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536822 | Methuselah (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methuselah%20(disambiguation) | Methuselah (disambiguation)
by "Spirit" rover
- "Methuselah star", nickname for HD 140283, the oldest-known star
- The Methuselah Foundation, a biomedical charitable organization dedicated to extending healthy life
# Long-lived organisms.
- Methuselah (Judean date palm), a palm tree grown from a 2000-year-old seed at Ketura, Israel
- Methuselah (tree), the second oldest known Great Basin bristlecone pine tree in the White Mountains of California, the second oldest known living tree
- Methuselah (sequoia tree), the 27th largest tree in the world, in Sequoia National Forest, California
# Other uses.
- Methuselah (bond), a financial instrument with a 50-year maturity
- Methuselah (unit), a UK bottle size for wine | 6,131,100 |
536817 | On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On%20the%20Number%20of%20Primes%20Less%20Than%20a%20Given%20Magnitude | On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude
On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude
" die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen " (usual English translation: "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude") is a seminal 9-page paper by Bernhard Riemann published in the November 1859 edition of the "Monatsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin".
# Overview.
This paper studies the prime-counting function using analytic methods. Although it is the only paper Riemann ever published on number theory, it contains ideas which influenced thousands of researchers during the late 19th century and up to the present day. The paper consists primarily of definitions, heuristic arguments, sketches | 6,131,101 |
536817 | On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On%20the%20Number%20of%20Primes%20Less%20Than%20a%20Given%20Magnitude | On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude
of proofs, and the application of powerful analytic methods; all of these have become essential concepts and tools of modern analytic number theory.
Among the new definitions, ideas, and notation introduced:
- The use of the Greek letter zeta (ζ) for a function previously mentioned by Euler
- The analytic continuation of this zeta function ζ("s") to all complex "s" ≠ 1
- The entire function ξ("s"), related to the zeta function through the gamma function (or the Π function, in Riemann's usage)
- The discrete function "J"("x") defined for "x" ≥ 0, which is defined by "J"(0) = 0 and "J"("x") jumps by 1/"n" at each prime power "p". (Riemann calls this function "f"("x").)
Among the proofs and | 6,131,102 |
536817 | On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On%20the%20Number%20of%20Primes%20Less%20Than%20a%20Given%20Magnitude | On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude
sketches of proofs:
- Two proofs of the functional equation of ζ("s")
- Proof sketch of the product representation of ξ("s")
- Proof sketch of the approximation of the number of roots of ξ("s") whose imaginary parts lie between 0 and "T".
Among the conjectures made:
- The Riemann hypothesis, that all (nontrivial) zeros of ζ("s") have real part 1/2. Riemann states this in terms of the roots of the related ξ function, "... es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass alle Wurzeln reell sind. Hiervon wäre allerdings ein strenger Beweis zu wünschen; ich habe indess die Aufsuchung desselben nach einigen flüchtigen vergeblichen Versuchen vorläufig bei Seite gelassen, da er für den nächsten Zweck meiner Untersuchung | 6,131,103 |
536817 | On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On%20the%20Number%20of%20Primes%20Less%20Than%20a%20Given%20Magnitude | On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude
entbehrlich schien." That is, "it is very probable that all roots are real. One would, however, wish for a strict proof of this; I have, though, after some fleeting futile attempts, provisionally put aside the search for such, as it appears unnecessary for the next objective of my investigation." (He was discussing a version of the zeta function, modified so that its roots are real rather than on the critical line.)
New methods and techniques used in number theory:
- Functional equations arising from automorphic forms
- Analytic continuation (although not in the spirit of Weierstrass)
- Contour integration
- Fourier inversion.
Riemann also discussed the relationship between ζ("s") and | 6,131,104 |
536817 | On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On%20the%20Number%20of%20Primes%20Less%20Than%20a%20Given%20Magnitude | On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude
the distribution of the prime numbers, using the function "J"("x") essentially as a measure for Stieltjes integration. He then obtained the main result of the paper, a formula for "J"("x"), by comparing with ln(ζ("s")). Riemann then found a formula for the prime-counting function π("x") (which he calls "F"("x")). He notes that his equation explains the fact that π("x") grows more slowly than the logarithmic integral, as had been found by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt.
The paper contains some peculiarities for modern readers, such as the use of Π("s" − 1) instead of Γ("s"), writing "tt" instead of "t", and using the bounds of ∞ to ∞ as to denote a contour integral.
# | 6,131,105 |
536817 | On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On%20the%20Number%20of%20Primes%20Less%20Than%20a%20Given%20Magnitude | On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude
ula for the prime-counting function π("x") (which he calls "F"("x")). He notes that his equation explains the fact that π("x") grows more slowly than the logarithmic integral, as had been found by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt.
The paper contains some peculiarities for modern readers, such as the use of Π("s" − 1) instead of Γ("s"), writing "tt" instead of "t", and using the bounds of ∞ to ∞ as to denote a contour integral.
# External links.
- Riemann's manuscript
- Ueber die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebener Grösse (transcription of Riemann's article)
- On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude (English translation of Riemann's article) | 6,131,106 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
My Dying Bride
My Dying Bride are an English doom metal band formed in Bradford in 1990. To date, My Dying Bride have released twelve full-length studio albums, three EPs, one demo, one box set, four compilation albums, one live album, and one live CD/DVD release.
Along with Anathema and Paradise Lost, My Dying Bride were a forerunner of the death doom metal and gothic metal genres during the early 1990s. The band is considered part of the "Peaceville Three" as all three bands were signed to Peaceville Records at the time.
# Biography.
## Early years (1990–1992).
My Dying Bride was formed in Bradford in the north of England in June 1990 after guitarist Andrew Craighan and drummer Rick Miah | 6,131,107 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
co-formed the band after they had split from Abiosis, joining vocalist Aaron Stainthorpe and guitarist Calvin Robertshaw while ending Abiosis. After six months of rehearsing, the band recorded and released their demo, "Towards the Sinister", which was produced by Tim Walker of Voltage Records. Its title was taken from a line in the song "Symphonaire Infernus et Spera Empyrium". The band would soon release their first single, "God Is Alone", on a small French label called Listenable. After the single had sold out almost immediately, they were picked up by Peaceville Records, and they could release their first EP, "Symphonaire Infernus et Spera Empyrium", which also featured their latest recruit, | 6,131,108 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
bassist Adrian Jackson. The EP was soon followed by their first full-length album, "As the Flower Withers".
## "Turn Loose the Swans" (1992–1994).
"As the Flower Withers" was followed by a big tour in the UK and the mainland Europe, and in 1992 they recorded their next EP, "The Thrash of Naked Limbs". Another tour was planned, but cancelled when their current drummer had a bad fall while shooting the accompanying video.
In 1993, Martin Powell joined as My Dying Bride's keyboardist and violinist, and they started the recording of their second studio album, "Turn Loose the Swans". With the joining of Martin Powell, the usage of violin increased even more since their "As the Flower Withers" | 6,131,109 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
album. The album was followed by a tour and the release of another EP, "I Am the Bloody Earth", in 1994.
## "The Angel and the Dark River" (1995).
1995 saw the release of My Dying Bride's next album, "The Angel and the Dark River". The album was followed with a successful tour with some of their first festival gigs, and soon after the fans saw the release of their first compilation album, "Trinity", a collection of songs from their first three EPs. In the end of 1995, My Dying Bride traveled on a three-month tour with heavy metal band Iron Maiden.
## "Like Gods of the Sun" (1996–1997).
"Like Gods of the Sun" continued in the direction of "The Angel and the Dark River", in that it did not | 6,131,110 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
contain any growling vocals by Aaron Stainthorpe. This was the fourth, full-length album of My Dying Bride featuring songs like "A Kiss to Remember", "For You" and "For My Fallen Angel". "For My Fallen Angel" is strictly an orchestral composition with sections of violin and synth. It is also the last MDB album to feature a violin, until "For Lies I Sire".
## "34.788%...Complete" and hiatus (1998–2001).
The somewhat experimental "34.788%...Complete" was next, followed by "The Light at the End of the World". My Dying Bride entered a hiatus after this, releasing two retrospective albums "Meisterwerk 1" and "Meisterwerk 2". The "Meisterwerk" albums are compilations that contain previously released | 6,131,111 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
and rare material from My Dying Bride. At the end of the hiatus, Calvin Robertshaw left the band to become their tour manager and was replaced by Hamish Glencross.
