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1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
the "Flying Bluenose". During the immigration boom of the early 1900s, the "Ocean Limited" and other passenger trains on its route saw increased use as they provided key wintertime connections for both the Grand Trunk Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway in moving sponsored immigrants to lands in the Prairie provinces.
In 1918, the IRC was merged into the Canadian National Railways (CNR) and the "Ocean Limited" continued its operation much as before. During both the First and Second World Wars, the "Ocean Limited" provided important service to the port of Halifax.
In 1964 the "Ocean" received ex-Milwaukee Road Skytop Lounge lounge-sleeping cars.
CNR dropped the "Limited" from the train's | 6,140,400 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
name in 1966 as part of the company's adoption of bilingual names. Despite the name change references to the "Ocean Limited" remain commonplace.
During a landslide which affected the old IRC line near Rimouski, Quebec, in 1977, for six months CN diverted the "Ocean" onto another parallel line several hundred kilometres to the south, maintaining the same Halifax–Montreal schedule times.
In 1976, CN placed operation of its passenger services under a new division using the marketing slogan "Via". In April 1978 this division was split off as a separate Crown corporation named Via Rail Canada, taking with it all CN passenger trains and equipment. The new national passenger rail service did not | 6,140,401 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
begin to change train names and operations until 1979, following the October 1978 assumption of all CPR passenger trains and equipment.
The "Ocean" did not get renamed by Via, and in fact became supplanted on the Halifax–Moncton portion of its route in 1985 by another Via train, the "Atlantic" (formerly the "Atlantic Limited"), which saw its eastern terminus extended to Halifax from Saint John. This train also assumed the train numbers and equipment of the defunct CN passenger train "Scotian", which survived only into the first few years of the Via era.
Under Via, the "Ocean" underwent several changes in its operation:
- (1979–1981) Daily operation (seven days a week) in both directions between | 6,140,402 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
Halifax-Montreal. Another Via train, the "Atlantic" also served these cities over a different route.
- (1981–1985) Daily operation (seven days a week) in both directions, albeit as the only through train between Halifax-Montreal, following cancellation of the "Atlantic".
- (1985–1990) Daily operation (seven days a week) in both directions between Moncton and Montreal, following reinstatement of the "Atlantic", which became the through train to Halifax. Passengers on the "Ocean" were forced to change trains at Moncton.
- (1990–1994) Operation three days a week in both directions between Halifax and Montreal following Via budget cuts. The "Atlantic" also operated three days a week and equipment | 6,140,403 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
rotated on the two trains. Service between Moncton and Halifax and between Saint-Hyacinthe and Montreal, the only common portions of the two routes, was six days a week.
- (1994–2012) Daily operation (six days a week) in both directions between Halifax and Montreal. The second cancellation of the "Atlantic" resulted in increased operation on the route of the "Ocean". CN sold its portion of the "Ocean" route between Rivière-du-Loup, QC, and Moncton, NB, to a shortline operator which operated the section from Rivière-du-Loup to Campbellton as the Chemin de fer Matapédia et du Golfe and the section from Campbellton to Moncton as the New Brunswick East Coast Railway. CN re-acquired these portions | 6,140,404 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
on November 3, 2008, and, as a result, the "Ocean" now again operates solely on CN trackage.
- October 26, 1998, saw CN abandon its scenic route along the waterfront of Lévis, Quebec, which served the combined railway station and ferry terminal. This section of the railway was redeveloped as an urban cycling trail, although the former Lévis train station and platform remain. Via Rail was forced to relocate the "Ocean" stop for the Quebec City region to Charny, necessitating a reverse move in each direction. Via offers a connecting shuttle van service for "Ocean" passengers between Charny and Quebec City (in 2014 Via moved the stop from Charny to Sainte-Foy - both the eastbound and westbound | 6,140,405 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
trains travel in to Sainte-Foy forward, and reverse back to the main line).
- (2006) The gradual phasing out of the restored stainless steel Budd cars was to have taken place, with all departures in both directions to have been operated in favor of the more modern European-built Renaissance equipment. However, Via has had occasional problems with this equipment and has had to use the Budd cars. Work on upgrading the Renaissance fleet has resulted in the need to operate one Budd consist (with the two other consists Renaissance outfitted) during the winter season. This took place through to the winter of 2011/2012, and ended after the service was reduced to three trips a week, with the exception | 6,140,406 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
of extra Budd-equipped trains during the Christmas holidays in 2014 and 2015. A stainless steel Park Car (originally built in 1954) is attached to the end of every train for passengers in Easterly Class (named "Sleeper Plus"). Though initially available only during the peak summer season and the Christmas holidays, the Park car is now part of every train year-round (as of 2013). The Renaissance cars' European couplers make it necessary to insert a transition car (numbered 7600-7602) between the Renaissance sleeping cars and the Park Car. The transition car is converted from a Renaissance sleeper shell and is effectively an empty walk-through corridor with carpeted floor and handrails along the | 6,140,407 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
walls.
- (2012) On June 27, 2012, Via Rail Canada announced plans to reduce frequency of the "Ocean" from six to three times per week. Starting October 2012, the "Ocean" departed Montreal on Wednesdays, Fridays and Sundays, and departed Halifax on Tuesdays, Fridays and Sundays. The Tuesday departure from Halifax was later changed to Wednesday, so the departure days are the same in both directions.
- (2014) In 2014, CN threatened to abandon the Newcastle Subdivision, an action which would have jeopardized the "Ocean". As part of an agreement, the government of New Brunswick announced it would give $25 million to CN to upgrade and maintain freight service on the line's northern and southern | 6,140,408 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
sections. CN committed to spend an equal amount to maintain and operate these two pieces for freight services for the next 15 years. However, a section of track between Bathurst and Moncton was not part of the deal and the lack of rail traffic initially kept this part of the route from being saved. However, in May 2014, the federal government pledged $10.3 million to rebuild the line to save the "Ocean".
- (2014) The Ocean celebrates its 110th year of service.
# Route.
The route taken by the "Ocean" runs through eastern Canada including the Island of Montreal and the city's skyline and suburbs, the lower St. Lawrence River valley, the Matapédia River valley, the south shore of Chaleur Bay | 6,140,409 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
and the forests of eastern New Brunswick, the Tantramar Marshes, the Cobequid Mountains and Wentworth Valley, the edge of Cobequid Bay and mixed farmland through central Nova Scotia to Halifax.
# Consist.
Three Renaissance train-sets supported the "Ocean" route, but the reduction to 3 departures in each direction per week in late 2012 reduced the need to only 2 sets of equipment. These sets range from as few as 14 cars in the off season to as many as 21 cars during the peak summer period, and each includes a baggage car, several coach cars, a dining car bracketed by two service cars, multiple sleeping cars, a transition car (see discussion above) and a "Park" Sleeper Buffet-Lounge Dome Observation | 6,140,410 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
Car. The "Ocean" is almost invariably hauled by a pair of London, Ontario-built GM F40PH locomotives, all of which CAD Railway Industries of Montreal has upgraded to the F40PH-3 model. A third locomotive is sometimes added in the fall and winter to help deal with difficult track conditions.
