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12328746 | 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane | 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane is a chlorinated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless liquid with a sweet chloroform-like odor. It is used as a solvent and in the production of wood stains and varnishes.
# See also.
- 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | 6,135,100 |
12328771 | Gringo (manga) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gringo%20(manga) | Gringo (manga)
Gringo (manga)
# Plot.
In 1982, the Edo Shoji Corporation is a large Japanese trading company that has created a new branch in the fictional country of Cannibalia (or Kanivaria depending on how you transcribe it). Executive Director Yabushita assigns Hitoshi Himoto to be the head of the new South American office, which is an exceptional promotion for Hitoshi. Having joined the workforce after his days of being a sumo wrestler, Hitoshi finds himself rapidly climbing the corporate ladder.
However, not long after he is assigned to South America, Director Yabushita suddenly resigns from the company. Apparently he was involved in a scandalous affair with a woman and forced to leave after news of | 6,135,101 |
12328771 | Gringo (manga) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gringo%20(manga) | Gringo (manga)
the affair had leaked. This severely affects Hitoshi as he is then demoted and transferred to a different location in South America.
Hitoshi finds himself assigned to the city of Esecarta in the Republic of Santalna, a South American country that is in a state of political turmoil. Each day, the government soldiers fight with a rebel group of guerrillas in the streets. However, while reading some information at the Japanese embassy, Hitoshi learns of a certain metal that is indispensable to the manufacturing of electronics. This rare metal is mined at Mt. Montetombo in the Fego Province of South America. However, the mountain serves as the stronghold for the rebel guerrillas, led by the fearsome | 6,135,102 |
12328771 | Gringo (manga) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gringo%20(manga) | Gringo (manga)
José García.
Hitoshi attempts to make a name for himself in a dangerous land, working together with the people that know him as the "Gringo". Political and corporate intrigue and drama are all around in Tezuka's last manga.
# Characters.
- Hitoshi Himoto: An ex-sumo wrestler who now works for a major Japanese trading company: Edo Shoji. He is assigned to a new post as the head of the company's new branch office in the city of Cannibalia, Republic of Rido, South America, then transferred to Esecarta.
- Elen
- Rune
- Kazu Onigasoto
- Miho Togakushi
- José García: Leader of the group of guerillas that is fighting a war with the government in Esecarta, Republic of Santalna. His group controls | 6,135,103 |
12328771 | Gringo (manga) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gringo%20(manga) | Gringo (manga)
the territory around the Fego Province which contains Mt. Montetombo.
- Kondo
- Kumagai
- Pepe
- Ambassador Kageyama: A Japanese ambassador stationed in the Japanese Embassy within the Republic of Santalna.
- Tomonaga
- Toto
# Unfinished work.
Osamu Tezuka died on February 9, 1989, leaving "Gringo" as one of his few unfinished works. It was still in serialization only a couple of weeks before his death. The page for "Gringo" at TezukaOsamu@World claims that the protagonist was based on Nobuyuki Wakaoji, a Japanese businessman who was kidnapped in the Philippines in 1986 and released after four months of captivity. This event was a major piece of shocking news that shook Japan. Coincidentally, | 6,135,104 |
12328771 | Gringo (manga) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gringo%20(manga) | Gringo (manga)
apped in the Philippines in 1986 and released after four months of captivity. This event was a major piece of shocking news that shook Japan. Coincidentally, the day Tezuka died was also the day Nobuyuki Wakaoji died.
# Other manga.
In the Osamu Tezuka Manga Complete Works release of "Gringo", one of Tezuka's short stories, "New Ryosaishii Koukenidan", was added at the end of Volume 3.
# See also.
- List of Osamu Tezuka manga
- Osamu Tezuka
- Osamu Tezuka's Star System
# External links.
- "Gringo" manga page at TezukaOsamu@World
- "Gringo" manga page at TezukaOsamu@World
- "Gringo" manga publications page at TezukaOsamu@World
- "Gringo" manga publications page at TezukaOsamu@World | 6,135,105 |
12328808 | Cotts baronets | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotts%20baronets | Cotts baronets
Cotts baronets
The Cotts Baronetcy, of Coldharbour Wood in the parish of Rogate in the County of Sussex, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 15 June 1921 for Sir William Cotts, KBE. He was head of Mitchell Cotts and Co, of London, and of allied companies, merchants, colliery proprietors and steamship owners, and also briefly represented Western Isles in the House of Commons as a National Liberal. The second Baronet assumed by deed poll the additional surname of Mitchell in 1932. He was an actor, writer, journalist, and publisher.
# Cotts baronets, of Coldharbour Wood (1921).
- Sir William Dingwall Mitchell Cotts, KBE, 1st Baronet (1871–1932)
- Sir (William) | 6,135,106 |
12328808 | Cotts baronets | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotts%20baronets | Cotts baronets
e second Baronet assumed by deed poll the additional surname of Mitchell in 1932. He was an actor, writer, journalist, and publisher.
# Cotts baronets, of Coldharbour Wood (1921).
- Sir William Dingwall Mitchell Cotts, KBE, 1st Baronet (1871–1932)
- Sir (William) Campbell Mitchell-Cotts, 2nd Baronet (1902–1964)
- Sir Robert Crichton Mitchell Cotts, 3rd Baronet (1903–1995)
- Sir Richard Crichton Mitchell Cotts, 4th Baronet (born 1946)
# References.
- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990
# External links.
- Photograph of Sir Campbell Mitchell-Cotts, 2nd Baronet, at the National Portrait Gallery | 6,135,107 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
Cervantine Library
The Cervantine Library (also known as the Library Miguel de Cervantes) is a library located on the main campus of Tecnológico de Monterrey, in the city of Monterrey, N. L, México.The library has about 130,000 items in its collection, with its holdings on Mexican history and culture ranked second in the Americas. It also houses series of photographs covering the history of Mexico and Monterrey during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Since 1998, the library has worked to digitalize its collection and put it online.
# History.
The origins and mainstay of the library has been donations of personal and private collections of books, documents, photographs and more to the Monterrey | 6,135,108 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM). The first works arrived shortly after the institution was established in 1943. Initially, they were simply stored at the Monterrey campus. This changed when one day in 1954 the founder of ITESM, Eugenio Garza Sada, happened to be at the general library and asked library director Eugenio del Hoyo what he was doing unpacking a set of boxes which contained manuscripts from the 16th to 18th century. Del Hoyo's response was “I am discovering treasures.” Garza decided that these documents, eventually known as the Conway Collection, deserved a space worthy of them and were moved to a space on the second floor of the main administration building | 6,135,109 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
of the institution.
Del Hoyo became the new collection/library's first director, serving in that role until 1979. The name of the library come from one of the first donations, that of about 1,000 copies of Don Quixote donated by a Monterrey businessman. Under Del Hoyo the nascent library continued to receive donations, but this accelerated under the second director. (elregio)
Ricardo Elizondo Elizondo was a writer and historian along with operating the library for 32 years before retiring in 2011. Under his term, the library's holdings tripled in size and began specialized archives for photography, maps and even archeological pieces. It also began a long and continuing process of cataloging | 6,135,110 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
privately held donations which has uncovered and consolidated rare and one-of-a-kind books from the 16th century and even some dating before 1501.
The original space in the administration building was allotted without thought to the growth of the collection, which has led to elements being housed in different buildings on campus and even to other campuses of the ITESM system. By the time, Elizondo retired, he stated that calling it the "Cervantine Library" was a misnomer as the library contains resources far beyond the writing of Cervantes, or even literature.
In addition to increasing the library's physical holdings, Elizondo worked to promote knowledge and access to the collections. In 1993, | 6,135,111 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
the library received a visit from Nobel Prize winner Octavio Paz. Elizondo became a member of Mexico's committee for UNESCO's Memory of the World program, with the purpose of proposing collections for their inclusion. His efforts resulted in two collections being accepted. The first was a digitalizing project in conjunction with the National Autonomous University of Mexico called Primeros Libros (First Books) to put 16th century book collections into electronic formats.