## "The Dreadful Hours" (2001–2004).
Originally released in 2001, "The Dreadful Hours" featured new material with the seventh release. The album was again engineered by Mags and co-produced by guitarist Andrew Craighan. Between 2003 and 2004, the band's label, Peaceville, re-released their entire back-catalogue in digipak format, with bonus tracks consisting of demos, remixes, and live performances added to each release (except "The Light at the End of the World").
## "Songs of Darkness Words of Light" (2004–2005).
2004's follow-up | 6,131,112 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
"Songs of Darkness Words of Light" showed a band continuing to expand and refine their sound and purpose. A substantial increase in live performances — once an unheard-of rarity — has led to much greater recognition by a new generation of fans.
The band's next release came in May 2005, when they released the fancifully titled "Anti-Diluvian Chronicles", a fully-fledged "best of" box set featuring three discs and thirty tracks.
## "A Line of Deathless Kings" (2006–2007).
The band spent the winter of 2005/2006 writing material for new studio album "A Line of Deathless Kings". The album was released on 9 October 2006. It was preceded by the EP "Deeper Down" on 18 September. Shortly before the | 6,131,113 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
release of "A Line of Deathless Kings", Shaun Taylor-Steels announced his permanent departure from the band due to persistent problems with his ankle.
In early 2007, Jackson announced his departure and session-drummer John Bennett from The Prophecy could no longer stay, citing a lack of time due to work commitments. Replacements were found in Lena Abé on bass and Dan Mullins on drums.
## "For Lies I Sire", "Evinta", "The Barghest O' Whitby" (2009–2011).
In November 2008, My Dying Bride began work on their tenth studio album, entitled "For Lies I Sire", which was released on 23 March 2009. Due to Sarah Stanton's pregnancy, she had been replaced on keyboards by Katie Stone, she performed violin | 6,131,114 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
on "For Lies I Sire". Soon after the album's release, she was replaced by Shaun MacGowan.
On 26 October 2009 saw the release of My Dying Bride's new EP/DVD, "Bring Me Victory". Except for the title track and its video, it also includes a doom metal cover of the traditional song "Scarborough Fair", a cover of "Failure" by Swans and a live version of "Vast Choirs" (originally from As the Flower Withers), performed at Graspop 2008.
To commemorate the 20th anniversary of My Dying Bride's existence, the album "Evinta" was released on 30 May 2011. "Evinta" featured some previous My Dying Bride material re-worked as neo-classical and ambient songs. Soon after, the band announced the release of the | 6,131,115 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
EP "The Barghest o' Whitby", which was released 7 November 2011, and consists of a single, 27-minute track.
## "A Map of All Our Failures" and "The Manuscript" (2012–2014).
On 17 April 2012, it was announced that in a one-off show in Leeds, My Dying Bride would headline the Jägermeister stage at Damnation Festival 2012. The report on the festival's official website also stated that new album material would be premiered during the show. In May 2012 a list of European tour dates was announced for December that year.
On 27 July 2012, the title, artwork, and track listing of the forthcoming 11th studio album, "A Map of All Our Failures", was announced on the band's website. It was stated that | 6,131,116 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
the album would be released 15 October in Europe and 16 October in the USA on CD, double vinyl & special edition CD/DVD.
"A Map of All Our Failures" was released on 15 October 2012. Vocalist Aaron Stainthorpe described the album as being similar to the band's previous effort, "For Lies I Sire", but said that the music had evolved. He described the lyrics as being about religion, passion, love, and loss. Bassist Lena Abé described the album as being a "new style of writing, done in an old way", and almost having a "live sound" due to the presence of feedback and "raw and rough" elements. Guitarist Andrew Craighan described the album as, "a controlled demolition of all your hopes."
On 13 May | 6,131,117 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
2013, the band released a four-track EP, "The Manuscript". Three of the four tracks from the EP were recorded at the same time as "A Map of All Our Failures". A year later on 26 May 2014 the songs of this EP were re-released together with "The Barghest O' Whitby" as "The Vaulted Shadows" LP.
On 6 June 2014, My Dying Bride announced via their website that guitarist Hamish Glencross had been fired upon returning from their U.S. 2014 Maryland Deathfest appearance, and that original guitarist Calvin Robertshaw would be returning to the band.
## "Feel the Misery", move to Nuclear Blast (2015–present).
On 24 October 2014, My Dying Bride announced that they were in the studio recording their 12th | 6,131,118 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
full studio album "Feel the Misery" at Academy Studios in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, and have finished 7 songs, but that it was more than likely not the finalized work. On 25 June 2015, they announced "Feel the Misery" cover art, tracklist, release date and formats.
On 18 September 2015, finalized "Feel the Misery" was released, with 8 tracks.
On 1 March 2017, after 27 years being with Peaceville Records, the band announced in a Facebook post that they had signed with Nuclear Blast Records, and already have plans for their next album and singles. In the same post, they announced that they will also be performing their 1993 LP Turn Loose The Swans in its entire length at Roadburn Festival on | 6,131,119 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
22 April.
The same year, drummer Dan Mullins left the band, and was replaced by a returning Shaun Taylor-Steels, who was previously in the band from 1999 to 2006, and had performed drums on "A Map of All Our Failures" in 2012 as a session member.
In 2017, after cancelling four festival appearances, Aaron Stainthorpe explained that the band was working on a new album, and had therefore not disbanded. In a My Dying Bride Facebook post on 18 September 2018, Aaron Stainthorpe explained that the band cancelled those shows due to the cancer of his 5 year-old daughter, who is presently in remission.
On 4 December 2018, the band announced that Shaun Steels had been replaced by Jeff Singer due to | 6,131,120 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
"unresolvable drumming issues" and that the drum tracks for the new album had been completed by Singer.
On 24 May 2019, the band released 'A Harvest of Dread', a deluxe 12-inch 92-page hardback book five-disc set of rarities, early works, previously unheard pre-production demos, band favorites, and live audio.
# Band members.
## Current members.
- Aaron Stainthorpe – vocals
- Andrew Craighan – guitars
- Lena Abé – bass
- Shaun MacGowan – violin, keyboards
- Jeff Singer – drums
## Former members.
- Rick Miah – drums
- Martin Powell – violin, keyboards
- Adrian Jackson – bass
- Bill Law – drums
- Yasmin Ahmed – keyboards
- Calvin Robertshaw – guitars
- Lee Baines - guitars
- Sarah | 6,131,121 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
Stanton – keyboards
- Katie Stone – violin, keyboards
- Hamish Glencross – guitars
- Dan Mullins - drums
- Shaun Taylor-Steels – drums
## Former live members.
- John Bennett – drums
- David Gray – drums
- Robb Philpotts – guitars
# Discography.
- "As the Flower Withers" (1992)
- "Turn Loose the Swans" (1993)
- "The Angel and the Dark River" (1995)
- "Like Gods of the Sun" (1996)
- "34.788%...Complete" (1998)
- "The Light at the End of the World" (1999)
- "The Dreadful Hours" (2001)
- "Songs of Darkness, Words of Light" (2004)
- "A Line of Deathless Kings" (2006)
- "For Lies I Sire" (2009)
- "Evinta" (2011)
- "A Map of All Our Failures" (2012)
- "Feel the Misery" (2015)
# | 6,131,122 |
536802 | My Dying Bride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%20Dying%20Bride | My Dying Bride
iolin, keyboards
- Hamish Glencross – guitars
- Dan Mullins - drums
- Shaun Taylor-Steels – drums
## Former live members.
- John Bennett – drums
- David Gray – drums
- Robb Philpotts – guitars
# Discography.
- "As the Flower Withers" (1992)
- "Turn Loose the Swans" (1993)
- "The Angel and the Dark River" (1995)
- "Like Gods of the Sun" (1996)
- "34.788%...Complete" (1998)
- "The Light at the End of the World" (1999)
- "The Dreadful Hours" (2001)
- "Songs of Darkness, Words of Light" (2004)
- "A Line of Deathless Kings" (2006)
- "For Lies I Sire" (2009)
- "Evinta" (2011)
- "A Map of All Our Failures" (2012)
- "Feel the Misery" (2015)
# External links.
- Official website | 6,131,123 |
536813 | Nurse Ratched | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurse%20Ratched | Nurse Ratched
Nurse Ratched
Nurse Ratched (also known as "Big Nurse") is a fictional character and the main antagonist of Ken Kesey's 1962 novel "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" as well as the 1975 film of the same name. A cold, heartless, and passive-aggressive tyrant, Nurse Ratched became the stereotype of the nurse as a battleaxe. She has also become a popular metaphor for the corrupting influence of institutional power and authority in bureaucracies such as the psychiatric treatment center in which the novel is set.
