wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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12328626 | Pinky Silverberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinky%20Silverberg | Pinky Silverberg
his new status as a bantamweight contender, and lists many of the boxers he met formerly as a flyweight.
### Reasons why the NBA World Flyweight title was never restored to Silverberg.
Due to a power struggle within the organization's hierarchy, the NBA never achieved a consensus to restore the championship to Silverberg. Adding to the confusion, there was no single organization at the time that sanctioned a World Flyweight Champion, and in the 1920s over a dozen World Flyweight Champions were recognized by the New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC), and the European Boxing Union (EBU). Though he would meet a few of the era's greatest boxers near his weight class, Silverberg would never | 6,135,000 |
12328626 | Pinky Silverberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinky%20Silverberg | Pinky Silverberg
have the opportunity to fight in a title bout again.
At 116 pounds, on July 24, 1928, Silverberg lost to Norwegian Pete Sanstol at Queensboro Stadium in Queens, in a six-round points decision. An accomplished opponent, Sanstol would later take the World Bantamweight Championship on May 20, 1931 against Archie Bell in Montreal.
## Losing to contender Archie Bell, September 1928.
Silverberg met fellow New England Jewish contender Archie Bell on September 22, 1928, in a feature bout at the Ridgewood Grove in Bell's hometown of Brooklyn, losing in a six-round points decision. Bell would contend several times for but never take a world title. A talented contender, in May 1927, Bell had competed | 6,135,001 |
12328626 | Pinky Silverberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinky%20Silverberg | Pinky Silverberg
for the British version of the World Bantamweight Title in London, but lost a fifteen-round decision. Later in his career in 1932-2, he would contend for the World Bantamweight Title again in Britain, and twice for the California version of the World Featherweight Title.
# Bout with future Featherweight World Champion Kid Chocolate, November 1928.
At 118 pounds, on November 8, 1928, Silverberg lost to Black boxer Kid Chocolate, then a sensational Cuban bantamweight, at New York's St. Nicholas Arena, in a ten-round points decision. The Kid won easily on points but did not score a significant knockdown of Silverberg throughout the bout. In his career after 1930, Chocolate would take the NBA | 6,135,002 |
12328626 | Pinky Silverberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinky%20Silverberg | Pinky Silverberg
World Super Featherweight, and NYSAC World Featherweight titles. The January 2002 "Ring Magazine" once rated Chocolate as the fifth greatest featherweight of all time. Remaining on his feet for six rounds with the Kid was no small victory for Silverberg, demonstrating he could stand in the ring with some of the greatest boxers of the era. Kid Chocolate is listed first among the boxers Silverberg fought in black print on the poster at right. Chocolate's name appears in the column on the left of his photo in the poster.
On May 25, 1929, Silverberg lost to Petey Sarron, future NBA World Featherweight Champion, in an important fifteen round points decision in Melbourne, Australia. Both boxers fought | 6,135,003 |
12328626 | Pinky Silverberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinky%20Silverberg | Pinky Silverberg
in the featherweight range at 120 pounds. The poster at right shows Silverberg announcing his status as a bantamweight contender, and noting his return from Australia in 1929. It also lists many of the fighters he had fought up to that point in his career including Pete Sarron, in red near the bottom of the poster, as well as in black on the left of his picture.
# Bout with future British flyweight champion Nel Tarleton, November 1929.
At 122 pounds, on November 11, 1929, Silverberg lost to exceptional English flyweight Nel Tarleton in a ten-round points decision at the Nicholas Arena in New York. Tarleton would first take the British (BBOC) Featherweight Title in October 1931. Tarleton easily | 6,135,004 |
12328626 | Pinky Silverberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinky%20Silverberg | Pinky Silverberg
won the contest taking every round but the tenth. Fighting at 125, Silverberg gave up three pounds to his opponent.
# Loss to Bantamweight Champion "Panama" Al Brown, January 1930.
On January 25, 1930, Silverberg lost to Panama Al Brown reigning NBA World Bantamweight Champion, in a non-title ten round points decision at the Arena Polar in Havana, Cuba. At 5' 9", using his five-inch advantage in height and reach, Brown was in command throughout the fight. A defensive master, Brown nullified all of Silverberg's advances with effective left jabs and hard rights, though there were no knockdowns in the bout. Silverberg demonstrated he could remain on his feet with some of the best boxers of his | 6,135,005 |
12328626 | Pinky Silverberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinky%20Silverberg | Pinky Silverberg
era. Brown had taken the NYSAC Bantamweight Champion against Gregorio Vidal on June 18, 1929 in New York, later gaining NBA recognition for the title as well.
# Important bouts with NYSAC Flyweight Champion Midget Wolgast, 1930–31.
On March 9, 1931, Silverberg met Midget Wolgast, for the last time, at the Park Arena in Bridgeport, Connecticut losing in a ten-round points decision. Silverberg could not manage the speedy attack of Wolgast. The two contenders had previously met in important non-title bouts on March 10 and May 8, 1930 in Queens, N. Y., and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where Silverberg lost in 10 and 8 round points decisions.
In March 1930, Wolgast had impressively taken the NYSAC | 6,135,006 |
12328626 | Pinky Silverberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinky%20Silverberg | Pinky Silverberg
World Flyweight Title against Black Bill at Madison Square Garden. He clinched the title on May 1930 against Willie LeMorte. Several boxing websites rated Wolgast the eighth greatest flyweight of all time.
# Life after boxing.
Silverberg won his last known fight, a four rounder against Frankie Reese at Star Casino in New York.
After his retirement from the ring, he stayed in touch with boxing and promoted fights, refereed local bouts, and coached ring science as a volunteer at a local YMCA in the 1940s.
In the fall of 1950, Silverberg was the subject of legal prosecution and conviction for the entertainment provided at a large gala held at his newly opened gymnasium in Ansonia. Silverberg | 6,135,007 |
12328626 | Pinky Silverberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinky%20Silverberg | Pinky Silverberg
was known in Ansonia for his campaign work in a local mayoral election.
By the early 1950s Silverberg was working as an inspector for aircraft engines at AVCO Lycoming in Stratford, Connecticut near his hometown of Ansonia. He fought in the Connecticut area and lived in Ansonia during much of his early life and career.
Silverberg recovered from a heart attack in 1959, though it was not his first. He died at his home in Ansonia on January 16, 1964 after another heart attack at the age of 59. He was survived by his wife and two children, Janis, and Ron. Prior to the year 2000, Silverberg's boxing achievements were given little or no coverage by on-line boxing sites, and published boxing histories.
# | 6,135,008 |
12328626 | Pinky Silverberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinky%20Silverberg | Pinky Silverberg
. He fought in the Connecticut area and lived in Ansonia during much of his early life and career.
Silverberg recovered from a heart attack in 1959, though it was not his first. He died at his home in Ansonia on January 16, 1964 after another heart attack at the age of 59. He was survived by his wife and two children, Janis, and Ron. Prior to the year 2000, Silverberg's boxing achievements were given little or no coverage by on-line boxing sites, and published boxing histories.
# Achievements and honors.
Silverberg was inducted into the Connecticut Boxing Hall of Fame on November 30, 2007.
# External links.
- Pinky Silverberg Jews in Sports Bio
- Pinky Silverberg New Haven Register Bio | 6,135,009 |
12328628 | USS Instill (AM-252) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Instill%20(AM-252) | USS Instill (AM-252)
USS Instill (AM-252)
USS "Instill" (AM-252) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II. She saw service in the Atlantic during World War II. She was decommissioned in February 1947 and placed in reserve. "Instill" was recommissioned in March 1951 during the Korean War and remained in commission until March 1954, when she was placed in reserve again. While she remained in reserve, "Instill" was reclassified as MSF-252 in February 1955 but never reactivated. In October 1962, she was sold to the Mexican Navy and renamed ARM "DM-10". She was stricken from Mexican Navy service in 1986, but her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary sources.
# U.S. Navy career.
"Instill" was | 6,135,010 |
12328628 | USS Instill (AM-252) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Instill%20(AM-252) | USS Instill (AM-252)
launched 5 March 1944 by the Savannah Machine & Foundry Co., Savannah, Georgia; sponsored by Mrs. Lydia G. Mehoffey; and commissioned 22 May 1944, Lt. Charles A. Hardy, USNR, in command.
After shakedown out of Little Creek, Virginia, and a few weeks of escort duty in that area, "Instill" was assigned to Service Force, Atlantic Fleet as a training ship. This duty continued until 11 August when she reported to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, to operate with shakedown ships as a radar countermeasure ship. Returning to Norfolk, Virginia, 22 October, "Instill" remained there until 21 January 1946 when she sailed to Orange, Texas. The minesweeper decommissioned there 26 February 1947, joining the Reserve Fleet.
