wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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536770 | Barrie School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barrie%20School | Barrie School
Studies, offering graduate-level teacher education programs, was founded on Barrie School’s Layhill Road campus to provide bridge between the traditional and Montessori schools of education. The training programs have been completed by individuals from the United States, Canada, Trinidad, China, and South Korea.
## 2009 trip to China.
In 2009, a group of 21 Barrie students and 3 teachers were quarantined in Guizhou, China during their Extended Study Tour week program. There had been a passenger on the same flight that had been suspected of having Swine Flu, so the group was quarantined in a four-star hotel in Kaili. They were later found to have no symptoms of the virus and were released. | 6,130,900 |
536782 | RMAS Goosander (A164) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMAS%20Goosander%20(A164) | RMAS Goosander (A164)
RMAS Goosander (A164)
RMAS "Goosander" (A164) was a mooring, salvage and boom vessel of the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service. She saw service in the Falklands War. She has a sister ship, RMAS Pochard, and was built by Robb Caledon Shipbuilders in Leith. | 6,130,901 |
536779 | Orpheus (role-playing game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orpheus%20(role-playing%20game) | Orpheus (role-playing game)
Orpheus (role-playing game)
Orpheus is a role playing game by White Wolf Game Studio, set in a microcosm of the World of Darkness. Unlike the other World of Darkness game lines, "Orpheus" has a specifically planned metaplot and a set number of books that were published. Although it uses the same system as White Wolf's other games, ghosts and spirits are the exclusive focus of this story. Other supernatural creatures in the World of Darkness are strongly discouraged from entering the events of "Orpheus". It is, however, tied with "", White Wolf's previous game dealing with the afterlife; some of the events in "Orpheus" are related to "Ends of Empire", the final book in the "Wraith: The Oblivion" | 6,130,902 |
536779 | Orpheus (role-playing game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orpheus%20(role-playing%20game) | Orpheus (role-playing game)
line.
# Volumes.
There are six books in total in the "Orpheus" line; the first is the main rulebook, which holds the rules used throughout the series. The five that follow carry out a specific, albeit optional, plotline, told through fiction and roleplaying, as well as expanding on the roleplaying tools presented in the first game. They are, in chronological order:
"Orpheus" is noteworthy in that it began the trend of White Wolf creating game series with limited numbers of supplements. This concept continued on with the new World of Darkness games "", "", "", and "", all of which were initially planned as limited releases.
There also was an anthology based on "Orpheus" named "Orpheus: Haunting | 6,130,903 |
536779 | Orpheus (role-playing game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orpheus%20(role-playing%20game) | Orpheus (role-playing game)
the Dead" (WW11905 / ).
# Character types.
Characters in "Orpheus" are either living individuals capable of astral projection (via meditation or cryonics) or are ghosts of the recently deceased. It is assumed that characters work for the Orpheus Group, a company that employs the talents of "projectors" and "spirits" to investigate and clear ghostly activity and perform other tasks difficult for those without access to the world of the dead. The way a person manifests as a ghost is called the "Lament"; two Laments are projection-based, while two are based on a person being dead.
- Skimmers use drugs and meditative techniques to temporarily eject their souls from their bodies. While they can | 6,130,904 |
536779 | Orpheus (role-playing game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orpheus%20(role-playing%20game) | Orpheus (role-playing game)
enter and exit the spirit world quickly, their close connection to their empty shells means damage they take as a ghost manifests on their bodies.
- Sleepers are cryonically frozen; once the body reaches a certain temperature, it is "dead" and ejects the spirit. While in stasis, the body is treated with special drugs to keep necrosis from setting in. While it keeps sleepers from the close connections skimmers have that allows them to be injured, the process means that both entering and leaving the world of ghosts is a slow process.
- Spirits are your run-of-the-mill dead person, souls who have unfinished businesses that allow them to remain on earth. Most who work for Orpheus have a high degree | 6,130,905 |
536779 | Orpheus (role-playing game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orpheus%20(role-playing%20game) | Orpheus (role-playing game)
of independence because of a remarkable willpower they held in life that transitions to death; not all spirits, however, are able to keep their independent attitudes when they die and become doomed to repeat themselves endlessly.
- Hues are spirits with one major difference; while alive, they took the designer drug "pigment". Pigment keeps a spirit from feeling ultimately fulfilled, so while a hue may be as stubborn as a spirit, they have more fragile forms and are closer to their dark sides.
Each character has a set of special traits, called a "Shade", which determine how they manifest and what ghostly powers (or "Horrors") they are able to use and which ones they cannot. There are eight | 6,130,906 |
536779 | Orpheus (role-playing game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orpheus%20(role-playing%20game) | Orpheus (role-playing game)
Shades in total; the first five were introduced in the "Orpheus" corebook, while the remaining three were introduced in three of the supplements.
- Banshees are the empathetic shades, full of compassion. They manifest their abilities of emotional manipulation, physical damage, and looking into the future through their voices.
- Haunters are those who care for things over people. This focus allows them to manipulate inanimate objects and machines to a disturbing degree.
- Poltergeists are usually full of rage, either quiet or overt. This allows them to pick up objects without touching them directly, and also to alter their own forms in violent ways.
- Skinriders are control freaks. They are | 6,130,907 |
536779 | Orpheus (role-playing game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orpheus%20(role-playing%20game) | Orpheus (role-playing game)
granted the ability to possess the bodies of others and bend them to their will.
- Wisps are the trickster shade. They have abilities that allow them to draw attention, escape in a flash, or manipulate ghostly items.
- Phantasms, introduced in "Shades of Gray", are the artists and dreamers. They can see and manipulate the dreams of the living.
- Orphan-Grinders, introduced in "The Orphan-Grinders", are ghosts who gave in to their dark sides, and then came back. They can use the abilities of the dark ghosts, or Spectres.
- Marrow, introduced in "End Game", can adapt to any situation. Appropriately, they are shapeshifters and also have a rapport with animals.
# Antagonists.
Along with ghosts | 6,130,908 |
536779 | Orpheus (role-playing game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orpheus%20(role-playing%20game) | Orpheus (role-playing game)
situation. Appropriately, they are shapeshifters and also have a rapport with animals.
# Antagonists.
Along with ghosts as antagonists, there are also rival projection companies, such as Terrel and Squib, and a new designer drug called "pigment" or "black heroin" that allows users to see the spirits of the dead. There are also dark spirits called Spectres, some of which are corrupted spirits and hues, and others that have spawned from an unknown but powerful source. These create much of the storyline and challenges the players must face as they move through the series.
# External links.
- Orpheus in The official World of Darkness wiki
- Interview with Lucien Soulban (Orpheus Developer) | 6,130,909 |
536780 | RMAS Typhoon (A95) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMAS%20Typhoon%20(A95) | RMAS Typhoon (A95)
RMAS Typhoon (A95)
RMAS "Typhoon" (A95) was an ocean-going tug of the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service (RMAS). She was designed for ocean towing, rescue, salvage and fire-fighting. She is notable as being the first ship to leave the United Kingdom ahead of the task force for the South Atlantic during the 1982 Falklands War, and for her fishery protection role in the Cod Wars.
# History.
The ship was repaired at Falmouth ship repair yard on 19 October 1979, and was also involved in the rescue of the Spanish butane tanker, MV Butaseis, which was aflame and drifting towards the village of Brixton, Devon. The tug stayed as part of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary until included in the RMAS.
"Typhoon" | 6,130,910 |
536780 | RMAS Typhoon (A95) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMAS%20Typhoon%20(A95) | RMAS Typhoon (A95)
saw service in the Falklands War from leaving the UK on the 04 April 1982 until the 20 July 1982 under Captain J N Morris with an all-civilian crew from Portland Naval Base. She also carried 2 Royal Naval Personnel, 1 for comms and 1 medic, they had the distinction of being first to leave and last to return home. Captain Morris and his civilian crew flew back from Port Stanley when Capt Stephens and the relief crew arrived in Port Stanley. Under the command of Captain Bruce Stephens she returned to Portland with her new civilian crew. the 2 Royal Navy Crew remained on board until the vessel docked on 24 September 1982. She was the first ship – albeit a civilian vessel – to leave the UK ahead | 6,130,911 |
536780 | RMAS Typhoon (A95) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMAS%20Typhoon%20(A95) | RMAS Typhoon (A95)
she returned to Portland with her new civilian crew. the 2 Royal Navy Crew remained on board until the vessel docked on 24 September 1982. She was the first ship – albeit a civilian vessel – to leave the UK ahead of the task force, and a member of the crew, the tugs bosun placed the Welsh flag on board RFA "Sir Galahad" just before "Typhoon" towed her out to sea to be scuttled by a submarine. During the war, the ship was heavily involved in logistic duties, transferring fresh water to the task force at a rate of 18 tons per trip, and loading part of 17 Brigade onto the MV Norland in preparation for the San Carlos landings. The ship was sold in 1989 and later converted into a trawler in 1992. | 6,130,912 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
Benjamin Bonneville
Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville (April 14, 1796 – June 12, 1878) was an American officer in the United States Army, fur trapper, and explorer in the American West. He is noted for his expeditions to the Oregon Country and the Great Basin, and in particular for blazing portions of the Oregon Trail.