For several years prior to 2012, Via Rail removed one set of Renaissance equipment from service during the winter for upgrade work and replaced it with Budd-built stainless steel "HEP1" equipment (including a baggage car, coaches, a "Skyline" dome car, a dining car, "Chateau" sleepers, and a "Park" car). This practice ended after the service reduction, as only 2 sets of equipment were required. However, | 6,140,411 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
in 2014 and again in 2015, Via added trains during the Christmas holiday period, which they ran using a set of "HEP1" equipment much like in past years. These runs have been popular with railfans and the travelling public, as they provide more types of sleeping accommodations, a dome accessible to coach passengers, and a full dining car with meals cooked on board (a contrast to the catered meals in the normal Renaissance dining cars).
Prior to August 2013, the "Ocean" ran from Montreal to Matapédia, Quebec, joined to Train 16/17, the "Montréal–Gaspé train" (formerly called the "Chaleur") 3 times per week. In Matapédia, the trains were separated with Train 16 continuing to the Gaspé peninsula | 6,140,412 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
and Train 14 (the "Ocean") continuing to Halifax (and vice versa with Trains 15/17). Train 16/17 had its own locomotive which ran from Montreal, resulting in the combined trains (14 + 16 and 15 + 17) running with three locomotives between Montreal and Matapédia. The Montréal–Gaspé train used Budd-built stainless steel passenger cars, including a "Skyline" dome car. It was not possible to pass between the two trains when connected. Trains 16/17 were suspended due to infrastructure problems on the line to Gaspé, and service will not resume until the line is upgraded.
# References.
Douglas N.W. Smith, "The "Ocean Limited": A Centennial Tribute" (2004)
# External links.
- Via Rail's site for | 6,140,413 |
1642770 | Ocean (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean%20(train) | Ocean (train)
(the "Ocean") continuing to Halifax (and vice versa with Trains 15/17). Train 16/17 had its own locomotive which ran from Montreal, resulting in the combined trains (14 + 16 and 15 + 17) running with three locomotives between Montreal and Matapédia. The Montréal–Gaspé train used Budd-built stainless steel passenger cars, including a "Skyline" dome car. It was not possible to pass between the two trains when connected. Trains 16/17 were suspended due to infrastructure problems on the line to Gaspé, and service will not resume until the line is upgraded.
# References.
Douglas N.W. Smith, "The "Ocean Limited": A Centennial Tribute" (2004)
# External links.
- Via Rail's site for the "Ocean" | 6,140,414 |
1642803 | George Gray (senator) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Gray%20(senator) | George Gray (senator)
George Gray (senator)
George Gray (May 4, 1840 – August 7, 1925) was a United States Senator from Delaware and a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and the United States Circuit Courts for the Third Circuit.
# Education and career.
Born on May 4, 1840, in New Castle, New Castle County, Delaware, Gray attended the common schools, received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1859 from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), an Artium Magister degree in 1863 from the same institution, attended Harvard Law School, then read law with his father and was admitted to the bar in 1863. He entered private practice in New Castle from 1863 | 6,140,415 |
1642803 | George Gray (senator) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Gray%20(senator) | George Gray (senator)
to 1879. He was the Attorney General of Delaware from 1879 to 1885.
# Congressional service.
Gray was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of United States Senator Thomas F. Bayard. He was reelected in 1887 and 1893 and served from March 18, 1885, to March 3, 1899. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1899. He was Chairman of the Committee on Patents for the 53rd United States Congress, Chairman of the Committee on Privileges and Elections for the 53rd United States Congress and Chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims for the 55th United States Congress.
# Federal judicial service.
Gray received a recess appointment | 6,140,416 |
1642803 | George Gray (senator) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Gray%20(senator) | George Gray (senator)
from President William McKinley on March 29, 1899, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and the United States Circuit Courts for the Third Circuit, to a new joint seat authorized by 30 Stat. 846. He was nominated to the same position by President McKinley on December 11, 1899. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 18, 1899, and received his commission the same day. On December 31, 1911, the Circuit Courts were abolished and he thereafter served only on the Court of Appeals. His service terminated on June 1, 1914, due to his retirement.
# Presidential consideration.
Gray was proposed as a nominee for the Presidency at the 1904 and 1908 Democratic Conventions. | 6,140,417 |
1642803 | George Gray (senator) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Gray%20(senator) | George Gray (senator)
In 1904, he received only 12 votes, and in 1908 he received 50.5 votes, finishing second behind William Jennings Bryan.
# Other service.
Gray was a member of the Joint High Commission which met in Quebec, Canada in August 1898 to settle differences between the United States and Canada. He was a member of the commission to arrange terms of peace between the United States and Spain in 1898. He was Chairman of the commission to investigate conditions of the coal strike in Pennsylvania in 1902. He was appointed by President McKinley to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, Netherlands in 1900. He was reappointed in 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt, in 1912 by President William Howard | 6,140,418 |
1642803 | George Gray (senator) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Gray%20(senator) | George Gray (senator)
Taft and in 1920 by President Woodrow Wilson. He was a member of several commissions established to arbitrate various international disputes. He was a member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution from 1890 to 1925. He was Vice President and trustee of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
# Death.
Gray died on August 7, 1925, in Wilmington, Delaware. He was interred in Presbyterian Cemetery in New Castle.
# Sources.
- Delaware's Members of Congress
- Find a Grave
- The Political Graveyard
# External links.
- Delaware Historical Society; website; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655-7161
- University of Delaware; Library website; 181 | 6,140,419 |
1642803 | George Gray (senator) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Gray%20(senator) | George Gray (senator)
f several commissions established to arbitrate various international disputes. He was a member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution from 1890 to 1925. He was Vice President and trustee of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
# Death.
Gray died on August 7, 1925, in Wilmington, Delaware. He was interred in Presbyterian Cemetery in New Castle.
# Sources.
- Delaware's Members of Congress
- Find a Grave
- The Political Graveyard
# External links.
- Delaware Historical Society; website; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655-7161
- University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831-2965 | 6,140,420 |
1642787 | David Kossoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Kossoff | David Kossoff
David Kossoff
David Kossoff (24 November 1919 – 23 March 2005) was a British actor. In 1954 he won a BAFTA for his appearance in "The Young Lovers". He played Alf Larkin in "The Larkins" and Professor Kokintz in "The Mouse that Roared" (1959) and its sequel "The Mouse on the Moon" (1963).
Because of the drug use of his son Paul, a rock musician, who subsequently died, he became an anti-drug campaigner. In 1971 he was also actively involved in the Nationwide Festival of Light, an organisation protesting against the commercial exploitation of sex and violence, and advocating the teachings of Christ as the key to re-establishing moral stability in Britain.
# Life and career.
Kossoff was born | 6,140,421 |
1642787 | David Kossoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Kossoff | David Kossoff
in Hackney, London, the youngest of three children, to poor Russian-Jewish parents. His father, Louis Kossoff (1883–1943), was a tailor, while another son, the eldest named Alec, changed his surname to Keith (aka Alan Keith); the middle sister was named Sarah Rebecca (Sadie). In its obituary of David Kossoff, "The Scotsman" wrote how he was "a man of deep convictions and proud of his Jewish origins". He attended the Northern Polytechnic, leaving in 1937 to work as a draughtsman and then a furniture designer for a year before becoming an actor.
Kossoff started working in light entertainment on British television in the years following World War II, during which he briefly served in the military. | 6,140,422 |
1642787 | David Kossoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Kossoff | David Kossoff
His first stage appearance was at the Unity Theatre in 1942 at the age of 23. He took part in numerous plays and films. He was a Member of the Society of Artists and Designers. In addition to this, he was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.