After | 6,135,011 |
12328628 | USS Instill (AM-252) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Instill%20(AM-252) | USS Instill (AM-252)
the outbreak of the Korean War, "Instill" recommissioned 16 March 1951 and began an intensive period of training and patrol duty between Charleston, South Carolina, and Norfolk, Virginia. She continued her important minesweeping operations and patrol duty along the U.S. East Coast until she returned to Orange, Texas, 3 January 1954.
"Instill" decommissioned there 1 March and once again joined the Reserve Fleet. Reclassified MSF-252, 7 February 1955, she remained in the Texas Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet until struck from the Navy List 1 May 1962, and sold in October 1962 to Mexico, and served as DM-10.
# Mexican Navy career.
The former "Instill" was acquired by the Mexican Navy in October | 6,135,012 |
12328628 | USS Instill (AM-252) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Instill%20(AM-252) | USS Instill (AM-252)
ston, South Carolina, and Norfolk, Virginia. She continued her important minesweeping operations and patrol duty along the U.S. East Coast until she returned to Orange, Texas, 3 January 1954.
"Instill" decommissioned there 1 March and once again joined the Reserve Fleet. Reclassified MSF-252, 7 February 1955, she remained in the Texas Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet until struck from the Navy List 1 May 1962, and sold in October 1962 to Mexico, and served as DM-10.
# Mexican Navy career.
The former "Instill" was acquired by the Mexican Navy in October 1962 and renamed ARM "DM-10". She was stricken from Mexican Navy service in 1986, but her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary sources. | 6,135,013 |
12328687 | Catherine of Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine%20of%20Russia | Catherine of Russia
Catherine of Russia
Catherine of Russia can refer to:
- Catherine I of Russia (1684–1727), second wife of Peter the Great
- Catherine II of Russia (1729–1796), called Catherine the Great, wife of Peter III of Russia
- Maria Buynosova-Rostovskaya, born Ekaterina (d. 1626), second wife of Vasili IV of Russia
- Tsarevna Catherine Alekseyevna of Russia (1658–1718), daughter of Alexis I of Russia
- Tsarevna Catherine Ivanovna of Russia (1691–1733), daughter of Ivan V of Russia
- Ekaterina Alekseyevna Dolgorukova (1712–1747), fiancée of Peter II of Russia
- Grand Duchess Catherine Antonovna of Russia (1741–1807), sister of Ivan IV of Russia, imprisoned with family by Empress Elizabeth
- Catherine | 6,135,014 |
12328687 | Catherine of Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine%20of%20Russia | Catherine of Russia
1718), daughter of Alexis I of Russia
- Tsarevna Catherine Ivanovna of Russia (1691–1733), daughter of Ivan V of Russia
- Ekaterina Alekseyevna Dolgorukova (1712–1747), fiancée of Peter II of Russia
- Grand Duchess Catherine Antonovna of Russia (1741–1807), sister of Ivan IV of Russia, imprisoned with family by Empress Elizabeth
- Catherine Pavlovna of Russia (1788–1819), daughter of Paul I of Russia, wife of Duke George of Oldenburg and later William I of Württemberg
- Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia (1827–1894), daughter of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia, wife of Duke Georg August of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- "Catherine of Russia" (film), a 1963 French-Italian film | 6,135,015 |
12328680 | Grand Dolls | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand%20Dolls | Grand Dolls
Grand Dolls
# Plot.
Tetsuo "Tecchin" Utsuki is a normal, everyday junior high school student. Without much willpower, he is often shy and unable to assert himself. His life changes one day when, on his way back from school, he finds the body of a dead girl lying in the street.
Rushing off to get the police, Tetsuo brings them to the spot where the girl was, only to find that she has disappeared. Instead, a strange, human-sized doll has taken the girl's place. Curious, Tetsuo takes the mysterious doll home and finds that a small bit of it is broken and repairs it. Instantly the doll transforms into the girl that Tetsuo had seen earlier.
Once active, the girl informs Tetsuo that she is a "Grand | 6,135,016 |
12328680 | Grand Dolls | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand%20Dolls | Grand Dolls
Doll". At first, a Grand Doll looks like a kind of ordinary, blank doll, but when the back of the neck is rubbed, the doll can take on the form of a human or a horse. Scratching the back of the neck turns them back into their doll forms.
However, the doll also informs Tetsuo that he himself is a Grand Doll. The dolls are part of an alien plot to invade Earth by secretly replacing human beings with dolls. Learning this, Tetsuo decides to take up the fight against the aliens. With his newspaper reporter father, and his friend Yoko Kashiwa, Tetsuo is determined to stop the alien threat (even if he's one of them, himself).
# Characters.
- Tetsuo Utsuki: A junior high boy that is not very assertive, | 6,135,017 |
12328680 | Grand Dolls | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand%20Dolls | Grand Dolls
ed to stop the alien threat (even if he's one of them, himself).
# Characters.
- Tetsuo Utsuki: A junior high boy that is not very assertive, but determined to stop the alien invasion, even if he's one of the aliens himself.
- Yoko Kashiwa:
- Tetsuo's Father: A newspaper reporter who helps Tetsuo discover the truth and stop the Grand Dolls.
- Tetsuo's Mother: Tetsuo's mother who may, or may not, have been switched with a Grand Doll.
- Sarumaru:
- Grand Doll:
- Yajiuma:
# See also.
- List of Osamu Tezuka manga
- Osamu Tezuka
- Osamu Tezuka's Star System
# External links.
- "Grand Dolls" manga page at TezukaOsamu@World
- "Grand Dolls" manga publications page at TezukaOsamu@World | 6,135,018 |
12328644 | Bowthorpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowthorpe | Bowthorpe
Bowthorpe
Bowthorpe is a suburban village to the west of Norwich, in the county of Norfolk, England. It is primarily a residential area, but includes a large industrial estate (Bowthorpe Industrial Estate; occupied by mix-use commercial business, including the technology sector) and one small out-of-town shopping centre, containing a supermarket and various smaller retail outlets. A police station and community hall are situated close to Bowthorpe village centre. Most of present-day Bowthorpe has been developed from the 1970s onward.
Bowthorpe is divided into four distinct areas:
- Clover Hill,
- Chapel Break,
- Three Score,
- Bowthorpe Industrial Estate.
The largest of these areas is | 6,135,019 |
12328644 | Bowthorpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowthorpe | Bowthorpe
Clover Hill, a mix of council development and private housing, making up almost two-thirds of Bowthorpe. Clover Hill, situated to the east of the other three areas was developed in the 1970s and 1980s. Further development of the mainly private housing estates, Chapel Break and Three Score took place in the 1990s and early 2000s.
In 1549, Robert Kett briefly camped at Bowthorpe at the beginning of the rebellion that was to bear his name. On 10 July 1549, the Sheriff of Norfolk: Sir Edward Wyndham, was nearly pulled from his house by the rebels in the village as he tried to persuade them to disband. This helped to inspire further people from Norwich to join Kett at his camp in the village. Kett | 6,135,020 |
12328644 | Bowthorpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowthorpe | Bowthorpe
quickly decided that Bowthorpe was too exposed for a rebel camp, and moved on to Mousehold Heath.
Bowthorpe differs from the nearby estates of Earlham and Costessey; by having a high variability of housing stock, and a centrally planned network of bus and bicycle-only lanes. Large open spaces and parks border the periphery of the Bowthorpe housing estate, with Bowthorpe Park between the north of the estate and Dereham Road, and the Yare Marshland and Bowthorpe Common bordering the south and west of the estate.
Politically, it falls within the Norwich South constituency (despite being located slightly north), held since 2015 by the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) Clive Lewis. Although it returned | 6,135,021 |
12328644 | Bowthorpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowthorpe | Bowthorpe
several Conservative councillors to Norwich City Council in the late 2000s, it is presently a safe seat for the Labour Party, and is represented by Councillors Sally Button, Sue Sands and Mike Sands.
# Education.
Bowthorpe is home to three schools; made up of two infant schools and one junior school. One infant school is located in Clover Hill, the other schools are located in Chapel Break.
There was originally a Bowthorpe High School, which was actually located in nearby Earlham. Bowthorpe High School has since been demolished and replaced with a fire station. The nearest high schools to Bowthorpe are Ormiston Victory Academy (previously Costessey High School), and the City Academy Norwich | 6,135,022 |
12328644 | Bowthorpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowthorpe | Bowthorpe
(previously Earlham High School).