Daniel Sanabria became the third director in 2011. Under his watch, a second collection of the library was accepted into the Memory of the World program, a photographic archive of works by architect Mario Pani Darqui. This archive | 6,135,112 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
documents 40 years of his career.
The library continues to promote its resources and collaborate with outside institutions. These include the Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra Virtual Library Foundation (of the University of Aliante in Spain), the Virtual Library of Mexican Letters, SINAFO, RABID and it is a member of the Asociación Mexicana de Archivos y Bibliotecas Privadas.
Space continues to be an issue for the library. In 2017, director Daniel Sanabria left the library over disagreements over new library spaces and other issues related to the care of the collection.
# The collections.
The total number of items related to the library's collection is estimated at 130,000, but the exact number | 6,135,113 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
is not known as past donations are still being cataloged. About half of the library's collection is related to Mexican history and culture, a quarter to language and literature and the rest to various disciplines such as medicine, travel logs, architecture and art. Its collection related to Mexican history is second only to that of the University of Texas. The library's holding are a series of special collections, donated by private individuals and entities and include old and rare books, documents, photographs, microfilm, maps, archeological pieces and colonial ironwork.
The oldest written records in the collection include eight books printed before 1501 (incunables) and 85 printed in Mexico | 6,135,114 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
in the 16th century. The oldest printed book is a History of Venice (in Latin) published in 1490 and the oldest manuscript dates to 1452. The eight incunables are "History of Florence" (1476), "Book of Psalms" (1478), "Sermones Roberti de Licio de Laudibus Sanctorum" (1490), "Comentarios a Santo Tomás" (1492), "Columbus’ Second Letter" (1494), "Adagios" by Erasmus (1500), and "Comienca la Contienda del Cuerpo y Alma" (1500). The last was discovered among the categorization process only in 2010. It is the last medieval poem written in Spanish and the only copy of the work by Anton de Meta known to exist. Other important elements in the collection include the first missal published in the Americas | 6,135,115 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
(1576), a book on the Passion of Christ in the Purhepecha language (pre-1800) which was saved from the local parish during the eruption of the Paracutin volcano, one related to the presidential election of 1910 signed by author Francisco I. Madero and 80 original works by Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, the second most important collection of such works after the Palafoxiana Library in Puebla. The collection contains a significant number of colonial era books in Mexico's various indigenous languages, as well as books in European languages other than Spanish and even some from Asia as well. The Guajardo Collection has 500 works written by foreigners living in Mexico during the colonial period. The | 6,135,116 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
archeological pieces were donate by Grupo Lamosa, along with 258 pieces of colonial-era ironwork. Most of the archeological pieces are from the Mexica culture and almost all are from the center and south of the country.
The microfilm collection contains about 2,000 rolls of microfilm. They are mostly civil and church records from 50 communities in the northeast of Mexico, especially in Nuevo León, Coahuila and Zacatecas. Part of the Sandoval-Lagrange photography collections are on these microfilms as well as ITESM student records from 1943 to 1972.
There are 47 distinct collections of the library, organized mostly by donor. The Conway Collection was one of the first donations to the library, | 6,135,117 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
containing over 5,000 volumes in Spanish and English, along with over 20,000 manuscripts dating from the 16th to 18th centuries. English language items include "The Americas" and the "Annual Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology" along with writings by Irishman Guillen de Lampart, who led a colorful life in Mexico ending with his execution there in 1659. Manuscripts date from the Conquest to the Porfirio Díaz era. The collection was also the source of the library's oldest book.
The Cervantine Collection is the source of the libraries name. It consists of over 1,000 copies of Don Quixote in various languages and from various eras donated by Monterrey businessman Carlos Prieto. Language versions | 6,135,118 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
include those in English, French, German, Italian, Catalan, Portuguese, Dutch, Hebrew, Latin, Korean and Mongolian. The collection also include one from Brussels dated 1607, one from Milan dated 1610 and one from 1957 with illustrations by Salvador Dalí.
The Salvador Ugarte Collection os one of the most valuable in Mexico, containing works printed in the country in the 16th century, including one of the largest collections of materials in indigenous languages of that era, with about 700 works. It also include Christopher Columbus's Second Letter dated 1494 and the only complete collection of Gazeta de México from 1722 to 1822.
The 45,000 volumes of the Ignacio Bernal Collection was donated | 6,135,119 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
to the library by Grupo Cemex. This collection of works on Mexican history and culture made the Cervantine Library the second most important in the Americas in these areas. The collection was amassed by Dr. Ignacio Bernal over 60 years, starting with books inherited from his grandfathers and great grandfathers. The collection contains codices, original histories and other documents from all eras of Mexican history and some on Central American history. Colonial era works are mostly religious but also include those on history, travel logs and literature. The collection is estimated at $2 million USD.
The Agustin Basave collection contains about 2,000 historical documents and 700 photographs, | 6,135,120 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
including autographs of celebrities such as Judy Garland and Elizabeth Taylor.
The Pedro Robredo Collection has over 6,000 volumes on history, 100 of which are manuscripts It also includes a complete collection of the Actas de Cabildo (municipal council) of Mexico City from 1524 to 1903.
The Alonso Junco Collection has about 5,000 works, mostly on Mexican literature.
Photographic collections include Agustin Basave, Conde-Zambano, Alberto Flores, Desiderio Lagrange, Jesus R. Sandoval, Aureliano Tapia, Tecnológico, Campus Monterrey, Isauro Villarreal and Mario Pani. The Agustin Basave Collection consists of 750 prints taken and developed by photographers from around the world related to celebrities | 6,135,121 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
of the 20th century. The collection was originally that of the founder of the El Norte newspaper in Monterrey. The collection was donated to the Library in the 1970s.
The Conde-Zambrano Collection consists of studio photographs by various notable photographers from Mexico, the United States and Europe. There are about 3,500 photographs in 34 albums most from 1860 to 1890 depicting people and events related to Mexican high society. The collection was amassed by Ignacio Conde and donated by Lorenzo Zambrano. This collection includes one album with the imperial seal with over 600 photos of Emperor Maximilian and his wife Carlota. Another has a cover entirely of mother-of-pearl containing images | 6,135,122 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
of Benito Juarez and Porfirio Díaz, among others.
The Alberto Flores Varela Collection is that of the namesake, who was a photographer from 1919 to 1996. The main theme of his work is liturgical, with images of churches and clegery in and around the Monterrey area. The collection was donated in 1998 by the photographer.
The Desiderio Lagrange Collection contains photographs by the namesake and his brother Alfonso. Most of these photos focus on the city of Monterrey, its people and the areas around it. Most date to around 1870 although there are some as late as 1910. It was acquired by the institution in 1963 along with the Jesús R. Sandoval Collection.
The Jesús R. Sandoval Collection is | 6,135,123 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
that of the namesake who was a professional photographer until his death in 1951. These photos were donated mixed with those of Desiderio Lagrange, which together total 4,000 prints and 38,000 negatives. Most photos are from 1896 to 1940, with most being studio photographs.
The Aureliano Tapia Méndez Collection contains over 1,000 print photographs by the namesake and others. Most depict religious life in the Monterrey area from 1920 to the present.
The Tecnológico, Campus Monterrey Collection is that from the archives of the main campus of ITESM, with work by many different photographers. It has over 2,000 prints and growing. Most of the photographs are from 1943 to 1985. The archive is the | 6,135,124 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
result of many small donations.
The Isauro Villareal Garcia Collection contains work by the namesake, a businessman and amateur photographer. It consists of 712 prints and 90 negatives. Most are related to Monterrey landscape, both urban and rural, as well as local family life.
The Mario Pani Darqui Collection is related to one of Mexico's most famous architects and is registered in UNESCO's Memory of the World. The collection contains 2,900 photos on paper (including ones taken by the architect's father, Arturo Pani and photographer Guillermo Zamora), 1,400 photos on other media, 1,000 negatives, 56 architectural plans and drawings, 14 books of newspaper clippings, and 13 16 mm films. The | 6,135,125 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
collection documents the architect's career extending from 1911 to 1993 with most from 1934 to 1964. It was acquired by the library from Pani's daughter in 2012.
