth largest airport in Germany, it is in Langenhagen, north of Hannover. The airport has flights to European metropolitan and leisure destinations, and serves as a base for Eurowings, Condor, SunExpress Deutschland and TUI fly Deutschland.
# History.
## Early years.
Hannover Airport was opened in Langenhagen in 1952, replacing an old airfield within the city limits of Hannover. In 1973 two modern terminals were opened, which became famous because of their compact design. They became the archetype for the Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. These terminals | 6,130,027 |
536448 | Hannover Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannover%20Airport | Hannover Airport
A and B are still in service today.
In the 1990s trials of intercontinental services to the United States and Canada were stopped due to low passenger numbers.
In 1998 the largest terminal, C, was opened to handle more passengers, adding 8 more boarding gates and 3 bus departure gates. Up to 33 aircraft can be handled simultaneously, of which 20 can use aircraft stands equipped with a Jetway. All three terminals are capable of handling a Boeing 747.
From 1957 to 1990 the airport hosted the "Internationale Luft- und Raumfahrtausstellung", Germany's largest air show. After a fatal accident in 1988, when a Royal Air Force Chinook helicopter hit a Jetway with its rotor, and German Reunification | 6,130,028 |
536448 | Hannover Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannover%20Airport | Hannover Airport
two years later, the air show moved to Berlin in 1992.
## Development since the 2000s.
In 2000 an S-Bahn connection was established between the airport and Hamelin via Hannover Central Station. This replaced the airport's shuttle bus service which ran every 20 minutes, more frequently than the S-Bahn, but took longer to reach the airport and railway station. The train service was extended to Paderborn in 2003.
TUIfly, which maintains a base at Hannover Airport, dramatically reduced services in 2008 and 2009, and passed all its non-traditional holiday routes to Air Berlin late in 2009. In 2010 Germanwings, a subsidiary of Lufthansa, opened their sixth base at Hannover. Air Berlin has fully | 6,130,029 |
536448 | Hannover Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannover%20Airport | Hannover Airport
reduced the flight program and operated its last flight from Hannover in March 2017.
Hannover Airport has struggled to generate increased demand in recent years, possibly due to a reluctance or inability to attract Europe's low-cost carriers to serve the airport. Although traffic grew satisfactorily during the late 1990s, during the last decade there has been little growth. In both 2007 and 2008, traffic was down less than 1%, but in 2009 it fell by almost 12%. Hannover Airport is one of very few German airports which are open 24 hours a day, but there are very few flights between 23:00 and 04:00.
According to local press plans to restart scheduled long haul operation with a connection to | 6,130,030 |
536448 | Hannover Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannover%20Airport | Hannover Airport
Iran are currently under investigation.
The General Aviation Terminal, located near the center runway, was renamed "Karl Jatho Terminal" in honour of Hanoverian aviation pioneer Karl Jatho.
# Terminal.
Hannover Airport has three passenger terminal concourses named "Terminals A, B", and "C". The landside areas with shops, restaurants, and travel agents are interconnected, but each has its separate airside area with a few more facilities. Terminals A and B each have six boarding gates equipped with jet bridges, while Terminal C has eight of them. Additional bus gates are available in each concourse. Terminal A underwent a major refurbishment as the first concourse from April 2013 and reopened | 6,130,031 |
536448 | Hannover Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannover%20Airport | Hannover Airport
on 9 July 2014.
The additional Terminal D to the east of the main terminal is a rebuilt hangar which is exclusively used by the Royal Air Force to transport British troops to and from Northern Germany.
# Airlines and destinations.
## Passenger.
The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Hannover Airport:
# Ground transportation.
## Train.
Hannover Flughafen railway station is located beneath Terminal C and features frequent services of Hanover S-Bahn line "S5" to Hannover city centre. The journey time is approx. 17 minutes and the service runs every 30 minutes 22 hours a day. During important fairs like the Hanover Fair additional hourly services of Hanover | 6,130,032 |
536448 | Hannover Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannover%20Airport | Hannover Airport
located beneath Terminal C and features frequent services of Hanover S-Bahn line "S5" to Hannover city centre. The journey time is approx. 17 minutes and the service runs every 30 minutes 22 hours a day. During important fairs like the Hanover Fair additional hourly services of Hanover S-Bahn line "S8" link the airport with the Hanover fairground.
## Bus.
The 470 bus runs directly from the Langenhagen-Zentrum station to Hannover Airport.
## Car.
Hannover Airport has its own exit on motorway A352, but can also reached via some local roads. Approx. 14,000 parking spaces are available.
# See also.
- Transport in Germany
- List of airports in Germany
# External links.
- Official website | 6,130,033 |
536402 | Silas Talbot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silas%20Talbot | Silas Talbot
Silas Talbot
Silas Talbot (January 11, 1751 – June 30, 1813) was an officer in the Continental Army and in the Continental Navy during the American Revolution. Talbot is most famous for commanding the USS "Constitution" from 1799 to 1801.
# Early life.
Talbot was born in Dighton, Massachusetts and came from a large, farming family. He first took to seafaring at the age of twelve serving as cabin boy in a coasting vessel. Talbot's performance proved to be outstanding and by 1772 had saved up enough money to buy property on Weybosset Street in Providence, Rhode Island, and build a stone home, having learned the trade of stone masonry earlier in life.
# Military and naval service.
## American | 6,130,034 |
536402 | Silas Talbot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silas%20Talbot | Silas Talbot
Revolution.
On June 28, 1775 Talbot received the commission of a captain in the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment. After participating in the siege of Boston, Talbot and the Continental Army began their march to New York. En route, they stopped at New London, Connecticut whose port had just received Esek Hopkins who had just landed from a naval expedition to the Bahamas. After learning that Hopkins was going to petition General Washington for 200 volunteers needed to assist his squadron in reaching Providence, Talbot volunteered his services in this effort.