During his lifetime, Bonneville was made famous by an account of his explorations in the West written by Washington Irving.
# Early life.
Benjamin was born in or near Paris, France, the son of the French publisher Nicholas Bonneville and his wife Marguerite Brazier. When he was seven, his family moved to the United States in 1803; their passage was paid by Thomas Paine. | 6,130,913 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
Paine had lodged with the Bonnevilles in France and was godfather to Benjamin and his two brothers, Louis and Thomas. In his will, Paine left the bulk of his estate to Marguerite who had cared for him until he died in 1809. The inheritance included one hundred acres (40.5 ha) of his New Rochelle, New York farm where they had been living, so she could maintain and educate her sons.
# Early career.
In 1813 the young Bonneville received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. He graduated after only two years, receiving a commission as brevet second lieutenant of light artillery. In his early career, he served at posts in New England, Mississippi, and at | 6,130,914 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
Fort Smith in the Arkansas Territory.
In 1824, he was transferred to Fort Gibson in the Indian Territory and promoted to Captain. While traveling to France, he was a guest of General Lafayette. After returning from France, he was transferred in 1828 to Jefferson Barracks in Missouri.
While in Missouri, Bonneville was inspired by the writing of Hall J. Kelley, as well as editorials in the "St. Louis Enquirer" (edited at the time by Thomas Hart Benton) to join in the exploration of the American West. Bonneville met with Kelley, who was impressed by him and appointed him to lead one of the expeditions to the Oregon Country; it was scheduled to leave in early 1832. The lack of volunteers for the | 6,130,915 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
expedition forced the delay and eventual cancellation of the expedition, leaving Bonneville unrequited in his ambitions.
To pursue his desire to explore the west, he petitioned General Alexander Macomb for a leave of absence from the military, arguing that he would be able to perform valuable reconnaissance among the Native Americans in the Oregon Country, which at the time was under a precarious joint occupation of the U.S. and Britain. It was largely controlled by the Hudson's Bay Company. Macomb granted his request, a 26-month leave running from August 1831 to October 1833, and instructed him to gather all information that might be useful to the government. In particular, he was to pose | 6,130,916 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
as a fur trader and find out the natural history of the region, its climates, soils, geography, topography, mineral production, geology, and the character of the local tribes. Expenses for his exploration were paid by private donors, including Astorian Alfred Seton and possibly John Jacob Astor.
# Marriage and family.
Bonneville married and had a daughter with his wife. After his both first wife and daughter died, he did not remarry until after retiring from the military in 1866, when he settled in Fort Smith, Arkansas. There he married Sue Neis.
# Expedition of 1832.
The expedition that would be known as the most notable accomplishment of his life began in May 1832, when Bonneville left | 6,130,917 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
Missouri with 110 men, including Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth and field lieutenants Michael Cerre and Joseph Walker. The voyage was financed by John Jacob Astor, a rival of the Hudson's Bay Company. The expedition proceeded from Fort Osage on the Missouri River, up to the Platte River, and across present-day Wyoming. They reached the Green River in August and built a fur trading post, which they named Fort Bonneville. The mountain men called it "Fort Nonsense" and it was never used for trading.
In the spring of 1833, Bonneville explored along the Snake River in present-day Idaho, drifting into the head of the Salmon River and eventually into Fort Nez Perce. During this trip he engaged a guide, John | 6,130,918 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
Enos (Enos), a 10-year-old Shoshone nephew of Gourd Rattler ("Washakie") and "Pahdasherwahundah" (Iron Wristbands); Enos later served as a scout for the Fremont expedition.
He also sent a party of men under Joe Walker to explore the Great Salt Lake and to find an overland route to California. Walker discovered a route along the Humboldt River across present-day Nevada, as well as Walker Pass across the Sierra Nevada. The path later became known as the California Trail, the primary route for the immigrants to the gold fields during the California Gold Rush. Much speculation has surrounded Bonneville's motivation for sending Walker to California. Some historians have speculated that Bonneville | 6,130,919 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
was attempting to lay the groundwork for an eventual invasion of California, then part of Mexico, by the United States Army.
John McLoughlin, the director of the Columbia operations of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River, heard of Bonneville's mission. He forbade his traders from doing business with Bonneville and his men. Bonneville reported that many of the Native Americans he encountered in the Snake River were also reluctant to displease the Hudson's Bay Company by trading with the Americans.
In the summer of 1833, Bonneville ventured into the Wind River Range in present-day Wyoming to trade with the Shoshone. By this time, he realized that he would not be | 6,130,920 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
able to return east by October as planned. He wrote a lengthy letter to Gen. Macomb summarizing some of his findings and requesting more time, specifically to survey the Columbia River and parts of the Southwest before his return.
# Trying to reach Oregon.
After spending the early winter at Fort Bonneville, he set out westward in January 1834 with the goal of reaching the Willamette Valley. He and his men traveled down the Snake River, through Hells Canyon, and into the Wallowa Mountains, where they found a hospitable welcome by the Nez Perces along the Imnaha River.
On March 4, 1834, they reached Fort Nez Perces, the outpost of the Hudson's Bay Company at the confluence of the Walla Walla | 6,130,921 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
River with the Columbia. Pierre Pambrun, the HBC commander of the fort, welcomed him but refused to do business with him. Empty handed, Bonneville and men retraced their course back to southeast Idaho and made camp on the Portneuf River.
In July he made a second trip west, determined to trade with the Hudson's Bay Company. He followed an easier route across the Blue Mountains, where he met Nathaniel Wyeth once again and camped along the Grande Ronde River. By this time he and his men had become desperate for food and supplies. At Fort Nez Perces, they found the same rejection from Pambrun. Instead of returning immediately east, Bonneville and men journeyed down the Columbia towards Fort Vancouver. | 6,130,922 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
Along the river, he attempted to trade with Sahaptins but without success. He came to realize that he would probably receive the same rejection from McLoughlin at Fort Vancouver and decided to turn back east.
He spent the winter of 1834–35 with the Shoshone along the upper Bear River, and in April 1835 began the voyage back to Missouri. He reached Independence by August and discovered that although his letter requesting an extension had arrived, it had not been delivered to Macomb. In the meantime, his commission had been revoked.
# Washington Irving.
Bonneville journeyed east hoping to be able to recover his commission. On the way to Washington, D.C., he stopped in New York City where he | 6,130,923 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
was received by his patron John Jacob Astor. While staying with Astor, Bonneville met Washington Irving. Bonneville regaled Irving with tales of his adventures, tales that Bonneville planned to include in a book he was working on.
A month or two later, Irving visited Bonneville again, at the D.C. barracks where the latter was staying. Bonneville was having difficulties writing his adventures. The two of them agreed that for the sum of $1000, Bonneville would turn over his maps and notes so that Irving could use them as the basis for his third "Western" book. The result was "The Adventures of Captain Bonneville", published in 1837.
# More military service.
In Washington, Bonneville petitioned | 6,130,924 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
tirelessly to Secretary of War Lewis Cass to have his commission re-instated. In early 1836 he was successful. In subsequent years, he was given assignments on the western frontier at Fort Kearny in the Nebraska Territory and in the New Mexico Territory at Fort Fillmore, where he became the commander of the third infantry regiment on February 3, 1855, after the death of Colonel Thomas Staniford. He also served in the Mexican–American War, taking part in the Veracruz campaign of Winfield Scott. He was part of the occupation of Mexico City. He was promoted to Colonel of the 3rd Infantry Regiment in 1855, and twice commanded the Department of New Mexico.