# Transport.
Bowthorpe is served by a frequent bus service, operated by First Norfolk & Suffolk, to the University of East Anglia (UEA), Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital (NNUH, formerly known by the acronym N&N), West Earlham, Norwich City Centre and Old Catton.
# Sport.
Bowthorpe makes a notable contribution to local sport, providing grounds for Norwich's largest 5-a-side football complex. Also, it has been home to a few sportsmen, including Paul McVeigh. Bowthorpe also was the home of Sunday League team Wendene Wanderers, who folded towards the end of 2010 due to lack of finance. Wendene was mainly a youth club, with many teams ranging from Under-6s | 6,135,023 |
12328644 | Bowthorpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowthorpe | Bowthorpe
UH, formerly known by the acronym N&N), West Earlham, Norwich City Centre and Old Catton.
# Sport.
Bowthorpe makes a notable contribution to local sport, providing grounds for Norwich's largest 5-a-side football complex. Also, it has been home to a few sportsmen, including Paul McVeigh. Bowthorpe also was the home of Sunday League team Wendene Wanderers, who folded towards the end of 2010 due to lack of finance. Wendene was mainly a youth club, with many teams ranging from Under-6s to Under-16s.
# Famous residents.
- Herbie Hide (former)
- Paul McVeigh (former)
- Martin Tyler (former)
# Bibliography.
- Cornwall, J. 1977 "Revolt of the Peasantry 1549". London: Routledge and Kegan Paul | 6,135,024 |
12328675 | Steve Wright (American football, born 1942) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve%20Wright%20(American%20football,%20born%201942) | Steve Wright (American football, born 1942)
Steve Wright (American football, born 1942)
Stephen Thomas Wright (born July 17, 1942) is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for five different teams. He also played for the Chicago Fire of the WFL in 1974. He played college football at the University of Alabama. He never started a game for Alabama, but was drafted in the fifth round of the 1964 draft, by the Green Bay Packers. Wright played in 101 games in nine season in the NFL, but never started.
He is the author of "I'd Rather be Wright: Memoirs of an Itinerant Tackle" (1974, with William Gildea and Kenneth Turan), a fly-on-the wall look at the pro football world of the late 1960s and early | 6,135,025 |
12328675 | Steve Wright (American football, born 1942) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve%20Wright%20(American%20football,%20born%201942) | Steve Wright (American football, born 1942)
ve tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for five different teams. He also played for the Chicago Fire of the WFL in 1974. He played college football at the University of Alabama. He never started a game for Alabama, but was drafted in the fifth round of the 1964 draft, by the Green Bay Packers. Wright played in 101 games in nine season in the NFL, but never started.
He is the author of "I'd Rather be Wright: Memoirs of an Itinerant Tackle" (1974, with William Gildea and Kenneth Turan), a fly-on-the wall look at the pro football world of the late 1960s and early 1970s.
In 1969, Wright was the model for the Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award, sculpted by Daniel Bennett Schwartz. | 6,135,026 |
12328673 | 1964–65 African Cup of Champions Clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964–65%20African%20Cup%20of%20Champions%20Clubs | 1964–65 African Cup of Champions Clubs
1964–65 African Cup of Champions Clubs
The 1964–65 African Cup of Champions Clubs, known as Kwame Nkrumah Cup was the first edition of the annual international club football competition held in the CAF region (Africa), the African Cup of Champions Clubs. It determined that year's club champion of association football in Africa.
The tournament was played by 14 teams. They were split in 3 groups, with each group winner qualifying to the final tournament held in Ghana. Oryx Douala from Cameroon won the final, and became the first CAF club champion.
# Preliminary round.
Fourteen teams entered the preliminary round, divided over 3 zones.
Real Republicans of Ghana qualified as host of the final | 6,135,027 |
12328673 | 1964–65 African Cup of Champions Clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964–65%20African%20Cup%20of%20Champions%20Clubs | 1964–65 African Cup of Champions Clubs
tournament.
## North-Eastern Zone.
### First Round.
"Cotton Factory Club advanced to the second round."
### Second Round.
"Cotton Factory Club advanced to the final tournament."
## Western Zone.
### First round.
"Stade Malien won 5–1 on aggregate."
"Sily CK won 6–4 on aggregate."
"ASEC Mimosas won after Étoile Filante's withdrawal."
"AS Porto-Novo won after Port Harcourt FC's withdrawal."
### Second round.
"Aggregate 4–4, replay required."
"Stade Malien won the reply and qualified."
"ASEC Mimosas won 5–3 on aggregate."
### Third round.
"Stade Malien won 9–7 on aggregate and advanced to the final tournament."
## Central-South-Western Zone.
"Oryx Douala won 5–4 on aggregate | 6,135,028 |
12328673 | 1964–65 African Cup of Champions Clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964–65%20African%20Cup%20of%20Champions%20Clubs | 1964–65 African Cup of Champions Clubs
o-Novo won after Port Harcourt FC's withdrawal."
### Second round.
"Aggregate 4–4, replay required."
"Stade Malien won the reply and qualified."
"ASEC Mimosas won 5–3 on aggregate."
### Third round.
"Stade Malien won 9–7 on aggregate and advanced to the final tournament."
## Central-South-Western Zone.
"Oryx Douala won 5–4 on aggregate and advanced to the final tournament."
# Final tournament.
The final tournament was held in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana.
# Top scorers.
The top scorers from the 1964–65 African Cup of Champions Clubs are as follows:
# External links.
- Coupe de la CAF : Stade Malien 44 ans après...
- RSSSF summary of results at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation | 6,135,029 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
Roger Putnam
Roger Lowell Putnam (December 19, 1893 – November 24, 1972) was an American politician and businessman. A member of the prominent Lowell family of Boston, he served as Mayor of Springfield, Massachusetts, from 1937 until 1943, and as director of the Economic Stabilization Administration from 1951 until 1952. During his short tenure in federal office, the nation's steelworkers struck—leading United States President Harry S. Truman to seize the nation's steel mills.
For 40 years, Putnam was also the sole trustee of the Lowell Observatory. During that time, he purchased three new telescopes for the observatory and was instrumental in pushing Lowell astronomers to search for Percival | 6,135,030 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
Lowell's theoretical "Planet X"—which led to the discovery of Pluto in 1930.
# Early life and education.
Roger Lowell Putnam was born on December 19, 1893, in Boston. He was the son of William Lowell Putnam II, a notable and wealthy Boston lawyer. The Putnams were members of the Boston Brahmins—a group of families which claimed descent from the founders of Boston. On his mother's side, Percival Lowell (the noted astronomer) and Abbott Lawrence Lowell (president of Harvard University from 1909 to 1933) were his uncles and the cigar-smoking poet Amy Lowell his aunt.
Roger Putnam graduated from the Noble and Greenough School in Boston, and then attended Harvard University. He became acquainted | 6,135,031 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
with Leverett Saltonstall while at Harvard, joined the Hasty Pudding Club and the Fly Club, and graduated magna cum laude with a degree in mathematics in 1915.
He entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1916 and undertook graduate studies in mechanical engineering. After the United States entered World War I in 1917, he enlisted in the U.S. Navy. He served on the {[USS|Mississippi|BB-41|6}} and was promoted to lieutenant, j.g..
After leaving military service, Putnam married the former Caroline Jenkins on October 9, 1919. The couple had six children: Caroline, Roger Jr., William, Anna, Mary, and Michael.
Putnam took a job working for a New London, Connecticut, shipbuilding company. | 6,135,032 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
He left that position after a short time to become a salesman for the Package Machinery Co. of West Springfield. He rose quickly within the company's ranks, becoming president in just eight years. During the Great Depression, Putnam used his personal wealth to develop new machinery—keeping employment high. He also instituted profit sharing, gave his employees life insurance and instituted a bonus plan. Putnam was named chairman of the board at Package Machinery in 1942, where he remained until 1948.
# Role in discovering Pluto.
Through his uncle, Percival Lowell, and his own father, Roger Putnam gained a love of astronomy and was an amateur astronomer for most of his life.
Percival Lowell | 6,135,033 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
died in 1916. He named Harcourt Amory (his cousin, college roommate and best friend) and his wife, Constance Lowell, executors of his estate. Although Constance Lowell received a $150,000 lump-sum payment, a generous yearly income, and her husband's personal property (including their opulent Boston home), the Lowell Observatory received the bulk of Lowell's money. Amory, meanwhile, was also named the sole trustee of the Lowell Observatory. Constance Lowell felt the will was unfair and went to court to break it. After convincing Amory to resign as trustee, Constance Lowell also induced George Putnam (Roger's older brother) to decline the position. Constance Lowell then named Guy Lowell, Percival | 6,135,034 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
Lowell's third cousin, as trustee—believing she could dominate him. But Guy Lowell fought Constance's attempt to break the will. The lawsuit was settled in Guy Lowell's favor in 1925, but not before the estate had spent more than half its $2.3 million trust fund.