After Talbot made his way back to New York where he was aiding in the transportation of troops, he obtained command of a fire ship and attempted | 6,130,035 |
536402 | Silas Talbot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silas%20Talbot | Silas Talbot
to use it to set fire to the British warship HMS "Asia" on September 14, 1776. The attempt failed, but the daring it displayed, and that Talbot was severely burned during the effort, won him a promotion to major on October 10, 1777 retroactive to September 1.
After suffering a severe wound at Fort Mifflin, while fighting to defend Philadelphia, on October 23, 1777, Talbot returned to active service in the summer of 1778 and fought the Battle of Rhode Island on August 28, 1778.
As commander of the galley "Pigot" (which he had captured from the British in the Sakonnet River on October 28, 1778), and later "Argo", both under the Army, he cruised against Loyalist vessels that were harassing American | 6,130,036 |
536402 | Silas Talbot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silas%20Talbot | Silas Talbot
trade between Long Island and Nantucket and made prisoners of many of them. On November 14, 1778 the Continental Congress passed a resolution which recognized his success in capturing the "Pigot" and promoted him to lieutenant colonel on the same date. In October of the same year, the Rhode Island General Assembly voted to present Talbot with a "genteel silver-hilted sword" for the same action. The sword was made by silversmith John Gladding Gibbs of Providence.
### Continental Navy.
Because of his success fighting afloat for the Army, Congress commissioned Talbot a captain in the Continental Navy on September 17, 1779. However, since Congress had no suitable warship to entrust to him, Talbot | 6,130,037 |
536402 | Silas Talbot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silas%20Talbot | Silas Talbot
put to sea in command of the privateer "General Washington". In it, he took one prize, but soon thereafter ran into the British fleet off New York. After a chase, he struck his colors to "Culloden", a 74-gun ship-of-the-line and remained a prisoner until exchanged for a British officer in December 1781.
## Postwar.
After the war, Talbot settled in Johnstown, New York, the county seat of Fulton County, where he purchased the former manor house and estate of Sir William Johnson, founder of Johnstown. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1792 and 1792-93.
## Congress and United States Navy.
In January 1793, Talbot was elected as a Federalist from New York to the 3rd United States | 6,130,038 |
536402 | Silas Talbot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silas%20Talbot | Silas Talbot
Congress, and served from March 4, 1793, to approximately June 5, 1794, when President George Washington chose him third in a list of six captains of the newly established United States Navy. He was ordered to superintend the construction of the frigate USS "President" at New York. On April 20, 1796, construction of the "President" was suspended and Talbot was discharged from the Navy.
With the outbreak of the Quasi-War with France, Talbot was re-commissioned as a captain in the United States Navy on May 11, 1798. He served as commander of the USS "Constitution" from June 5, 1799 until September 8, 1801, sailing it to the West Indies where he protected American commerce from French privateers | 6,130,039 |
536402 | Silas Talbot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silas%20Talbot | Silas Talbot
during the Quasi-War. He commanded the Santo Domingo Station in 1799 and 1800 and was commended by the Secretary of the Navy for protecting American commerce and for laying the foundation of a permanent trade with that country. It is said that Talbot was wounded 13 times and carried 5 bullets in his body.
Captain Talbot resigned from the Navy on September 21, 1801 and died in New York City on June 30, 1813. He was buried in Trinity Churchyard in lower Manhattan.
# Legacy and honors.
The first USS "Talbot" (Torpedo Boat No. 15) was named for Lt. John Gunnell Talbot, no relation to Silas Talbot; the second and third Talbots ("Talbot" (DD-114/APD 7) and "Talbot" (DEG/FFG-4), respectively) were | 6,130,040 |
536402 | Silas Talbot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silas%20Talbot | Silas Talbot
named for Captain Silas Talbot.
Talbot was an original member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati.
Battery Talbot (1899-1919), named for Silas Talbot in G.O. 30, 19 Mar 1902, was a reinforced concrete, Endicott Period 4.72 inch coastal gun battery on Fort Adams, Newport County, Rhode Island. Both of the original guns from this battery survive. One is on display at Equality Park in Newport and the other is at Fort Moultrie National Park near Charleston, South Carolina.
There is a cenotaph in honor of Captain Talbot in the Dighton Congregational Church cemetery in his hometown of Dighton, Massachusetts.
# See also.
- Continental Navy
- John Paul Jones
- Thomas Truxtun
- Bibliography | 6,130,041 |
536402 | Silas Talbot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silas%20Talbot | Silas Talbot
orced concrete, Endicott Period 4.72 inch coastal gun battery on Fort Adams, Newport County, Rhode Island. Both of the original guns from this battery survive. One is on display at Equality Park in Newport and the other is at Fort Moultrie National Park near Charleston, South Carolina.
There is a cenotaph in honor of Captain Talbot in the Dighton Congregational Church cemetery in his hometown of Dighton, Massachusetts.
# See also.
- Continental Navy
- John Paul Jones
- Thomas Truxtun
- Bibliography of early American naval history
# External links.
- Biographic sketch at U.S. Congress website
- Mystic Seaport: biography of Silas Talbot
- Letter from Silas Talbot to George Washington | 6,130,042 |
536492 | Pawnee County | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pawnee%20County | Pawnee County
Pawnee County
Pawnee County is the name of several counties in the United States:
- Pawnee County, Kansas
- Pawnee County, Nebraska
- Pawnee County, Oklahoma | 6,130,043 |
536491 | The Adventure of the Wax Gamblers | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Adventure%20of%20the%20Wax%20Gamblers | The Adventure of the Wax Gamblers
The Adventure of the Wax Gamblers
The Adventure of the Wax Gamblers by John Dickson Carr is a Sherlock Holmes story. The story was published in the 1954 collection, "The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes", a joint enterprise of Adrian Conan Doyle and John Dickson Carr.