Bonneville retired from active service | 6,130,925 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
in 1861, but was soon recalled to duty during the Civil War. From 1861 to 1863 Bonneville served as superintendent of recruiting in Missouri, and from 1862 to 1865 served as commander of Benton Barracks in St. Louis. At the end of the war he was breveted as a brigadier general in honor of his long and distinguished career.
He retired a second time in 1866 and moved to Fort Smith, Arkansas, where he married a second time, to Sue Neis.
Brevet Brigadier General Bonneville died at age 82 in 1878. He is buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, Missouri.
General Bonneville was eligible to join both the Aztec Club of 1847 and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, which | 6,130,926 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
were military societies for officers who had served in the Mexican War and American Civil War respectively, but did not join either organization.
# Dates of rank.
- Cadet, United States Military Academy – 14 April 1813
- Brevet 2nd Lieutenant, Light Artillery – 11 December 1815
- 2nd Lieutenant, 8th Infantry – 10 March 1819
- 1st Lieutenant, 8th Infantry – 9 July 1820
- 1st Lieutenant, 7th Infantry – 1 June 1821
- Captain, 7th Infantry – 4 October 1825
- Dropped – 31 March 1834
- Reinstated – 19 April 1836
- Major, 6th Infantry – 15 July 1845
- Brevet Lieutenant Colonel – 20 August 1847
- Lieutenant Colonel, 4th Infantry – 7 May 1849
- Colonel, 3rd Infantry – 3 February 1855
- | 6,130,927 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
Retired – 9 September 1861
- Brevet Brigadier General – 13 March 1865
# Namesakes.
Bonneville's namesakes include:
- Booneville, Arkansas, an altered spelling of Bonneville
- Bonneville Avenue, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Bonneville County, Idaho
- Bonneville Salt Flats
- Lake Bonneville, the Pleistocene ancestor of the Great Salt Lake
- Bonneville Slide
- Bonneville Peak in the Portneuf Range
- Bonneville High School in Idaho Falls, Idaho
- Bonneville High School in Washington Terrace, Utah
- Bonneville Elementary School in Salt Lake City, Utah
- Bonneville Dam, after which the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) was named
- Pontiac Bonneville, an automobile produced by General Motors | 6,130,928 |
536732 | Benjamin Bonneville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin%20Bonneville | Benjamin Bonneville
e High School in Washington Terrace, Utah
- Bonneville Elementary School in Salt Lake City, Utah
- Bonneville Dam, after which the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) was named
- Pontiac Bonneville, an automobile produced by General Motors from 1957 to 2005
- Triumph Bonneville, a line of motorcycles made by the British company Triumph
- Bonneville International, a broadcasting company
- The Bonneville House, Event Center in Fort Smith, Arkansas, once home to Sue Neis
- Bonneville (crater) on Mars.
- , a World War II Liberty Ship.
# References.
- EndofTheOregonTrail.org: Benjamin Bonneville
# External links.
- Cullum's Register of Graduates of the United States Military Academy | 6,130,929 |
536789 | Cabbit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabbit | Cabbit
Cabbit
A cabbit is a fictional hybrid between a cat and a rabbit. They have appeared in fiction and fantasy stories including Japanese anime and manga, and have also been dubiously purported to have been observed in the wild. Most if not all observations are attributable to either misidentified Manx cats or outright hoaxes.
A cat-rabbit hybrid creature was first incorrectly documented by Joseph Train of Castle Douglas, Galloway, Scotland, in his "An Historical and Statistical Account of the Isle of Man", where he opined that the local Manx cat was such a hybrid: "My observations on the structure and habits of the specimen in my possession, leave little doubt on my mind of its being a "mule", | 6,130,930 |
536789 | Cabbit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabbit | Cabbit
or cross between the female cat and the buck rabbit." Train also refers to the tufty tail on the posterior of the "Manks" cat as being a "fud" (), "or brush like that of a rabbit." Scientific study has determined that such a hybrid is genetically impossible.
The portmanteau term "cabbit" is used for such imagined hybrids. The exact year of coinage is uncertain. The term was used in 1977 to describe a specimen found in New Mexico and exhibited in Los Angeles. The specimen was showcased on The Tonight Show and was later determined to be a cat with a deformed pelvis.
# Cat mutations.
Manx cats and other cats with tailless or bobtailed mutations account for many alleged cabbit sightings. The | 6,130,931 |
536789 | Cabbit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabbit | Cabbit
mutation that causes taillessness can also cause skeletal and/or nerve abnormalities that result in the cat's using a hopping motion. This was once accepted by breeders as a feature of the Manx's look, but is now considered a serious fault in the show-ring and does not form part of the modern Manx standard of points. Modern breeders of the Manx are careful to breed only from cats that have normal locomotion. The relatively long hind legs of the Manx, combined with taillessness or a very short tail, give the impression of a rabbit.
In 1947, Grace Cox-Ife wrote: "There are several points about a Manx that make it anything but ordinary. The chief one is, of course, its taillessness; but this is | 6,130,932 |
536789 | Cabbit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabbit | Cabbit
not quite the whole story. Not only must a Manx have no tail but it should really be a further joint or more short on the spinal column; that is to say there should be a hollow where the tail would normally begin. Then there is the gait – a rabbity hop rather than a walk- which is caused by the height of the hindquarters: according to the Manx Cat Club these "cannot be too high, and the back cannot be too short, while there must be great depth of flank. The head should be round and large, but not of the snubby or Persian type.
Rose Tenent wrote: "No cat is more fascinating than the tailless Manx, with its rabbit-like hoppity gait [...] . The hind legs are considerably longer than the front | 6,130,933 |
536789 | Cabbit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabbit | Cabbit
ones, thus giving the cat its peculiar hopping gait; incidentally, also the reason for the reasonable theory held in some quarters that the Manx cat is the result of a cross-mating between a cat and a rabbit."
Occasionally the flap of loose skin from the belly to the haunches is absent, enhancing the visual similarity to a rabbit.
Cats with radial hypoplasia (abnormal short forelegs) may also adopt a rabbit-like gait.
# See also.
- Jackalope
# External links.
- Cabbits - What Are They Historically Documented Cases and Genetic Information.
- Soderbergh, P M; "Your Cat" (1951) (using 3rd edition; 1959)
- Soderbergh, P M; "Pedigree Cats, Their Varieties, Breeding and Exhibition" (1958) | 6,130,934 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
Avempace
Avempace ( – 1138) is the Latinate form of Ibn Bājja (), full name Abū Bakr Muḥammad Ibn Yaḥyà ibn aṣ-Ṣā’igh at-Tūjībī Ibn Bājja (), was an Arab Andalusian polymath: his writings include works regarding astronomy, physics, and music, as well as philosophy, medicine, botany, and poetry.
He was the author of the "Kitāb an-Nabāt" ("The Book of Plants"), a popular work on botany, which defined the sex of plants. His philosophical theories influenced the work of Ibn Rushd (Averroes) and Albertus Magnus. Most of his writings and books were not completed (or well-organized) due to his early death. He had a vast knowledge of medicine, mathematics and astronomy. His main contribution to Islamic | 6,130,935 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
philosophy was his idea on soul phenomenology, which was never completed.
Avempace was, in his time, not only a prominent figure of philosophy but also of music and poetry. His diwan (Arabic: collection of poetry) was rediscovered in 1951.
Though many of his works have not survived, his theories in astronomy and physics were preserved by Maimonides and Averroes respectively, and influenced later astronomers and physicists in the Islamic civilization and Renaissance Europe, including Galileo Galilei.
Avempace wrote one of the first (argued by some to be the first) commentaries on Aristotle in the western world. While his work on projectile motion was never translated from Arabic to Latin, | 6,130,936 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
his views became well known around the western world and to western philosophers, astronomers, and scientists of many disciplines. His works impacted contemporary medieval thought, and later influenced Galileo and his work. Avempace's theories on projectile motion are found in the text known as "Text 71".
In 2009, a crater 199k km (62 mi) from the South Pole of the Moon was designated The Ibn Bajja crater by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in his honor.