The role in the film version of the novel was turned down by Anne Bancroft, Angela Lansbury, Geraldine Page, Colleen Dewhurst, and Ellen Burstyn before Louise Fletcher received it. Fletcher | 6,131,124 |
536813 | Nurse Ratched | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurse%20Ratched | Nurse Ratched
had only acted once in the 13 years before appearing in "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". She was thought of for the role after Shelley Duvall was suggested for an alternative role and Miloš Forman saw Fletcher appear with her in Robert Altman's "Thieves Like Us".
# Creation.
Author Kesey stated that he based Ratched on the head nurse of the psychiatric ward where he worked. He later ran into her at an aquarium, realizing "She was much smaller than I remembered, and a whole lot more human."
# Character biography.
Nurse Ratched is the head administrative nurse at the Salem State Hospital, a mental institution where she exercises near-absolute power over the patients' access to medications, | 6,131,125 |
536813 | Nurse Ratched | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurse%20Ratched | Nurse Ratched
privileges, and basic necessities such as food and toiletries. She capriciously revokes these privileges whenever a patient displeases her. Her superiors turn a blind eye because she maintains order, keeping the patients from acting out, either through antipsychotic and anticonvulsant drugs or her own brand of psychotherapy, which consists mostly of humiliating patients into doing her bidding. Her tyrannical rule and her hurtful personality stems from her time as an army nurse during World War II.
When Randle McMurphy arrives at the hospital, however, he flouts her rules with impunity, and inspires other patients to follow. Her attempts to cow him into submission—at first with threats and mild | 6,131,126 |
536813 | Nurse Ratched | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurse%20Ratched | Nurse Ratched
punishments, then with shock therapy—are unsuccessful, serving only to fuel his defiance.
Eventually McMurphy sneaks his prostitute girlfriend into the asylum, and encourages her to relieve fellow patient Billy Bibbitt of his virginity. When Ratched discovers what has happened, she threatens to tell Billy's mother about the transgression. Mortified, Billy commits suicide. Enraged with what Ratched has done to Billy and presumably fed up with her cruel nature in the mental institution, McMurphy attacks her and very nearly chokes her to death.
In retribution, Ratched has McMurphy lobotomized. Chief Bromden, another patient and the narrator of the novel, later smothers McMurphy with a pillow | 6,131,127 |
536813 | Nurse Ratched | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurse%20Ratched | Nurse Ratched
as a mercy killing after seeing what Ratched has done to him. Chief then escapes by lifting up the hydrotherapy cart and throwing it through a window. Ratched's injury from her near-strangulation leaves her voicebox almost completely disabled, thereby ending her reign of terror.
# Other media.
Nurse Ratched was a recurring character in the ABC series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Ingrid Torrance and works for the Evil Queen as a nurse in the mental hospital in Storybrooke. Although she appears in several episodes, her name is first revealed in the fifth season premiere "The Dark Swan".
Sarah Paulson will portray the character in Ryan Murphy's upcoming Netflix adaptation, "Ratched".
In | 6,131,128 |
536813 | Nurse Ratched | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurse%20Ratched | Nurse Ratched
American horror drama The Strain (TV series) , in season four, there is a nurse named after her working in a facility where women whose blood type is B+ are used for breeding.
# Legacy.
Louise Fletcher won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Nurse Ratched in the film. The pageboy hairstyle for Nurse Ratched was created by Carrie White. Louise Fletcher has said that the hairstyle was "a symbol that life had stopped for her (Ratched) a long time ago". Nurse Ratched was named the fifth-greatest villain in film history (and second-greatest villainess, behind only the Wicked Witch of the West) by the American Film Institute in their series 100 Years... 100 Heroes & Villains.
# | 6,131,129 |
536813 | Nurse Ratched | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurse%20Ratched | Nurse Ratched
ard for Best Actress for her portrayal of Nurse Ratched in the film. The pageboy hairstyle for Nurse Ratched was created by Carrie White. Louise Fletcher has said that the hairstyle was "a symbol that life had stopped for her (Ratched) a long time ago". Nurse Ratched was named the fifth-greatest villain in film history (and second-greatest villainess, behind only the Wicked Witch of the West) by the American Film Institute in their series 100 Years... 100 Heroes & Villains.
# Further reading.
- - DOI 10.1111/j.1440-1800.1995.tb00146.x - Profile at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) - Accepted for publication on July 4, 1994, online version on August 2, 2007. Available at Researchgate. | 6,131,130 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
Christian music
Christian music is music that has been written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life and faith. Common themes of Christian music include praise, worship, penitence, and lament, and its forms vary widely across the world.
Like other forms of music the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of Christian music varies according to culture and social context. Christian music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or with a positive message as an entertainment product for the marketplace.
# Worship services.
Among the most prevalent uses of Christian | 6,131,131 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
music are in church worship or other gatherings. Most Christian music involves singing, whether by the whole congregation (assembly), or by a specialized subgroup—such as a soloist, duet, trio, quartet, madrigal, choir, or worship band— or both. It is frequently accompanied by instruments, but some denominations (such as some Exclusive Brethren, the Churches of Christ, the Primitive Baptists and the Free Church of Scotland) or congregations still prefer unaccompanied or "a cappella" singing. Some groups, such as the Bruderhof, sing songs both with religious and non-religious meanings and words. For them, the act of singing is important. One of the earliest forms of worship music in the church | 6,131,132 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
was the Gregorian chant. Pope Gregory I, while not the inventor of chant, was acknowledged as the first person to order such music in the church, hinting the name "Gregorian" chant. The chant reform took place around 590–604 CE (reign of Pope Gregory I) (Kamien, pg. 65–67). The Gregorian chant was known for its very monophonic sound. Believing that complexity had a tendency to create cacophony, which ruined the music, Gregory I kept things very simple with the chant.
## Instrumental accompaniment.
In the West, the majority of Christian denominations use instruments such as an organ, piano, electronic keyboard, guitar, or other accompaniment, and occasionally by a band or orchestra, to accompany | 6,131,133 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
the singing. But some churches have historically not used instruments, citing their absence from the New Testament. During the last century or so several of these groups have revised this stance.
The singing of the Eastern Orthodox is also generally unaccompanied, though in the United States organs are sometimes used as a result of Western influence.
## Instrumental music.
Some worship music may be unsung, simply instrumental. During the Baroque period in Europe, the chorale prelude (for organ) was widely used, generally composed by using a popular hymn tune thematically, and a wide corpus of other solo organ music began to develop across Europe. Some of the most well-known exponents of such | 6,131,134 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
organ compositions include Johann Sebastian Bach, Dieterich Buxtehude, George Frideric Handel, François Couperin, César Franck and Charles-Marie Widor to name a few. Up to the present time, various composers have written instrumental (often organ) music as acts of worship, including well known organ repertoire by composers like Olivier Messiaen, Louis Vierne, Maurice Duruflé, and Jean Langlais.
The church sonata (for orchestra and chamber group) and other sacred instrumental musical forms also developed from the Baroque period onwards.
# Contemporary Christian music.
From the latter half of the 20th century to the present day in Western Christendom—especially in the United States and in other | 6,131,135 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
countries with evangelical churches—various genres of music originally often related to pop rock, have been created under the label of Contemporary Christian Music ("CCM") for home-listening and concert use. It can be divided into several genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. These genres (sometimes referred to as "style") like other forms of music may be distinguished by the techniques, the styles, the context and the themes, or geographical origin. Specific subgenres of CCM may include (but are not limited to): Christian country music, Christian | 6,131,136 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
pop, Christian rock, Christian metal, Christian hardcore, Christian punk, Christian alternative rock, Christian electronic dance music and Christian hip hop.
Called Christian pop or gospel in a generalized form, this is a relatively new musical movement and has now evolved into a large number of musical genres by region that comes in a Christian context. This movement appeared as a form of evangelization for the young but the genre is best known and seen in the Evangelical or Protestant proselytizing movements, often using rhythms similar to those in secular music.
CCM is not a musical genre like the other genres. When a song is identified as "Christian" it takes into account the lyrics and | 6,131,137 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
the songwriters and performers, rather than musical style. Therefore, one can say that CCM is diverse and there are Christian songs that are sung to the rhythm of salsa, reggae, rock, folk, hip-hop or rap, ballads, pop, country, singer-songwriters and even extreme music such as punk or heavy metal.
In the 1980s and 1990s, contemporary Christian music played a significant role in Evangelical Christian worship. A great variety of musical styles has developed traditional praise.
## Other languages.
Similar developments took place in other language, for example the German Neues Geistliches Lied and Korean Contemporary Christian music.