# Sites.
From its inception in 1954 to the present, the collection has been centered on the second floor of the Monterrey campus's main administration building. The original intention was to house the entire collection in the one space, without planning for growth of the collection through new donations.
Today, most of the library's holdings are in other locations on the Monterrey campus and even on other campus, including the photographic and map collections as well as the Ignacio Bernal Collection.
In May 2017, the Monterrey campus | 6,135,126 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
opened a new library building with a section for the Cervantine Library, but this move has been controversial. Director Daniel Sanabria left the same year over disagreements over space and storage of the various collections. There are plans to move at least some of the collection from its traditional home, but school authorities insist that the traditional space in the administration building will continue to belong to the Cervantine Library.
# Projects and events.
The library holds conferences, exhibitions and even art events related to the library's holdings.
Most recent efforts have revolved around the use modern technologies to preserve and promote the collection. Digitalization efforts | 6,135,127 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
began in 1998. The rise of the Internet prompted this effort as the library noticed a decline in visitors and it needed a way to make the collection more accessible to more people. Today the site received about 1,800 visitors per month, most from the United States, Mexico and China. They include researchers, graduate students and journalists. Most of the hits from China are from Spanish language students.
Digitalized works include many of the library's oldest documents, a collection of Mexican marriage licenses, baptism and criminal records for genealogy purposes and many of the holdings in or related to Mexico's indigenous languages. The first complete collection to be digitalized is that | 6,135,128 |
12328745 | Cervantine Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cervantine%20Library | Cervantine Library
e students and journalists. Most of the hits from China are from Spanish language students.
Digitalized works include many of the library's oldest documents, a collection of Mexican marriage licenses, baptism and criminal records for genealogy purposes and many of the holdings in or related to Mexico's indigenous languages. The first complete collection to be digitalized is that of architect Mario Pani, with almost 8,000 images.
In 1999, ITESM produced its first multimedia “book” called “Una navigación cervantina” on CD-ROM. This was followed by “Presentación de la Fototeca del Tecnológico de Monterrey” in 2002 and “Colección Cervantina” in 2005.
# See also.
- List of libraries in Mexico | 6,135,129 |
12328840 | List of political parties registered ahead of the Nepalese Constituent Assembly election, 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20political%20parties%20registered%20ahead%20of%20the%20Nepalese%20Constituent%20Assembly%20election,%202008 | List of political parties registered ahead of the Nepalese Constituent Assembly election, 2008
List of political parties registered ahead of the Nepalese Constituent Assembly election, 2008 | 6,135,130 |
12328831 | Dick Woodard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Woodard | Dick Woodard
Dick Woodard
Richard Ernest Woodard (born July 26, 1926) is a former American football center in the National Football League for the New York Giants and Washington Redskins. Woodard also played in the All-America Football Conference for the Los Angeles Dons.
Woodward was born in Britt, Iowa. He played college football at the University of Iowa and was drafted in the 21st round of the 1948 NFL Draft by the Giants. In 1948, Woodard was an honorable mention selection for the All-Big Nine team. | 6,135,131 |
12328887 | 2007–08 2. Frauen-Bundesliga | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007–08%202.%20Frauen-Bundesliga | 2007–08 2. Frauen-Bundesliga
2007–08 2. Frauen-Bundesliga
The 2nd Fußball-Bundesliga (women) 2007–08 was the 4th season of the 2. Fußball-Bundesliga (women), Germany's second football league. It began on 19 August 2007 and ended on 25 May 2008. | 6,135,132 |
12328941 | Haymon Krupp | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haymon%20Krupp | Haymon Krupp
Haymon Krupp
Haymon Krupp, a Jewish Texan merchant and member of the Texas wildcatters, was born in Lithuania on March 14, 1874. In 1890 he immigrated to El Paso, Texas, where he worked in a dry-goods store and soon opened his own men's clothing store. He pioneered what is now El Paso's outdoor clothing industry with one of the first clothing factories in the Southwest. Krupp joined Frank Pickrell, also of El Paso, to buy a lease option to drill for oil on University of Texas lands in the Permian Basin. In 1919 Krupp and Pickrell organized the Texon Oil and Land Company (Texon, Texas), with Krupp as president and Pickrell as vice president.
# Further reading.
- Haymon Krupp, the fortunate | 6,135,133 |
12328941 | Haymon Krupp | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haymon%20Krupp | Haymon Krupp
huania on March 14, 1874. In 1890 he immigrated to El Paso, Texas, where he worked in a dry-goods store and soon opened his own men's clothing store. He pioneered what is now El Paso's outdoor clothing industry with one of the first clothing factories in the Southwest. Krupp joined Frank Pickrell, also of El Paso, to buy a lease option to drill for oil on University of Texas lands in the Permian Basin. In 1919 Krupp and Pickrell organized the Texon Oil and Land Company (Texon, Texas), with Krupp as president and Pickrell as vice president.
# Further reading.
- Haymon Krupp, the fortunate businessman - Midland Reporter-Telegram
- Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities - El Paso, Texas | 6,135,134 |
12328834 | Paget baronets | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paget%20baronets | Paget baronets
Paget baronets
There have been three baronetcies created for persons with the surname Paget, all in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom, and a fourth created for the Bayly, which later became the Paget Baronetcy. As of 2016, two of the creations are extant.
The Paget Baronetcy, of Harewood Place in the County of Middlesex, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 19 August 1871 for the surgeon and pathologist James Paget. The Right Reverend Francis Paget, second son of the first Baronet, was Bishop of Oxford. His son Sir Bernard Paget was a General in the British Army. The latter was the father of the fourth Baronet. Stephen Paget, another son of the first Baronet, was also a | 6,135,135 |
12328834 | Paget baronets | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paget%20baronets | Paget baronets
noted surgeon. As of 2016 the title is held by his great-great-grandson, the fifth Baronet, who succeeded his father, in 2016. The fourth Baronet was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the British Army and author. He wrote "The Yeoman of the Guard" (1984), "Second to none: the Coldstream Guards, 1650–2000" (2000), and a number of other military histories. He served in the Coldstream Guards from 1940 to 1968 and was a Gentleman Usher to Queen Elizabeth II from 1971 to 1991, and an Extra Gentleman Usher from 1991.
The Paget Baronetcy, of Cranmore Hall in the parish of East Cranmore in the County of Somerset, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 6 March 1886 for the Conservative politician | 6,135,136 |
12328834 | Paget baronets | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paget%20baronets | Paget baronets
Richard Paget. The second Baronet was married to Lady Muriel Paget, and had issue, including the third Baronet. He was also a great-grandfather of the actress Anna Chancellor through his daughter Sylvia, Lady Chancellor (wife of Christopher Chancellor) and her elder son John.
The Paget Baronetcy, of Sutton Bonington in the County of Nottingham, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 25 September 1897 Ernest Paget, Chairman of the Midland Railway. The second Baronet was a locomotive engineer and railway administrator. The title became extinct on his death in 1936.
# Bayly, later Paget baronets, of Plas Newydd (1730).
- Sir Edward Bayly, 1st Baronet (d. 1741)
- Sir Nicholas | 6,135,137 |
12328834 | Paget baronets | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paget%20baronets | Paget baronets
Bayly, 2nd Baronet (1709–1782)
- Sir Henry Bayly Paget, 3rd Baronet (1744–1812) (succeeded as Baron Paget in 1769)
See Marquess of Anglesey for further succession.
# Paget baronets, of Harewood Place (1871).
- Sir James Paget, 1st Baronet (1814–1899)
- Sir John Rahere Paget, 2nd Baronet (1848–1938)
- Sir James Francis Paget, 3rd Baronet (1890–1972)
- Sir Julian Tolver Paget, 4th Baronet CVO (1921–2016)
- Sir Henry James Paget, 5th Baronet (born 1959)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son Bernard Halfdan Paget (born 1994).