# Biography.
Avempace was born in Zaragoza, in what is today Aragon, Spain, around 1085 and died in Fes, Morocco, in 1138. Rulers of Zaragoza shifted constantly throughout Avempace's young life, but in 1114, a new Almoravid governor | 6,130,937 |
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of Zaragoza was appointed: Abu Bakr 'Ali ibn Ibrahim as-Sahrawi, also known as Ibn Tifilwit. The close relationship between Avempace and Ibn Tifilwit is verified in writings by both Ibn al-Khatib and Ibn Khaqan. Avempace enjoyed music and wine with the governor and also composed panegyrics and muwashshahat to publicly praise Ibn Tifilwit, who rewarded him by nominating him as his vizier. In a diplomatic mission to meet the overthrown Imad ad-Dawla Ibn Hud King in his castle, Avempace was placed in jail for some months for reasons unknown. Ibn Tifilwit was also killed during a quest against the Christians in 1116, ending his short reign and inspiring Avempace to compose mournful elegies in his | 6,130,938 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
honor. Avempace also had a talent for singing and composition in music. In the beginning of his career, he wrote the manuscript "Risālah fī l-alḥān" (Tract on melodies) and incorporated his commentary on al-Fārābī’s treatise based on music. He determined the correlations between different melodies and temperament. According to biographer al-Maqqarī, Avempace's passion for music was due to poetry and had “the virtue of dispelling the sadness and pain of the hearts [sic].” He included his scientific knowledge and wit in many poems. Avempace joined in poetic competitions with the poet al-Tutili.
After the fall of Zaragoza in 1118 by the hands of King Alfonso The Battler, Avempace looked for shelter | 6,130,939 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
under Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Yûsuf Ibn Tashfin, another brother of the Almoravid Sultan (Ali Ibn Yusuf Ibn Tashfin) in Xàtiba. He worked, for some twenty years, as the vizir of Yusuf Ibn Tashfin. Throughout these decades, it is clear that Avempace was not as agreeable with those close to the ruler, Ibn Tashfin, as he was during the previous reign of Ibn Tifilwit. Writings by Ahmad al-Maqqari gives us insight into the hostility and disagreements between Avempace and the father of a famous physician respected by Ibn Tashfin, Abd al-Malik. A poetry anthology, Qala’id al-iqya (Necklace of Rubies)"," was also created by a courtier of Ibn Tashufin's, Abu Nasr al-Fath Ibn Muhammad Ibn Khaqan, which | 6,130,940 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
condescendingly placed Avempace in last place. Under Ibn Tashfin, the Sultan of the Berber Moroccan Almoravid empire, Avempace was imprisoned twice. The details of the imprisonment are not well understood, but can be assumed. Despite being unwelcomed, Avempace remained with the Almoravid empire for the rest of his life until his death in 1138. There has been evidence presented that brings up the argument that the cause of Avempace's death was by poison from his peers. Al-Maqqari details in his writing that a physician, Abu l-'Ala' Ibn Zuhr, was an enemy of Avempace's whose servant, Ibn Ma‛yub, was suspected of poisoning him at the time but was never convicted. Among his many teachers was Abu | 6,130,941 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
Jafar ibn Harun of Trujillo, a physician in Seville, Al-Andalus.
# Philosophy.
Ibn Bajjah, also known as Avempace, was an important Islamic philosopher, among his many other trades. In his time, he was seen as a controversial figure, receiving criticism from his peers like Ibn Tufayl. However, he was also respected by his peers and even his critics. While Ibn Tufayl was noted for criticizing Ibn Bajjah's work, he also described him as having one of the sharpest minds with one of the soundest reasoning as compared to the others following the first generation of speakers.
Around his time, Islamic philosophy, post-hellenic world, was mainly divided into two opposing branches of thoughts. The | 6,130,942 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
Eastern branch, which was led by Ibn Sina, known as Avicenna in Latin, and the Western branch, which was led by Ibn Bajjah. Avempace's work in philosophy is seen as uneven and mostly incomplete, but what parts of his work that survive to this day demonstrates originality in his thought process. His main philosophical work is the unfinished ethics-politico treatise "Governance of the Solitary."
Upon his unplanned trip to Egypt, Avempace wrote "Risālat al-wadāʿ" (Letter of bidding farewell) and "Risālat al-ittiṣāl al-ʿaql bi al-insān" (Letter on the union of the intellect with human beings) that were dedicated to Ibn al-Imām. His famous works included "Tadbīr al-mutawaḥḥid" (Management of the | 6,130,943 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
solitary), the "Kitāb al-nafs" (Book on the soul), and the "Risāla fī l-Ghāya al-insāniyya" (Treatise on the objective of human beings). The reflections of his famous accomplishments show how these were written near the end of his life. He was inspired based on Aristotelian line. In Avempace's philosophy, it contains two key pillars, solitude and conjunction. Solitude represents the isolation philosopher commonly seeks in order to protect himself from the corruption of society and conjunction refers to the philosopher's quest for the lowest celestial intelligence. It is required for the human soul development.
These works are tough to understand. Nevertheless, Risālat al-ittiṣāl has interpreted | 6,130,944 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
the introduction. The treatise stated the overall point of Avempace's thinking:"The ultimate end of man, namely the contemplation of truth, with the active intellect joining the human intellect in a contemplative and almost mystic way."However, the most important idea from Avempace's system was not mentioned in the treatise, "how the union of the active intellect with man occurs, which is the ultimate goal being pursued by the solitary."
From his writings, Ibn Bajjah has been shown to taken a liking to Plato's contribution to philosophy. Ibn Bajjah, in particular, takes from Plato's idea of the necessary connection between man and city with a bit of a twist. Plato's idea was to model the perfect | 6,130,945 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
city after the human soul. On the other hand, Avempace wanted to use the perfect city as a model for the human soul. Avempace imagines the perfect city as a place that is free of any beliefs or opinions that are in opposition of the truth and where true science reigns supreme. Any man or idea that contradicts these true beliefs are defined as "weeds." Weeds are only to be found in imperfect cities.
Avempace also wrote on the health of a perfect man. He alluded to the idea that the perfect man does not just require physical health, but spiritual health too. Avempace goes into more detail about the soul, which he describes of having both an acquired intellect, as well as an active intellect. | 6,130,946 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
The active intellect has no basis coming from the physical world. Acquired intellect, however, is a result of experiences from the material world. The perfect man can exist in either a perfect city or a non-perfect city. However, if a perfect man lives in a non-perfect city, he believes that they are to remain apart from the rest of the society. This is because a non-perfect city is full of weeds. In order for a perfect person to preserve themselves from the weeds, they need to live in solitude despite living in solitude being against human nature.
In addition, Avempace had changed forgotten non-syllogistic arts into “practical arts”, and wrote:"If some of them [the practical arts] employ syllogisms | 6,130,947 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
as medicine and agriculture do, they are not called syllogistic because their purpose is not [to convince another] nor to employ syllogisms, but to do some activity."He wrote nine medical treatises. Galen inscribed commentary on Hippocrates’ Aphorisms in “Commentary on "Aphorisms"” that includes Avempace’s view about medicine. Medical syllogisms are revolved by means of experience.
Experience is obtained in a person’s life time through perception. Avempace defines experience:"As man’s reliance on perception to know particular [aspects, "juz’iyyat"] of some matter so that some science results from this perception.Experience is said in general and in particular. If it is said in general, it points | 6,130,948 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
out that perception intents knowing particular [aspects] of a matter, from which a universal proposition results. The particular [instances] may take place either by man’s will or naturally."Avempace considers experience as the second essential part of medicine.
Avempace’s theoretic system sketched out all reality. Reality comes in many forms that includes motion and action. Avempace categorizes them between natural and artificial. Natural reality forms move bodies with power while bodies within artificial reality forms are unintentionally moved. It also show how the body is viewed.“Art (sina‛a) is the elaborated form abstracted from matter; it is abstracted from its matter. The artificial | 6,130,949 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
form which exists in its matter does not have any power to move that which is in it nor to move something else. This is the difference between artificial and natural forms."This example also represents the use of motion:“If there is a house, there is a foundation by necessity, and this kind of necessity is a relationship between the causes of the existing [object] and the final [cause]. If [the final cause] is described, the various kinds of the causes follow it by necessity, and the form acts in a similar way.If the form is the final [cause] of a motion, motion follows it by necessity, and it is something evident because, if there is building activity, there will be a house, and if there is | 6,130,950 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
building, there is the art of construction, but if there is only the art of construction, there will be no building. If [form] is acquired ‘by design,’ the other causes result in an orderly way from the final cause by necessity.”This shows as human involvement is design. Absolute necessity reigns over the heavens. Avempace views necessity into three kinds: absolute, design, and material. Avempace demonstrates the moon eclipses using absolute necessity over time. Based on the relations of the moon eclipses, Avempace indicates “possibility shares necessity”.