## Industry.
Christian music is supported by a segment of | 6,131,138 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
the general music industry which evolved as a parallel structure to the same. Beginning in the 1970s and developing out of the Jesus movement, the Christian music industry subsequently developed into a near-billion dollar enterprise. By the 1990s the genre had eclipsed classical, jazz, and new-age music, and artists began gaining acceptance in the general market.
## Media.
Today, Christian music is available through most available media. Christian music is broadcast over the radio, television, or the Internet. Christian Albums and video recordings (CD, LP, digital download, DVD, etc.) have been increasingly more popular and have continued to increase in sales.
Christian Musicals is another | 6,131,139 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
growing area, especially with the help of the internet. Church drama groups frequently enjoy performing musical dramas which can be downloaded on-line for free use.
## Music festivals and conferences.
In the US several Christian music festivals have been organized. They are common in the summertime and draw many different people, specifically those from organized groups such as church youth groups and campus groups. In addition to music festivals like those that are part of the Christian Festival Association, there are also many Christian conferences which focus more on speakers, but usually also have musical performances, especially for a Worship service.
The Ichthus Music Festival started | 6,131,140 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
in 1970. Today festivals are held annually around the world, and may draw upwards of 100,000 people.
New Zealand's Parachute Music Festival, the largest Christian music festival in the Southern Hemisphere, began in 1989 and is held annually at Mystery Creek Events Centre outside the city of Hamilton.
England's Big Church Day Out Festival began in 2009 and has annual attendance of approximately 20,000.
## Concerts.
Like any musical group or act, many Christian musical artists perform concerts in concert halls, bars & clubs, or outdoor venues, as well as in church-related venues. Sometimes it may be for pure entertainment, other times with the intention of witnessing (evangelizing by bearing | 6,131,141 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
witness of one's faith), and other times may be part worship as well.
# See also.
- Byzantine music
- Christian radio
- Gospel music
- History of music in the biblical period
- Hymn
- Liturgical music
- Mass (music)
- Religious music
- Worship presentation program
# Further reading.
- Boyer, Horace Clarence, "How Sweet the Sound: The Golden Age of Gospel" Elliott and Clark, 1995, .
- Broughton, Viv, "Too Close To Heaven – The Illustrated History of Gospel Music", Midnight Books, 1996,
- Albert E Brumley & Sons, "The Best of Albert E Brumley," Gospel Songs, 1966, ISBN na-paperback Amazing Grace
- Darden, Robert, "People Get Ready: A New History of Black Gospel Music" Continuum | 6,131,142 |
536811 | Christian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20music | Christian music
& Sons, "The Best of Albert E Brumley," Gospel Songs, 1966, ISBN na-paperback Amazing Grace
- Darden, Robert, "People Get Ready: A New History of Black Gospel Music" Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005, .
- Heilbut, Tony, "The Gospel Sound: Good News and Bad Times" Limelight Editions, 1997, .
- Zolten, Jerry, "Great God A' Mighty!:The Dixie Hummingbirds – Celebrating The Rise of Soul Gospel Music," Oxford University Press, 2003, .
- Enciclopedia Cecilia (in Spanish) Includes a Catholic Encyclopedia about music, wiki-style
- Palackal, Joseph, "Syriac Chant Traditions in South India"
# External links.
- Billboard Praise and Worship Charts
- Billboard Christian Airplay Charts | 6,131,143 |
37318645 | Leopold Koss | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold%20Koss | Leopold Koss
Leopold Koss
Leopold George Koss (born Leopold Kon) (October 2, 1920 – September 11, 2012) was a physician, pathologist, and professor at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He has been called "one of the founding fathers for the field of cytopathology".
# Biography.
Koss was born in Langfuhr, Poland. He escaped Nazi persecution in 1942 by entering Switzerland, where he was eventually allowed to continue studying medicine. He received his M.D. degree from the University of Bern, Switzerland in 1946. His parents and sisters died during the Holocaust.
He arrived in the United States in 1947, and did a residency in pathology at Kings County Hospital in Brooklyn, New York. From 1952 to 1970, | 6,131,144 |
37318645 | Leopold Koss | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold%20Koss | Leopold Koss
minus a stint in the Korean War, he was on staff at the Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center. In 1973, he was named Chairman of the Department of Pathology at Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
# Awards.
Koss received the Papanicolaou, Goldblatt, and Masubuchi Awards, the Sloan Award in Cancer Research, and the Gold-headed Cane Award from the American Society for Investigative Pathology. He was a distinguished member of the American Society of Cytopathology.
# Works.
His textbook "Koss' Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Bases" is considered a classic in the field of cytopathology.
and also "provides comprehensive, current information on the | 6,131,145 |
37318645 | Leopold Koss | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold%20Koss | Leopold Koss
Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Bases" is considered a classic in the field of cytopathology.
and also "provides comprehensive, current information on the principles and techniques of cytopathology and the cytologic evaluation of benign and malignant disorders at every anatomic site"
- Diagnostic Cytology and Its Histopathologic Bases, 5th rev. edition 2006
- Tumors of the Urinary Bladder, 1975, Supplement, 1984
- Aspiration Biopsy: Cytologic Interpretation and Histologic Bases, 2d rev. edition 1992
- Introduction to Gynecologic Cytology, 1999
# References.
9 Sanchez M. A personal Memory of Leo Koss Cancer Cytopathology
Volume 120, Issue 6, pages 419–420, 25 December 2012 | 6,131,146 |
536848 | Kevin Shelley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin%20Shelley | Kevin Shelley
Kevin Shelley
Kevin Francis Shelley (born November 16, 1955) is an American politician, who was the 28th California Secretary of State from January 6, 2003, until his resignation on March 4, 2005.
# Early life.
Shelley was raised in San Francisco, the only son in a family of five. His father, Jack Shelley, was a State Senator, member of the U.S. House of Representatives, and Mayor of San Francisco.
Shelley graduated from St. Ignatius College Preparatory in 1973. He received his B.A. in political science from the University of California, Davis. He obtained his J.D. from University of California, Hastings College of the Law. He joined the staff of Congressman Phillip Burton and continued in | 6,131,147 |
536848 | Kevin Shelley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin%20Shelley | Kevin Shelley
his position when Sala Burton assumed her husband's seat after his death.
# Political career.
In 1990, Shelley was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. In 1996, he won a seat in the California State Assembly. He wrote clinic protection ordinances and sunshine laws to make government more accountable. He authored the Marine Life Protection Act that protects coastal ecosystems, the California Nursing Home Reform Act to protect the elderly, and the Healthy Schools Act to protect children from pesticides. He created a voting reform package that includes a Voters' Bill of Rights and allows each voter to permanently vote by mail.
Term limits prevented Shelley from seeking a fourth | 6,131,148 |
536848 | Kevin Shelley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin%20Shelley | Kevin Shelley
term as an Assemblyman in 2002, so he sought election as California's Secretary of State, the state's chief elections official.
## Recall Election.
Within weeks of taking office as Secretary of State, petitions were filed to recall Governor Gray Davis, a fellow Democrat. Six months after taking office, Shelley had to certify that there were enough signatures on these petitions to mandate the 2003 gubernatorial recall election, the first such election in state history. As Secretary of State, Shelley was responsible for overseeing that statewide special election.
Shelley was generally credited with good work on his handling of the 2003 recall election and on his handling of the controversy | 6,131,149 |
536848 | Kevin Shelley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin%20Shelley | Kevin Shelley
over the verifiability of electronic voting machines. He was the first state election official to decertify DRE voting machine systems already in use, to require all DRE voting machine systems to contain an accessible paper copy of a person's vote, and to adopt standards and security measures for such systems. He initiated an investigation into electronic voting machine manufacturer Diebold Election Systems (now Premier Election Solutions), and at the conclusion of the investigation, requested that then-State Attorney General Bill Lockyer investigate Diebold for criminal fraud.
## Scandals.
A number of former staffers and other associates came forward and accused Shelley of abusive behavior | 6,131,150 |
536848 | Kevin Shelley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin%20Shelley | Kevin Shelley
toward his staff.
Other accusations surfaced charging Shelley had received allegedly laundered campaign funds during his race for Secretary of State. Shelley maintained that he did not know that the funds were illicitly transferred to his campaign treasury. (After an investigation, then-state Attorney General Bill Lockyer publicly exonerated Shelley, saying he was innocent of any wrongdoing in connection with the case.)
On October 29, 2004, Shelley replaced three of his top aides, including the assistant state secretary of communications, with veteran civil servants, in an effort to bring more accountability to his office.
Shelley announced his resignation on February 4, 2005, effective March | 6,131,151 |
536848 | Kevin Shelley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin%20Shelley | Kevin Shelley
ivil servants, in an effort to bring more accountability to his office.