# Paget baronets, of Cranmore Hall (1886).
- Sir Richard Horner Paget, 1st Baronet (1832–1908)
- Sir Richard Arthur Surtees Paget, 2nd Baronet (1869–1955)
- | 6,135,138 |
12328834 | Paget baronets | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paget%20baronets | Paget baronets
r Richard Horner Paget, 1st Baronet (1832–1908)
- Sir Richard Arthur Surtees Paget, 2nd Baronet (1869–1955)
- Sir John Starr Paget, 3rd Baronet (1914–1992)
- Sir Richard Herbert Paget, 4th Baronet (born 1957)
The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother David Vernon John Paget (born 1959).br
The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his only son Alexander Lachlan John Paget (born 1994).
# Paget baronets, of Sutton Bonington (1897).
- Sir (George) Ernest Paget, 1st Baronet (1841–1923)
- Sir Cecil Walter Paget, 2nd Baronet (1874–1936)
# References.
- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, | 6,135,139 |
12328819 | Evanílson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evanílson | Evanílson
Evanílson
Evanílson Aparecido Ferreira (born 12 September 1975), known simply as Evanílson, is a Brazilian former professional footballer.
A player of wide range who spent most of his career with Borussia Dortmund, he could play as either a right back or midfielder.
# Club career.
Born in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Evanílson started his senior career with América Futebol Clube (MG), joining Cruzeiro Esporte Clube for the 1999 season. On 16 August of that year he left the Belo Horizonte club and signed with Borussia Dortmund, making his Bundesliga debut 13 days later and being sent off in a 1–0 away win against SSV Ulm 1846.
Evanílson's contractual situation was somewhat complex: in 2001, | 6,135,140 |
12328819 | Evanílson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evanílson | Evanílson
his compatriot Márcio Amoroso moved from Parma A.C. to Dortmund for €25 million. In return, Evanílson was sold in the opposite direction for €17,5 million, for accounting reasons; Dortmund then received Evanílson on loan, only paying "beer money" for this move and, in 2003, a contractual clause was triggered which forced Dortmund to buy him back for €15 million.
During four seasons, Evanílson made an efficient wingback partnership at the German club with another Brazilian, Dedé – arrived one season before him – as the "Black Yellows" won the 2002 national championship with 27 games and one goal from the player, also reaching the season's UEFA Cup final (nine appearances, seven complete). In | 6,135,141 |
12328819 | Evanílson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evanílson | Evanílson
his final two years, however, he appeared rarely due to several injuries, namely a serious cruciate ligament one, and returned in late April 2005 to his country, joining Clube Atlético Mineiro on a two-year contract, which was prematurely terminated due to lack of salary payments, with the subsequent court action.
On 17 January 2006, Evanílson's returned to Germany and signed a five-month contract with 1. FC Köln, appearing in only one complete game in a relegation-ending season, the 0–1 loss at Hannover 96 on 18 March. He closed out his professional career at the age of 35, after playing rarely for four different clubs in Brazil, his last being his first América de Minas Gerais.
# International | 6,135,142 |
12328819 | Evanílson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evanílson | Evanílson
career.
Evanílson gained 13 caps for Brazil in one year, playing in two games at the 1999 Copa América as Cafu's backup, with the national team winning the tournament in Paraguay.
Additionally, he was selected for two FIFA Confederation Cups: in the 1999 edition, he appeared in four games - including the 8–2 semifinal routing of Saudi Arabia – as the "Seleção" finished in second position.
# Honours.
## Club.
América-MG
- Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 1997
Borussia Dortmund
- Bundesliga: 2001–02
- UEFA Cup: Runner-up 2001–02
- DFB-Ligapokal: Runner-up 2003
Sport Club do Recife
- Campeonato Pernambucano: 2007
## International.
Brazil
- Copa América: 1999
- FIFA Confederations | 6,135,143 |
12328819 | Evanílson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evanílson | Evanílson
gained 13 caps for Brazil in one year, playing in two games at the 1999 Copa América as Cafu's backup, with the national team winning the tournament in Paraguay.
Additionally, he was selected for two FIFA Confederation Cups: in the 1999 edition, he appeared in four games - including the 8–2 semifinal routing of Saudi Arabia – as the "Seleção" finished in second position.
# Honours.
## Club.
América-MG
- Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 1997
Borussia Dortmund
- Bundesliga: 2001–02
- UEFA Cup: Runner-up 2001–02
- DFB-Ligapokal: Runner-up 2003
Sport Club do Recife
- Campeonato Pernambucano: 2007
## International.
Brazil
- Copa América: 1999
- FIFA Confederations Cup: Runner-up 1999 | 6,135,144 |
12328822 | Attenuation coefficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuation%20coefficient | Attenuation coefficient
Attenuation coefficient
The linear attenuation coefficient, attenuation coefficient, or narrow-beam attenuation coefficient characterizes how easily a volume of material can be penetrated by a beam of light, sound, particles, or other energy or matter. A large attenuation coefficient means that the beam is quickly "attenuated" (weakened) as it passes through the medium, and a small attenuation coefficient means that the medium is relatively transparent to the beam. The SI unit of attenuation coefficient is the reciprocal metre (m). Extinction coefficient is an old term for this quantity but is still used in meteorology and climatology. Most commonly, the quantity measures the number of downward | 6,135,145 |
12328822 | Attenuation coefficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuation%20coefficient | Attenuation coefficient
"e"-foldings of the original intensity that will be had as the energy passes through a unit (e.g. one meter) thickness of material, so that an attenuation coefficient of 1 m means that after passing through 1 metre, the radiation will be reduced by a factor of "e", and for material with a coefficient of 2 m, it will be reduced twice by "e", or "e". Other measures may use a different factor than "e", such as the "decadic attenuation coefficient" below. The broad-beam attenuation coefficient counts forward-scattered radiation as transmitted rather than attenuated, and is more applicable to radiation shielding.
# Overview.
Attenuation coefficient describes the extent to which the radiant flux | 6,135,146 |
12328822 | Attenuation coefficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuation%20coefficient | Attenuation coefficient
of a beam is reduced as it passes through a specific material. It is used in the context of:
- X-rays or gamma rays, where it is denoted "μ" and measured in cm;
- neutrons and nuclear reactors, where it is called "macroscopic cross section" (although actually it is not a section dimensionally speaking), denoted "Σ" and measured in m;
- ultrasound attenuation, where it is denoted "α" and measured in dB⋅cm⋅MHz;
- acoustics for characterizing particle size distribution, where it is denoted "α" and measured in m.
The attenuation coefficient is called the "extinction coefficient" in the context of
- solar and infrared radiative transfer in the atmosphere, albeit usually denoted with another | 6,135,147 |
12328822 | Attenuation coefficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuation%20coefficient | Attenuation coefficient
symbol (given the standard use of for slant paths);
A small attenuation coefficient indicates that the material in question is relatively transparent, while a larger value indicates greater degrees of opacity. The attenuation coefficient is dependent upon the type of material and the energy of the radiation. Generally, for electromagnetic radiation, the higher the energy of the incident photons and the less dense the material in question, the lower the corresponding attenuation coefficient will be.
# Mathematical definitions.
## Hemispherical attenuation coefficient.
Hemispherical attenuation coefficient of a volume, denoted "μ", is defined as
where
- Φ is the radiant flux;
- "z" is the | 6,135,148 |
12328822 | Attenuation coefficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuation%20coefficient | Attenuation coefficient
path length of the beam.
## Spectral hemispherical attenuation coefficient.
Spectral hemispherical attenuation coefficient in frequency and spectral hemispherical attenuation coefficient in wavelength of a volume, denoted "μ" and "μ" respectively, are defined as
where
- Φ is the spectral radiant flux in frequency;
- Φ is the spectral radiant flux in wavelength.
## Directional attenuation coefficient.
Directional attenuation coefficient of a volume, denoted "μ", is defined as
where "L" is the radiance.