The lawsuit left the observatory with few funds for research or for the purchase of new equipment. Guy Lowell died in 1927, and the trusteeship of Lowell Observatory passed to Roger Putnam.
Percival Lowell had predicted the existence of a "Planet X"—a possible ninth planet—in 1905, but his subsequent death in 1916 and Constance Lowell's lawsuit had largely mothballed the search for the celestial body. Putnam, however, was determined | 6,135,035 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
to find "Planet X." Spending several months a year at the Lowell Observatory, Putnam resolved to build a new refracting telescope and astrograph at the Observatory to revive the search. The reluctant staff hesitated to spend the Observatory's limited funds on the new telescope until Putnam forced the issue. To fund construction, Putnam persuaded his uncle, Abbott Lawrence Lowell, to provide $10,000 for the new telescope. To save money, Putnam ordered the mounting to be built on-site in the observatory workshop rather than by a contractor. Observatory Director V. M. Slipher designed the telescope. When one of the lens components was ground too thin, a new component had to be built. Putnam paid | 6,135,036 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
the $6,000 replacement cost out of his own funds.
The new telescope was used by Clyde Tombaugh in the search for "Planet X." On February 18, 1930, Tombaugh discovered a new planet—which was named Pluto on May 1.
Putnam's political and business interests lessened the amount of time he could devote to the Lowell Observatory in the 1930s and 1940s. The Observatory's three senior astronomers—V. M. Slipher, E. C. Slipher and C. O. Lampland—were no longer doing much research or publishing and prevented other, younger astronomers from using the telescopes. Lampland died on December 14, 1951, and Putnam decided to use the occasion to bring in some new blood. Putnam hired Albert Wilson, a Caltech astronomer | 6,135,037 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
who had led the Palomar Sky Survey. Although Wilson clashed with Observatory personnel and resigned after only two years on the job, with Putnam's support he greatly modernized the Observatory's procedures, policies, and equipment. Most importantly, he instituted a mandatory retirement age of 70 and resilvered the Observatory's Ritchey–Chrétien telescope (now named the John Hall Telescope). When Wilson came under attack for laying off photoelectric research staff, Putnam publicly reaffirmed his confidence in him.
As Putnam searched for a new director, he almost put the Lowell Observatory under the control of Harvard University. Donald Menzel, director of the Harvard Observatory, offered to | 6,135,038 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
move Harvard's telescope to the Lowell Observatory in exchange for naming the next director. Putnam was initially receptive to the idea, but after consulting with several young astronomers (most notably Harold Johnson), Putnam decided against a collaboration with Harvard.
Determined to continue the modernization program begun by Wilson, Putnam hired astronomer John Scoville Hall as director in 1958. Hall took advantage of the launch of Sputnik 1 in October 1957 and the ensuing Sputnik crisis in the United States to seek greatly increased federal funding for the Observatory. Putnam used his extensive political connections to help Hall land lucrative federal contracts, which significantly improved | 6,135,039 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
the Observatory's finances. Hall also hired energetic, bright young astronomers and rebuilt the Observatory's reputation as a research institution.
In 1961, Putnam managed to make an indirect contribution to the study of Mars. E. C. Slipher had taken an enormous number of photographs of Mars, but most of them remained unseen by others. Determined to restore the Observatory's prestige, Putnam badgered Slipher into making these images available. In 1962, Slipher's monumental work, "A Photographic History of Mars (1905–1961)," was published, marking a major advance in the planetary science of Mars.
Putnam also played a major role in securing a new telescope for the Observatory in 1961. Ohio Wesleyan | 6,135,040 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
University's Perkins Observatory in Delaware, Ohio, had a cassegrain reflector telescope which was under-utilized due to poor viewing conditions and low elevation. Putnam led the negotiations which permanently moved the telescope to Lowell Observatory's Anderson Mesa site (in Arizona). The telescope was operated by Lowell Observatory in partnership with the Ohio State University and Ohio Wesleyan, and purchased by Lowell in 1998.
Putnam brought Perkins's telescope to the Arizona observatory as well. The Observatory's existing telescope had cracked in 1964 while staff attempted to update its optical system. The Perkins mirror did not stay at Lowell for long, returning to Perkins' control in | 6,135,041 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
1969. The Lowell Observatory retained the mount, however. Hall won Putnam's approval to rebuild the mount as a telescope, and a new, improved Zerodur mirror built and installed (it is still called the "Perkins telescope", however).
One of Putnam's last major contributions as trustee was the establishment of the Lowell Observatory's Planetary Research Center. In 1961, Putnam convinced NASA officials to fund a major planetary research initiative at the Lowell Observatory. In 1965, NASA agreed to build the Planetary Research Center at Lowell to house the rapidly growing project.
Roger Putnam retired as trustee of the Lowell Observatory in 1967. His youngest son, the classicist Dr. Michael C. | 6,135,042 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
J. Putnam, succeeded him.
# Political career.
A Republican early in life, Putnam voted for Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932. He switched parties and remained a Democrat for the rest of his life.
Putnam became increasingly active in politics through his business ventures. In 1933, he sat on a commission which helped draft Massachusetts' first unemployment compensation act, which Governor Joseph B. Ely signed into law in 1934. Putnam was elected mayor of Springfield three times—in 1937, 1939, and 1941. He was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Massachusetts in 1942, but lost to Republican Leverett Saltonstall 54% to 45%. In 1946 he ran for Lieutenant Governor, but lost the Democratic nomination | 6,135,043 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
to Paul A. Dever.
# Federal service.
President Franklin Roosevelt appointed Putnam to be deputy director of the Office of Contract Settlement of 1944. Established by the Contract Settlement Act (58 Stat. 651; July 1, 1944) and part of the Office of War Mobilization, Putnam helped settle claims arising from terminated war contracts during World War II. Putnam served in that capacity until the office was abolished by executive order 9809 on December 12, 1946.
In 1951, President Harry Truman appointed Putnam director of the Economic Stabilization Administration (ESA). After the outbreak of the Korean War, the U.S. Congress enacted the Defense Production Act. Title IV of the Act gave the president | 6,135,044 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
the authority to impose wage and price controls in progressive steps. The ESA was established on September 9, 1950, when Truman issued Executive Order 10161, which established the ESA and charged it with coordinating and supervising wage and price controls. After Congress amended the Defense Production Act in July 1951 to permit looser price controls, ESA Administrator Eric Johnston quit in frustration six weeks later. Putnam was named his replacement in November after Truman's first choices for the office refused to take the job.
## The steel seizure crisis.
Putnam faced an immediate crisis as head of the ESA. The collective bargaining agreement between the United Steelworkers of America | 6,135,045 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
and the nation's major steel manufacturers was to expire on December 31, 1951. Yet few negotiations had taken place. Steelmakers refused to grant any wage increase without a guarantee that the Office of Price Stability (OPS), a subdivision of the ESA, would grant a price increase to match. The union, however, was pushing the Wage Stabilization Board (WSB), another ESA agency, to grant the workers a significantly higher wage. President Truman and Putnam were convinced that the key to taming inflation was to break the price/wage spiral in which higher wages pushed prices higher, only to induce workers to seek even higher wages to overcome the inflation in prices.
Putnam worked feverishly for | 6,135,046 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
six weeks to settle the steel talks. He ordered his subordinates at OPS and WSB to meet with the union and manufacturers and to call meetings of both sides. He also coordinated settlement efforts with Cyrus S. Ching, director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, but the talks failed. Putnam then urged President Truman to personally intervene in the steel crisis and use his influence with union leaders, which he did on New Year's Eve. Philip Murray, president of the Steelworkers, subsequently postponed the strike for 45 days beginning January 3, 1952.
The steel crisis issue was now out of Putnam's hands. In Executive Order 10233, President Truman had expanded the WSB's powers in | 6,135,047 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
April 1951. To ease the threat of strikes and make the Board's wage stabilization efforts easier, the Board was now authorized to make recommendations on economic and non-economic issues in collective bargaining disputes—a power it had previously lacked. The Board could not, however, force parties in a labor dispute to accept its findings. When making recommendations, the Board was authorized to report only to the president—bypassing Putnam and his superior, Charles Edward Wilson, administrator of the Office of Defense Mobilization (of which ESA was a part). As one incentive to get the union to postpone the strike, Truman agreed to let the WSB investigate the labor dispute and invoke the direct | 6,135,048 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
presidential reporting provisions of E.O. 10233.