# Plot.
While waiting up late one night, Holmes and Watson are visited by the night watchman of a famous waxworks and his grand–daughter. The watchman has noticed that the playing cards in the hand of a wax figure in a Chamber of Horrors exhibit have changed. Holmes becomes immediately interested in this mystery and sends Watson to the exhibit to remove the cards in an orderly fashion and to bring them back to him in some envelopes. | 6,130,044 |
536491 | The Adventure of the Wax Gamblers | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Adventure%20of%20the%20Wax%20Gamblers | The Adventure of the Wax Gamblers
aying cards in the hand of a wax figure in a Chamber of Horrors exhibit have changed. Holmes becomes immediately interested in this mystery and sends Watson to the exhibit to remove the cards in an orderly fashion and to bring them back to him in some envelopes. Holmes then demonstrates that the altered cards are related to the scandalous behavior of a gentleman and his wagering on horse races.
" ' At the mouth of the Thames,' " he read, " ' on the island of —' "
"Holmes, my question concerned the answer to our problem!"
"This is the answer to our problem."
Two versions of the Darlington Substitution Scandal, which had been mentioned in A Scandal in Bohemia, are referenced in this story. | 6,130,045 |
536484 | Choroid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choroid | Choroid
Choroid
The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissues, and lying between the retina and the sclera. The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye (at 0.2 mm), while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract.
The structure of the choroid is generally divided into four layers (classified in order of furthest away from the retina to closest):
- Haller's layer - outermost layer of the choroid consisting of larger diameter blood vessels;
- Sattler's | 6,130,046 |
536484 | Choroid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choroid | Choroid
layer - layer of medium diameter blood vessels;
- Choriocapillaris - layer of capillaries; and
- Bruch's membrane (synonyms: Lamina basalis, Complexus basalis, Lamina vitra) - innermost layer of the choroid.
# Blood supply.
There are two circulations of the eye: the retinal (in the retina) and uveal, supplied in humans by posterior ciliary arteries, originating from the ophthalmic artery that derived from the internal carotid artery. The arteries of the uveal circulation, supplying the uvea and outer and middle layers of the retina, are branches of the ophthalmic artery and enter the eyeball without passing with the optic nerve. The retinal circulation, on the other hand, derives its circulation | 6,130,047 |
536484 | Choroid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choroid | Choroid
from the central retinal artery, also a branch of the ophthalmic artery, but passing in conjunction with the optic nerve. They are branching in a segmental distribution to the end arterioles and not anastomoses. This is clinically significant for diseases affecting choroidal blood supply. The macula responsible for central vision and the anterior part of the optic nerve are dependent on choroidal blood supply.
## In bony fish.
Teleosts bear a body of capillary adjacent to the optic nerve called the choroidal gland. Though its function is not known, it is believed to be a supplemental oxygen carrier.
# Mechanism.
Melanin, a dark colored pigment, helps the choroid limit uncontrolled reflection | 6,130,048 |
536484 | Choroid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choroid | Choroid
within the eye that would potentially result in the perception of confusing images.
In humans and most other primates, melanin occurs throughout the choroid. In albino humans, frequently melanin is absent and vision is low. In many animals, however, the partial absence of melanin contributes to superior night vision. In these animals, melanin is absent from a section of the choroid and within that section a layer of highly reflective tissue, the tapetum lucidum, helps to collect light by reflecting it in a controlled manner. The uncontrolled reflection of light from dark choroid produces the photographic red-eye effect on photos, whereas the controlled reflection of light from the tapetum lucidum | 6,130,049 |
536484 | Choroid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choroid | Choroid
mans and most other primates, melanin occurs throughout the choroid. In albino humans, frequently melanin is absent and vision is low. In many animals, however, the partial absence of melanin contributes to superior night vision. In these animals, melanin is absent from a section of the choroid and within that section a layer of highly reflective tissue, the tapetum lucidum, helps to collect light by reflecting it in a controlled manner. The uncontrolled reflection of light from dark choroid produces the photographic red-eye effect on photos, whereas the controlled reflection of light from the tapetum lucidum produces eyeshine (see Tapetum lucidum).
# See also.
- Chorioretinitis
- Uveitis | 6,130,050 |
536495 | Whirlpool Aero Car | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whirlpool%20Aero%20Car | Whirlpool Aero Car
Whirlpool Aero Car
The Whirlpool Aero Car or Spanish Aero Car is a cable car located in Niagara Falls, Ontario that transports passengers over a section of the Niagara River referred to as the Niagara Whirlpool. The system was designed by Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo and has been upgraded several times since 1916 (in 1961, 1967 and 1984). The system uses one car that carries 35 standing passengers over a one-kilometre trip.
# Technical specifications.
The Aero Car is suspended on six interlocking steel cables, each of which is in diameter. The car is powered by an electric motor and travels at approximately . In the event of a power failure, a diesel engine drives a hydraulic pump | 6,130,051 |
536495 | Whirlpool Aero Car | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whirlpool%20Aero%20Car | Whirlpool Aero Car
to pull the carrier back to the loading/unloading terminal. It also has a rescue car which holds four passengers and one operator. The rescue car has so far only been used for training purposes.
The Aero Car is suspended between two Canadian points, though it crosses the Canadian and American borders four times on a full trip. The car crosses the border about from the starting point and runs through United States territory for about , but riders need no immigration clearance. At each end of the crossing, it is high, and in the centre, it is above the river. Its span is . The rapids entering the whirlpool below the Aero Car move at an estimated , and the flow of the water coming through the | 6,130,052 |
536495 | Whirlpool Aero Car | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whirlpool%20Aero%20Car | Whirlpool Aero Car
river is about 2,800 cubic meters per second (623,000 imperial gallons per second) in the summer months, and 1,400 m³/s (300,000 imp gal/s) in the winter months. From the Aero Car, sightseers can see Whirlpool State Park in Niagara Falls, New York, as well as the Robert Moses Niagara Hydroelectric Power Station in Lewiston, New York. From the side or centre of the car, one can view the violent motion of the whirlpool below. Riders may also see hikers on nature trails and fishermen on both sides of the river.