## Spectral directional attenuation coefficient.
Spectral directional attenuation coefficient in frequency and spectral directional attenuation coefficient in wavelength of a volume, | 6,135,149 |
12328822 | Attenuation coefficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuation%20coefficient | Attenuation coefficient
denoted "μ" and "μ" respectively, are defined as
where
- "L" is the spectral radiance in frequency;
- "L" is the spectral radiance in wavelength.
# Absorption and scattering coefficients.
When a narrow (collimated) beam passes through a volume, the beam will lose intensity due to two processes: absorption and scattering.
Absorption coefficient of a volume, denoted "μ", and scattering coefficient of a volume, denoted "μ", are defined the same way as for attenuation coefficient.
Attenuation coefficient of a volume is the sum of absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient:
Just looking at the narrow beam itself, the two processes cannot be distinguished. However, if a detector is | 6,135,150 |
12328822 | Attenuation coefficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuation%20coefficient | Attenuation coefficient
set up to measure beam leaving in different directions, or conversely using a non-narrow beam, one can measure how much of the lost radiant flux was scattered, and how much was absorbed.
In this context, the "absorption coefficient" measures how quickly the beam would lose radiant flux due to the absorption "alone", while "attenuation coefficient" measures the "total" loss of narrow-beam intensity, including scattering as well. "Narrow-beam attenuation coefficient" always unambiguously refers to the latter. The attenuation coefficient is at least as large as the absorption coefficient; they are equal in the idealized case of no scattering.
# Mass attenuation, absorption, and scattering coefficients.
Mass | 6,135,151 |
12328822 | Attenuation coefficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuation%20coefficient | Attenuation coefficient
attenuation coefficient, mass absorption coefficient, and mass scattering coefficient are defined as
where "ρ" is the mass density.
# Napierian and decadic attenuation coefficients.
Decadic attenuation coefficient or decadic narrow beam attenuation coefficient, denoted "μ", is defined as
Just as the usual attenuation coefficient measures the number of "e"-fold reductions that occur over a unit length of material, this coefficient measures how many 10-fold reductions occur: a decadic coefficient of 1 m means 1 m of material reduces the radiation once by a factor of 10.
"μ" is sometimes called Napierian attenuation coefficient or Napierian narrow beam attenuation coefficient rather than just | 6,135,152 |
12328822 | Attenuation coefficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuation%20coefficient | Attenuation coefficient
simply "attenuation coefficient". The terms "decadic" and "Napierian" come from the base used for the exponential in the Beer–Lambert law for a material sample, in which the two attenuation coefficients take part:
where
- "T" is the transmittance of the material sample;
- "ℓ" is the path length of the beam of light through the material sample.
In case of "uniform" attenuation, these relations become
Cases of "non-uniform" attenuation occur in atmospheric science applications and radiation shielding theory for instance.
The (Napierian) attenuation coefficient and the decadic attenuation coefficient of a material sample are related to the number densities and the amount concentrations of | 6,135,153 |
12328822 | Attenuation coefficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuation%20coefficient | Attenuation coefficient
its "N" attenuating species as
where
- "σ" is the attenuation cross section of the attenuating species "i" in the material sample;
- "n" is the number density of the attenuating species "i" in the material sample;
- "ε" is the molar attenuation coefficient of the attenuating species "i" in the material sample;
- "c" is the amount concentration of the attenuating species "i" in the material sample,
by definition of attenuation cross section and molar attenuation coefficient.
Attenuation cross section and molar attenuation coefficient are related by
and number density and amount concentration by
where "N" is the Avogadro constant.
The half-value layer (HVL) is the thickness of a layer | 6,135,154 |
12328822 | Attenuation coefficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuation%20coefficient | Attenuation coefficient
of material required to reduce the radiant flux of the transmitted radiation to half its incident magnitude. The half-value layer is about 69% (ln 2) of the penetration depth. Engineers use these equations predict how much shielding thickness is required to attenuate radiation to acceptable or regulatory limits.
Attenuation coefficient is also inversely related to mean free path. Moreover, it is very closely related to the attenuation cross section.
# See also.
- Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
- Absorption cross section
- Absorption spectrum
- Acoustic attenuation
- Attenuation
- Attenuation length
- Beer–Lambert law
- Cargo scanning
- Compton edge
- Compton scattering
- | 6,135,155 |
12328822 | Attenuation coefficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuation%20coefficient | Attenuation coefficient
- Attenuation
- Attenuation length
- Beer–Lambert law
- Cargo scanning
- Compton edge
- Compton scattering
- Computation of radiowave attenuation in the atmosphere
- Cross section (physics)
- Grey atmosphere
- High-energy X-rays
- Mass attenuation coefficient
- Mean free path
- Propagation constant
- Radiation length
- Scattering theory
- Transmittance
# External links.
- Absorption Coefficients α of Building Materials and Finishes
- Sound Absorption Coefficients for Some Common Materials
- Tables of X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients from 1 keV to 20 MeV for Elements Z = 1 to 92 and 48 Additional Substances of Dosimetric Interest | 6,135,156 |
12328945 | Marvin Whited | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marvin%20Whited | Marvin Whited
Marvin Whited
Marvin Eugene Whited, Jr. (July 26, 1918 – June 13, 1957) was an American football guard in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma and was drafted in the fifteenth round of the 1942 NFL Draft. | 6,135,157 |
12328910 | Michael Renwick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Renwick | Michael Renwick
Michael Renwick
Michael Renwick (born 29 February 1976 in Edinburgh) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played for Hibernian, Ayr United, Greenock Morton, Cowdenbeath, East Fife and Stenhousemuir. He also had a spell as manager of Berwick Rangers.
# Playing career.
Renwick played for Hutchison Vale Boys Club, before joining Hibernian in December 1991. He remained at Easter Road until May 2000 when he left to join Ayr United on a free transfer. He spent September 2001 on loan to Greenock Morton and in March 2002 joined Cowdenbeath on loan.
In August 2002 Renwick joined Cowdenbeath on a free transfer and although a regular the following season, he left in July 2003. He spent the | 6,135,158 |
12328910 | Michael Renwick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Renwick | Michael Renwick
following season with Glenavon before returning to Scotland in the 2004 close season. He joined Stirling Albion on trial before joining Arbroath where he played as a trialist against Stirling. Soon after, he signed for East Fife. He joined Stenhousemuir in May 2005, leaving in May 2006.
# Coaching career.
Renwick became assistant manager, working with Mixu Paatelainen of Cowdenbeath in May 2006. Renwick was appointed manager of Berwick Rangers in October 2007, but he was sacked in April 2008. He joined Falkirk's backroom staff in August 2008, and was then appointed as head coach of Heriot-Watt University in 2009. In January 2011 he was appointed head coach of the Scottish Universities national | 6,135,159 |
12328910 | Michael Renwick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%20Renwick | Michael Renwick
h in May 2006. Renwick was appointed manager of Berwick Rangers in October 2007, but he was sacked in April 2008. He joined Falkirk's backroom staff in August 2008, and was then appointed as head coach of Heriot-Watt University in 2009. In January 2011 he was appointed head coach of the Scottish Universities national team. Renwick became the first Scottish Universities head coach to win the Home Nations Championship for over 10 years. He was then invited to become assistant coach for the Great Britain Universities team in preparation for the World University Games in Shenzhen.
In August 2013, Renwick was appointed Senior Academy Coach at the Red Star Soccer Academy in Los Altos, California. | 6,135,160 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
Child laundering
Child laundering is a scheme whereby intercountry adoptions are effected by illegal and fraudulent means. It may involve the trafficking of children, the acquisition of children through monetary arrangements, deceit and/or force. The children may then be held in sham orphanages while formal international adoption processes are used to send the children to adoptive parents in another country.
Child laundering rings are often expansive with multiple hierarchies of people motivated by large profits from the black markets of intercountry adoptions. With Westerners willing to spend thousands of dollars to adopt a child, enough monetary incentives are created to extend the laundering | 6,135,161 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
ring from the middle classes to societies' more affluent groups. These "baby broker" families subsequently forge a new identity for the laundered child, "validating" the child's legal status as an orphan and ensuring the scheme will not be uncovered.