He defines the body as an artificial collection of matter, which acts as an instrument for the soul to work through. In doing so, he establishes | 6,130,951 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
the soul as an autonomous subject. Avempace believes that the human soul has three stages. It starts in the plant stage, then to the animal stage, and finally to human stage. Each stage has an important attribute that the soul grows from. The plant life is where the soul is provided with nourishment and growth. In the animal stage, the soul is introduced to sensations. When the soul moves to the human state, the soul gains common sense, imagination, and memory. Additionally, Avempace writes that the soul is geometrically formless. Because its form is beyond our understanding of geometric shapes, he states, it exists on a plane higher than that which we perceive with our bodies. Avempace is said | 6,130,952 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
to have been influenced by Platonic and Aristotelian views on the subject. He credits Plato with the theory of the soul as a substance:"Since it was clear to Plato that the soul is assigned to substance, and that substance is predicated on the form and matter which is body, and that the soul cannot be said to be a body, he fervently defined the soul in its particular aspect. Since he had established that the forms of spheres are souls, he looked for the commonality of all [souls], and found that sense perception is particular to animals, [but] that movement is particular to all, and therefore he defined the soul as “something which moves itself."
Avempace also describes four types of Intelligible | 6,130,953 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
forms. They are described as bodies that have an eternal circular motion, an acquired intellect, those with external senses, and those with internal senses. These ideas are consistent with Aristotle's descriptions of the soul and its properties in his treatise "De Anima," though there is speculation that there were no Arabic transcriptions available to Avempace"."
Avempace, known as "Ibn al-Sa’igh" by Jewish tradition, is rarely recognized for his philosophical and astronomical works that influenced and were employed by many Medieval Jewish philosophers during and after his short life. The first record of Avempace's influence on Jewish philosophy comes from a well-known Jewish contemporary | 6,130,954 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
author and philosopher: Judah Halevi. In Chapter 1 of his greatest philosophical work, The Kuzari, Halevi summarizes three ideas directly influenced by works of Ibn Bajja: one's unification with the Active Intellect is attainable during their lifetime, this unification implies cognitive identity with others who are aware of the truth, and a philosopher's life is a solitary regimen.
The renowned polymath and Jewish philosopher, Maimonides, was possibly born in the same year of Avempace's death, yet he preserved and studied the works of the deceased Andalusian. Maimonides admired Avempace for his achievements, stating that "[Ibn Bajja] was a great and wise philosopher, and all of his works are | 6,130,955 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
right and correct". Maimonides also valued Ibn Bajja's commentary on Aristotle's works on astronomy. In one of his three major works, The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides assesses Hebrew Bible theology with Aristotelian philosophy, directly drawing influence from Ibn Bajja philosophical and scientific ideas. Specifically incorporating Avempace's philosophies regarding the existence of a single intellect after death, the union of man with the Active Intellect, the division of man into three classes of increasing consciousness, and the proposal of the prophet as an ideal solitary man.
Avempace rejects that feeling ultimate pleasure comes from witnessing the divine world internally. For Avempace, | 6,130,956 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
the highest form of spiritual happiness comes from science and the truth. Science allows for the truth to be discovered. As a result, in order to be spiritually healthy and, therefore, happy, we must obtain knowledge and search for the truth.
Despite all the ideas that have been presented by Avempace, a central theory was never actually developed. He attributed this to being a very busy man and having his hands in a variety of a fields.
# Astronomy.
In Islamic astronomy, Maimonides wrote the following on the planetary model proposed by Avempace:
In his commentary on Aristotle's "Meteorology", Avempace presented his own theory on the Milky Way galaxy. Aristotle believed the Milky Way to be | 6,130,957 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
caused by "the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large, numerous and close together" and that the "ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere, in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions." On the other hand, Aristotle's Arabic commentator Ibn al-Bitriq considered "the Milky Way to be a phenomenon exclusively of the heavenly spheres, not of the upper part of the atmosphere" and that the "light of those stars makes a visible patch because they are so close." Avempace's view differed from both, as he considered "the Milky Way to be a phenomenon both of the spheres above the moon and of the sublunar region." The Stanford Encyclopedia | 6,130,958 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
of Philosophy describes his theory and observation on the Milky Way as follows:
Avempace also reported observing "two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun." In the 13th century, the Maragha astronomer Qotb al-Din Shirazi identified this observation as the transit of Venus and Mercury. However, Avempace cannot have observed a Venus transit, as there were no Venus transits in his lifetime.
Avempace worked under the mathematician Ibn al-Sayyid. He was given the privileged to add a commentary to Ibn al-Sayyid's work on geometry and Euclid's Elements. Furthermore, he viewed astronomy as part of mathematics. Avempace's model of the cosmos consists of concentric circles, but no epicycles.
# | 6,130,959 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
Physics.
Averroes was another important philosopher, and while he was born shortly before Avempace's death, Averroes later in life would be in opposition to Avempace's theories the majority of the time. Avempace starts with a good kinematic definition of motion and construes it as a force. According to Avempace regarding freely falling objects, what is moved the a heavy body falls, is the heavy body and what moves it downward is its 'gravity' or its 'form' or 'nature'.
Text 71 of Averroes' commentary on Aristotle's "Physics" contains a discussion on Avempace's theory of motion, as well as the following quotation from the seventh book of Avempace's lost work on physics:
Averroes writes the | 6,130,960 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
following comments on Avempace's theory of motion:
What follows is also found in Text 71: “This resistance offered to the moving body by the medium does not occur in the way Aristotle has established in the fourth book when he discussed the void. The velocity of a body is not inversely proportional to the density of the medium, but it is the retardation the motion is subject to by virtue of the medium, which is proportional to the density. If what Aristotle said was true, natural motion in a supposed void would not meet any resistance and it would not take time but be instantaneous. Also, the motion of the heavenly spheres, which do not traverse a medium, would occur instantaneously. We see | 6,130,961 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
these motions occurring with different finite velocities: the motion of the fixed stars is very slow; the daily motion is very fast. These differences in velocity are due to the fact that the movers of the spheres differ in nobility and the more noble a mover, the faster is the motion of the sphere moved by it.”In relation to the example of the stone falling through the mediums air and water, Avempace also brings up an example of dust particles to explain his ideas on natural movements. Dust particles are suspended in the air and naturally fall slowly. Despite having enough power to go down, it is still insufficient to displace the air underneath it
From Text 71; Ernest A. Moody who is a notable | 6,130,962 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
philosopher, medievalist, and logician, offered four main reasons in favor of the view that Avempace was at least a major thinker within the paradigm of the "Theory of an 'impressed force' ". The following points are cited from his argument:1. "For Avempace...V = P - M, so that when M = 0, V = P. This opposes Aristotle's (supposed use of) V = P / M." 2. "Internal coherence with this "law of motion" requires, Moody believes, also a defense of the theory of an impressed force - as we find for exampled in Philopponus himself." 3. "Avempace's appeal to an 'impressed force' was also reflected in the fact that 'if we use modern terms, it might be said that the force of gravity, for Avempace, is not | 6,130,963 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
determined essentially as a relation between the masses of different bodies, but is conceived as an absolute indwelling power of self-motion animating the body like a soul." 4. "The theory of an 'impressed force' appears to have been upheld by Al-Bitrogi, who was influenced ins ideas by Avempace's disciple Ibn-Tofail."Despite diverging from Aristotle's theory of motion, it appears that Avempace largely agrees with Aristotle's ideas on projectile motion. While there is no known account that lay's out Avempace's ideas over this topic, Avempace gives a short explanation in his commentary of Aristotelian Physics book 8. An interesting piece by Avempace on the theory of projectile motion comes from | 6,130,964 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
his example involving a magnet and iron filaments. Magnets present a problem with Aristotle's theory on projectile motion because nothing can be seen physically moving the iron. Avempace, however, believes that a magnet is more complicated than one might think. He presents the idea that the magnet actually moves the air which, in return, moves the iron.
The central theory of the mover and the moved can be seen not only in his work in physics, but also in his work in Philosophy.
Ibn Bajjah proposed that for every force there is always a reaction force. While he did not specify that these forces be equal, it is considered an early version of the third law of motion which states that for every | 6,130,965 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Avempace was a critic of Ptolemy and he worked on creating a new theory of velocity to replace the one theorized by Aristotle. Two future philosophers supported the theories Avempace created, known as the Avempacean dynamics. These philosophers were Thomas Aquinas, a Catholic priest, and John Duns Scotus. Galileo went on and adopted Avempace's formula and talked about "that the velocity of a given object is the difference of the motive power of that object and the resistance of the medium of motion" in the Pisan dialogue.