While the Wage Stabilization Board conducted its hearings, Putnam was forced to replace the administrator of OPS. Michael DiSalle, the OPS administrator, had announced his resignation in the fall in order to run for the United States Senate. Putnam and Truman agreed to replace DiSalle with Ellis Arnall, a former governor of Georgia.
The issues involved in the steel wage case were so complex that the Board extended its deadline for issuing a decision by 30 days. The union also agreed to put off its strike until the Board acted. During this time, Putnam met repeatedly with White House staff to keep them abreast of developments at the Board and | 6,135,049 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
price negotiations between OPS and steel manufacturers.
When the Board issued its recommendations on March 20, 1952, it triggered a crisis which led to seizure of the nation's steel mills. The decision to give the workers a 26 cent-an-hour raise (which included bringing their pensions to parity with workers in other industries) was largely seen as an overly-generous award as well as a union victory. Although he had been bypassed by the procedures of E.O. 10233, Wilson decided to intervene in the dispute to avoid having the terms of the recommendation accepted. He met with Putnam and Arnall on March 21 and informed them he would be involved in the steel industry labor dispute personally. Wilson | 6,135,050 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
then traveled to Key West, Florida, to meet with a vacationing Truman. Believing he had won Truman's consent to reduce the wage recommendation, Wilson subsequently denounced the WSB recommendation and sponsored a number of collective bargaining sessions between the parties over the next few days. An angry Putnam and his deputies met with Wilson on March 27. Wilson Putnam, and his deputies then met with the president on March 28, at which time Putnam told Truman that the WSB recommendations met wage stabilization goals and that Wilson's actions were inappropriate. Truman agreed; Wilson resigned. John R. Steelman, Assistant to the President of the United States (a position which later became the | 6,135,051 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
White House Chief of Staff), was named interim director of the Office of Defense Mobilization on March 30. Negotiations between Steelman's staff, employers and the union unraveled over the next seven days, and the union announced it would strike on April 9. In a nationally televised address at 10:30 p.m. Eastern time on April 8, President Truman announced that he was seizing the nation's steel mills under his authority as commander-in-chief. The steelmakers sued to regain control of their property.
As the case wound its way through the courts, Putnam attempted to restart negotiations and avoid a strike. On April 23, he personally ordered a $3-per-ton increase in the price of steel. Although | 6,135,052 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
the award was higher than the $2.75-per-ton price increase permitted by law, it was lower than the $4.50-per-ton increase last offered to the steelmakers by Arnall 10 days earlier and far lower than the $12-per-ton increase the steelmakers were publicly claiming was needed to make up for the WSB's wage recommendation.
An angry Congress began investigating the Truman administration's wage and price stabilization program. Putnam engaged in a public war of words with Wilson after Wilson testified that authority to hear labor disputes should be taken away from ESA, WSB and other stabilization agencies.
On June 2, 1952, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in "Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer," 343 | 6,135,053 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
U.S. 579 (1952) that the president lacked the authority as commander-in-chief to seize the steel mills. The union struck the next day. The strike lasted 53 days. Although Putnam was involved in presidential efforts to resolve the dispute, Truman's personal aides were primarily responsible for intervening in the strike. The steelmakers and the union reached a tentative agreement on July 24, 1952, after Truman threatened to use his powers under the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 to draft the steelworkers and turn the steel mills into military installations. After just a few hours of negotiations, the parties settled on essentially the same terms offered by the WSB four months earlier.
Putnam | 6,135,054 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
was outraged by the steel manufacturers' behavior during the steel crisis. He felt the steelmakers had held "a loaded gun poised at the Government's head" and that the employers' publicly stated reasons for forcing the union on strike were "hollow" and pretentious.
## Remaining tenure at ESA.
The steelworkers' strike made Putnam work much harder to maintain the Truman administration's wage and price stabilization program. Putnam was forced to give aluminum workers a 21.4 cents an hour wage increase just days later in order to avoid a strike. But he later imposed new wage restrictions on nine large classes of small businesses and strict limitations on the kind of Christmas gifts employers could | 6,135,055 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
give to workers in order to avoid a spike in inflation.
Congress stripped the WSB of its labor dispute adjudication powers in the wake of the steel seizure crisis. Putnam struggled to keep union representatives on the new board, and to find industry representatives willing to serve. He succeeded in fully staffing the Board, but the wage stabilization program continued to disintegrate.
A revolving door at the top of the ESA and its key agencies worsened the situation. Nathan Feinsinger, the chairman of the WSB, resigned in July 1952. Putnam appointed Archibald Cox as his replacement in August. Ellis Arnall resigned in early August, and Putnam appointed Tighe Woods, chairman of the federal rent | 6,135,056 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
stabilization agency, as his successor.
A second labor wage dispute crisis hit in October 1952. Bituminous coal miners organized by the United Mine Workers of America had negotiated a wage increase of $1.90 per hour but no increase in fringe benefits (as other unions had). Without union knowledge, the coal operators submitted the agreement for approval to the reconstituted Wage Stabilization Board. Mine union president John L. Lewis, angered by the lack of respect, refused to participate in the WSB's hearings despite Cox's pleas for union input. Reluctantly, on October 18 the Board cut the wage increase by 40 cents. Angry union coal miners engaged in a nationwide wildcat strike the next day. | 6,135,057 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
With the presidential election just weeks away, Lewis asked Putnam to take personal control of the coal miners' case on October 24, and Putnam did so on October 25. The strike ended. Putnam deferred action until after the election. When Lewis balked at further delay, Putnam threatened to rule against the union. Although Putnam, Cox and other stabilization and mobilization officials all eventually endorsed the lower pay award, Truman reversed the WSB on December 3. Cox and industry representatives on the WSB resigned in protest. The decision led to the collapse of the Wage Stabilization Board, and it quickly became clear that neither President Truman nor President-elect Dwight Eisenhower would | 6,135,058 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
seek to retain national wage and price controls.
The coal pay dispute and the increasingly untenable position of the administration's wage and price control program led Putnam to resign as ESA administrator on November 6, 1952. Truman named DiSalle his successor until Eisenhower named a permanent replacement or Congress failed to renew the Defense Production Act. During his last months in office, Putnam continually defended the wage and price control program as necessary for the national welfare while conceding that neither Congress nor the next president (whether Truman or Eisenhower) would be likely to retain it.
# Later life.
After leaving federal service, Putnam returned to his position | 6,135,059 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
as chairman of Package Machinery. In 1953, Putnam became president of WWLP, Springfield's first television station. WRLP-TV, WWLP's sister station, took its call letters from Putnam's name. Late in life, Putnam also served on the board of the Third National Bank of Hampden County and the board of the Van Norman Machine Tool Company (now part of the Kwik-Way corporation).
Putnam believed higher education was the key to social uplift and the country's economic problems. Beginning in 1958, he served on the Massachusetts Board of Regional Community Colleges. In 1966, he served on the Massachusetts Board of Higher Education. Putnam also received honorary degrees from Boston College (1949), Saint | 6,135,060 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
Anselm College (1952), and the University of Massachusetts Lowell (1970).
# Death.
Putnam died of a stroke at Mercy Hospital in Springfield, Massachusetts on November 24, 1972, aged 78.
# Legacy.
- Roger L Putnam Vocational-Technical High School in Springfield, Mass., is named for him.
- Alumni House, the home of the Boston College Alumni Association, was renamed in 1967 in honor of Putnam, a benefactor of the college.
# References.
- "Aluminum Strike of 15,000 Averted" "New York Times" July 29, 1952.
- "Arnall Is Reported Set to Resign Today" "New York Times" August 6, 1952.
- Belair, Jr., Felix. "Woods Appointed Price Stabilizer" "New York Times" August 27, 1952.
- "Blue Bloods v. | 6,135,061 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
Blue" "Time" September 28, 1942.
- "Campus Guide. Alumni House." Boston College. January 2, 2003. Accessed July 18, 2007
- Cochran, Bert. "Harry Truman and the Crisis Presidency." New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1973
- Dubofsky, Warren and Van Tine, Warren. "John L. Lewis: A Biography" Reprint ed. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1992
- "Economic Stabilizer and New Wage Board Chairman" Associated Press August 1, 1952
- Egan, Charles E. "Arnall Appointed DiSalle Successor" "New York Times" February 8, 1952
- Egan, Charles E. "DiSalle Appointed Stabilization Head" "New York Times" December 17, 195.