His best-known television roles were the hen-pecked husband Alf Larkin in "The Larkins", first broadcast in 1958, and a Jewish furniture maker in "A Little Big Business". Film credits included "The Young Lovers" (1954 - for which he won a British Academy Film Award as "Most Promising Newcomer to Film"), "A Kid for Two Farthings" (1955), his role as Morry in the Oscar-winning "The Bespoke Overcoat" (1956), Professor Kokintz in "The Mouse that Roared" (1959), | 6,140,423 |
1642787 | David Kossoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Kossoff | David Kossoff
starring Peter Sellers, and its sequel "The Mouse on the Moon" (1963) with Bernard Cribbins. He played Sigmund Freud's father in "" (1962) with Montgomery Clift in the lead.
He was also well known for his story-telling skills, particularly with regard to reinterpreting the Bible. His best-known book, also a television series, is "The Book of Witnesses" (1971), in which he turned the Gospels into a series of monologues. He also retold dozens of Old Testament and Apocrypha stories in "Bible Stories" (1968).
In 1953, he played the character Lemuel "Lemmy" Barnet in the British sci-fi radio series "Journey into Space".
He died in 2005 of liver cancer at age 85. He was cremated and interred at | 6,140,424 |
1642787 | David Kossoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Kossoff | David Kossoff
the Golders Green Crematorium.
He married Margaret (Jennie) Jenkins and had two sons, Paul and Simon. Following the death in 1976 of his son Paul, guitarist with the band Free, Kossoff established the Paul Kossoff Foundation which aimed to present the realities of drug addiction to children. Kossoff spent the remainder of his life campaigning against drugs. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, he toured with a one-man stage performance about the death of his son and its effect on the family.
# Filmography.
- "Rookery Nook" ('live' TV, 1953, TV Movie) - Harold Twine
- "The Good Beginning" (1953) - Dealer
- "The Young Lovers" (1954) - Geza Szobek
- "The Angel Who Pawned Her Harp" (1954) - | 6,140,425 |
1642787 | David Kossoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Kossoff | David Kossoff
Schwartz
- "Svengali" (1954) - Gecko
- "A Kid for Two Farthings" (1955) - Avrom Kandinsky
- "I Am a Camera" (1955) - Minor Role
- "The Woman for Joe" (1955) - Max
- "The Bespoke Overcoat" (1955, Short) - Morry
- "Now and Forever" (1956) - Pawnbroker
- "1984" (1956) - Charrington
- "Who Done It?" (1956) - Zacco
- "Wicked as They Come" (1956) - Sam Lewis
- "The Iron Petticoat" (1956) - Dr. Anton Antonovich Dubratz
- "House of Secrets" (1956) - Henryk van de Heide, CIA
- "Count Five and Die" (1957) - Dr. Mulder
- "Innocent Sinners" (1958) - Vincent
- "Indiscreet" (1958) - Carl Banks
- "The Journey" (1959) - Simon Avron
- "The Mouse That Roared" (1959) - Doctor Alfred Kokintz
- | 6,140,426 |
1642787 | David Kossoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Kossoff | David Kossoff
" (1959) - Simon Avron
- "The Mouse That Roared" (1959) - Doctor Alfred Kokintz
- "Jet Storm" (1959) - Dr. Bergstein
- "The House of the Seven Hawks" (1959) - Wilhelm Dekker
- "Conspiracy of Hearts" (1960) - The Rabbi
- "Inn for Trouble" (1960) - Alf Larkins
- "The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll" (1960) - Dr. Ernst Litauer
- "" (1962) - Jacob Freud
- "Summer Holiday" (1963) - Magistrate
- "The Mouse on the Moon" (1963) - Professor Kokintz
- "Ring of Spies" (1964) - Peter Kroger
- "One Million Years B.C." (1966) - Narrator (uncredited)
- "Three for All" (1975) - Airport Passenger
- "The London Connection" (1979) - Professor Buchinski
- "Staggered" (1994) - Elderly Man (final film role) | 6,140,427 |
1642767 | Thionyl chloride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl%20chloride | Thionyl chloride
Thionyl chloride
Thionyl chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula SOCl. It is a moderately volatile colourless liquid with an unpleasant acrid odour. Thionyl chloride is primarily used as a chlorinating reagent, with approximately per year being produced during the early 1990s. It is toxic, reacts with water, and is also listed under the Chemical Weapons Convention as it may be used for the production of chemical weapons.
Thionyl chloride is sometimes confused with sulfuryl chloride, SOCl, but the properties of these compounds differ significantly. Sulfuryl chloride is a source of chlorine whereas thionyl chloride is a source of chloride ions.
# Production.
The major industrial | 6,140,428 |
1642767 | Thionyl chloride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl%20chloride | Thionyl chloride
synthesis involves the reaction of sulfur trioxide and sulfur dichloride:
Other methods include syntheses from phosphorus pentachloride, chlorine and sulfur dichloride, or phosgene:
The first of the above four reactions also affords phosphorus oxychloride (phosphoryl chloride), which resembles thionyl chloride in many of its reactions.
# Properties and structure.
SOCl adopts a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry with C molecular symmetry. This geometry is attributed to the effects of the lone pair on the central sulfur(IV) center.
In the solid state SOCl forms monoclinic crystals with the space group P2/c.
## Stability.
Thionyl chloride has a long shelf life, however "aged" samples | 6,140,429 |
1642767 | Thionyl chloride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl%20chloride | Thionyl chloride
develop a yellow hue, possibly due to the formation of disulfur dichloride. It slowly decomposes to SCl, SO and Cl at just above the boiling point. Thionyl chloride is susceptible to photolysis, which primarily proceeds via a radical mechanism. Samples showing signs of ageing can be purified by distillation under reduced pressure, to give a colourless liquid.
# Reactions.
Thionyl chloride is mainly used in the industrial production of organochlorine compounds, which are often intermediates in pharmaceuticals and agrichemicals. It usually is preferred over other reagents, such as phosphorus pentachloride, as its by-products (HCl and SO) are gaseous, which simplifies purification of the product.
Many | 6,140,430 |
1642767 | Thionyl chloride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl%20chloride | Thionyl chloride
of the products of thionyl chloride are themselves highly reactive and as such it is involved in a wide range of reactions.
## With oxygen species.
Thionyl chloride reacts exothermically with water to form sulfur dioxide and hydrochloric acid:
By a similar process it also reacts with alcohols to form alkyl chlorides. If the alcohol is chiral the reaction generally proceeds via an Si mechanism with retention of stereochemistry; however, depending on the exact conditions employed, stereo-inversion can also be achieved. Historically the use of SOCl in combination with a tertiary amine such as pyridine was called the Darzens halogenation, but this name is rarely used by modern chemists.
Reactions | 6,140,431 |
1642767 | Thionyl chloride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl%20chloride | Thionyl chloride
with an excess of alcohol produce sulfite esters, which can be powerful methylation, alkylation and hydroxyalkylation reagents.
For example, the addition of SOCl to amino acids in methanol selectively yields the corresponding methyl esters.
Classically, it converts carboxylic acids to acyl chlorides:
## With nitrogen species.
With primary amines, thionyl chloride gives sulfinylamine derivatives (RNSO), one example being "N"-sulfinylaniline. Thionyl chloride reacts with primary formamides to form isocyanides and with secondary formamides to give chloroiminium ions; as such a reaction with dimethylformamide will form the Vilsmeier reagent.