The car was originally open, but a roof has been added to all later designs. A four-person rescue car is available (a smaller white car stored at the opposite end in an indoor area), but | 6,130,053 |
536495 | Whirlpool Aero Car | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whirlpool%20Aero%20Car | Whirlpool Aero Car
not used in regular service.
The car operates from 10am to 5pm from the second week of March to the first week of November. It is closed during most of the winter because of ice and snow.
# See also.
- Incline railways at Niagara Falls
- Niagara Parks Commission People Mover
- Niagara Whirlpool
# References.
- Niagara Falls - Spanish Aerocar
- Ride The Air - Whirlpool Aero Car
- Plaque at the entrance
# External links.
- Niagara Parks webpage for Whirlpool Aero Car
- Location of the whirlpool with photos and web sites related to the area
- Images from the Historic Niagara Digital Collections
- Niagara Falls - Spanish Aerocar
- Ride The Air - Whirlpool Aero Car
- Plaque at the | 6,130,054 |
536495 | Whirlpool Aero Car | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whirlpool%20Aero%20Car | Whirlpool Aero Car
in regular service.
The car operates from 10am to 5pm from the second week of March to the first week of November. It is closed during most of the winter because of ice and snow.
# See also.
- Incline railways at Niagara Falls
- Niagara Parks Commission People Mover
- Niagara Whirlpool
# References.
- Niagara Falls - Spanish Aerocar
- Ride The Air - Whirlpool Aero Car
- Plaque at the entrance
# External links.
- Niagara Parks webpage for Whirlpool Aero Car
- Location of the whirlpool with photos and web sites related to the area
- Images from the Historic Niagara Digital Collections
- Niagara Falls - Spanish Aerocar
- Ride The Air - Whirlpool Aero Car
- Plaque at the entrance | 6,130,055 |
536463 | David E. Kendall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20E.%20Kendall | David E. Kendall
David E. Kendall
David Evan Kendall (born May 2, 1944) is an American attorney, a graduate of Yale Law School and Oxford University, who clerked with Supreme Court Justice Byron White, worked as associate counsel at the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and has been a partner at Williams & Connolly LLP of Washington, DC since 1981, where he has provided legal counsel to individuals and corporations on high-profile business and political matters.
He is known for his roles in the "Coker v. Georgia, Gilmore v. Utah," and other death penalty cases; in the copyright and contract cases of "MGM Studios v. Grokster" and "Tasini v. AOL"; as well as in various First Amendment cases, including for "The Washington | 6,130,056 |
536463 | David E. Kendall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20E.%20Kendall | David E. Kendall
Post." In addition, he is known for having advised President Bill Clinton during the Lewinsky scandal, and representing him during his impeachment trial. He served as defense attorney in the successful defense of retired General David Petraeus, and currently represents the former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, including in the matter of her use of a private email server while serving as U.S. Secretary of State.
# Early life and education.
Kendall was born at Camp Atterbury near Edinburgh, Indiana, on May 2, 1944, and grew up in Sheridan, Indiana. While a student at Wabash College, Kendall helped register black voters in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964, which led to his | 6,130,057 |
536463 | David E. Kendall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20E.%20Kendall | David E. Kendall
arrest on multiple occasions. While in Mississippi, he was the roommate of murdered civil rights worker Andrew Goodman during the last week of Goodman's life.
Kendall obtained his B.A. in history from Wabash College in 1966 (summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa). As a Rhodes Scholar, Kendall earned an M.A. at Oxford University in 1968, at Worcester College. He earned a J.D. degree from Yale Law School in 1971, where he met former president Bill Clinton and former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton.
# Career.
## Clerkship and NAACP.
Following a clerkship with Supreme Court Justice Byron White, Kendall served at the NAACP Legal Defense Fund from 1973 to 1978, focusing on criminal defense practice, | 6,130,058 |
536463 | David E. Kendall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20E.%20Kendall | David E. Kendall
and handling high-profile death penalty cases including "Coker v. Georgia" and the death penalty appeals of John Arthur Spenkelink.
## Professional practice.
He joined Williams & Connolly LLP, a Washington, D.C. law firm, in 1978 and became a partner there in 1981. He currently works on diverse matters such as intellectual property, criminal investigations, and the William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Clinton Foundation. As he states in his profile at his law firm's web page, he "has appeared in trial courts in 23 states and has argued appeals in six federal courts of appeal, seven state supreme courts, and the Supreme Court of the United States." He has briefed and argued numerous important | 6,130,059 |
536463 | David E. Kendall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20E.%20Kendall | David E. Kendall
criminal cases before the Supreme Court on "pro bono" assignments.
### Representation of corporate clients.
His notable clients have included the "Washington Post" and the "National Enquirer" (in First Amendment cases), Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos (in a naming rights case), the Motion Picture Association of America (in their copyright and intellectual property case against Napster and Grokster), as well as AOL and other clients. He successfully defended AOL in a class-action suit, Tasini v. AOL, wherein contributors to "The Huffington Post", who were not paid for their work, claimed that they were entitled to compensation when AOL purchased "The Huffington Post".
### Representation | 6,130,060 |
536463 | David E. Kendall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20E.%20Kendall | David E. Kendall
of President Clinton.
Kendall began representing President Clinton in November 1993 in an investigation related to the Arkansas savings and loan, Whitewater Development Company, Inc. As the investigation expanded, Kendall went on to represent Clinton during the 1998–99 impeachment proceedings, and continues to represent the Clintons in miscellaneous civil matters.