- Egan, Charles E. "President Unable to Fill Pay Board As Industry Balks" "New | 6,135,062 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
York Times" December 14, 1952
- Egan, Charles E. "Putnam Discounts Inflation Spiral In Steel Price Rise" "New York Times" August 6, 1952
- Egan, Charles E. "Putnam Disputes Wilson Testimony" "New York Times" May 8, 1952
- Egan, Charles E. "Putnam Retiring From Federal Job" "New York Times" November 7, 1952
- Egan, Charles E. "Putnam Studying Coal Pay Petition" "New York Times" October 26, 1952
- Egan, Charles E. "Putnam Takes Over ESA As Its Problems Mount" "New York Times" December 2, 1951
- Egan, Charles E. "Truman Approves Miners' $1.90 Rise, Overruling Board" "New York Times" December 4, 1952
- "E.S.A. Chief Sees Controls Ending" "New York Times" August 11, 1952
- "Hendricks Family | 6,135,063 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
Boosts Discovery Channel Telescope With Additional $5 Million Contribution" Press release, Lowell Observatory. March 19, 2007
- Hoyt, William Graves. "Planets X and Pluto." Phoenix, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1980.
- Lawrence, W.H. "New Englander Is Designated Economic Stabilization Head" "New York Times" November 27, 1951.
- Leviero, Anthony. "Putnam Holds Hope of Saving Pay Board" "New York Times" December 9, 1952.
- Loftus, Joseph A. "Miners End Strike on Order of Lewis" "New York Times" October 28, 1952.
- Loftus, Joseph A. "Steel Price Ceiling Is Set $3 Higher By Putnam Order" "New York Times" April 24, 1952.
- Loftus, Joseph A. "Wage Board Cuts Coal Pay Rise 40C to Bar | 6,135,064 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
New Round" "New York Times" October 19, 1952.
- Loftus, Joseph E. "Wilson Asks Labor Disputes Be Taken From Wage Board" "New York Times" May 7, 1952.
- Marcus, Maeva. "Truman and the Steel Seizure Case: The Limits of Presidential Power" New York: Columbia University Press, 1977
- Murray, James E. "Contract Settlement Act of 1944" "Law and Contemporary Problems" 10:4 (Spring, 1944).
- "New Economic Stabilizer" "Time" December 10, 1951
- "9 of New Pay Board Take Oath of Office" United Press International August 6, 1952
- Oliver, R.C. "Perkins Telescope" "Sky and Telescope" 62:10 (October 1981).
- Pierpaoli Jr., Paul G. "Truman's Other War: The Battle for the American Homefront, 1950–1953" | 6,135,065 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
"Magazine of History" 14:3 (Spring 2000).
- Putnam, William Lowell. "A Yankee Image: The Life and Times of Roger Lowell Putnam" Phoenix, Ariz.: Lowell Observatory/Phoenix Publishing, 1991
- "Putnam Advocates Stand-By Control" Associated Press October 13, 1952
- "Putnam Backs Controls" "New York Times" December 20, 1952
- "Putnam Installed in Stabilizer Post" "New York Times" November 30, 1951
- "Putnam Lists Rules for Christmas Gifts" "New York Times." November 1, 1952
- "Putnam Rules Out A Steel Price Rise Based On Pay Lift" "New York Times" December 15, 1951
- Raskin, A.H. "Mill Opening Sped" "New York Times" July 25, 1952
- Raskin, A.H. "New Labor Board Tackles Hard Job" "New York | 6,135,066 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
Times" August 10, 1952
- Raskin, A.H. "Steel Union Strike Is Again Postponed to Give Board Time" "New York Times" February 22, 1952
- Raskin, A.H. "Steel Union to Put Strike Off 45 Days on Truman Appeal" "New York Times" January 4, 1952
- Raskin, A.H. "U.S. Steel Mediation Deadlocked" "New York Times" December 21, 1951
- "Roger L. Putnam, 78, Truman Aide, Dead" "Associated Press." November 25, 1972
- Slipher, E.C. "A Photographic History of Mars (1905–1961)" Flagstaff, Arizona: Lowell Observatory, 1962
- "Steel Is Held Able to Absorb Pay Ris." United Press International January 26, 1952
- "Talk of Decontrol Opposed By Putnam" "New York Times" November 29, 1952
- Tenn, Joseph S. "Lowell | 6,135,067 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
Observatory Enters the Twentieth Century -- In the 1950s" "Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage" 10(1) (2007)
- "U.S. Out to Isolate Steel Price Rise" "New York Times" July 28, 1952
- Vawter, Roderick L. "Industrial Mobilization: The Relevant History" Park Forest, Ill.: University Press of the Pacific, 2002
- "Wage Curbs Are Eased" "New York Times" October 16, 1952
- "Wage Curbs Put on Small Concerns" Associated Press July 31, 1952
- Well, Martin. "Roger Putnam, Truman Economic Aide" "Washington Post" November 26, 1972
- Whitney, Robert F. "Johnston Will Quit Stabilization Post" "New York Times" September 3, 1951
# External links.
- Lowell Observatory
- Package Machinery Co.
- | 6,135,068 |
12328477 | Roger Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Putnam | Roger Putnam
"Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage" 10(1) (2007)
- "U.S. Out to Isolate Steel Price Rise" "New York Times" July 28, 1952
- Vawter, Roderick L. "Industrial Mobilization: The Relevant History" Park Forest, Ill.: University Press of the Pacific, 2002
- "Wage Curbs Are Eased" "New York Times" October 16, 1952
- "Wage Curbs Put on Small Concerns" Associated Press July 31, 1952
- Well, Martin. "Roger Putnam, Truman Economic Aide" "Washington Post" November 26, 1972
- Whitney, Robert F. "Johnston Will Quit Stabilization Post" "New York Times" September 3, 1951
# External links.
- Lowell Observatory
- Package Machinery Co.
- Van Norman Machine Tools, part of the Kwik-Way company | 6,135,069 |
12328662 | WCRI-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WCRI-FM | WCRI-FM
WCRI-FM
WCRI-FM (95.9 FM; "Classical 95.9") is a classical music-formatted radio station on Block Island, Rhode Island affiliated with the World Classical Network. The station is owned by Judson Group, Inc., a company that includes the son and grandsons of broadcasting pioneer Ted Jones, founder of Charles River Broadcasting and Boston classical music station WCRB.
# History.
The original construction permit for the station was granted on October 16, 1990, with the call sign WVBI assigned on November 30. The station signed on June 13, 1994, though the license to cover was not issued until April 12, 1995.
The station has always had a classical format. WVBI initially had a limited programming | 6,135,070 |
12328662 | WCRI-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WCRI-FM | WCRI-FM
schedule mainly from the now-defunct Classic FM network. The station's signal had trouble covering even Block Island. Charles River Broadcasting acquired WVBI in early 1999, at which point it was renamed WCRI. The station then performed upgrades, affiliating with WCN which was commonly owned with WCRI. A new tower was constructed in 2001 which also enabled stereo broadcasting. Translator station W243AI (96.5) in Newport, Rhode Island had relayed Charles River Broadcasting flagship WCRB since the translator's sign-on in 1996, and it carried WCRI's programming for several years before becoming a WMVY translator in 2004.
Charles River Broadcasting announced on October 27, 2005 that it was exploring | 6,135,071 |
12328662 | WCRI-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WCRI-FM | WCRI-FM
ed on October 27, 2005 that it was exploring the sale of its properties, with Judson Group, Inc. purchasing WCRI and sister station WCNX in 2006. Judson Group, Inc., includes the son (Christopher Jones) and grandsons (Jamie Jones and Jefferey Jones) of broadcasting pioneer Ted Jones, founder of Charles River Broadcasting Company and classical music station, WCRB.
WCRI began to simulcast on 1180 AM, replacing WCNX on October 1, 2011; to reflect this, the station added the "-FM" suffix on September 8, 2011. (The AM station was sold to Red Wolf Broadcasting Corporation in 2014, and dropped the WCRI-FM simulcast for a Red Wolf-programmed oldies format under the WSKP call sign in December 2013.) | 6,135,072 |
12328648 | Bob Linden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Linden | Bob Linden
Bob Linden
Bob Linden is the creator, executive producer and host of Go Vegan Radio, a one-hour talk radio program dedicated to topics including veganism, animal rights and environmentalism. Linden is also a successful events organizer and professional promoter. Linden played a major role in the conception, development and promotion of Vegan Earth Day Events, San Diego Fall-Fest and Worldfest - Los Angeles, which he has also emceed. He has served as Media Coordinator for the Farm Animal Rights Movement (FARM) and the Great American Meatout.