By an analogous process primary amides will react | 6,140,432 |
1642767 | Thionyl chloride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl%20chloride | Thionyl chloride
with thionyl chloride to form imidoyl chlorides, with secondary amides also giving chloroiminium ions. These species are highly reactive and can be used to catalyse the conversion of carboxylic acids to acyl chlorides, they are also exploited in the Bischler–Napieralski reaction as a means of forming isoquinolines.
Primary amides will continue on to form nitriles if heated (Von Braun amide degradation).
Thionyl chloride has also been used to promote the Beckmann rearrangement of oximes.
## With sulfur species.
- Thionyl chloride will transform sulfinic acids into sulfinyl chlorides
- Sulfonic acids react with thionyl chloride to produce sulfonyl chlorides. Sulfonyl chlorides have also been | 6,140,433 |
1642767 | Thionyl chloride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl%20chloride | Thionyl chloride
prepared from the direct reaction of the corresponding diazonium salt with thionyl chloride.
- Thionyl chloride can be used in variations of the Pummerer rearrangement.
## With phosphorus species.
Thionyl chloride converts phosphonic acids and phosphonates into phosphoryl chlorides. It is for this type of reaction that thionyl chloride is listed as a Schedule 3 compound, as it can be used in the "di-di" method of producing G-series nerve agents. For example, thionyl chloride converts dimethyl methylphosphonate into methylphosphonic acid dichloride, which can be used in the production of sarin and soman.
## With metals.
As SOCl reacts with water it can be used to dehydrate various metal | 6,140,434 |
1642767 | Thionyl chloride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl%20chloride | Thionyl chloride
chloride hydrates, such MgCl·6HO, AlCl·6HO, and FeCl·6HO. This conversion involves treatment with refluxing thionyl chloride and follows the following general equation:
## Other reactions.
- Thionyl chloride can engage in a range of different electrophilic addition reactions. It adds to alkenes in the presence of AlCl to form an aluminium complex which can be hydrolysed to form a sulfinic acid. Both aryl sulfinyl chlorides and diaryl sulfoxides can be prepared from arenes through reaction with thionyl chloride in triflic acid or the presence of catalysts such as BiCl, Bi(OTf), LiClO or NaClO.
- In the laboratory, a reaction between thionyl chloride and an excess of anhydrous alcohol can be | 6,140,435 |
1642767 | Thionyl chloride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl%20chloride | Thionyl chloride
used to produce anhydrous alcoholic solutions of HCl.
- Thionyl chloride undergoes halogen exchange reactions to give compounds such as thionyl bromide and thionyl fluoride
- 3 SOCl + 2 SbF → 3 SOF + 2 SbCl
- SOCl + 2 HBr → SOBr + 2 HCl
# Batteries.
Thionyl chloride is a component of lithium–thionyl chloride batteries, where it acts as the positive electrode (cathode) with lithium forming the negative electrode (anode); the electrolyte is typically lithium tetrachloroaluminate. The overall discharge reaction is as follows:
These non-rechargeable batteries have many advantages over other forms of lithium battery such as a high energy density, a wide operational temperature range and long | 6,140,436 |
1642767 | Thionyl chloride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl%20chloride | Thionyl chloride
storage and operational lifespans. However, their high cost and safety concerns have limited their use. The contents of the batteries are highly toxic and require special disposal procedures; additionally, they may explode if shorted.
# Safety.
SOCl is a reactive compound that can violently release dangerous gases upon contact with water and other reagents. It is also controlled under the Chemical Weapons Convention and listed as a Schedule 3 substance since it is used in the "di-di" method of producing G-series nerve agents.
# History.
In 1849, the French chemists Jean-François Persoz and Bloch, and the German chemist Peter Kremers (1827-?), independently first synthesized thionyl chloride | 6,140,437 |
1642767 | Thionyl chloride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl%20chloride | Thionyl chloride
by reacting phosphorus pentachloride with sulfur dioxide. However, their products were impure: both Persoz and Kremers claimed that thionyl chloride contained phosphorus, and Kremers recorded its boiling point as 100°C (instead of 74.6°C). In 1857, the German-Italian chemist Hugo Schiff subjected crude thionyl chloride to repeated fractional distillations and obtained a liquid which boiled at 82°C and which he called "Thionylchlorid". In 1859, the German chemist Georg Ludwig Carius noted that thionyl chloride could be used to make acid anhydrides and acyl chlorides from carboxylic acids and to make alkyl chlorides from alcohols.
# See also.
- Oxalyl chloride
- Phosphorus pentachloride
- | 6,140,438 |
1642767 | Thionyl chloride | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl%20chloride | Thionyl chloride
dioxide. However, their products were impure: both Persoz and Kremers claimed that thionyl chloride contained phosphorus, and Kremers recorded its boiling point as 100°C (instead of 74.6°C). In 1857, the German-Italian chemist Hugo Schiff subjected crude thionyl chloride to repeated fractional distillations and obtained a liquid which boiled at 82°C and which he called "Thionylchlorid". In 1859, the German chemist Georg Ludwig Carius noted that thionyl chloride could be used to make acid anhydrides and acyl chlorides from carboxylic acids and to make alkyl chlorides from alcohols.
# See also.
- Oxalyl chloride
- Phosphorus pentachloride
- Phosgene
- Sulfur dichloride
- Thionyl bromide | 6,140,439 |
1642836 | Celebration of the Lizard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebration%20of%20the%20Lizard | Celebration of the Lizard
Celebration of the Lizard
"Celebration of the Lizard" is a performance piece by American rock band The Doors, featuring lyrics written by lead singer Jim Morrison and music by the Doors. Composed as a series of poems, the piece includes both spoken verse and sung lyrics, musical sections and passages of allegorical storytelling.
"Celebration of the Lizard" was performed in its entirety at several Doors concerts, with a complete live performance of the piece appearing on the band's 1970 live album "Absolutely Live" (and, subsequently, on the 1991 live compilation album "In Concert"). A complete studio-recorded version later appeared on the compilation album "" in 2003.
# Sections.
- "Lions | 6,140,440 |
1642836 | Celebration of the Lizard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebration%20of%20the%20Lizard | Celebration of the Lizard
in the Street"
- "Wake Up!"
- "A Little Game"
- "The Hill Dwellers"
- "Not to Touch the Earth"
- "Names of the Kingdom"
- "The Palace of Exile"
# Description.
The entire piece was originally intended to be recorded and released as one full side of the band's third studio album, "Waiting for the Sun", in 1968. However, record producer Paul A. Rothchild and the other members of the band thought that the extended poetic sections and overall length of the piece made a complete recording impossible. The band did attempt to record the full piece several times but abandoned the idea, as they were dissatisfied with the results. One musical passage, "Not to Touch the Earth," was recorded separately | 6,140,441 |
1642836 | Celebration of the Lizard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebration%20of%20the%20Lizard | Celebration of the Lizard
ed as one full side of the band's third studio album, "Waiting for the Sun", in 1968. However, record producer Paul A. Rothchild and the other members of the band thought that the extended poetic sections and overall length of the piece made a complete recording impossible. The band did attempt to record the full piece several times but abandoned the idea, as they were dissatisfied with the results. One musical passage, "Not to Touch the Earth," was recorded separately and released on the "Waiting for the Sun" album, while the lyrics for the rest of the piece were published inside the gatefold jacket of the original vinyl LP, with the footnote, "Lyrics to a theatre composition by The Doors." | 6,140,442 |
1642839 | Kilmore West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilmore%20West | Kilmore West
Kilmore West
Kilmore West () is a locality within Coolock, situated on Dublin's Northside, Ireland. Located in the Dublin 5 district, it borders Santry, Beaumont, Artane, and other areas within Coolock. It is part of the larger Kilmore area.