# Botany.
Avempace is known to have made contributions to the field of botany in addition to philosophy and the physical | 6,130,966 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
sciences. His work titled "Kitab al-nabat (The Book of Plants)" is a commentary influenced by the work "De Plantis""." In this commentary, Avempace discusses the morphology of various plants and attempts to classify them based on their similarities. He also writes about the reproductive nature of plants and their supposed genders based on his observations of palm and fig trees. "Kitab al-nabat" was written in Arabic and has most recently been translated into Spanish.
Avempace's book "Kitāb al-Tajribatayn ‘alā Adwiyah Ibn Wāfid (Book of Experiences on Drugs of Ibn Wafid)" is an attempt to classify plants from a pharmacological perspective. It is based the work of Ibn al-Wafid, a physician and | 6,130,967 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
Avempace's predecessor, and is said to have influenced the later work of Ibn al-Baitar, a prominent Arab pharmacologist and botanist.
Avempace's work in botany is evident in his political works.
# Music.
Recently, the web page "Webislam" of Spanish converts to Islam, reported that the score of the "Nuba al-Istihlál" of Avempace (11th century), arranged by Omar Metiou and Eduardo Paniagua, are very similar to Marcha Granadera (18th century) is now the official anthem of Spain. That makes it the world's oldest song (about a thousand years old) used for the official anthem of a country.
# References.
- Marcinkowski, M. Ismail (April 2002), "A Biographical Note on Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) and | 6,130,968 |
536739 | Avempace | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avempace | Avempace
sand years old) used for the official anthem of a country.
# References.
- Marcinkowski, M. Ismail (April 2002), "A Biographical Note on Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) and an English Translation of his Annotations to al-Farabi's "Isagoge"", in "Iqbal Review" (Lahore, Pakistan), vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 83–99.
- The Diwan Attributed to Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), D. M. Dunlop, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 14, No. 3, Studies Presented to Vladimir Minorsky by His Colleagues and Friends (1952), pp. 463–477
# External links.
- (PDF version)
- Ibn Bajja-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Muslim Philosophy on Ibn Bajjah
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Avempace | 6,130,969 |
536794 | Bit-flipping attack | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bit-flipping%20attack | Bit-flipping attack
Bit-flipping attack
A bit-flipping attack is an attack on a cryptographic cipher in which the attacker can change the ciphertext in such a way as to result in a predictable change of the plaintext, although the attacker is not able to learn the plaintext itself. Note that this type of attack is not—directly—against the cipher itself (as cryptanalysis of it would be), but against a particular message or series of messages. In the extreme, this could become a Denial of service attack against all messages on a particular channel using that cipher.
The attack is especially dangerous when the attacker knows the format of the message. In such a situation, the attacker can turn it into a similar message | 6,130,970 |
536794 | Bit-flipping attack | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bit-flipping%20attack | Bit-flipping attack
but one in which some important information is altered. For example, a change in the destination address might alter the message route in a way that will force re-encryption with a weaker cipher, thus possibly making it easier for an attacker to decipher the message.
When applied to digital signatures, the attacker might be able to change a promissory note stating "I owe you $10.00" into one stating "I owe you $10000".
Stream ciphers, such as RC4, are vulnerable to a bit-flipping attack, as are some block cipher modes of operation. "See" stream cipher attack. A keyed message authentication code, digital signature, or other authentication mechanism allows the recipient to detect if any bits | 6,130,971 |
536794 | Bit-flipping attack | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bit-flipping%20attack | Bit-flipping attack
the destination address might alter the message route in a way that will force re-encryption with a weaker cipher, thus possibly making it easier for an attacker to decipher the message.
When applied to digital signatures, the attacker might be able to change a promissory note stating "I owe you $10.00" into one stating "I owe you $10000".
Stream ciphers, such as RC4, are vulnerable to a bit-flipping attack, as are some block cipher modes of operation. "See" stream cipher attack. A keyed message authentication code, digital signature, or other authentication mechanism allows the recipient to detect if any bits were flipped in transit.
# External links.
- Wireless LAN Security White Paper | 6,130,972 |
536767 | Johnny Vegas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny%20Vegas | Johnny Vegas
Johnny Vegas
Michael Joseph Pennington (born 5 September 1970), known professionally as Johnny Vegas, is an English actor and comedian, known for his portly figure and his alter-egos' angry rants, surreal humour and husky voice.
His television roles have included playing Al in the ITV Digital and PG Tips adverts, drug dealer Moz in the BBC black comedy "Ideal", Geoff Maltby in the ITV comedy series "Benidorm" and Eric Agnew in the BBC sitcom "Still Open All Hours".
# Early life.
Vegas was born in Thatto Heath, St Helens, Lancashire, the youngest of four children of Lawrence and Patricia (née Jones) Pennington. He and his elder siblings, Robert, Mark, and Catharine were brought up as Roman | 6,130,973 |
536767 | Johnny Vegas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny%20Vegas | Johnny Vegas
Catholics. At the age of eleven, he attended St Joseph's College in Upholland, a Catholic boarding-school seminary, to train for the priesthood, but came back homesick after four terms.
After studying art and ceramics at Middlesex University for three years and gaining a third class degree, Vegas returned to Thatto Heath and took various short-term jobs including working in an Argos warehouse, selling boiler insurance door-to-door and packing bottles of Cif in a factory, before eventually becoming a barman at the Brown Edge pub in Thatto Heath.
Between 1994 and 1997, he was a member of Cluub Zarathustra, a comedy performance group led by Stewart Lee, Roger Mann and Simon Munnery.
# Career.
## | 6,130,974 |
536767 | Johnny Vegas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny%20Vegas | Johnny Vegas
Television and radio.
In 1996, Vegas made his television début as a contestant on "Win, Lose or Draw" in the UK under his real name of Michael, but made references to the fact he wanted to be a comedian and that his stage name was "Johnny Vegas".
He featured on "The Big Breakfast" during the programme's final months before it ended in March 2002.
His appearance was briefly shown during Channel 4's "100 Greatest Stand-Ups" and BBC Three's "Almost Famous 2". Vegas gained a wider audience as a regular member of "Shooting Stars". His character was a pitiable sort always nursing a pint of Guinness. In 2001 he appeared on the "Weakest Link", in a comedians special and beat Barry Cryer to win the | 6,130,975 |
536767 | Johnny Vegas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny%20Vegas | Johnny Vegas
jackpot of £10,200.
In 2002, Vegas starred in the BBC Radio 4 sitcom "Night Class", which he co-wrote with Tony Burgess and Tony Pitts, with Dirk Maggs as director. Vegas played a former Butlin's redcoat teaching evening classes in pottery. It was a runner-up for best comedy at the Sony Radio Academy Awards.
He starred in the BBC Three sitcom "Ideal" as Moz from 2005 to 2011.
Between 2007 and 2009, Vegas played Geoff "The Oracle" Maltby in the ITV sitcom "Benidorm". On 16 January 2015, he made guest appearances in episode 3,4,5 and 6 during the programme's seventh series. He returned full-time in Series 8, which began on 11 January 2016.
In 2012, Vegas played the role of Mr. Croombe in a | 6,130,976 |
536767 | Johnny Vegas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny%20Vegas | Johnny Vegas
television adaptation of David Walliams' children's novel "Mr Stink".
In 2014, Vegas voiced Fat Baz in the ITV4 animated sitcom "Warren United".
In August 2014, Vegas took part in ITV's two-part documentary series "Secrets from the Clink". In May 2013, Vegas played the role of Lord Ratspeaker in a BBC radio adaptation of Neil Gaiman's "Neverwhere", adapted by Dirk Maggs.
Since 26 December 2013, Vegas has played Wet Eric Agnew in the revived BBC sitcom "Still Open All Hours". Vegas has guest presented numerous episodes of "Sunday Brunch" for Channel 4.
In August 2015, he narrated the four-part series "Travel Guides" for ITV. In 2016, he took part in ITV's celebrity driving show "Drive", hosted | 6,130,977 |
536767 | Johnny Vegas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny%20Vegas | Johnny Vegas
by Vernon Kay.
In August 2016, Vegas starred in a one-off comedy pilot called "Home From Home", playing the lead role of Neil Hackett. Filmed at Skiddaw View Holiday Park, the episode aired on BBC Two on 30 August 2016. In December 2016 it was announced that "Home From Home" had been commissioned for a full series to air on BBC One in 2018.