# Go Vegan Radio.
Linden created "Go Vegan with Bob Linden" in the Spring of 2000 out of his concern for local community advocacy and his increasing involvement | 6,135,073 |
12328648 | Bob Linden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Linden | Bob Linden
in the animal rights movement. The "Go Vegan with Bob Linden" radio program seeks to address a wide range of topics related to animal rights, diet, health, environment, world hunger, morality, civil liberties, free-speech, justice, peace, product reviews, current events and vegan cooking recipes. It also features interviews with guests. Since 2000, Linden has interviewed more than 500 notable guests including Professor Gary Francione, Will Tuttle, Traci Bingham, Gary Null, Professor Steve Best, Naomi Striemer, John Robbins, and countless other celebrities, health experts and activists.
# Personal and professional life.
Linden is New York City native and graduate of Queens College of the City | 6,135,074 |
12328648 | Bob Linden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Linden | Bob Linden
University of New York. Linden's professional experience is as a professional broadcaster and events promoter. Linden's career accomplishments include creating of WQCD-CD 101 in New York, assuming the Director of Programming role for LOVE 94 in Miami, and serving as Program Director for 98.1 KIFM in San Diego. Linden has also served as Program Director for radio stations in Omaha, San Antonio, Las Vegas, Raleigh-Durham, Seattle and Atlanta. Linden's work as an events promoter has been featured on the CBS Evening News, CNN, the New York Times, AP, UPI, and various independent media. He was named "Program Director of the Week" by "Billboard Magazine" and has received ADDY Awards for copy writing, | 6,135,075 |
12328648 | Bob Linden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Linden | Bob Linden
TV advertisements and billboard campaigns.
# Advocacy work.
During his extensive career at various broadcast radio networks, Linden used his influence to steer stations toward participation in community service, particularly with regard to advancing animal and environmental causes. Linden's community advocacy efforts often caused personal and professional conflict. While at JAZZY 103 in Raleigh-Durham/Chapel Hill, NC, Linden campaigned in opposition to a creation of a nuclear waste dump. While working at a radio station in Seattle, Linden used his position as Program Director to collect towels for oil-soaked otters in the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska but was unsuccessful in advising management | 6,135,076 |
12328648 | Bob Linden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Linden | Bob Linden
to reject advertising for the fur industry. While working as Program Director for JAZZY 100 in Washington, D.C., Linden developed an initiative in Metro D.C. aimed at fostering environmental cooperation between public and private sectors, but was unsuccessful in persuading the station's ownership to refuse profiting from advertising revenue generated by the fur industry. Despite the initial setback, Linden eventually convinced the owners of Washington, D.C.'s Jazzy 100 to donate the money generated by advertising fur to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and Seattle's Progressive Animal Welfare Society (PAWS).
Despite his success in creating economically and commercially successful | 6,135,077 |
12328648 | Bob Linden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Linden | Bob Linden
radio programming, Linden's became increasingly conflicted about his role in contributing to industries that profit from the sale of animal products. These conflicts ultimately served as the inspiration for Linden's radio show.
Bob Linden was a guest of Animal Rights Zone (ARZone), appearing as a live guest on the global animal rights social network, which is transcribed on the online site.
Linden opposed California's Proposition 2, which was a 2008 ballot proposition to prohibit the confinement of certain farm animals in a manner that does not allow them to turn around freely, lie down, stand up, and fully extend their limbs.
# Personal life.
Linden has been a self-professed vegan for more | 6,135,078 |
12328648 | Bob Linden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Linden | Bob Linden
ng to industries that profit from the sale of animal products. These conflicts ultimately served as the inspiration for Linden's radio show.
Bob Linden was a guest of Animal Rights Zone (ARZone), appearing as a live guest on the global animal rights social network, which is transcribed on the online site.
Linden opposed California's Proposition 2, which was a 2008 ballot proposition to prohibit the confinement of certain farm animals in a manner that does not allow them to turn around freely, lie down, stand up, and fully extend their limbs.
# Personal life.
Linden has been a self-professed vegan for more than 25 years. He resides in California and is a frequent public speaker and emcee. | 6,135,079 |
12328701 | Joseph Shallit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Shallit | Joseph Shallit
Joseph Shallit
Joseph Shallit (February 7, 1915—June 13, 1995) was an American mystery novelist and science fiction author. He was the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants from Vitebsk (now in Belarus), born in Philadelphia under the name Joseph Shaltz. This name was the result of a clerical error affecting his parents when they emigrated from Russia, and he changed it back to "Shallit" in November 1942.
He was instrumental in getting the regulation against photography in Independence Hall changed when he was arrested for taking a photo of the Liberty Bell in 1942. He was a reporter at the time for "The Philadelphia Record". Subsequent to this event, the rule was changed.
Shallit served in the | 6,135,080 |
12328701 | Joseph Shallit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Shallit | Joseph Shallit
Army Signal Corps in the Philippines during World War II. Upon his return, he began to write, publishing his first mystery, "The Billion-Dollar Body", in 1947 with Lippincott. Other mysteries include "Yell Bloody Murder", "Lady, Don't Die on My Doorstep", and "Kiss the Killer". "Take Your Last Look" was published under the pseudonym "Matt Brady". He also wrote a number of short stories for science fiction magazines, including "Education of a Martian", in the August 1952 issue of Galaxy Science Fiction. A short story, entitled "Margie Passes", was published in Whit Burnett's collection "Story", and later adapted by John Tobias into one segment of a 1972 ABC television drama produced by Fred Coe, | 6,135,081 |
12328701 | Joseph Shallit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Shallit | Joseph Shallit
tt's collection "Story", and later adapted by John Tobias into one segment of a 1972 ABC television drama produced by Fred Coe, entitled "Of Men and Women" and starring Deborah Raffin.
Shallit later worked for Pennsylvania Railroad (later Conrail), editing an employee magazine that they published. He retired in 1980, and died of Alzheimer's disease on June 13, 1995.
He was married to Louise Lee Outlaw Shallit, an author, and was survived by two sons, Jonathan Shallit, a music professor and Jeffrey Shallit, a computer scientist.
# References.
- Jeffrey Shallit: About Joseph Shallit
# External links.
- Joseph Shallit biography at Ramble House
- Interview with Joseph Shallit in July 1967 | 6,135,082 |
12328649 | Sherlockian game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlockian%20game | Sherlockian game
Sherlockian game
The Sherlockian game (also known as the Holmesian game, the Great Game or simply the Game) is the pastime of attempting to resolve anomalies and clarify implied details about Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson from the 56 short stories and four novels that make up the Sherlock Holmes Canon by Arthur Conan Doyle. It treats Holmes and Watson as real people and uses aspects of the canonical stories combined with the history of the era of the tales' settings to construct fanciful biographies of the pair.
# Origins and early scholars.
The game of examining the stories as if they were non-fiction began in the early twentieth century. There are early examples of Sherlockian essays by | 6,135,083 |
12328649 | Sherlockian game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlockian%20game | Sherlockian game
Arthur Bartlett Maurice and Frank Sidgwick, both published in 1902, but neither of these essays received much notice at first. Notable early scholars of the canon included Ronald Knox in Britain and Christopher Morley (founder of The Baker Street Irregulars) in New York. Dorothy L. Sayers, creator of the detective Lord Peter Wimsey, also wrote several essays on Holmesian speculation, later published in "Unpopular Opinions". In the foreword to this book, Sayers notes that
The game of applying the methods of the "Higher Criticism" to the Sherlock Holmes canon was begun, many years ago, by Ronald Knox, with the aim of showing that, by those methods, one could disintegrate a modern classic as speciously | 6,135,084 |
12328649 | Sherlockian game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlockian%20game | Sherlockian game
as a certain school of critics have endeavoured to disintegrate the Bible. Since then, the thing has become a hobby among a select set of jesters here and in America.
Sayers also said that the Game "must be played as solemnly as a county cricket match at Lord's; the slightest touch of extravagance or burlesque ruins the atmosphere."
When a student at Oxford, Knox issued "Studies in the Literature of Sherlock Holmes", an essay which is regarded as the founding text of "Holmesian scholarship". That essay was re-printed, among others, in 1928 and the following year, Sydney Roberts, then a professor at Cambridge University, issued a reply to Knox's arguments, in a booklet entitled "A Note on the | 6,135,085 |
12328649 | Sherlockian game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlockian%20game | Sherlockian game
Watson Problem". S.C. Roberts issued then a complete Watson biography. A book by T.S. Blakeney followed and the "Holmesian" game (commonly referred to simply as "the game") was born. Early Holmesians of note include the bibliographer and book collector Vincent Starrett and the archaeologist Harold Wilmerding Bell.