Kendall advised President Clinton during the grand jury appearance that led to the discovery of Clinton's relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. The "Washington Post" notes that the Washington legal establishment was critical of Kendall's advising Clinton to pursue the "legalistic argument" that Clinton's sexual encounters | 6,130,061 |
536463 | David E. Kendall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20E.%20Kendall | David E. Kendall
with the intern did not constitute a sexual relationship, "for not having Clinton come forward earlier with the truth about Lewinsky, for letting him testify before the grand jury [and digging] himself into even deeper… trouble with his… answers, and for inflaming [Independent Counsel Kenneth] Starr with repeated attacks;" he is credited, however, for the fruit born from battles with Starr, including the August 1998 ruling of Judge Norma Holloway Johnson "accusing Starr of violating grand jury secrecy rules," and for improving the public's perception of his client's case by referring to the Starr Report as "an extravagant effort to find a case where there is none."
### Representation of General | 6,130,062 |
536463 | David E. Kendall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20E.%20Kendall | David E. Kendall
David Petraeus.
Kendall served as counsel to retired General David Petraeus, over his mishandling and dissemination of classified materials (to his biographer, Paula Broadwell), where Kendall saw felony charges reduced and possible prison time avoided in Petraeus's misdemeanor guilty plea and sentence of two years of probation and a $100,000 fine.
### Representation of Secretary Clinton.
Kendall began representing former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, before her State Department appointment, in November 1993, over matters regarding an Arkansas savings and loan, Whitewater Development Company, Inc., and represented her interests throughout her husband's legal challenges during his presidency, | 6,130,063 |
536463 | David E. Kendall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20E.%20Kendall | David E. Kendall
including in bar counsel investigations and civil litigation.
Kendall currently represents the former Secretary in the matter of her use of a private e-mail server while serving as United States Secretary of State, as well as in various civil matters.
# Published works.
- "ABA Standards for Criminal Justice: Fair Trial and Free Press" (1991), as a part of the ABA Task Force
# Honors.
Kendall was recognized with a Doctor of Laws, "honoris causa" (honorary), degree from his alma mater, Wabash College, on May 16, 2010.
# Personal life.
Kendall has been married to Anne L. Kendall, a psychologist with the Wake Kendall Group, since 1968, and they have three children.
# Further reading.
The | 6,130,064 |
536463 | David E. Kendall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20E.%20Kendall | David E. Kendall
private e-mail server while serving as United States Secretary of State, as well as in various civil matters.
# Published works.
- "ABA Standards for Criminal Justice: Fair Trial and Free Press" (1991), as a part of the ABA Task Force
# Honors.
Kendall was recognized with a Doctor of Laws, "honoris causa" (honorary), degree from his alma mater, Wabash College, on May 16, 2010.
# Personal life.
Kendall has been married to Anne L. Kendall, a psychologist with the Wake Kendall Group, since 1968, and they have three children.
# Further reading.
The following are sources, primary and secondary, relevant to readers and editors of this article.
# External links.
- Williams & Connolly bio | 6,130,065 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
Jim Verraros
James Conrad Verraros (born February 8, 1983) is an American singer, songwriter, and actor, who placed ninth on the first season of "American Idol." Raised by deaf parents, he is fluent in American Sign Language and gained notoriety on "American Idol" for signing the lyrics to his audition song. After competing on the Fox reality series, he released three pop rock, dance albums with music producer and songwriter Gabe Lopez. Verraros was also featured on the 2002 compilation album "", covering "Easy" by the Commodores - this album reached #4 on the "Billboard" 200 chart.
While participating in the 2002 American Idols LIVE! tour, Verraros came out as gay. He was the first "American | 6,130,066 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
Idol" finalist to come out, and he remained the series' only publicly gay finalist for over three years. Several organizations subsequently honored Verraros as an influential figure within the gay community (such as "Out" magazine, which named him to its "Most Intriguing People" list twice, first in 2002 and again in 2006). Throughout his music career, Verraros performed at numerous pride events. He also toured at gay clubs.
Verraros released his official debut album, "Rollercoaster", through independent label Koch Records in 2005. It was accompanied by two singles and received generally positive reviews. Some of the songs from "Rollercoaster" had previously been featured on a demo album, "Unsaid | 6,130,067 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
and Understood", which Verraros had self-released through mp3.com around 2003. The lead single from "Rollercoaster", "You Turn It On", peaked at number twenty-one on the "Billboard" Dance Club Play Chart.
In addition to music, Verraros pursued an acting career. He had a starring role in the first two installments of the gay comedy film franchise "Eating Out", and he had a cameo in "Another Gay Movie". He also stayed involved with "American Idol"-related projects for several years. In 2003, he joined with various finalists from the first two seasons of the series for a promotional tour of select shopping malls throughout the US, and later, he co-hosted a video recap series of "American Idol"'s | 6,130,068 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
seventh season for AfterElton.com.
In 2007, Verraros released a non-album single about his to-be husband, Bill Brennan; the song, "You Make It Better", was featured in the second "Eating Out" film. Verraros and Brennan married in 2009. The same year as his wedding, Verraros self-released three new singles, although the accompanying sophomore album, "Do Not Disturb", was not released until 2011. Following "Do Not Disturb", Verraros announced his intention to retire from music. He subsequently served as executive vice president of Brennan's organization, Bridal Expo Chicago and Bridal Expo Milwaukee. Verraros and Brennan have since separated.
# Early life.
Verraros was born on February 8, 1983 | 6,130,069 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
in Mount Prospect, Illinois. He grew up in nearby Crystal Lake. His father, Nicholas, and mother, Debbie, both lost their hearing, after contracting German measles as infants. Verraros was raised to be fluent in American Sign Language. The responsibility of interpreting for his parents as a child led him to relate with people older than himself, more than he did with others his own age. Reflecting on his childhood, Verraros once said, "I had to do things like hold phone conversations and discuss things with doctors and even real estate agents. I had to become well-versed not only with sign language but with people skills as well...I didn't have time for bullshit."