Child laundering is highly controversial; while many argue that these children are being treated as a commodity and stripped of family contact, others argue that, ultimately, the children will live in a more affluent environment and have more opportunities as a result of this adoption.
# Hierarchy of involvement.
There is a complex hierarchy within the child laundering business which includes governments, orphanages, intermediaries, birth families, | 6,135,162 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
and adoptive families. The people who oversee these child laundering rings are estimated to make $2,000 to $20,000 per overseas adoption. Therefore, it is advantageous for these individuals to have the necessary language and social skills in order to work closely with Western adoption agencies. Intermediaries are crucial in acquiring the child, for their job is to locate extremely impoverished parents who may be willing to relinquish their children out of necessity. Often, the people involved in recruiting and managing the adoption ring are local middle or upper class citizens, and they often have a negative view of the very poor. Therefore, recruiters can rationalize taking these children from | 6,135,163 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
the biological family on the grounds that the child will be better reared in the West. Many members of foreign governments are bribed to hasten these illegitimate adoptions, and also to ignore the illegality of these criminal organizations.
# Process of illegal adoptions.
Illegal child laundering adoptions involve a hierarchy of people as described above, who manipulate the legal adoptions system in order to profit. This process begins when recruiters gain physical custody of children through various means. Then, children are often taken to orphanages which arrange the adoptions, where they are sometimes severely mistreated. Finally, after a forgery of documents to falsify a child's identity, | 6,135,164 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
the child is sent to the West to be united with his or her adoptive parents.
## Child acquisition.
There are several different ways by which "orphans" are acquired and later sold within the adoption system. Parent nations are almost always poor, and in most places, these countries also have a system where impoverished parents can temporarily care for their children by placing them in orphanages, hostels or schools. This community provides poor children with care, housing, and food until the family is in a more favorable economic situation. In these cases, parents may have no intention to sever their parental rights or abandon their children. However, these institutions may take advantage of | 6,135,165 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
the child and family's economic and social vulnerability to illegally profit by making the child available to overseas adoption markets, netting orphanage owners thousands of dollars per child. Another instance where children are wrongly deemed orphans is when said children become lost or separated from their families. Although institutions are required by law to make an effort to locate the family, there is virtually no way to assess whether they actually do this. If these initial efforts to locate the family fail, or are declared as failures, the institution then has the opportunity to capitalize on this by putting the child up for adoption. Another way in which "orphans" are acquired is through | 6,135,166 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
an outright purchase of the child. The recruiters for these adoption rings seek out poor, pregnant women and offer to pay for their child. Relinquishing parents may be led to believe that they will be kept in contact with the child and receive financial support from the adoptive parents. Likewise, they may be told that they will eventually be able to immigrate to live with their child once he/she is grown, presumably in a more economically developed nation. Through these methods and more, recruiters lead the birth parents to believe they are providing a better future for their child.
## Treatment of children in orphanages.
United States ICE agents have visited several of the orphanages in | 6,135,167 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
other countries associated with the business of child laundering, with shocking findings. The conditions of the babies were inhumane; the children were unwashed and unclothed, unprotected from malaria lying in rusty cribs (Smolin: Child Laundering 139). Additionally, there was no experienced nurse caring for the children, and the investigator termed it a "stash house." With the thousands of dollars that these orphanages receive for each adoption, the conditions children are kept in could be vastly improved for just a fraction of the racketeers' profits.
## Intercountry adoption.
The United States is responsible for most intercountry adoptions in the world: 20,000 out of the total 30,000 total | 6,135,168 |
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orphans adopted annually. The Westerners who adopt from developing nations pay thousands of dollars to process the paperwork of one child. This provides a lucrative incentive for those involved in the process. In many cases, the prospective adoptive parents are motivated by a sense of altruism, coupled with their desire to overcome infertility and fulfill the Western standard of the nuclear family. These adoptive parents create a demand for healthy infants that will be able to assimilate into their new home and cut off ties to their birthplace and culture of origin. Prospective adoptive parents are placed with the "orphans" through adoption agencies, brokers, or advertising agencies online. | 6,135,169 |
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Due to the fact that most of the children adopted overseas are so young, they will not have any memories of their birth families. Without a paper trail and without any input from the child, it makes it near impossible to detect whether a child is truly an orphan.
# International legislation.
## Hague Adoption Convention.
The Hague Adoption Convention has been widely adopted to regulate international adoptions. The Convention seeks to establish certain rules for international adoptions to combat child laundering. It seeks to establish an indirect solution to abuses. However, the Hague Convention fails to require any effort to preserve the family before turning to international adoption, and | 6,135,170 |
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therefore the Convention mostly represents an anti-trafficking treaty. In 2000 the U.S. Congress enacted the "Intercountry Adoption Act" in order to implement the ideas of the Hague Convention. However, this Act is limited in the fact that the United States cannot enforce any measures against the sending country if corruption in the adoption process is discovered.
## Stance of the United States.
The US State Department does not consider child laundering to be a form of human trafficking, as it is a non-exploitative result. Furthermore, it is seen as a humanitarian act, regardless of the circumstances surrounding the acquisition of the child. The adoption agencies in the West are operating | 6,135,171 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
within a completely legitimate sphere, and have no way of knowing whether they are a party to this human rights violation. Therefore, the United States does not have the jurisdiction to prosecute these agencies working in the developing countries.
# Case studies.
Child laundering is a global issue, and there have been highly publicized cases in the past decade. Guatemala, China, and Cambodia highly exemplify the problems associated with intercountry adoptions.
## Guatemala.
From 1999–2011 there have been:
- 29,731 adoptions of Guatemalan children
- 15,691 females and 14,040 males
- 20,829 of these adoptions have been children under 1 year of age
- 6,557 children 1–2 years of age
- 2,749 | 6,135,172 |
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children aged 3–18 years of age
Before Guatemala's adoption of the Hague Convention in 2007, child laundering was a widespread and notorious issue in Guatemala. The recruiters are called "jaladoras" or "buscadoras", and these individuals often work with medical personnel who give the recruiters information about where vulnerable women can be located. For every child procured, the buscadora earns anywhere from $5,000 to $8,000. Some of the methods included women being told their baby did not survive childbirth, or the outright purchase of a child. These women never received much in compensation for their child, as most of the bribes went to the "baby brokers" who process most of the paperwork | 6,135,173 |
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in the adoption process. Since signing of the Hague Convention, new laws were passed by Guatemala to create new standards for the adoptions process. All adoption agencies have to be accredited and be accountable for their actions, as well as keep detailed and accurate financial records. Additionally, foster care now has much more accountability to the oversight of the Secretaria de Binestar Social (SBS). The Central Authority (CA) was also established in order to ensure Guatemala's compliance with Hague Convention rules; children who have been legally approved for adoptions (by a judge) are matched with a prospective adoptive family by a team made up of a CA social worker and a psychologist. | 6,135,174 |
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Following the restructuring of the Guatemalan government, Guatemala had ceased all foreign adoptions. In 2011 however, they announced that the government will be reviewing cases that had been in the works in 2007, but were not going to accept any more cases. At the present time, the United States is no longer processing adoptions from Guatemala, finally following suit with the number of other countries who placed moratoriums on Guatemalan adoptions.