Shelley announced his resignation on February 4, 2005, effective March 1, although he did not leave office until three days later, on March 4.
Chief Deputy Secretary of State Cathy Mitchell briefly served as Secretary of State until Bruce McPherson, a Republican, was appointed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. Upon taking office, McPherson reversed Shelley's actions, and on March 10. 2006, McPherson certified the use of DRE voting machines without verifiable, auditable paper trails.
California State Bar records indicate Shelley resumed practicing law in April 2005.
# External links.
- Shelley bans e-voting machines | 6,131,152 |
37318693 | Edna Child | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edna%20Child | Edna Child
Edna Child
Edna Lilian Child (later "Tinegate", born 10 October 1922) is a British former diver. Competing in the 3 metre springboard she won a gold medal at the 1950 British Empire Games and a bronze at the 1938 European Championships and finished sixth at the 1948 Summer Olympics. At the 1950 British Empire Games she also won a gold medal in the 10 metre platform. Her husband Ken Tinegate competed in rowing at those Games. | 6,131,153 |
37318648 | People's Biodiversity festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People's%20Biodiversity%20festival | People's Biodiversity festival
People's Biodiversity festival
The People's Biodiversity Festival is a celebratory assertion that biodiversity is a commons. It is therefore a "constructive" Gandhian protest against the moves at international fora like the CBD to privatise and monetise bio-diversity. One such festival event was held in Nampalli Ground, Hyderabad, India from October 13 to 16, 2012. The festival reflects the shared concerns and to lay foundation for cooperation and sharing or the seed wealth and related knowledge - for inclusive, ecological self-reliance in harmony with nature.
# Overview.
About 50 organisations consisting NGOs, Campaign organisations, Farmers associations took part in this festival as a form | 6,131,154 |
37318648 | People's Biodiversity festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People's%20Biodiversity%20festival | People's Biodiversity festival
of Gandhian protest against the CBD COP that was being held in a swank part of the city. Each of the themes relating to bio-diversity were showcased at the festival through stalls and thematic sessions.
# Session Themes.
Various sessions were held under different themes relating to biodiversity.
## Ecological Agriculture & Biodiversity.
13 Oct 2012 - This session started with a presentation of traditional cotton. And then discussed various issues related to organic agriculture. The session was coordinated by Rajashekar, Bharat Mansata, and Dr Ramanjaneyulu.
## Adivasis and Biodiversity.
14th Oct 2012 - Organised by, National Adivasi Alliance & FOCUS on the Global South, this session mainly | 6,131,155 |
37318648 | People's Biodiversity festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People's%20Biodiversity%20festival | People's Biodiversity festival
discussed on community rights to sustained indigenous use of Earth's biodiversity through indigenous traditional occupations and land & forest use/tenure.
The main panelist were Mr. C. Madegowda from Karnataka, Mr. Subhash Majhi from Orissa, Mr. Somaru Baiga from Chhattisgarh, Mr. Venkateshwarulu from Vishakapattanam, Ms. Suman Koreti from Chhattisgarh, Mr. Pablo Solon from Bolivia (exec. director, FOCUS) ( Follow this link for the unedited notes on this session :- doccentre.net/wikithon/index.php?title=National_Adivasi_Alliance )
## 'IPRs, Biopiracy & the Indian Legal Framework'.
14th Oct 2012 - This session was coordinated by Jacob Nellithanam & Bharat, and the speakers includes Dr. Vandana | 6,131,156 |
37318648 | People's Biodiversity festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People's%20Biodiversity%20festival | People's Biodiversity festival
Shiva who also released the book ‘The Global Citizens’ Report on Seed Freedom’
## Climate Change & Biodiversity.
15 October 2012 - Coordinated by T. Vijayendra & Sagar Dhara
## 'Open-source Seeds and Seed-savers Network'.
15 October 2012 - Organised by CSA and Coordinated by Dr Ramanjaneyulu, Rajashekar & Krishna Prasad
## ‘Rights of Mother Earth'.
15 October 2012 - Coordinated by Afsar Jaffri & Jacob
## Biodiversity & Trade'.
15 October 2012 - Coordinated by Kannaiyan & Jacob ( Follow this link for the unedited notes on this session :- doccentre.net/wikithon/index.php?title=Biodiversity_%26_Trade )
## 'GMOs & Bio-safety'.
Coordinated by Ramoo & Rajashekar
## Land, Livelihoods & Biodiversity'.
Organised | 6,131,157 |
37318648 | People's Biodiversity festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People's%20Biodiversity%20festival | People's Biodiversity festival
by NAPM, Coordinated by Saraswati
Jeevan Kumar from Human Rights Forum, SarashWatiKavula, MedhaPatkar were among the speakers. ( Follow this link for the unedited notes on this session :- doccentre.net/wikithon/index.php?title=Land,_Livelihoods_and_Biodiversity )
# Demonstrated alternatives in stalls.
The main strategy of the festival is to showcase the bio-diversity built by the people and other species on this planet. Thus it seeks to demonstrate the various strains of food - grains, vegetables, fruit that have been developed in the commons which should remain in the public domain. It also seeks to encourage in situ propagation by farmers, artisans, and even city dwellers. This is the bio-diversity | 6,131,158 |
37318648 | People's Biodiversity festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People's%20Biodiversity%20festival | People's Biodiversity festival
which the proponents believe is a sufficient and a sustainable pool for adaptation to various changes that are being caused by climate change.
# Wikithon.
Centre for Education and Documentation along with Knowledge in Civil Society(KICS) with the help of Wikipedia Hyderabad group, conducted WIKITHON during the festival. It was an attempt to show how the tool like WIKI can be used to gather information on peoples knowledge during a public event like this. Various participating organisations contributed to the wikibased system that is created for this purpose, which will be integrated to the Wikipedia. Wikipedia Hyderabad Volunteers, conducted a training on how to use wiki.
# Other events as | 6,131,159 |
37318648 | People's Biodiversity festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People's%20Biodiversity%20festival | People's Biodiversity festival
part of the festival.
Seed Festivals in Calcutta, Mumbai,
Dharti Utsav, held in Anantapur on environment day every year since 200?, in different parts of this drought prone districts showcases the various types of millets that can grow well in these conditions. These strains were disappearing. The Dharti Utsav also showcases local varieties of fowl, goat, cattle, which are now being rejuvenated under programmes taken up by civil society in the district. Urban Agriculture demonstrations at the Mahim Nature Park by Urban Leaves. Farmers Market every Sunday in Mumbai by Kavita Mukhi. Seed Satyagraha
# External links.
- People's biodiversity festival rejects IPR regime
- Biodiversity festival | 6,131,160 |
37318648 | People's Biodiversity festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People's%20Biodiversity%20festival | People's Biodiversity festival
disappearing. The Dharti Utsav also showcases local varieties of fowl, goat, cattle, which are now being rejuvenated under programmes taken up by civil society in the district. Urban Agriculture demonstrations at the Mahim Nature Park by Urban Leaves. Farmers Market every Sunday in Mumbai by Kavita Mukhi. Seed Satyagraha
# External links.
- People's biodiversity festival rejects IPR regime
- Biodiversity festival from today
- Activists:Directory of biodiversity will lead to plundering of resources
- Social activists slam biodiversity meet
- ‘Seeds cannot be the monopoly of companies’
- People’s Biodiversity fete challenges CBD
- Conference of protesters
- ‘Bio-diversity meet a farce | 6,131,161 |
37318733 | Natalya Krupskaya | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natalya%20Krupskaya | Natalya Krupskaya
Natalya Krupskaya
Natalya Krupskaya (; born 1972) is a retired Russian swimmer who won a gold medal in the 4×100 m medley relay at the 1991 European Aquatics Championships. During her career she won three national titles (1988, 1989 and 1991) and set one national record (1991) in the 200 m backstroke.
She started swimming in 1980 and by 1987 was a member of the Soviet team. After retirement she worked as a swimming coach in her native Novokuznetsk. | 6,131,162 |
37318618 | South Wales Mounted Brigade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South%20Wales%20Mounted%20Brigade | South Wales Mounted Brigade
South Wales Mounted Brigade
The South Wales Mounted Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army, organised in 1908. After home defence service, it was posted to Egypt where it was absorbed into the 4th Dismounted Brigade in March 1916.
# History.
## Formation.
Under the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9), the brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It consisted of three yeomanry regiments, a horse artillery battery and ammunition column, a transport and supply column and a field ambulance.
As the name suggests, the units were drawn from the South Wales area, with the exception of the field ambulance which was | 6,131,163 |
37318618 | South Wales Mounted Brigade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South%20Wales%20Mounted%20Brigade | South Wales Mounted Brigade
based in Hereford, England.