Around the age of twelve or | 6,130,070 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
thirteen, Verraros realized that he is gay. Although he did not come out publicly until after adolescence, his sexual orientation was apparent to his classmates, who bullied him during middle school. In response, Verraros developed a more masculine appearance. In a 2003 interview, he said of the time, "I changed my image. I wore a lot of baggy jeans, I gained weight, and it was fine for a while." He also sought help from the school psychologist during those years. High school marked a more significant improvement for him - he became active in theater and went on to attend Monmouth College on a theater scholarship.
Upon later transferring to Columbia College, Verraros struggled to find acting | 6,130,071 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
opportunities. Insecure about the weight that he had put on, he began doing intensive workouts and became a vegetarian. Over the course of two and a half months, he lost around eighty pounds. Some people thought that he had developed an eating disorder, and Verraros later acknowledged that he most likely did.
Verraros was open about his sexual orientation with classmates at both colleges. Looking back in 2004, he said that people who had been mean to him in high school were "rooting" for him at Monmouth and that he came out to his mother and sister during this time. In another interview, he called the environment at Columbia "beyond gay-friendly".
# "American Idol".
During his time at Columbia | 6,130,072 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
College, Verraros followed a friend's suggestion to try out for "American Idol" and attended the auditions in Chicago - even though his primary interest was acting. Verraros later said that he had only tried out "for fun" and without any expectations. In 2006, he reminisced, "I wasn't really looking for a record deal. I was looking for the experience, and everything just kind of... happened." The auditions were held only a few blocks away from his college dorm.
Attempting to stand out, Verraros chose to sing "When I Fall in Love" by Nat King Cole at his audition, rather than a pop song. He was nineteen at the time. While singing, he also signed the lyrics to his song. "American Idol" heavily | 6,130,073 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
focused on his parents' disabilities, and several publications speculated that Verraros may have been helped in the competition by sympathy votes.
Despite receiving positive remarks from the judges at his audition, Verraros began receiving largely negative feedback by the Top 30 semi-finals. Placed into Group 1 for that round he chose to reprise "When I Fall in Love". Simon Cowell and Paula Abdul both called this the best performance that Verraros had given on the series up to that point, but Cowell also called Verraros "ordinary" in comparison to that night's preceding performer, Tamyra Gray, and declared, "I think if you win this competition, we would have failed." Jessica Shaw of "Entertainment | 6,130,074 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
Weekly" called this the harshest critique that Cowell had given to any contestant on the series up to that point. Season one co-host Brian Dunkleman recalled in a 2014 podcast overhearing the judges say that they were going to "nail Jim" on the night of the semi-finals. After the performance, Dunkleman offered Verraros reassurance, but during a commercial break, the series' executive producer, Nigel Lythgoe, purportedly took Dunkleman backstage and raged against him for not further demoralizing Verraros. Dunkleman recounted this as a partial explanation for why he quit the series after its first season.
Phil Rosenthal of the "Chicago Sun-Times" speculated that the severity of Cowell's comments | 6,130,075 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
during the semi-finals may have increased audience support for Verraros, who was voted through to the top ten. Originally, Verraros was going to be cut anyway. In his 2011 tell-all book, "American Idol: The Untold Story", Richard Rushfield revealed that a "judge's cut" was going to be introduced as a twist to the semi-finals. After the Group 1 results episode went off air, Cowell went to the three contestants who had been voted through to the finals and told Verraros that the judges were overruling his advancement to the next round. Rushfield wrote that "A stunned Verraros and his fellow contestants burst into tears" upon hearing the announcement. Before the twist could be aired, Lythgoe reversed | 6,130,076 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
the decision, arguing that the audience's preference should be respected.
His place in the top ten secure, Verraros planned to sing "Get Ready" by The Temptations for the first round of finals. The week's theme was Motown. Verraros won a coin toss against Kelly Clarkson, who also wanted to sing "Get Ready", but he switched course upon considering how much of the song is in falsetto. With a limited selection of Motown songs available for him to choose from, Verraros settled on "Easy" by The Commodores, even though he was unfamiliar with it. The judges were critical of the performance. Two contestants were voted off that week, and Verraros was the second eliminated, following EJay Day.
## Public | 6,130,077 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
response.
When Verraros advanced into the top ten for "American Idol"'s first season, Shaw (of "Entertainment Weekly") wrote of the contestant, "I can't decide whether I love him or loathe him." She likened Verraros to a forgettable boy-band member, but also wrote that she had appreciated Verraros' decision to use sign language during his audition. After Verraros was voted off the series, Shaw wrote of him, "I genuinely felt bad for the guy...Of course, I could have told you all that he wasn't advancing on to the next round. You can't follow up stellar singers like Tamyra and Justin [Guarini] with a tepid rendition of 'Easy.'" Jim Derogatis of the "Chicago Sun-Times" was more favorable. After | 6,130,078 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
watching all of the top ten finalists perform on their nationwide tour, he suggested that Verraros should have placed seventh and commended him for "doing as well as anyone could" with poor singing-material (referring to "Easy"). Another positive review of Verraros came from Rick Shefchik of the "Saint Paul Pioneer Press", who wrote that Verraros sang a "tender version" of "When I Fall in Love" during the competition. Most critics, however, voiced negative opinions. Amy Amatangelo of the "Boston Herald" wrote that Verraros "lacked stage presence" and Eric Deggans of "The St. Petersburg Times" called Verraros "obviously overmatched" among the other season one finalists. In his review of "", Chuck | 6,130,079 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
Campbell of "The Herald News" was critical of Verraros' track on the album, writing "Verraros takes it too easy on his slack interpretation of Lionel Richie's Easy."
# Post-"Idol" life and career.
### "American Idol" tour and related projects.
About a month after being voted out of the top ten on "American Idol"'s first season, Verraros joined thirteen other former contestants from the series to perform at various events in Northwest Indiana. He participated in a group medley during "American Idol"'s season one finale and a few weeks later, he reunited with all of the series' top thirty contestants for the "American Idol in Las Vegas" TV special. Verraros then participated through October | 6,130,080 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
and November in the 2002 American Idols LIVE! tour, along with his fellow top ten finalists. For each stop of the tour, he reprised his performance of "Easy" from the series.