## China.
From 1999–2011 there have been:
- 66,630 adoptions of Chinese children
- 60,431 females and 6,199 males
- 25,605 of these adoptions have been children under 1 year of age
- 33,566 children 1–2 years of age
- 6,904 children aged 3–18 | 6,135,175 |
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years of age
China has experienced rampant child laundering in past decades, although now they are considered to be better off than most other sending countries. China reports about 10,000 kidnappings or abductions a year, although the true numbers are considered to be much higher. The official statistics are only based on those that are resolved, but it is very difficult to prove that a child has been kidnapped and then laundered. Most of these children are from poor families in the rural areas, and are taken as a result of the profits to be made from Western families. The Hunan scandal brought many of these issues to light, as orphanages sent intermediaries into rural areas to acquire children | 6,135,176 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
that are then moved around Hunan and given fraudulent documents in order to cover up the situation. Some argue that the issue of child laundering in China stems from the one-child policy, which created what was once a surplus of children to be adopted. However, since the demand for Chinese children has increased, institutions resort to methods like kidnapping in order to meet the demand and make a profit. This has been criticized due to the fact that the system of international adoptions has created a system where poor families in China are abused in order to satiate the Western demand for children. Additionally, the ethnocentric justifications for these behaviors suggest that the child will | 6,135,177 |
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have a better life without any connection to the biological family in the West, but some believe that the family should be preserved at all costs.
## Cambodia.
From 1999–2011 there have been:
- 2,355 adoptions of Cambodian children
- 1,369 females and 986 males
- 1,370 of these adoptions have been children under 1 year of age
- 677 children 1–2 years of age
- 308 children aged 3–18 years of age
While most instances of intercountry adoption take two or more years to process, Cambodia has made a policy of expediting this process, often in as few as three months. Human rights activists consider Cambodia to be one of the countries with the most corruption involved in intercountry adoption. | 6,135,178 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
LICADHO, a Cambodian human rights group, has expressed that recruiters target poor families and women in their efforts to gain access to young children. Tactics such as the outright purchase of babies for as little as $20 USD or deception of birthparents into relinquishing physical custody are systematically employed. One particular case that gained media attention focused on a child laundering scheme run by an American woman named Lauryn Galindo. Galindo was prosecuted in the United States and convicted of "material misrepresentations as to the orphan status and identities" of infant adoptees over the period of 1997 through 2001. Galindo was sentenced to 18 months in prison, a fine, and required | 6,135,179 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
community service. Currently, the United States, formerly one of the most common destinations for Cambodian adoptees, no longer processes adoptions from Cambodia.
# See also.
- Child-selling
- Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction
- Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption
- International adoption
- List of international adoption scandals
- Trafficking of children
# References.
- Smolin, David. "Child Laundering and the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption: The Future and Past of Intercountry Adoption." 'University of Louisville Law Review.' Volume 48, No. 3, 2010,' p. 448, 452
- Smolin, David. | 6,135,180 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
"How the Intercountry Adoption System Legitimizes and Incentivizes the Practices of Buying, Trafficking, Kidnapping, and Stealing Children." Cumberland Law Review. 2005.
- Petit, Juan Miguel. "Rights of the Child." United Nations: Economic and Social Council Commission on Human Rights. 6 January 2003.
- "Issues in Adoption Viewpoints." ed. WIlliam Dudley. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. 2004, p. 66
- Allen, Kevin Minh. "The Price We All Pay: Human Trafficking in International Adoption." Conducive Magazine: 6 October 2009, p. 10; "Issues in Adoption Viewpoints." ed. WIlliam Dudley. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. 2004, p. 70
- Mansnerus, Laura. "Market Puts Price Tags on the Priceless." New York Times. | 6,135,181 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
26 October 1998, p. 2
- Mezmur, Benyam D. "'The Sins of the 'Saviors: Child Trafficking in the Context of Intercountry Adoption in Africa." Permanent Bureau. June 2010, p. 6
- Meier, Patricia J. and Xiaole Zhang. "Sold into Adoption: The Hunan Baby Trafficking Scandal Exposes Vulnerabilities in Chinese Adoptions to the United States." Cumberland Law Review, Vol. 39, No. 1. 25 Oct 2008
- US Department of State: Intercountry Adoption Statistics. http://adoption.state.gov/about_us/statistics.php
- Rotabi, Karen Smith and Kelley Bunkers. "Intercountry Adoption Reform Based on the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption: An Update on Guatemala in 2008."
- Hoffman, Meredith. "Amid Allegations | 6,135,182 |
12328756 | Child laundering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child%20laundering | Child laundering
ntercountry Adoption: An Update on Guatemala in 2008."
- Hoffman, Meredith. "Amid Allegations of Human Trafficking, Guatemala to Review Adoptions." New America Media. 24 August 2011
- Custer, Charles. "China's Missing Children." Foreign Policy Magazine. 10 October 2011
- Smith-Gary, Laura. "International Adoptions Fuel 'Family Planning' Kidnappings." Equal Writes, Feminism and Gender Issues at Princeton University. 5 October 2009
- Baker, Mark. "Babies for sale: no warranty." Sydney Morning Herald. 13 December 2003
- "Hawaii Resident Sentenced to 18 months in Prison in Cambodian Adoption Conspiracy." US Department of Justice, US Attorney, Western District of Washington. 19 November 2004 | 6,135,183 |
12328965 | Lissajous knot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lissajous%20knot | Lissajous knot
Lissajous knot
In knot theory, a Lissajous knot is a knot defined by parametric equations of the form
where formula_2, formula_3, and formula_4 are integers and the phase shifts formula_5, formula_6, and formula_7 may be any real numbers.
The projection of a Lissajous knot onto any of the three coordinate planes is a Lissajous curve, and many of the properties of these knots are closely related to properties of Lissajous curves.
Replacing the cosine function in the parametrization by a triangle wave transforms every Lissajous
knot isotopically into a billiard curve inside a cube, the simplest case of so-called "billiard knots".
Billiard knots can also be studied in other domains, for instance | 6,135,184 |
12328965 | Lissajous knot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lissajous%20knot | Lissajous knot
in a cylinder.
# Form.
Because a knot cannot be self-intersecting, the three integers formula_8 must be pairwise relatively prime, and none of the quantities
may be an integer multiple of pi. Moreover, by making a substitution of the form formula_10, one may assume that any of the three phase shifts formula_5, formula_6, formula_7 is equal to zero.
# Examples.
Here are some examples of Lissajous knots, all of which have formula_14:
There are infinitely many different Lissajous knots, and other examples with 10 or fewer crossings include the 7 knot, the 8 knot, the 10 knot, the 10 knot, the 10 knot, and the composite knot 5 # 5, as well as the 9 knot, 10 knot, the 10 knot, the 10 knot, | 6,135,185 |
12328965 | Lissajous knot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lissajous%20knot | Lissajous knot
the 10 knot, the granny knot, and the composite knot 5 # 5. In addition, it is known that every twist knot with Arf invariant zero is a Lissajous knot.
# Symmetry.
Lissajous knots are highly symmetric, though the type of symmetry depends on whether or not the numbers formula_2, formula_3, and formula_4 are all odd.
## Odd case.
If formula_2, formula_3, and formula_4 are all odd, then the point reflection across the origin formula_21 is a symmetry of the Lissajous knot which preserves the knot orientation.
In general, a knot that has an orientation-preserving point reflection symmetry is known as strongly plus amphicheiral. This is a fairly rare property: only three prime knots with twelve | 6,135,186 |
12328965 | Lissajous knot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lissajous%20knot | Lissajous knot
or fewer crossings are strongly plus amphicheiral prime knot, the first of which has crossing number ten. Since this is so rare, ′most′ prime Lissajous knots lie in the even case.
## Even case.
If one of the frequencies (say formula_2) is even, then the 180° rotation around the "x"-axis formula_23 is a symmetry of the Lissajous knot. In general, a knot that has a symmetry of this type is called 2-periodic, so every even Lissajous knot must be 2-periodic.
## Consequences.
The symmetry of a Lissajous knot puts severe constraints on the Alexander polynomial. In the odd case, the Alexander
polynomial of the Lissajous knot must be a perfect square. In the even case, the Alexander polynomial | 6,135,187 |
12328965 | Lissajous knot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lissajous%20knot | Lissajous knot
0° rotation around the "x"-axis formula_23 is a symmetry of the Lissajous knot. In general, a knot that has a symmetry of this type is called 2-periodic, so every even Lissajous knot must be 2-periodic.