## Mobilisation for World War I.
The brigade was mobilised on 4 August 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War, assembled at Hereford and moved to East Anglia by the end of August 1914. It joined the 1st Mounted Division in August 1914, replacing 1st South Midland Mounted Brigade which moved to 2nd Mounted Division. In November 1915, the brigade was dismounted. It was replaced in 1st Mounted Division by 2/1st Eastern Mounted Brigade when it departed for Egypt.
## Egypt.
The brigade was posted to Egypt in March 1916. On 20 March, South Wales Mounted Brigade was absorbed into the 4th Dismounted Brigade (along with the Welsh Border Mounted Brigade). 4th Dismounted | 6,131,164 |
37318618 | South Wales Mounted Brigade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South%20Wales%20Mounted%20Brigade | South Wales Mounted Brigade
the brigade was dismounted. It was replaced in 1st Mounted Division by 2/1st Eastern Mounted Brigade when it departed for Egypt.
## Egypt.
The brigade was posted to Egypt in March 1916. On 20 March, South Wales Mounted Brigade was absorbed into the 4th Dismounted Brigade (along with the Welsh Border Mounted Brigade). 4th Dismounted Brigade was later renamed as 231st Brigade in the 74th (Yeomanry) Division.
# Commanders.
The South Wales Mounted Brigade was commanded from 1 January 1913 by Colonel Frederick Fryer. He was promoted to Brigadier General on 5 August 1914.
# See also.
- 2/1st South Wales Mounted Brigade for the 2nd Line formation
- British yeomanry during the First World War | 6,131,165 |
37318732 | Bob Arnott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Arnott | Bob Arnott
Bob Arnott
William Robert "Bob" Arnott (13 October 1922 – 23 January 2016) was an Australian alpine skier who competed in the 1952 Winter Olympics.
# Family and education.
Arnott was the great-grandson of William Arnott, who founded Arnott's Biscuits. His father, Henry Dixon Arnott, was a barrister and President of the Royal Aero Club of New South Wales. He was born in Sydney and attended Cranbrook School and the University of Sydney where he graduated as a Bachelor of Science in 1945. Arnott married Simone Emile Pirenne in 1965 and had two children: Adrienne Davina Pirenne Arnott (born in 1969); and Robert Axel Pirenne Arnott (born in 1970).
# Club.
Arnott was a member of the Ski Club of | 6,131,166 |
37318732 | Bob Arnott | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Arnott | Bob Arnott
lliam Arnott, who founded Arnott's Biscuits. His father, Henry Dixon Arnott, was a barrister and President of the Royal Aero Club of New South Wales. He was born in Sydney and attended Cranbrook School and the University of Sydney where he graduated as a Bachelor of Science in 1945. Arnott married Simone Emile Pirenne in 1965 and had two children: Adrienne Davina Pirenne Arnott (born in 1969); and Robert Axel Pirenne Arnott (born in 1970).
# Club.
Arnott was a member of the Ski Club of Australia and was the author of its 75th anniversary history. He was the legend of NSW alpine who competed in the 1952 Olympics. He also assisted in the development of the Federation International SKI (FIS). | 6,131,167 |
37318683 | Knapp, Stout & Co. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knapp,%20Stout%20&%20Co. | Knapp, Stout & Co.
Knapp, Stout & Co.
Knapp, Stout & Co. was a lumber company based in Menomonie, Wisconsin in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The company was established in 1846, when John Holly Knapp and William Wilson purchased half of interest in a lumber mill on the Red Cedar River from David Black; it was originally known as Black & Knapp. Later Andrew Tainter acquired a quarter-interest, and the company has become Knapp-Tainter Lumber Company. Henry Stout bought a quarter interest in the company in 1853, and its name became Knapp, Stout & Company. The company's location allowed it to control the lumber industry in the region, and by 1870 it controlled the logging industry in the Red Cedar River valley. | 6,131,168 |
37318683 | Knapp, Stout & Co. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knapp,%20Stout%20&%20Co. | Knapp, Stout & Co.
In 1878, the company incorporated, and its official name became the Knapp, Stout & Co., Company. The company employed over 2,000 workers in the Menomonie area and produced 85 million board feet of lumber on average yearly from 1871 to 1896; its output made it the largest lumber company in the world. In the 1880s, the company expanded to sites along the Mississippi River, opening offices in Dubuque, Iowa, Read's Landing, Minnesota, and St. Louis. By the 1900s, the company had largely depleted its lumber supply; it closed many of its camps and dissolved early in the 20th century. The company sent out its last shipment of lumber on August 12, 1901.
In addition to logging, Knapp, Stout & Co. built | 6,131,169 |
37318683 | Knapp, Stout & Co. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knapp,%20Stout%20&%20Co. | Knapp, Stout & Co.
many community institutions in Menomonie and northern Wisconsin. The company funded the first schools in both Barron County and Dunn County counties and established Evergreen Cemetery, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In addition, company partner Andrew Tainter built the NRHP-listed Louis Smith Tainter House and the Mabel Tainter Memorial Building in Menomonie. Henry Stout's son James Huff Stout founded the University of Wisconsin–Stout with his inheritance from the company.
# John Holly Knapp.
John Holly Knapp (1825–1888) was born in New York state in 1825 to General John Holly Knapp (born May 20, 1791), the founder of new Fort Madison, Iowa and Harriet | 6,131,170 |
37318683 | Knapp, Stout & Co. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knapp,%20Stout%20&%20Co. | Knapp, Stout & Co.
Knapp (nee Seely), and grew up in Fort Madison. At first he remained in Fort Madison, although travelled frequently to Menomonie. At Fort Madison he had a son Henry with his first wife, Caroline Field, and two children, Effie and William with his second wife, Valaria Adams. But as the business grew, he moved to Menomonie, where four more children were born, John Holly III, Edgar, Herbert and Rolla. During 1878–1886 Knapp was president of the firm.
# Henry Lane Stout.
Henry Lane Stout (October 23, 1814 – July 17, 1900) was born in New Jersey. After pursuing some other interests, he became a lumber salesman at Knapp-Tainter and in 1853 acquired a quarter-interest in it.
For five years Stout | 6,131,171 |
37318683 | Knapp, Stout & Co. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knapp,%20Stout%20&%20Co. | Knapp, Stout & Co.
children were born, John Holly III, Edgar, Herbert and Rolla. During 1878–1886 Knapp was president of the firm.
# Henry Lane Stout.
Henry Lane Stout (October 23, 1814 – July 17, 1900) was born in New Jersey. After pursuing some other interests, he became a lumber salesman at Knapp-Tainter and in 1853 acquired a quarter-interest in it.
For five years Stout was mayor of Dubuque. He also served on the board of directors for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad (1867-1869), the Dakota & Dubuque Railroad (1881), and the Iowa Pacific Railroad (1876), and served as an officer and on the board of directors of the Dunleith & Dubuque Bridge Company and the Dunleith & Dubuque Ferry Company (1868-1893). | 6,131,172 |
536843 | Austrian Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian%20Netherlands | Austrian Netherlands
Austrian Netherlands
The Austrian Netherlands (; ; ; ) was the larger part of the Southern Netherlands between 1714 and 1797. The period began with the Austrian acquisition of the former Spanish Netherlands under the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714 and lasted until Revolutionary France annexed the territory during the aftermath of the Battle of Sprimont in 1794 and the Peace of Basel in 1795. Austria, however, did not relinquish its claim over the province until 1797 in the Treaty of Campo Formio.
The Austrian Netherlands formed a non-contiguous territory that consisted of what is now western Belgium as well as greater Luxembourg, bisected by the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. The dominant languages | 6,131,173 |
536843 | Austrian Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian%20Netherlands | Austrian Netherlands
were German (including Luxembourgish), Dutch (Flemish), and French, along with Picard and Walloon.
As a result of the Barrier Treaties of 1709-1715, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI () showed little apparent interest in the day-to-day rule of the Austrian Netherlands; yet he insisted on keeping ultimate control of the territories concerned. This caused quite a lot of frustration with Austria's own inhabitants, especially because the Dutch troops were paid with money that needed to be raised from the Austrian Netherlands themselves. The war of 1740-1748 showed that Austria already had little interest in maintaining the Austrian Netherlands: constant bickering among the Allied commanders meant | 6,131,174 |
536843 | Austrian Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian%20Netherlands | Austrian Netherlands
the French kept the initiative during the campaigns, and the fortifications, manned with mostly Dutch troops, were captured with ease by the French army. Although the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle had stipulated that Dutch garrisons should again man the Barrier towns, Charles's daughter and successor Maria Theresa, advised by her counselor Kaunitz, refused to pay for those troops any longer, unless there were to be negotiations about new trade agreements. In the end, the Republic refused to pay for the rebuilding of the fortifications and or to send any troops, but with the Barrier towns in ruins and the Netherlands now open for a new invasion, she had little to offer. When Austria and France entered | 6,131,175 |
536843 | Austrian Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian%20Netherlands | Austrian Netherlands
into an alliance in 1756, there was in effect no purpose in the Barrier treaty any more. In 1781 the Austrian archduke, Emperor Joseph II, unilaterally renounced the treaty.