One aspect of the Game in its traditional form is the effort to resolve or explain away contradictions in the Holmes canon, such as the location of Watson's war wound, which is described as being in his shoulder in "A Study in Scarlet" and in his leg in "The Sign of Four", or his first name, given as John in "A Study in Scarlet" and "The Problem of Thor Bridge" but James in "The Man | 6,135,086 |
12328649 | Sherlockian game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlockian%20game | Sherlockian game
with the Twisted Lip".
While Dorothy Sayers and many of the early "Holmesians" used the works of Conan Doyle as the chief basis for their speculations, a more fanciful school of playing the historical-Holmes game is represented by William S. Baring-Gould, author of "Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street" (1962), a personal "biography" of Holmes.
A more recent "biography" is Nick Rennison's "" (Atlantic Books, 2005) and, since 1998, Leslie S. Klinger has edited "The Sherlock Holmes Reference Library" (Gasogene Books, Indianapolis), which sums up the available Holmesian "scholarship" alongside the original "canonical" texts.
Mark Frost's 1993 novel "The List of Seven" presents a fictionalized account | 6,135,087 |
12328649 | Sherlockian game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlockian%20game | Sherlockian game
of Sherlock Holmes' literary origins. In the story, Arthur Conan Doyle, an aspiring but struggling author, is caught up in an assassination attempt and is saved by a man exhibiting many of the prototypical characteristics of Holmes. Frost wrote a follow-up novel called "The Six Messiahs".
# The Holmes family.
A particularly rich area of "research" is the "uncovering" of details about Holmes' family history and early life, of which almost nothing is said in Conan Doyle's stories. In "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", Watson states: "I had never heard him refer to his relations, and hardly ever to his early life." But in that story, as well as introducing his brother, Holmes mentions | 6,135,088 |
12328649 | Sherlockian game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlockian%20game | Sherlockian game
the only facts about his family that are in any of the stories — "My ancestors were country squires... [M]y grandmother... was the sister of Vernet, the French artist" (presumably Horace Vernet). Beyond this, all familial statements are speculation. For example, there is a certain belief that his mother was named Violet, based on Conan Doyle's fondness for the name and the four strong Violets in the canon; however, as Baring-Gould noted, in Holmes' Britain, Violet was a very common name.
It is clear from references to "the university" in "The Adventure of the "Gloria Scott"", "The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual", and to some degree "The Adventure of the Three Students", that Holmes attended | 6,135,089 |
12328649 | Sherlockian game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlockian%20game | Sherlockian game
Oxford or Cambridge, although the question of which one remains a topic of eternal debate. Baring-Gould believed textual evidence indicated that Holmes attended both.
The most influential "biography" of Holmes is "Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street" by Baring-Gould. Faced with Holmes' reticence about his family background and early life, Baring-Gould invented one for him. According to Baring-Gould, Sherlock Holmes was born in Yorkshire, the youngest of three sons of Siger Holmes and Violet Sherrinford. The middle brother, Mycroft, appears in the canon, but the eldest, Sherrinford Holmes, was invented by Baring-Gould to free Mycroft and Sherlock from the obligation of following Siger as a country | 6,135,090 |
12328649 | Sherlockian game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlockian%20game | Sherlockian game
squire. In reality, "Sherrinford Holmes" was one of the names Arthur Conan Doyle considered for his hero before settling on "Sherlock". Siger Holmes' name is derived from "The Adventure of the Empty House", in which Sherlock tells Watson that he spent some time pretending to be a Norwegian called Sigerson, which Baring-Gould reads literally as meaning "son of Siger."
Sherrinford had a significant role in the "Doctor Who" crossover novel "All-Consuming Fire" by Andy Lane, which also featured a cameo by Siger.
Some other notable versions of Holmes' parentage:
- Nicholas Meyer's "The Seven-Per-Cent Solution" reveals that his mother was cheating on his father, who then killed both her and himself. | 6,135,091 |
12328649 | Sherlockian game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlockian%20game | Sherlockian game
The film adaptation, also written by Meyer, further reveals that Moriarty was his mother's lover; in the novel, Moriarty is the man who brought young Sherlock the news of his parents' death. Either circumstance explains not only Holmes's career choice, but also (in an appropriately Freudian manner) his hatred of Professor Moriarty.
- Michael Harrison's "I, Sherlock Holmes" names his father as Captain Siger Holmes of the British East India Company.
- Fred Saberhagen's "The Holmes-Dracula File" gives his true father as the lover of Mrs. Holmes: the vampire Radu the Handsome, a younger brother of Vlad III Dracula, who had succeeded him as a ruler of Wallachia. This would make Sherlock a nephew | 6,135,092 |
12328649 | Sherlockian game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlockian%20game | Sherlockian game
of Dracula (against whom he was pitted in Loren D. Estleman's novel "The Case of the Sanguinary Count").
- Nancy Springer introduced Enola Holmes (the younger sister of Mycroft and Sherlock) in her "Enola Holmes Mysteries", a series of detective stories for young readers. Enola was born "shamefully late in life", to her parents Eudoria Vernet Holmes, a suffragist and talented watercolourist, and an unnamed father, who was a country squire.
## The Holmes family and the Wold Newton family.
Based originally on the writings of Philip José Farmer, the concept of the Wold Newton family is the construction of a giant genealogical tree which connects many fictional characters to each other and to | 6,135,093 |
12328649 | Sherlockian game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlockian%20game | Sherlockian game
, a suffragist and talented watercolourist, and an unnamed father, who was a country squire.
## The Holmes family and the Wold Newton family.
Based originally on the writings of Philip José Farmer, the concept of the Wold Newton family is the construction of a giant genealogical tree which connects many fictional characters to each other and to a number of historical figures. Additions to this tree are based on the writings of the original creators, pastiche writers, and "Wold Newton scholars". Sherlock Holmes has been one of the central characters of this tree. The Holmes family and its various generations have been the subject of many Wold Newton articles.
# See also.
- Sherlock fandom | 6,135,094 |
12328732 | 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is a chlorinated derivative of ethane. It has the highest solvent power of any chlorinated hydrocarbon. As a refrigerant, it is used under the name R-130.
It was once widely used as a solvent and as an intermediate in the industrial production of trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloroethylene. However, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is no longer used much in the United States due to concerns about its toxicity.
Chronic inhalation exposure in humans results in jaundice and an enlarged liver, headaches, tremors, dizziness, numbness, and drowsiness. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has classified it as a Group C possible | 6,135,095 |
12328732 | 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
in humans results in jaundice and an enlarged liver, headaches, tremors, dizziness, numbness, and drowsiness. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has classified it as a Group C possible human carcinogen.
For occupational exposure limits, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit for dermal exposures at 5 ppm over an eight-hour time-weighted average. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has a more protective recommended exposure limit for dermal exposures at 1 ppm over an eight-hour time-weighted average.
# See also.
- 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
# References.
5.westron is a non-inflammable liquid and is used as solvent | 6,135,096 |
12328737 | Thomas B. Robinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20B.%20Robinson | Thomas B. Robinson
Thomas B. Robinson
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Thomas Bilbe Robinson (24 November 1853–15 May 1939) was an English-born Australian businessman and public servant.
Robinson was born in Rotherhithe, London, the son and grandson of shipbuilders. His father was Robert William Robinson and his mother was Frances Sarah, daughter of Thomas Bilbe. In 1881 he emigrated to Queensland and went into business, becoming involved in many companies. He also joined the Queensland Militia and rose to the rank of Major commanding the 1st Queenslanders and was later senior officer in Central Queensland.
In 1910 he returned to London as Agent-General for Queensland and served until his retirement at the end of 1919. | 6,135,097 |
12328737 | Thomas B. Robinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20B.%20Robinson | Thomas B. Robinson
During the First World War the Board of Trade gave him the responsibility of procuring and distributing frozen meat to the Allied Forces. This job he carried out exceptionally well, and by the end of the war he had dealt with 3,500,000 tons of meat, the largest quantity that had been handled by a single organisation at any time in history to date. It was one commodity that the Allied Forces were never short of.
Robinson was knighted in 1910 shortly after his appointment as Agent-General, appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1913, Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1917, and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire | 6,135,098 |
12328737 | Thomas B. Robinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20B.%20Robinson | Thomas B. Robinson
ted in 1910 shortly after his appointment as Agent-General, appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1913, Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1917, and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the 1920 Birthday Honours. He was also an Officer of the "Légion d'Honneur" (for his services as a commissioner of the Franco-British Exhibition), and a Commander of both the Order of the Crown of Belgium and the Order of the Crown of Italy.
# References.
- Obituary, "The Times", 16 May 1939
- Robinson, "Sir Thomas Bilbe (1853–1939)", by Paul D. Wilson, in "Australian Dictionary of Biography", Volume 11, (MUP), 1988 | 6,135,099 |
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