He is a regular panellist on the quiz show QI, having starred in 12 episodes as of 2019.
## Film.
In 2003, Vegas played Jackie Symes in the film "The Virgin of Liverpool", Alf Prince in the film "Cheeky" and Trevor in the film "Blackball". In 2004, he played Dave in the film "Sex Lives of the Potato Men" and voiced Uncle Stewart in the film "Terkel in | 6,130,978 |
536767 | Johnny Vegas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny%20Vegas | Johnny Vegas
Trouble". In 2013, Vegas was the voice of Abu the hamster in the British film "The Harry Hill Movie".
Vegas provided the voice for Asbo in the 2018 Aardman Animations film "Early Man".
## Other projects.
Vegas appeared in Joe Orton's "The Erpingham Camp" at the 2000 Edinburgh Festival. In 2001, Vegas starred as Al in adverts for ITV Digital with a puppet named Monkey (voiced by Ben Miller). In 2007, he reprised the role in adverts for PG Tips tea.
Having achieved fame in entertainment, Vegas received plaudits for his ceramic work. "Ceramic Review" praised him, leading to a role in "Pot Shots" (collaborating with Roger Law), a film made for an international gathering of potters. This led | 6,130,979 |
536767 | Johnny Vegas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny%20Vegas | Johnny Vegas
to his work being acquired for a collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum and a commission from Old Spice to design a bottle for their aftershave.
In 2014, he directed a music video for Paul Heaton and Jacqui Abbott. That year he also published his autobiography.
In May 2017, it was announced Vegas would be starring in new comedy feature "Eaten by Lions" opposite Antonio Aakeel and Jack Carroll, directed by Jason Wingard.
# Personal life.
In August 2002, Vegas married Catherine "Kitty" Donnelly and sold pictures of the wedding to "Viz" magazine for a pound. The marriage ended in the run-up to Christmas 2006, after which they divorced.
In April 2011, Vegas married Irish television presenter | 6,130,980 |
536767 | Johnny Vegas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny%20Vegas | Johnny Vegas
and producer Maia Dunphy in Seville. In January 2015, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child together. On 14 May 2018 Maia Dunphy confirmed that she and Johnny had separated in late 2017. The couple are believed to have reconciled in November 2018.
Vegas said in 2012 that he had returned to his Catholic faith in the previous few years, crediting his parents' faith for his good upbringing.
Vegas fulfilled a lifetime ambition by appearing for St Helens in Keiron Cunningham's testimonial rugby league game, a friendly against Hull FC. in 2005.
In July 2014, Vegas was awarded an honorary doctorate from Edge Hill University.
# External links.
- "Sitting pretty" by Miranda | 6,130,981 |
536767 | Johnny Vegas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny%20Vegas | Johnny Vegas
nuary 2015, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child together. On 14 May 2018 Maia Dunphy confirmed that she and Johnny had separated in late 2017. The couple are believed to have reconciled in November 2018.
Vegas said in 2012 that he had returned to his Catholic faith in the previous few years, crediting his parents' faith for his good upbringing.
Vegas fulfilled a lifetime ambition by appearing for St Helens in Keiron Cunningham's testimonial rugby league game, a friendly against Hull FC. in 2005.
In July 2014, Vegas was awarded an honorary doctorate from Edge Hill University.
# External links.
- "Sitting pretty" by Miranda Sawyer – "The Guardian", 15 May 2005. | 6,130,982 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
Patrol boat
A patrol boat (also referred to as a patrol craft, patrol ship or patrol vessel) is a relatively small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defence duties. There have been many designs for patrol boats. They may be operated by a nation's navy, coast guard, police force or customs and may be intended for marine (blue water) or estuarine or river ("brown water") environments. They are commonly found engaged in various border protection roles, including anti-smuggling, anti-piracy, fisheries patrols, and immigration law enforcement. They are also often called upon to participate in rescue operations. Vessels of this type include the original yacht (from Dutch/Low German "jacht" | 6,130,983 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
meaning hunting or hunt), a light, fast-sailing vessel used by the Dutch navy to pursue pirates and other transgressors around and into shallow waters.
# Classification.
They may be broadly classified as inshore patrol vessels (IPVs) and offshore patrol vessels (OPVs). They are warships typically smaller in size than a corvette and can include fast attack craft, torpedo boats and missile boats, although some are as large as a frigate. The offshore patrol vessels are usually the smallest ship in a navy's fleet that is large and seaworthy enough to patrol off-shore in the open ocean. In larger militaries, such as in the United States military, offshore patrol vessels usually serve in the coast | 6,130,984 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
guard, but many smaller nations navies operate these type of ships.
# History.
During both World Wars in order to rapidly build up numbers, all sides created auxiliary patrol boats by arming motorboats and seagoing fishing trawlers with machine guns and obsolescent naval weapons. Some modern patrol vessels are still based on fishing and leisure boats. Seagoing patrol boats are typically around 30 m (100 ft) in length and usually carry a single medium caliber artillery gun as main armament, and a variety of lighter secondary armament such as machine guns or a close-in weapon system. Depending on role, vessels in this class may also have more sophisticated sensors and fire control systems that | 6,130,985 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
would enable them to carry torpedoes, anti-ship and surface-to-air missiles.
Most modern designs are powered by gas turbine arrangements such as CODAG, and speeds are generally in the range. They are primarily used for patrol in a country's Exclusive Economic Zone. Common tasks are fisheries inspection, anti-smuggling (usually anti-narcotics) duties, illegal immigration patrols, anti-piracy patrols and search and rescue (law enforcement-type of work). The largest OPVs might also have a flight deck and helicopter embarked. In times of crisis or war, these vessels are expected to support the larger vessels in the navy.
Their small size and relatively low cost make them one of the most common | 6,130,986 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
type of warship in the world. Almost all navies operate at least a few offshore patrol vessels, especially those with only "green water" capabilities. They are useful in smaller seas such as the North Sea as well as in open oceans. Similar vessels for exclusively military duties include torpedo boats and missile boats. The United States Navy operated the of armed hydrofoils for years, in a patrol boat role. The River Patrol Boat (PBR, sometimes called "Riverine" and "Pibber") is a U.S. design of small patrol boat type designed to patrol waters of large rivers.
# Specific nations.
## Albania.
- (Albanian Navy Brigade)
## Argentina.
- , Argentine Naval Prefecture
- Z-28-class patrol vessel, | 6,130,987 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
Argentine Naval Prefecture
## Australia.
- , (Royal Australian Navy) – 1967 to 1985
- , (Royal Australian Navy) – 1979 to 2007
- , (Australian built, gifted by Australian government to 12 Pacific Island countries), 1987–present
- , (Royal Australian Navy) – 2005 to present
- Arafura-class Offshore Patrol Vessel, (Royal Australian Navy) – Expected to enter service in 2021
- , (Australian Border Force Marine Unit) – 1999 to present
- Australian Customs Vessel "Triton", (Australian Border Force Marine Unit) – 2000 to 2016
- , (Australian Border Force Marine Unit) – Bay class replacement from 2013
## Bahamas.
- Bahamas-class 60m patrol vessel, (Royal Bahamas Defence Force)
- Protector-class | 6,130,988 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
patrol boat
## Bangladesh.
- Sea Dragon-class offshore patrol vessel
- offshore patrol vessel (Bangladesh Navy)
- (Bangladesh Navy)
- Hainan-class submarine chaser
- Kraljevica-class patrol boat
- Barkat ('Haizhui' class/Type 062) small patrol boat
- Ajay-class patrol boat
- Shaheed ('Shanghai-II') class small patrol boat
## Brazil.
- "Grajaú" class offshore patrol vessel
- "Bracuí" class patrol vessel (ex-River-class minesweeper)
- "Imperial Marinheiro"-class offshore patrol vessel
- "Piratini"-class patrol vessel
- "J"-class patrol vessel
- "Roraima"-class river patrol vessel
- "Pedro Teixeira"-class river patrol vessel
- -offshore patrol vessel
## Bulgaria.
- Obzor (525)
## | 6,130,989 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
Canada.
- , (Royal Canadian Navy)
- , (Canadian Coast Guard)
## China.
- Harbour security boat (PBI) – 4 newly built 80 ton class harbour security / patrol boats, and more are planned in order to take over the port security / patrol duties currently performed by the obsolete Shantou, Beihai, Huangpu, and Yulin classes gunboats, which are increasingly being converted to inshore surveying boats and range support boats.