# History.
Under the Treaty of Rastatt (1714), following the War of the Spanish Succession, the surviving portions of the Spanish Netherlands were ceded to Austria.
The Austrians were unconcerned with the upkeep of their province and the fortresses along the border (the Barrier Fortresses) were, by treaty, garrisoned with Dutch troops. The area had, in fact, been given to Austria largely at British and Dutch insistence, as these powers feared potential French domination of the region.
Charles VI attempted to use the | 6,131,176 |
536843 | Austrian Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian%20Netherlands | Austrian Netherlands
Austrian Netherlands to compete with British and Dutch traders in an enterprise known as the Ostend Company.
Throughout the latter part of the eighteenth century, the principal foreign policy goal of the Habsburg rulers was to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria, which would round out Habsburg possessions in southern Germany. In the Treaty of Versailles of 1757, Austria agreed to the creation of an independent state in the Southern Netherlands ruled by Philip, Duke of Parma and garrisoned by French troops in exchange for French help in recovering Silesia. However, the agreement was later revoked by the Treaty of Versailles of 1758 and Austrian rule continued.
In 1784 Joseph II did | 6,131,177 |
536843 | Austrian Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian%20Netherlands | Austrian Netherlands
take up the long-standing grudge of Antwerp, whose once-flourishing trade was destroyed by the permanent closure of the Scheldt, and demanded that the Dutch Republic open the river to navigation. However, the Emperor's stance was far from militant, and he called off hostilities after the so-called Kettle War, known by that name because its only "casualty" was a kettle. Though Joseph did secure in the Treaty of Fontainebleau in 1785 that the Southern Netherlands would be compensated by the Dutch Republic for the continued closing the Scheldt, this achievement failed to gain him much popularity.
## Brabant Revolution.
In the 1780s, opposition emerged to the liberal reforms of Emperor Joseph | 6,131,178 |
536843 | Austrian Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian%20Netherlands | Austrian Netherlands
II, which were perceived as an attack on the Catholic Church and the traditional institutions in the Austrian Netherlands. Resistance, focused in the autonomous and wealthy Estates of Brabant and Flanders, grew. In the aftermath of rioting and disruption, known as the Small Revolution, in 1787, many of opponents took refuge in the neighboring Dutch Republic where they formed a rebel army. Soon after the outbreak of the French and Liège revolutions, the "émigré" army crossed into the Austrian Netherlands and decisively defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Turnhout in October 1789. The rebels, supported by uprisings across the territory, soon took control over much of the territory and proclaimed | 6,131,179 |
536843 | Austrian Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian%20Netherlands | Austrian Netherlands
independence. Despite the tacit support of Prussia, the independent United Belgian States, established in January 1790, received no foreign recognition and soon became divided along ideological lines. The Vonckists, led by Jan Frans Vonck, advocated progressive and liberal government, whereas the Statists, led by Hendrik Van der Noot, were staunchly conservative and supported by the Church. The Statists, who had a wider base of support, soon drove the Vonckists into exile through a terror.
By mid-1790, Habsburg Austria ended its war with the Ottoman Empire and prepared to suppress the rebels. The new Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II, was also a liberal and proposed an amnesty for the rebels. | 6,131,180 |
536843 | Austrian Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian%20Netherlands | Austrian Netherlands
After defeating a Statist army at the Battle of Falmagne, the territory was soon overrun and the revolution was defeated by December. The Austrian reestablishment was short-lived, however, and the territory was soon overrun by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars.
## Imperial Councillors of State.
The Councillors of state acted as government, and formed the council by imperial consent:
- The Baron von Reischach, Imperial Diplomat
- Cardinal von Migazzi
- Cardinal von Frankenberfg
- the Baron of Gottignies, Imperial Lord Chamberlain
- Philippe von Cobenzl, vice Chancellor of the Imperial Council of State.
- Henri d'Ognies, Prince of Grimberghen, Imperial Lord Chamberlain
- | 6,131,181 |
536843 | Austrian Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian%20Netherlands | Austrian Netherlands
hen, Imperial Lord Chamberlain
- the Count of Neny; president of the Privy Council, member of the Imperial Council of State
- the Count of Woestenraedt, Imperial Lord Chamberlain.
- the Marquess of Chasteler, Lord Chamberlain
- the Count of Gomegnies, President of the Council of Hainaut
- the Viscount of Villers; Imperial Treasurer General
- the Prince of Gavre: Grand Marshall of the Imperial Court of the Archduchess.
# French rule.
In 1794, the armies of the French Revolution annexed the Austrian Netherlands from the Holy Roman Empire and integrated them into the French Republic.
# Citations.
## Sources.
- Heinrich Benedikt. "Als Belgien österreichisch war". Herold, Vienna, 1965. | 6,131,182 |
37318721 | Ryan Lane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Lane | Ryan Lane
Ryan Lane
Ryan Thomas Lane (born November 23, 1987) is an American actor. Beginning his professional career at the age of nineteen, Lane is best known for his portrayal of Cincinnati Reds center-fielder William Ellsworth Hoy in the biography "Dummy Hoy: A Deaf Hero", and for his recurring role as Travis on the ABC Family drama series "Switched at Birth", which earned him the RJ Mitte Diversity Award at the 2013 Media Access Awards.
# Early life.
Lane was born on November 23, 1987 in Fullerton, California to parents William, who is hard of hearing, and Jill Lane. Lane was born deaf and diagnosed at two weeks old with congenital nerve deafness. He has two older sisters, Kristyn (b. 1983) and | 6,131,183 |
37318721 | Ryan Lane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Lane | Ryan Lane
Hayley (b. 1986) who are both hearing. His parents divorced when he was eight and he then split his time between living with his father in Ontario, California and his mother in Diamond Bar, California. He attended school in the County School District of Los Angeles and graduated from the California School for the Deaf, Riverside (CSDR) in 2007.
# Career.
In 2007, director David Risotto discovered a photograph of Lane in his football uniform on the wall at CSDR (some conflicting sources reporting it as a photograph in the CSDR yearbook). Risotto had been searching for a young man who was deaf and could play baseball to portray Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame center-fielder William Ellsworth "Dummy" | 6,131,184 |
37318721 | Ryan Lane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Lane | Ryan Lane
Hoy in the documentary "Dummy Hoy: A Deaf Hero" (aka: "I See the Crowd Roar") and cast Lane, who he believed had both the perfect "look" and the athletic abilities to portray the role. After altering his Mohawk hairstyle and learning to bat left-handed, Lane spent the spring of 2007 filming on location in Southern California, later re-shooting some key ballpark scenes in Evansville, Indiana in the fall of 2008.
Lane's portrayal of Dummy Hoy led to a series of guest-starring roles on episodic television. In 2008, he guest-starred on the CBS crime drama "Cold Case", portraying Andy Rierdan, a popular high school student whose murder is investigated, in the episode "Andy in C Minor". In 2009, | 6,131,185 |
37318721 | Ryan Lane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Lane | Ryan Lane
he guest-starred on the Fox medical drama "House M.D.", portraying Seth Miller, a high school wrestler who hears explosions in his head, in the episode "House Divided". In 2010, he guest-starred on the CBS medical drama "Miami Medical", portraying Ethan, a patient injured under a collapsed balcony, in the episode "All Fall Down".
In 2011, Lane transitioned to roles in short films, appearing in the science-fiction short "Irving J. Koppermelt" and the family short drama "White Space". That same year, he appeared in Jennette McCurdy's music video for the song "Generation Love". In addition to his film and television roles, Lane has been one of the repertory players at the Deaf West Theatre in | 6,131,186 |
37318721 | Ryan Lane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Lane | Ryan Lane
North Hollywood, California, appearing in stage productions of "ASImprov", "Charlie's Version" and "The "R" Word".