Kilmore West has national schools for both boys and girls, "Scoil Fhursa" and "Scoil Ide", respectively. It also has its own parish and Roman Catholic church, St. Luke the Evangelist, with the parish priest being, as of 2016, Fr. Pat Littleton. The full Roman Catholic parish name is Kilmore Road West, the original townland of Kilmore Big being entirely to the west of the Kilmore Road, in Artane.
Notable local activities include pigeon fancying and boxing, | 6,140,443 |
1642839 | Kilmore West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilmore%20West | Kilmore West
est has national schools for both boys and girls, "Scoil Fhursa" and "Scoil Ide", respectively. It also has its own parish and Roman Catholic church, St. Luke the Evangelist, with the parish priest being, as of 2016, Fr. Pat Littleton. The full Roman Catholic parish name is Kilmore Road West, the original townland of Kilmore Big being entirely to the west of the Kilmore Road, in Artane.
Notable local activities include pigeon fancying and boxing, both based in the local community centre. Soccer also commands the allegiance of a large section of the community as does Gaelic football. Sea angling, while not possible in this inland suburb, is also a popular local pastime.
# See also.
Kilmore | 6,140,444 |
1642820 | Buckskin Gulch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckskin%20Gulch | Buckskin Gulch
Buckskin Gulch
The Buckskin Gulch, a canyon in southern Utah, is one of the main tributaries of the Paria River, which is itself a minor tributary of the Colorado River. It is the longest and deepest slot canyon in the southwest United States and may be the longest in the world. As such it is one of the premier destinations for slot canyon hikers, and receives a high amount of foot traffic.
At over in length it is often visited in conjunction with the longer Paria Canyon, although some prefer to make a long day trip out of the hike. With a distance of , hiking this canyon in one day is possible. Wire Pass, a short tributary to the Buckskin, is an ideal alternative for a short day hike that | 6,140,445 |
1642820 | Buckskin Gulch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckskin%20Gulch | Buckskin Gulch
still takes hikers through the narrow, curving features that are the hallmark of slot canyons.
# Access.
Buckskin Gulch is reached via US Highway 89 or U.S. Highway 89A, and is approximately halfway between the towns of Kanab, Utah and Page, Arizona. There is a ranger station right near the bridge over the intermittently flowing Paria River, and the dirt road to the Gulch is approximately west of the station. You then go down the dirt road to the jump-off point. The Wire Pass entrance shares the same trailhead, Wire Pass Trailhead, with the equally spectacular Coyote Buttes, home to The Wave, a famous sandstone rock formation.
# Regulations.
Permits are required by law for both day hiking | 6,140,446 |
1642820 | Buckskin Gulch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckskin%20Gulch | Buckskin Gulch
and overnight backpacking in the Buckskin Gulch-Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Area. Permits can be obtained from the Bureau of Land Management office online. Only twenty overnight permits per day are allowed and group sizes are limited to ten persons. The overnight fee is $5.00 per person per day while day use permits are $6.00 per person per day. There is also a $6 fee per dog, per day. Due to the popularity of the canyon, permits typically sell out several months in advance. Campfires are prohibited and human waste cannot be buried and must be packed out in order to preserve the pristine condition of the area. Buckskin Gulch lies within the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument | 6,140,447 |
1642820 | Buckskin Gulch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckskin%20Gulch | Buckskin Gulch
and Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Area of the Bureau of Land Management.
# Hazards.
Wire Pass and Buckskin Gulch generally do not require rappelling equipment, but there may be a few pour-offs or the necessity to wade in ankle- to chest-high water and/or mud. Hiking Buckskin Gulch is extremely challenging. Be prepared with extra clothes to wear for warmth after wading through cold, stagnant pools of water, rather than depending on campfires, which are prohibited in this confined environment. Additionally, the lack of sunlight in the canyon can make it much colder than the surrounding exposed desert. At one point along the route, there is a drop-off that usually has rope, but it | 6,140,448 |
1642820 | Buckskin Gulch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckskin%20Gulch | Buckskin Gulch
is a good idea to bring at least of rope to navigate some of the pour-offs. Small areas of quicksand can also be found along the route.
Slot canyons are particularly dangerous due to the risk of flash floods. Storms more than away can send walls of water down the narrow canyons, and hikers have been killed in such events. Hikers should check conditions carefully and not rely on seeing the sky to judge the weather. If there is even a slight chance of rain, do not enter slot canyons.
# See also.
- List of rivers of Utah
# External links.
- Buckskin Gulch trail guide and routes
- Paria Canyon-Vermillion Cliffs Wilderness
- Buckskin Gulch at climb-Utah.com, a detailed description of the hike | 6,140,449 |
1642820 | Buckskin Gulch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckskin%20Gulch | Buckskin Gulch
canyons are particularly dangerous due to the risk of flash floods. Storms more than away can send walls of water down the narrow canyons, and hikers have been killed in such events. Hikers should check conditions carefully and not rely on seeing the sky to judge the weather. If there is even a slight chance of rain, do not enter slot canyons.
# See also.
- List of rivers of Utah
# External links.
- Buckskin Gulch trail guide and routes
- Paria Canyon-Vermillion Cliffs Wilderness
- Buckskin Gulch at climb-Utah.com, a detailed description of the hike from Wire Pass, with GPS waypoints
- Buckskin Gulch GPS map Buckskin Gulch at Wikiloc.com. See the trail on Google Maps and Google Earth. | 6,140,450 |
1642829 | Bill Baxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Baxley | Bill Baxley
Bill Baxley
William Joseph Baxley II (born June 27, 1941), is an American Democratic politician and attorney from Dothan, Alabama.
In 1964, Baxley graduated from the University of Alabama School of Law in Tuscaloosa. Having previously served as district attorney in Houston County, he was elected to the first of two consecutive terms as Attorney General of Alabama in 1970, and 1974 respectively, holding the post from 1971 to 1979. At the age of twenty-eight, he won the Democratic nomination for attorney general in 1970, in an upset over incumbent McDonald Gallion. Baxley, incorrectly, was perceived as the candidate closer politically to George Wallace, an impression he did not dispute throughout | 6,140,451 |
1642829 | Bill Baxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Baxley | Bill Baxley
the election contest. At the time of his swearing-in, he was the youngest person in U.S. history to hold a state attorney generalship. At the end of his attorney generalship, he lost the 1978 Democratic primary for governor in an upset contest. Although widely expected to seek the post again in 1982, after former governor George C. Wallace entered the contest, Baxley said he would not run against him and sought the office of lieutenant governor, to which he was elected. From 1983 to 1987, he served a single term as the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Alabama. He ran unsuccessfully in the primary for governor in 1986. During his time as state attorney general, Baxley aggressively prosecuted industrial | 6,140,452 |
1642829 | Bill Baxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Baxley | Bill Baxley
polluters, strip miners, and corrupt elected officials. He appointed the state's first African-American assistant attorney general, Myron Thompson, who later became a U.S. District Judge.
Baxley reopened the cold case of the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. In a letter, the Ku Klux Klan threatened him, comparing him to John F. Kennedy, and called him an "honorary nigger." Baxley responded, on official state letterhead: "My response to your letter of February 19, 1976, is—kiss my ass."