- Shanghai III (Type 062-I) class gunboats – 2
- Shanghai II class gunboats
- Shanghai I (Type 062) classes gunboats – 150+ active and at least 100 in reserve
- Huludao (Type 206) class gunboat – 8+
- Shantou class gunboats – less than 25 (in reserve, subordinated to naval | 6,130,990 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
militia)
- Beihai class gunboats – less than 30 (in reserve, subordinated to naval militia)
- Huangpu class gunboats – less than 15 (in reserve, subordinated to naval militia)
- Yulin class gunboats – less than 40 (being transferred to logistic duties)
- Haixun class cutter(Type 718), China Coast Guard
## Chile.
Patrulleros de Zona Marítima FASSMER OPV-80 class. 4 of 6 units planned, built by ASMAR under license of FASSMER Gmbh:
- OPV-81 "Piloto Pardo"
- OPV-82 "Comandante Toro"
- OPV-83 "Marinero Fuentealba". This unit has reinforced hull for Antarctic operations.
- OPV-84 "Cabo Odger" with characteristics similar to the previous ship
- 06 MICALVI Class Patrol vessels built in ASMAR.
- | 6,130,991 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
18 Protector Class Patrol crafts built by ASMAR under license of Fairey Brooke Marine.
- 04 DABUR Class Patrol crafts built in Israel.
## Colombia.
- Diligente-class patrol boat, (Colombian Navy)
- Nodriza-class patrol boat, (Colombian Navy)
- PAF-I-class patrol boat, (Colombian Navy)
- PAF-II-class patrol boat, (Colombian Navy)
- PAF-III-class patrol boat, (Colombian Navy)
- PAF-IV-class patrol boat, (Colombian Navy)
- Patrullera Fluvial Ligera-class patrol boat, (Colombian Navy)
- Riohacha-class gunboat, (Colombian Navy)
- Fassmer-80 class, (Colombian Navy) (Built in Colombia by COTECMAR)
## Croatia.
- "Šolta" (OB-02)
- "Omiš" (OB-31)
## Denmark.
- OPV – 2 vessels
- IPV – | 6,130,992 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
6 vessels *
- "Flyvefisken"-class patrol vessel
- "Thetis" class OPV – 4 ships (classed as ocean patrol frigates)
- Beskytteren ocean patrol frigate OPV. (classed as ocean patrol frigates). Later sold to Estonia and renamed "EML Admiral Pitka (A230)"
- IPV – 3 vessels
- "Barsø" class IPV – 9 vessels *
- OPV – 4 ships, classed as ocean patrol frigates. (Link in Danish)
## Eritrea.
- Eritrea-class 60m patrol vessel, (Eritrean Navy)
- Protector-class patrol boat
## France.
- P400 class, (French Navy)
- , (French Navy) link in French
- , (French Navy)
- , (French Navy)
- Espadon 50 class, (French Navy) 1991 to 2010
- Trident-class patrol boat, (Maritime Gendarmerie)
- Géranium-class | 6,130,993 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
patrol boat, (Maritime Gendarmerie)
- Jonquille-class patrol boat, (Maritime Gendarmerie)
- Vedette-class patrol boat, (Maritime Gendarmerie)
- Pétulante-class patrol craft, (Maritime Gendarmerie)
- Pavois-class patrol craft, (Maritime Gendarmerie)
## Finland.
- (Formerly Finnish Border Guard, now Finnish Navy)
- "UVL10", an offshore patrol vessel built at STX Finland Rauma shipyard in 2014
- (Finnish Navy)
## Germany.
- - 2018 to present
- – 2002 to present
- – 1943 to 1945
- R boats – 1929 to 1945
- Type 139 patrol trawler – 1956 to mid-1970s
## Greece.
### Hellenic Navy.
- "Osprey 55"-class gunboats and derivatives "HSY-55" and "HSY-56A"
- "Asheville"-class gunboats
- "Nasty"-class | 6,130,994 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
Coastal Patrol Vessels, formerly torpedo boats
- "Esterel"-class Coastal Patrol Vessels
### Hellenic Coast Guard.
- "Saar 4" acting as Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPV)
- "Stan Patrol 5509" OPV
- "Vosper Europatrol 250 Mk1" OPV
- "Abeking & Rasmussen" Patrol Vessels, class "Dilos"
- "POB-24G" Patrol Vessels, class "Faiakas"
- "CB90-HCG"
- "Lambro 57" and derivatives, all being boats for coastal patrols
## Hong Kong.
### Hong Kong Police Force.
- Sea Panther class large command boat
## Iceland.
- (Icelandic Coast Guard)
- (Icelandic Coast Guard)
- (Icelandic Coast Guard)
- (Icelandic Coast Guard)
## India.
- , Indian Navy
- , Indian Navy
- , Indian Navy
- , Indian Navy
- , | 6,130,995 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
Indian Coast Guard
- , Indian Coast Guard
- , Indian Coast Guard
- , Indian Coast Guard
- , Indian Coast Guard
- , Indian Coast Guard
- , Indian Coast Guard
- , Indian Coast Guard
## Indonesia.
- FPB 28, Indonesian Police and Indonesian Customs, 28 meter long patrol boat made by local shipyard PT PAL.
- FPB 38, Indonesian Customs, 38 meter long aluminium patrol boat made by local shipyard PT PAL.
- FPB 57, Indonesian Navy, 57 meter long patrol boat designed by Lurssen and made by PT PAL, ASM and heli deck equipped for some version.
- PC-40, Indonesian Navy, 40 meter long FRP/Aluminum patrol boat, locally made by in house Navy's workshop.
- PC-60 trimaran, Indonesian Navy, 63-meter-long | 6,130,996 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
composite material, is armed with 120 km range of anti-ship missile, made by PT Lundin industry
- OPV 80 - 80 meter long marine steel, is armed with 57 mm main gun, designed by Terafulk and made by PT Citra Shipyard
- OPV 110 - 110 meter long marine steel grade A, is armed with 57 mm main gun, made by PT Palindo Marine Shipyard
## Ireland.
Irish Naval Service
- Offshore Patrol Vessels
- (1972–2001)
- (1978–2013)
- (1979–2015)
- (1980–2016)
- Helicopter Patrol Vessel
- Coastal Patrol Vessels
- Large Patrol Vessels
- Offshore Patrol Vessels
## Israel.
- Dabur class patrol boats – Israeli Navy
- Dvora class fast patrol boat – Israeli Navy
- Super Dvora Mk II – Israeli Navy
- Super | 6,130,997 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
Dvora Mk III – Israeli Navy
- Shaldag class fast patrol boats
- Shaldag Mk II – Israeli Navy
- Nachshol class patrol boats (Stingray Interceptor-2000) – Israeli Navy
## Italy.
- "Zara" class, (Italian Guardia di Finanza)
- "Saettia" class, (Italian Coast Guard)
- "Diciotti – CP 902" class, (Italian Coast Guard)
- Cassiopea class, (Italian Marina Militare)
- "Cassiopea II" class, (Italian Marina Militare)
- "Esploratore" class, (Italian Marina Militare)
- "Comandanti"-class, (Italian Marina Militare)
## Japan.
- "Shikishima" (Japan Coast Guard), the largest patrol boat.
- "Mizuho"-class (Japan Coast Guard),Large patrol Vessel with helicopter deck and hangar.
- "Tsugaru"-class (Japan | 6,130,998 |
536773 | Patrol boat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrol%20boat | Patrol boat
Coast Guard),Large patrol Vessel with helicopter deck and hangar.
- "Hida" class (Japan Coast Guard), high-speed Large patrol Vessel with helicopter deck.
- "Kunigami" class (Kunisaki class)
- "Iwami" class
- "Hateruma" class
- "Aso" class (Japan Coast Guard), high-speed Large patrol Vessel.
- "Amami" class (Japan Coast Guard), medium-sized patrol Vessel
- (JMSDF,Japanese Navy), Corvette class patrol vessel by JMSDF(Navy) Fleet.
- ""Sōya""，(Japan Coast Guard), icebreaker
## Latvia.
- "Skrunda" class, world's first SWATH patrol boat (Latvian Naval Forces)
## Malaysia.
- "Kedah" class offshore patrol vessel, (Royal Malaysian Navy)
- Gagah Class Ship，Malaysian Maritime Enforcement | 6,130,999 |
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