In February 2012, Lane began a recurring role on the ABC Family drama "Switched at Birth". On the series, Lane portrays Travis, a lonely and sometimes angry high school student who struggles to communicate with his hearing family at home and develops an unrequited romantic interest in Daphne Vasquez (née Kennish), portrayed by Katie Leclerc. Lane described the differences between his own life and his character's saying, "Travis' parents don't [sign]. My parents do. Travis doesn't have that, so in some ways we're different [...] But I'm embracing this whole [storyline] about his | 6,131,187 |
37318721 | Ryan Lane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Lane | Ryan Lane
home life."
In September 2012, it was reported that Lane was set to star in the feature film "In Other Words", portraying an isolated young man who falls in love with a blind dancer. His film credits include an appearance in "" (2013), as well as a cameo in "Veronica Mars" (2014).
# Personal life.
In September 2006, Lane sustained serious injuries in a dirt bike accident in Pismo Beach, California, which reportedly almost left him paralyzed. While trying to execute a jump, Lane fractured his lower spine and left femur, an injury which required a steel rod and screws to replace the broken section of his spine. His time spent recovering from his injuries, which required him to wear a body brace | 6,131,188 |
37318721 | Ryan Lane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Lane | Ryan Lane
until January 2007, caused him to miss a significant amount of school, delaying his graduation from CSDR until the fall of 2007.
Prior to establishing a career in show business, Lane had expressed an interest in studying to be an auto mechanic at the Universal Technical Institute in Rancho Cucamonga, California. In addition to his interest in motorcycles and mechanics, Lane is proficient in baseball, football, snowboarding, swimming and wrestling. In his free time, he has been involved with the charity Dogs for the Deaf, which trains shelter dogs to be assistance animals to the deaf and hard of hearing.
# Accolades.
In 2013, Lane received the Media Access RJ Mitte Diversity Award for his | 6,131,189 |
37318721 | Ryan Lane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%20Lane | Ryan Lane
ng his graduation from CSDR until the fall of 2007.
Prior to establishing a career in show business, Lane had expressed an interest in studying to be an auto mechanic at the Universal Technical Institute in Rancho Cucamonga, California. In addition to his interest in motorcycles and mechanics, Lane is proficient in baseball, football, snowboarding, swimming and wrestling. In his free time, he has been involved with the charity Dogs for the Deaf, which trains shelter dogs to be assistance animals to the deaf and hard of hearing.
# Accolades.
In 2013, Lane received the Media Access RJ Mitte Diversity Award for his performance on "Switched at Birth".
# External links.
- Ryan Lane at TV.com | 6,131,190 |
37318752 | Charmain Welsh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charmain%20Welsh | Charmain Welsh
Charmain Welsh
Charmain Welsh (born 17 May 1937) is a British former diver.
# Diving career.
Welsh competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics and in the 1956 Summer Olympics.
She represented England at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games and England at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. She won double gold in the 3 metres springboard and the 10 metres platform at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff, Wales. | 6,131,191 |
536839 | Red Hook, Brooklyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Hook,%20Brooklyn | Red Hook, Brooklyn
Red Hook, Brooklyn
Red Hook is a neighborhood in northwestern Brooklyn, New York City, New York, within the area once known as South Brooklyn. It is located on a peninsula projecting into the Upper New York Bay and is bounded by the Gowanus Expressway and the Carroll Gardens neighborhood on the northeast, Gowanus Canal on the east, and the Upper New York Bay on the west and south. A prosperous shipping and port area in the early 20th century, the area declined in the latter part of the century.
Red Hook is part of Brooklyn Community District 6, and its primary ZIP Code is 11231. It is patrolled by the 76th Precinct of the New York City Police Department. Politically, Red Hook is represented | 6,131,192 |
536839 | Red Hook, Brooklyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Hook,%20Brooklyn | Red Hook, Brooklyn
by the New York City Council's 38th District.
# History.
## Colonization.
Red Hook has been part of the Town of Brooklyn since it was organized in the 1600s. It is named for the red clay soil and the point of land projecting into the Upper New York Bay. The village was settled by Dutch colonists of New Amsterdam in 1636, and named "Roode Hoek". In Dutch, "Hoek" means "point" or "corner," and not the English hook (i.e., something curved or bent). The actual "hoek" of Red Hook was a point on an island that stuck out into Upper New York Bay at today's Dikeman Street west of Ferris Street. From the 1880s to the present time, people who live in the eastern area of Red Hook have referred to their | 6,131,193 |
536839 | Red Hook, Brooklyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Hook,%20Brooklyn | Red Hook, Brooklyn
neighborhood as "The Point". Today, the area is home to about 11,000 people.
Rapelye Street in Red Hook commemorates the beginnings of one of New Amsterdam's earliest families, the Rapelje clan, descended from the first European child born in the new Dutch settlement in the New World, Sarah Rapelje. She was born near Wallabout Bay, which later became the site of the New York (Brooklyn) Naval Shipyard. A couple of decades after the birth of his daughter Sarah, Joris Jansen Rapelje removed to Brooklyn, where he was one of the Council of twelve men, and where he was soon joined by son-in-law Hans Hansen Bergen. Rapelye Street in Red Hook is named for Rapelje and his descendants, who lived in Brooklyn | 6,131,194 |
536839 | Red Hook, Brooklyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Hook,%20Brooklyn | Red Hook, Brooklyn
for centuries.
## American Revolution.
During the Battle of Brooklyn (also known as the Battle of Long Island), Fort Defiance was constructed on the "hoek". It is shown on a map called "a Map of the Environs of Brooklyn" drawn in 1780 by loyalist engineer George S. Sproule. The Sproule map shows that Fort Defiance complex consisted of three redoubts on a small island connected by trenches, with an earthwork on the island's south side to defend against a landing. The entire earthwork was about long and covered the entire island. The three redoubts covered an area about by . The two principal earthworks were about by , and the tertiary one was about by . Maps from Sproule and Bernard Ratzer | 6,131,195 |
536839 | Red Hook, Brooklyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Hook,%20Brooklyn | Red Hook, Brooklyn
show that Red Hook was a low-lying area full of tidal mill ponds created by the Dutch.
General Israel Putnam came to New York on April 4, 1776, to assess the state of its defenses and strengthen them. Among the works initiated were forts on Governor's Island and Red Hook, facing the bay. On April 10, one thousand Continentals took possession of both points and began constructing Fort Defiance which mounted one three pounder cannon and four eighteen pounders. The cannons were to be fired over the tops of the fort's walls. In May, Washington described it as "small but exceedingly strong". On July 5, General Nathanael Greene called it "a post of vast importance" and, three days later, Col. Varnum's | 6,131,196 |
536839 | Red Hook, Brooklyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Hook,%20Brooklyn | Red Hook, Brooklyn
regiment joined its garrison. On July 12, the British frigates "Rose" and "Phoenix" and the schooner "Tyrol" ran the gauntlet past Defiance and the stronger Governor's Island works without firing a shot, and got all the way to Tappan Zee, the widest part of the Hudson River. They stayed there for over a month, beating off harassing attacks, and finally returned to Staten Island on August 18. It appeared that gunfire from Fort Defiance did damage to the British ships.
Samuel Shaw wrote to his parents on July 15:
Almost the entire New York metropolitan area was under British military occupation from the end of 1776 until November 23, 1783, when they evacuated the city.
## Later years and recent | 6,131,197 |
536839 | Red Hook, Brooklyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Hook,%20Brooklyn | Red Hook, Brooklyn
history.
In 1839, the City of Brooklyn published a plan to create streets, which included filling in all of the ponds and other low-lying areas.
In the 1840s, entrepreneurs began to build ports as the "offloading end" of the Erie Canal. These included the Atlantic, Erie and Brooklyn Basins. By the 1920s, they made Red Hook the busiest freight port in the world, but this ended in the 1960s with the advent of containerization. In the 1930s, the area was poor, and the site of the current Red Hook Houses was the site of a shack city for the homeless, called a "Hooverville".
From the 1920s on, a lot of poor and unemployed Norwegians, mostly former sailors, were living in the area in what they | 6,131,198 |
536839 | Red Hook, Brooklyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Hook,%20Brooklyn | Red Hook, Brooklyn
called "Ørkenen Sur" ("The Bitter Desert") around places like Hamilton Avenue and Gospel Hill. In 2015, NRK made a documentary about it in Norwegian. There is also an old documentary film about this.
In the 1990s "Life" magazine named Red Hook as one of the "worst" neighborhoods in the United States and as "the crack capital of America." The principal of P.S. 15 in Red Hook was killed in 1992, in the crossfire of a drug-related shooting while looking for a pupil who had left his school. The school was later renamed the Patrick Daly School after the principal, who was beloved within the school.In 2010, Red Hook's first community newspaper, "The Red Hook Star-Revue", began publication. Red Hook | 6,131,199 |
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