# Church bombing case.
As Alabama Attorney General, Baxley became known in 1977 for his case against a splinter group of the Ku Klux Klan in his prosecution of Robert Chambliss for the cold case of the | 6,140,453 |
1642829 | Bill Baxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Baxley | Bill Baxley
16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham in September 1963.
Baxley succeeded in gaining a guilty verdict by the jury in Chambliss's trial. The families of the four girls who were killed felt that some justice had been achieved. In the early 21st century, when two more suspected conspirators were tried, Baxley was dismayed to learn that the FBI had secretly obtained audio tapes in which defendants had implicated themselves, which had never been offered to him for his own prosecution.
# Runs for governor.
In 1978, Baxley, then the sitting attorney general, ran to succeed the term-limited George Wallace as governor of Alabama. Baxley lost the Democratic primary to political newcomer | 6,140,454 |
1642829 | Bill Baxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Baxley | Bill Baxley
Fob James, who defeated Republican nominee Guy Hunt of Cullman. Baxley's campaign had highlighted the fact that James had been a Republican and returned to the Democratic Party to pursue his candidacy. Baxley was endorsed by University of Alabama football coach Bear Bryant.
In 1986, the Democratic primary for the gubernatorial race resulted in then Attorney General Charles Graddick of Mobile in a runoff with Baxley, then the lieutenant governor. After Graddick won the run-off election by a few thousand votes, but Baxley appealed to the Alabama Supreme Court. It ruled that Graddick had violated primary regulations by encouraging Republicans to "cross over" and vote as Democrats. The court told | 6,140,455 |
1642829 | Bill Baxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Baxley | Bill Baxley
the Democratic Party to hold another election, or to affirm Baxley as the nominee. The party confirmed Baxley as its candidate.
In a sign of changing affiliations among white conservatives, many white voters in Alabama voted for Guy Hunt, the GOP nominee. Hunt won the election by a large margin, resulting in Alabama having its first Republican governor since Reconstruction. The demographics of the party loyalists had switched over the decades, with conservative whites moving to the Republican Party and African Americans supporting Democratic Party candidates following passage of civil rights legislation in the 1960s that enforced their constitutional rights.
# Personal life.
In 1962, Baxley | 6,140,456 |
1642829 | Bill Baxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Baxley | Bill Baxley
joined in the Alabama Army National Guard, where he began his career as an enlisted clerk. He retired as a colonel on May 29, 2001 (he had turned down the position of General), JAG Corps.
In 1974, Baxley married Lucy Mae Bruner (1937-2016). She also was politically active, and was elected as Alabama lieutenant governor in 2002, serving from 2003 to 2007. They had divorced in 1987. Baxley was a strong supporter of his ex-wife's campaign.
In 1990, Baxley married Marie (Prat) Baxley, a reporter who had covered his campaign.
In 1979, Baxley founded the firm known today as Baxley, Dillard, McKnight & James in Birmingham. He has a practice there as an attorney. He primarily represents large business | 6,140,457 |
1642829 | Bill Baxley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill%20Baxley | Bill Baxley
nd was elected as Alabama lieutenant governor in 2002, serving from 2003 to 2007. They had divorced in 1987. Baxley was a strong supporter of his ex-wife's campaign.
In 1990, Baxley married Marie (Prat) Baxley, a reporter who had covered his campaign.
In 1979, Baxley founded the firm known today as Baxley, Dillard, McKnight & James in Birmingham. He has a practice there as an attorney. He primarily represents large business corporations, yet also continues to represent individuals of modest means. Those efforts have earned him the distinction of being selected as a fellow in the International Academy of Trial Lawyers.
# External links.
- http://www.archives.state.al.us/conoff/baxley.html | 6,140,458 |
1642849 | Florida Board of Control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida%20Board%20of%20Control | Florida Board of Control
Florida Board of Control
The Florida Board of Control (1905-1965) was the statewide governing body for the State University System of Florida, which included all public universities in the state of Florida. It was replaced by the Florida Board of Regents in 1965.
# History.
The Florida Board of Control was created by the 1905 legislation known as the Buckman Act. The act reorganized Florida's public higher education system into three institutions, segregated by race and gender, as follows:
- State Normal College for Colored Students (now known as Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University) for African Americans
- Florida State College for Women (now known as Florida State University) | 6,140,459 |
1642849 | Florida Board of Control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida%20Board%20of%20Control | Florida Board of Control
for Caucasian women
- University of the State of Florida (now known as the University of Florida) for Caucasian men
The gender separation aspect of the Buckman Act was overturned by the Florida Legislature in 1947 when Florida State University was returned to coeducational status and the University of Florida was made coeducational. The Legislature also determined it necessary to make room for the World War II veterans who wished to use the GI Bill of Rights to pursue their educational endeavors. While the racial segregation aspect of the Buckman Act was overturned by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Florida State University and the University of Florida began accepting African American undergraduates | 6,140,460 |
1642849 | Florida Board of Control | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida%20Board%20of%20Control | Florida Board of Control
to pursue their educational endeavors. While the racial segregation aspect of the Buckman Act was overturned by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Florida State University and the University of Florida began accepting African American undergraduates in 1961-1962. The State Normal College for Colored Students changed their name to Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes in 1909, and in 1953 the name was again changed to Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University.
# Institutions founded.
- University of South Florida (1956)
- Florida Atlantic University (1961)
- Florida Technological University (1963)
- University of West Florida (1963)
# See also.
- Henry Holland Buckman | 6,140,461 |
1642847 | Earlsfield railway station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earlsfield%20railway%20station | Earlsfield railway station
Earlsfield railway station
Earlsfield railway station is on the South Western main line serving Earlsfield in the London Borough of Wandsworth, south London. The station is in Travelcard Zone 3, from and situated between and . It is operated by South Western Railway, as are all the trains serving it.
The name 'Earlsfield' originates from the name of the large Victorian residence formerly on the present site of the station. When the site was sold by the Davis family to the railway company one of the conditions of sale was that the station would be called 'Earlsfield'.
# History.
Opened by the London and South Western Railway it became part of the Southern Railway during the grouping of 1923. | 6,140,462 |
1642847 | Earlsfield railway station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earlsfield%20railway%20station | Earlsfield railway station
The station then passed to the Southern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948.
When sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s, the station was served by
Network SouthEast until the privatisation of British Railways.
In June 2011 Network Rail released details of a major revamp for the station, including the provision of step-free access. The main entrance was reconstructed and lifts were installed for each platform as part of a £5.6 million scheme to improve the facilities and accessibility of the station. The refurbishment was largely complete by the end of 2012.