## Consequences.
The symmetry of a Lissajous knot puts severe constraints on the Alexander polynomial. In the odd case, the Alexander
polynomial of the Lissajous knot must be a perfect square. In the even case, the Alexander polynomial must be a perfect square modulo 2. In addition, the Arf invariant of a Lissajous knot must be zero. It follows that:
- The trefoil knot and figure-eight knot are not Lissajous.
- No torus knot can be Lissajous.
- No fibered 2-bridge knot can be Lissajous. | 6,135,188 |
12328968 | Sandy Mouche | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandy%20Mouche | Sandy Mouche
Sandy Mouche
Sandy Mouche is a Swedish band from Lund, Skåne County, southern Sweden. It consists of songwriter- and singer couple Martinique and Helena Josefsson, and the brothers Per (drums) and Ola (guitar) Blomgren. On live shows they bring a bassist and a pianist. They sing in English and French.
# Sandy Mouche was born ...(2001).
Sandy Mouche was created in the fall of 2001. Helena and Martinique were on holiday in Crete, Greece, with Per (who had played with Helena in other bands for six years) and his girlfriend, Hanna. Martinique played his song, "A Year" for the group. It was then that they collectively decided to form a band.
Searching for a name, they were inspired by their surroundings: | 6,135,189 |
12328968 | Sandy Mouche | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandy%20Mouche | Sandy Mouche
Back on the beach, Per played with the hot sand and shouted "sandy!" Helena looked at her friends, and noticed they all had a mouche on their faces. The name clicked, to the band it sounded like a woman's name, about whom they would make up stories. Following the name was the idea to sing in both English and French. According to the band, they picture Sandy Mouche as "a young woman who lives in every band member making sure we stay on the right track". Per's brother Ola joined the band shortly after.
# The E.P. (2003) and White Lucky Dragon (2004).
The band recorded demos in Per's bedroom, and in a studio along with Danyal Taylan, who would play the bass from then point until 2004. Sandy Mouche | 6,135,190 |
12328968 | Sandy Mouche | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandy%20Mouche | Sandy Mouche
recorded and released an EP, which they sent to producer Christoffer Lundquist, whom the band felt to be "the perfect collaborator". Sandy Mouche decided they would release their first album, "White Lucky Dragon" (2004) on their own label, Magpie Music. "White Lucky Dragon" was released in Sweden and Japan.
# ... and poems for the unborn (2006).
"...and poems for the unborn" is the band's latest album, and it was self-financed, with Playground Music Scandinavia and Junk Music handling the distribution. It was recorded and mixed over a 10-day period. Unlike the first album, the songwriters wrote separately for their second album, which resulted in a more diverse release than their debut, counting | 6,135,191 |
12328968 | Sandy Mouche | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandy%20Mouche | Sandy Mouche
ABBA, jazz, disco, pop, and even children's music among its influences. According to the band, they made the kind of album they would like to buy themselves.
# Recent Years.
Since 2006, Helena Josefsson, Martinique Josefsson, Per Blomgren and Ola Blomgren have been working in solo projects.
On 28 February 2007 Helena Josefsson released her first solo album, "Dynamo", produced by Christoffer Lundquist. Helena has worked with Per Gessle (Roxette), The Ark, Righteous Boy, Swan Lee, Andreas Johnson, Sebastian Karlsson, Gyllene Tider... . "Dynamo" does not break the Sandy Mouche project: in fact Martinique Josefsson and Per Blomgren have been working in Helena's solo project (in the studio and/or | 6,135,192 |
12328968 | Sandy Mouche | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandy%20Mouche | Sandy Mouche
in the gigs).
Martinique toured Europe with his own songs as the support act during Per Gessle's Party Crasher tour in 2009.
# Discography.
## Albums.
- Sandy Mouche (spring 2003) - ep
- White Lucky Dragon (September 2004) - just in Sweden and Japan
- ...and poems for the unborn (January 2006) - in Sweden, Belgium and Australia
- Glory and grace (2014)
## Singles.
- Cherry pie (2003) - promo
- C'est pas juste (2004) - promo
- Papillon (2004) - promo
- Une histoire (2005)
- In the sand (2005)
- Spiderweb suit (2005)
- Papillon (2006) - Promo in France
- Evening Wake, Morning Flake (December, 2006) - Radio in Belgium.
# Videography.
- Cherry pie (dir. Johan Tholsson)
- C’est | 6,135,193 |
12328968 | Sandy Mouche | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandy%20Mouche | Sandy Mouche
Dragon (September 2004) - just in Sweden and Japan
- ...and poems for the unborn (January 2006) - in Sweden, Belgium and Australia
- Glory and grace (2014)
## Singles.
- Cherry pie (2003) - promo
- C'est pas juste (2004) - promo
- Papillon (2004) - promo
- Une histoire (2005)
- In the sand (2005)
- Spiderweb suit (2005)
- Papillon (2006) - Promo in France
- Evening Wake, Morning Flake (December, 2006) - Radio in Belgium.
# Videography.
- Cherry pie (dir. Johan Tholsson)
- C’est pas juste (dir. Per and Ola Blomgren)
- Papillon (dir. Jeffry Rich)
# External links.
- Official site for Sandy Mouche
- Le Journal des Mouches - News about Helena, Sandy Mouche and Son of a Plumber | 6,135,194 |
12328976 | George Alfred Carlson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Alfred%20Carlson | George Alfred Carlson
George Alfred Carlson
George Alfred Carlson (October 23, 1876 in Alta, Iowa – December 6, 1926) was the 20th Governor of Colorado from 1915 to 1917.
# Biography.
He was born on October 23, 1876 in Alta, Iowa.
Carlson graduated from the University of Colorado in 1902 and earned his law degree there in 1904. He practiced law in Fort Collins, Colorado from 1905–08, and was district attorney in Fort Collins from 1908-14. He ran for Governor as a Republican in 1914 and won, benefiting from vote-splitting between Democrats and Progressives.
Carlson's administration was noted for labor reforms, including the passage of a workers' compensation law and the establishment of the Industrial Commission | 6,135,195 |
12328976 | George Alfred Carlson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Alfred%20Carlson | George Alfred Carlson
vernor as a Republican in 1914 and won, benefiting from vote-splitting between Democrats and Progressives.
Carlson's administration was noted for labor reforms, including the passage of a workers' compensation law and the establishment of the Industrial Commission of Colorado. He also supported and signed into law a prohibition bill making Colorado a "dry state."
Carlson was defeated for reelection in 1916. After leaving office, he returned to law practice in Denver.
He died on December 6, 1926 in Denver, Colorado.
# External links.
- State of Colorado biography
- George Alfred Carlson entry at the National Governors Association
- George Alfred Carlson entry at The Political Graveyard | 6,135,196 |
12329060 | 2000 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000%20European%20Speedway%20Club%20Champions'%20Cup | 2000 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup
2000 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup
The 2000 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup.
# Group B.
- May 7, 2000
- Rivne
# Group A.
- June 11, 2000
- Daugavpils
# Final.
- September 10, 2000
- Pila | 6,135,197 |
12329062 | 2001 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001%20European%20Speedway%20Club%20Champions'%20Cup | 2001 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup
2001 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup
The 2001 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup.
# Group A.
- May 27, 2001
- Daugavpils
# Final.
- September 16, 2001
- Daugavpils | 6,135,198 |
12329057 | Esplen baronets | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esplen%20baronets | Esplen baronets
Esplen baronets
The Esplen Baronetcy, of Hardres Court in Canterbury in the County of Kent, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 14 July 1921 for Sir John Esplen, KBE,. He was a Senior Director of Esplen, Sons and Swainston, consulting engineers and naval architects, and served as Chief Technical Adviser to the Ministry of Shipping during the First World War.
# Esplen baronets, of Hardres Court (1921).
- Sir John Esplen, 1st Baronet (1863–1930)
- Sir William Graham Esplen, 2nd Baronet (1899–1989)
- Sir John Graham Esplen, 3rd Baronet (1932–2016)
- Sir William John Harry Esplen, 4th Baronet (born 1967)
# References.
- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). | 6,135,199 |
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