Prior to competing on "American Idol", Verraros had been open about his sexual orientation through an online journal. "The Advocate", an American LGBT-interest magazine, discovered this journal while Verraros was on the series and contacted Fox with an interview request for the contestant. One day later, the journal was deleted. Verraros later explained to "The Advocate" that his journal had been removed because Fox did not want it to give him an unfair advantage in the competition. Verraros was open about his sexuality | 6,130,081 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
with the other "American Idol" finalists, whom he described as being very supportive.
Verraros came out publicly during the "American Idol" tour. He also came out to his father at this time. In November 2002, Verraros was named as one of "2002's Most Intriguing People" by "Out", another LGBT-interest magazine. Around that time, Verraros said, "I just thought it was time to come out. I really hate the segregation and only being able to hold hands in gay bars. We have to start breaking down the barriers. I want to be a gay advocate and let teens know that being gay is just a small part of who you are. And if people don't like it, it's their problem, not yours." Verraros gave an extensive interview | 6,130,082 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
to "The Advocate" in January 2003, which was described as his official "coming out", and in May, he participated in Boston's Youth Pride march.
The "American Idol: Greatest Moments" album, released October 1, 2002, features a recorded version of Verraros singing "Easy". The album reached #4 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. Asked during his run on "American Idol" what he might call his debut album, Verraros suggested "So You Say". Verraros moved to Los Angeles after the "American Idol" tour and was turned down by several agencies. While in LA, he lived for two years with Natalie Burge and Christopher Aaron, both of whom were in the Top 30 with him on "American Idol"'s first season. Throughout the | 6,130,083 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
Spring of 2003, Verraros participated in Coca-Cola's Behind the Scenes With American Idol promotional tour, in which he and a selection of other finalists from the first two seasons of the series performed across the country in shopping malls owned by the Simon Property Group.
### "Unsaid and Understood", "Eating Out", and "Rollercoaster".
Los Angeles-based singer/songwriter and music producer Gabe Lopez reached out to Verraros, after hearing "American Idol: Greatest Moments". The two began a collaboration based out of Lopez's home studio. Unsigned to a record label, Verraros self-released his debut album, "Unsaid and Understood", in 2003. While recording the album, he worked at a tanning | 6,130,084 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
salon and at a phone bank. "Unsaid and Understood" was included on a list of six indie albums by gay and lesbian artists recommended by Adam B. Vary of "The Advocate". Vary wrote that Verraros "sings with true passion and bracing maturity" on the album and singled out the track "So Deep", for being "so dirty even Xtina would blush." Another track on the album, "I Want You", was included on "Bi the People", a 2003 compilation album of "bisexual artists and friends", which was released to raise money for the Bisexual Foundation. Multiple tracks from "Unsaid and Understood" topped the Rock and Pop charts on mp3.com, and the album won the 2004 Out Music Award for Outstanding New Recording - Debut | 6,130,085 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
Male. A tour of gay clubs was undertaken to promote the album.
Around the same time that Verraros was recording "Unsaid and Understood", Q. Allan Brocka, an "American Idol" fan, cast Verraros as Kyle in his 2004 gay-themed comedy "Eating Out". The film was produced on a budget of less than $1 million by Ariztical Entertainment. Filming lasted ten days. Although intended as a straight-to-DVD release, it secured limited theatrical distribution in 2005, after performing well in film festivals. Two songs from "Unsaid and Understood", "I Want You" and "Welcome to Hollywood", are included in "Eating Out", as is a third song performed by Verraros, called "Visions of You". Writing again for "The Advocate", | 6,130,086 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
Vary (along with Dennis Hensley) placed "Eating Out" among a group of films released in the mid-2000s that he and Hensley felt constituted a "New New Queer Cinema", after the initial "New Queer Cinema" movement faded in the 1990s. Vary also argued that, as a college sex comedy, "Eating Out" is notable for being an early example of a gay genre film. "Eating Out" received mostly negative reviews, although Verraros was praised for his performance by Dana Stevens in a review for "The New York Times", who wrote that Verraros "has a scrappy energy that sets him apart from the bland and vulgar proceedings" of the film.
#### "Rollercoaster".
According to ChicagoPride.com, Verraros pitched "Unsaid | 6,130,087 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
and Understood" to "every major label in the U.S. two or three times" without success. Verraros then pursued a record deal in the United Kingdom, hoping that British labels would be more willing to work with an openly gay artist, although nothing materialized from this. New York-based indie label Koch Records began communicating with Verraros over the summer of 2004 about the possibility of featuring him on a compilation album of songs by "American Idol" finalists. Verraros sent Koch Records a demo tape and was signed to the label within a week. "Unsaid and Understood" was then revamped and released through Koch Records as "Rollercoaster" on April 26, 2005. This was marketed as Verraros' official | 6,130,088 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
debut. The album recycles several songs from "Unsaid and Understood", in addition to featuring new material.
Several publications noted that Verraros went through a significant image change between his time on "American Idol" and the release of "Rollercoaster". Verraros explained that he had "come into [himself]" during that time, having improved his figure and become more involved within the LGBT community. "The Advocate" wrote that on "American Idol", Verraros had been "a slightly geeky kid with a stiff stance...[and] a preppy look [that] included dark- rimmed glasses, spiky hair and a stone-washed jeans jacket" - in contrast, "The Advocate" wrote, Verraros possessed "bad-boy good looks" | 6,130,089 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
and "long rock-star hair" when "Rollercoaster" was released. The "Houston Chronicle" added that the "shaggy dark cut, eye makeup and slick threads" that Verraros had adopted at the time gave him sex appeal. Verraros himself assessed his look on "American Idol" as having been "[very] Midwestern" - he said that he was wanting to distance himself from associations with the series and that he was excited "to see how people would react to such a crazy change".