# Services.
The typical off-peak service from the station is:
- 16 tph (trains per hour) to London Waterloo | 6,140,463 |
1642847 | Earlsfield railway station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earlsfield%20railway%20station | Earlsfield railway station
via Clapham Junction
- 4 tph to Guildford, 2 via Surbiton and Cobham and 2 via Epsom and Leatherhead
- 2 tph to Chessington South
- 2 tph to via
- 2 tph to Hampton Court
- 2 tph to Shepperton
- 2 tph to
- 2 tph to London Waterloo via Kingston and Richmond
Trains to Clapham Junction/London Waterloo depart from platform 2; trains going away from London depart from platform 3. Platform 1 is adjacent to the fast down line out of London, but none of the fast services operated by South Western Railway call at Earlsfield, so this platform is only used occasionally when the line served by platform 3 is unavailable. As a result, access to this platform is through sliding gates through safety | 6,140,464 |
1642847 | Earlsfield railway station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earlsfield%20railway%20station | Earlsfield railway station
Chessington South
- 2 tph to via
- 2 tph to Hampton Court
- 2 tph to Shepperton
- 2 tph to
- 2 tph to London Waterloo via Kingston and Richmond
Trains to Clapham Junction/London Waterloo depart from platform 2; trains going away from London depart from platform 3. Platform 1 is adjacent to the fast down line out of London, but none of the fast services operated by South Western Railway call at Earlsfield, so this platform is only used occasionally when the line served by platform 3 is unavailable. As a result, access to this platform is through sliding gates through safety fencing installed in 2014.
# Connections.
London Buses Routes 44, 77, 270 and Night Route N44 serve the station | 6,140,465 |
1642869 | Council of State (Portugal) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council%20of%20State%20(Portugal) | Council of State (Portugal)
Council of State (Portugal)
The Council of State (, ) is a body established by the Portuguese Constitution to advise the President of the Republic in the exercise of many of his or her discretionary powers.
# History.
Although there are notices about the existence of a Council of State in Portugal before 1385, the first permanent regiment for its functioning was established by King Sebastian through his charter of 8 September 1569.
The Council of State continued to exist after the establishment of the Constitutional Monarchy in 1821. It was foreseen in the Portuguese Constitutions of 1822, 1826 and 1838.
After the 5 October 1910 revolution that established the Republic in Portugal, the Council | 6,140,466 |
1642869 | Council of State (Portugal) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council%20of%20State%20(Portugal) | Council of State (Portugal)
of State was abolished, not being foreseen in the Constitution of 1911.
The Council of State was reestablished by the Constitution of 1933. It was again not foreseen by the Constitution of 1976. However, it was reestablished in 1984, following the revision of the Constitution of 1982.
# Role.
Besides summoning and advising the President whenever asked to do so by him/her, according to the Constitution the Council must be summoned by the President before:
- dissolving the Assembly of the Republic and the Legislative Assemblies of the autonomous regions;
- declaring war and making peace, and
- removing the Government.
It must also be summoned by the acting President before:
- setting the | 6,140,467 |
1642869 | Council of State (Portugal) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council%20of%20State%20(Portugal) | Council of State (Portugal)
date for any election;
- calling an extraordinary sitting of the Parliament;
- appointing the Prime Minister;
- appointing and discharging, upon a proposal from the Govt., the President of the Court of Auditors, the Attorney General and the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (CGSAF);
- appointing and discharging, upon a proposal from the Govt. and after consulting the CGSAF, an eventual Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces and the Chiefs of Staff of the three armed services;
- exercising the functions of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces;
- appointing ambassadors and extraordinary envoys (upon a proposal from the Govt.), and
- accrediting foreign diplomatic | 6,140,468 |
1642869 | Council of State (Portugal) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council%20of%20State%20(Portugal) | Council of State (Portugal)
representatives.
# Members.
According to article 142 of the Constitution, the Council is composed of the following members:
- President of the Portuguese Republic (chair the Council)
- President of the Assembly of the Republic
- Prime Minister
- President of the Constitutional Court
- Ombudsman
- President of the Azores Regional Government
- President of the Madeira Regional Government
- Former elected Presidents of the Republic
- Five members designated by the President of the Republic
- Five members elected by the Assembly of the Republic
Members of the Council are immune from prosecution: they may not be brought before a court of law without prior agreement of the Council to | 6,140,469 |
1642869 | Council of State (Portugal) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council%20of%20State%20(Portugal) | Council of State (Portugal)
stitution, the Council is composed of the following members:
- President of the Portuguese Republic (chair the Council)
- President of the Assembly of the Republic
- Prime Minister
- President of the Constitutional Court
- Ombudsman
- President of the Azores Regional Government
- President of the Madeira Regional Government
- Former elected Presidents of the Republic
- Five members designated by the President of the Republic
- Five members elected by the Assembly of the Republic
Members of the Council are immune from prosecution: they may not be brought before a court of law without prior agreement of the Council to lift their immunity or they are no longer serving on the Council. | 6,140,470 |
1642871 | Roshani movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roshani%20movement | Roshani movement
Roshani movement
The Rōshānī movement (, "the enlightened movement") was a populist, nonsectarian Sufi reformation movement founded in 16th-century by the Afghan or Pashtun warrior-poet, Bayazid Pir Roshan, who is more commonly known as Pir Roshan or Pir Rokhan ("the enlightened Pir (sufi master)"). Pir Roshan challenged the inequality and social injustice he imputed to the Moghul rulers of the day, instead advocating an egalitarian and even communistic social system. Its adherents were inducted into the order through a series of secret initiation rituals.
# Contribution to Pashto language.
The founder of the Roshani movement, Bayazid Pir Roshan, is credited with inventing a Pashto alphabet | 6,140,471 |
1642871 | Roshani movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roshani%20movement | Roshani movement
commonly known as Pir Roshan or Pir Rokhan ("the enlightened Pir (sufi master)"). Pir Roshan challenged the inequality and social injustice he imputed to the Moghul rulers of the day, instead advocating an egalitarian and even communistic social system. Its adherents were inducted into the order through a series of secret initiation rituals.
# Contribution to Pashto language.
The founder of the Roshani movement, Bayazid Pir Roshan, is credited with inventing a Pashto alphabet and writing one of the earliest known prose in Pashto. His alphabet paved the way for writing further literature and poetry in Pashto. The Roshani movement gave Pashto some famous poets in the 16th and 17th centuries. | 6,140,472 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy or FLIM is an imaging technique for producing an image based on the differences in the exponential decay rate of the fluorescence from a fluorescent sample. It can be used as an imaging technique in confocal microscopy, two-photon excitation microscopy, and multiphoton tomography.
The lifetime of the fluorophore signal, rather than its intensity, is used to create the image in FLIM. This has the advantage of minimizing the effect of photon scattering in thick layers of sample.
# Fluorescence lifetimes.
A fluorophore which is excited by a photon will drop to the ground state with a certain probability based on | 6,140,473 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
the decay rates through a number of different (radiative and/or nonradiative) decay pathways. To observe fluorescence, one of these pathways must be by spontaneous emission of a photon. In the ensemble description, the fluorescence emitted will decay with time according to
where
In the above, formula_3 is time, formula_4 is the fluorescence lifetime, formula_5 is the initial fluorescence at formula_6, and formula_7 are the rates for each decay pathway, at least one of which must be the fluorescence decay rate formula_8. More importantly, the lifetime, formula_4 is independent of the initial intensity and of the emitted light. This can be utilized for making non-intensity based measurements | 6,140,474 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
in chemical sensing.
# Measurement.
Fluorescence-lifetime imaging yields images with the intensity of each pixel determined by formula_4, which allows one to view contrast between materials with different fluorescence decay rates (even if those materials fluoresce at exactly the same wavelength), and also produces images which show changes in other decay pathways, such as in FRET imaging.
## Pulsed illumination.
Fluorescence lifetimes can be determined in the time domain by using a pulsed source.