A release party for "Rollercoaster" was held on April 27, 2005 at the Roxy Theatre in Hollywood. The date was chosen to follow "Eating Out"'s Spring premiere in US theaters.
"You Turn It On" was released as "Rollercoaster"'s first single. | 6,130,090 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
The song debuted at number forty-eight on the "Billboard" Dance Club Play Chart, where it spent eleven weeks, peaking in early June at number twenty-one.
"You're Getting Crazy (Estas Enloqueciendo)" was released in October as the album's second single. "Billboard" wrote that it "treads in similar territory [as "You Turn It On"] stirring the beats into a simmering frenzy." The song received multiple remixes by Mike Cruz and L.E.X, which Edgemedianetwork.com called "as slick, upbeat and professional as anything else currently climbing the charts." "Billboard" suggested that the song could become a hit, if Verraros released an accompanying music video, although no music videos were ever released | 6,130,091 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
for any of the songs on "Rollercoaster".
Shortly after releasing "Rollercoaster", Verraros moved back to Crystal Lake, where he lived with his family for a time. Over the summer, he performed at the wrap party for "American Idol"'s fourth season, served as a judge during the finals of "Windy City Gay Idol" (held by the "Windy City Times" at the Circuit Nightclub in Chicago), attended a pride ceremony held by the New York City Council, and also served as a judge at the World of Chocolate, a charity event for the AIDS Foundation of Chicago. He participated in several local events around Chicago during this time and performed in multiple pride events, including the LA Pride and Chicago Pride parades. | 6,130,092 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
He also performed, along with "American Idol" season two third place finalist Kimberley Locke, at the Kansas City Gay Pride Festival in June and at the New York City Gay Life Expo in November. A club tour was considered to promote "Rollercoaster".
#### Sloppy Seconds" and unrealized film projects.
Twice in the mid-2000s, Verraros was called a "gay icon" by the "Chicago Sun-Times", first in 2004, and again in 2006. The "New York Post" noted in 2006 that Verraros had "gained a cult following" due to his role in "Eating Out". In 2009, PopCrush claimed that "almost immediately" after appearing on "American Idol", Verraros had become "a huge symbol within the LGBT community", and that same year, | 6,130,093 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
the "Washington Examiner" wrote that Verraros "has been a fixture in the gay world...practically becoming a gay sex-symbol through the years." Verraros remained the only "American Idol" finalist to be publicly out until 2006, when his fellow season one finalist R.J. Helton came out. Helton had confided in Verraros about his sexual orientation on the night of the season one finale, shortly before the group went on tour and before Helton had come out to any of the other season one finalists.
Verraros returned to the role of Kyle in "", which filmed during the Summer of 2006 and screened in several film festivals, before receiving a theatrical release on November 22. Brocka returned as co-writer, | 6,130,094 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
but passed directorial duties over to the first film's editor, Phillip J. Bartell. The film features a song written by Verraros and Lopez, called "You Make It Better", which was released as a single on July 17, 2007. Like its predecessor, "Eating Out 2: Sloppy Seconds" received mostly negative reviews. It was described as a cinematic landmark however, by multiple publications, for being the first sequel to a gay film.
In June 2006, the "Windy City Times" included Verraros in its "30 Under 30" list of young figures who had made positive contributions to the LGBTQ community. Throughout that year, Verraros continued performing at local events around Chicago; he was also featured on "American Idol | 6,130,095 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
Rewind", filmed a guest appearance on the pilot for a cooking show called "The Astrological Kitchen", and released a duet called "Sweat" with indie artist Jamie O'Brien. Once again, Verraros was named to "Out" magazine's "Most Intriguing People" list for that year.
In November 2006, it was reported that Verraros was living in East Dundee, Illinois with his long-time boyfriend. It was also reported at this time that Verraros' sophomore album would be released in 2007. In a December 2006 interview with gay-interest website Atlantaboy.com, Verraros said that "Rollercoaster" had been "pretty much all over the place" and that his next album would be "more focused", while in April 2007, the "Daily | 6,130,096 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
Herald" wrote that a follow-up to "Rollercoaster" was scheduled to be released that May. Verraros had also told Atlantaboy.com that he was "heading more toward the film thing" and that if he ever released a music video, he would hope to co-direct it. Around this time, he mentioned that he had been cast in three films; one was described as a dark LA-based romance, in which he would play a cocaine addict who falls in love with a struggling actor, another, referred to by the title "Copacabana: Of Love and Shadows", was described as a Rio de Janeiro-based musical, in which Verraros would play both male and female roles; and the third, referred to by the title "Pizza on Sunset", was described as | 6,130,097 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
a gay LA-based romantic comedy. By July 2007, Verraros still had not released his second album. It was announced over the summer that he was "writing and recording [the album] in Malibu, California" with producers Gary Miller and John Porter. On a July podcast for the "Windy City Times", Verraros said that he was aiming for a January 2008 release.
### Return to "American Idol"-related projects, marriage, and "Do Not Disturb".
The 2007 book "Chicken Soup for the American Idol Soul" by Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen, and Deborah Poneman, features a chapter about Verraros, which Poneman called her favorite story in the book. During a press interview, Poneman said, "I thought it was so amazing | 6,130,098 |
536375 | Jim Verraros | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim%20Verraros | Jim Verraros
that a kid got to number eight or nine on 'American Idol' with parents who are deaf...His story makes me cry, when he realized that even though the whole country was cheering for him because they loved his voice, the two people that he loved the most would never be able to hear him sing." Verraros appeared at multiple book signings in Illinois during January 2008 with Poseman and "American Idol" season six finalist Gina Glocksen.
Throughout the first half of 2008, Verraros recapped the seventh season of "American Idol" for ChicagoPride.com and co-hosted video recaps of that season with Penny Frulla for AfterElton.com. He was also featured on Usmagazine.com as a guest recapper for that season's | 6,130,099 |
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