When a population of fluorophores is excited by an ultrashort or delta pulse of light, the time-resolved fluorescence will decay exponentially as described above. However, if the excitation pulse | 6,140,475 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
or detection response is wide, the measured fluorescence, d(t), will not be purely exponential. The instrumental response function, IRF(t) will be convolved or blended with the decay function, F(t).
formula_11
The instrumental response of the source, detector, and electronics can be measured, usually from scattered excitation light. Recovering the decay function (and corresponding lifetimes) poses additional challenges as division in the frequency domain tends to produce high noise when the denominator is close to zero.
### TCSPC.
Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) is usually employed because it compensates for variations in source intensity and single photon pulse amplitudes.
Using | 6,140,476 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
commercial TCSPC equipment a fluorescence decay curve can be recorded with a time resolution down to 405 fs.
The recorded fluorescence decay histogram obeys Poisson statistics which is considered in determining goodness of fit during fitting.
More specifically, TCSPC records times at which individual photons are detected by a fast single-photon detector (typically a photo-multiplier tube (PMT) or a single photon avalanche photo diode (SPAD)) with respect to the excitation laser pulse.
The recordings are repeated for multiple laser pulses and after enough recorded events, one is able to build a histogram of the number of events across all of these recorded time points.
This histogram can | 6,140,477 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
then be fit to an exponential function that contains the exponential lifetime decay function of interest, and the lifetime parameter can accordingly be extracted.
Multi-channel PMT systems with 16 to 64 elements have been commercially available, whereas the recently demonstrated CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-TCSPC FLIM systems can offer even higher number of detection channels and additional low-cost options.
### Gating method.
Pulse excitation is still used in this method. Before the pulse reaches the sample, some of the light is reflected by a dichroic mirror and gets detected by a photodiode that activates a delay generator controlling a gated optical intensifier (GOI) that | 6,140,478 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
sits in front of the CCD detector. The GOI only allows for detection for the fraction of time when it is open after the delay. Thus, with an adjustable delay generator, one is able to collect fluorescence emission after multiple delay times encompassing the time range of the fluorescence decay of the sample. In recent years integrated intensified CCD cameras entered the market. These cameras consist of an image intensifier, CCD sensor and an integrated delay generator. ICCD cameras with shortest gating times of down to 200ps and delay steps of 10ps allow sub-nanosecond resolution FLIM. In combination with an endoscope this technique is used for intraoperative diagnosis of brain tumors.
## Phase | 6,140,479 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
modulation.
Fluorescence lifetimes can be determined in the frequency domain by a phase-modulation method. The method uses a light source that is pulsed or modulated at high frequency (up to 500 MHz) such as an LED, diode laser or a continuous wave source combined with an electro-optic modulator or an acousto-optic modulator. The fluorescence is (a.) demodulated and (b.) phase shifted; both quantities are related to the characteristic decay times of the fluorophore. Also, y-components to the excitation and fluorescence sine waves will be modulated, and lifetime can be determined from the modulation ratio of these y-components. Hence, 2 values for the lifetime can be determined from the phase-modulation | 6,140,480 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
method. The lifetimes are determined through a fitting procedures of these experimental parameters. An advantage of PMT-based or camera-based frequency domain FLIM is its fast lifetime image acquisition making it suitable for applications such as live cell research.
# Analysis.
The goal of the analysis algorithm is to extract the pure decay curve from the measured decay and to estimate the lifetime(s). The latter is usually accomplished by fitting single or multi exponential functions. A variety of methods have been developed to solve this problem. The most widely used technique is the least square iterative re-convolution which is based on the minimization of the weighted sum of the residuals. | 6,140,481 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
In this technique theoretical exponential decay curves are convoluted with the instrument response function, which is measured separately, and the best fit is found by iterative calculation of the residuals for different inputs until a minimum is found. For a set of observations formula_12 of the fluorescence signal in time bin i, the lifetime estimation is carried out by minimization of:
formula_13
Besides experimental difficulties, including the wavelength dependent instrument response function, mathematical treatment of the iterative de-convolution problem is not straight forward and it is a slow process which in the early days of FLIM made it impractical for a pixel-by-pixel analysis.
Non | 6,140,482 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
fitting methods are attractive because they offer a very fast solution to lifetime estimation. One of the major and straightforward techniques in this category is the rapid lifetime determination (RLD) method. RLD calculates the lifetimes and their amplitudes directly by dividing the decay curve into two parts of equal width formula_14t. The analysis is performed by integrating the decay curve in equal time intervals formula_14t:
formula_16
Ii is the recorded signal in the i-th channel and K is the number of channels. The lifetime can be estimated using:
formula_17
For multi exponential decays this equation provides the average lifetime. This method can be extended to analyze bi-exponential | 6,140,483 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
decays. One major drawback of this method is that it cannot take into account the instrument response effect and for this reason the early part of the measured decay curves should be ignored in the analyses. This means that part of the signal is discarded and the accuracy for estimating short lifetimes goes down.
One of the interesting features of the convolution theorem is that the integral of the convolution is the product of the factors that make up the integral. There are a few techniques which work in transformed space that exploit this property to recover the pure decay curve from the measured curve. Laplace and Fourier transformation along with Laguerre gauss expansion have been used | 6,140,484 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
to estimate the lifetime in transformed space. These approaches are faster than the deconvolution based methods but they suffer from truncation and sampling problems. Moreover, application of methods like Laguerre gauss expansion is mathematically complicated. In Fourier methods the lifetime of a single exponential decay curve is given by:
formula_18
Where:
formula_19
and n is the harmonic number and T is the total time range of detection.
# Applications.
FLIM has primarily been used in biology as a method to detect photosensitizers in cells and tumors as well as FRET in instances where ratiometric imaging is difficult.
The technique was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Gating | 6,140,485 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
method: Bugiel et al. 1989. König 1989, Phase modulation: Lakowicz at al. 1992,) before being more widely applied in the late 1990s. In cell culture, it has been used to study EGF receptor signaling and ErbB1 receptor trafficking.
Time domain FLIM (tdFLIM) has also been used to show the interaction of both types of nuclear intermediate filament proteins lamins A and B1 in distinct homopolymers at the nuclear envelope, which further interact with each other in higher order structures. FLIM imaging is particularly useful in neurons, where light scattering by brain tissue is problematic for ratiometric imaging. In neurons, FLIM imaging using pulsed illumination has been used to study Ras, CaMKII, | 6,140,486 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
Rac, and Ran family proteins. FLIM has been used in clinical multiphoton tomography to detect intradermal cancer cells as well as pharmaceutical and cosmetic compounds.
More recently FLIM has also been used to detect flavanols in plant cells
## FRET imaging.
Since the fluorescence lifetime of a fluorophore depends on both radiative (i.e. fluorescence) and non-radiative (i.e. quenching, FRET) processes, energy transfer from the donor molecule to the acceptor molecule will decrease the lifetime of the donor.
Thus, FRET measurements using FLIM can provide a method to discriminate between the states/environments of the fluorophore.
In contrast to intensity-based FRET measurements, the FLIM-based | 6,140,487 |
1642813 | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy | Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
onor.
Thus, FRET measurements using FLIM can provide a method to discriminate between the states/environments of the fluorophore.
In contrast to intensity-based FRET measurements, the FLIM-based FRET measurements are also insensitive to the concentration of fluorophores and can thus filter out artifacts introduced by variations in the concentration and emission intensity across the sample.
# See also.
- Phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime and spectral imaging
# External links.
- Fluorescence Excited-State Lifetime Imaging
- Lifetime and spectral analysis tools in ImageJ: http://spechron.com
- Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
- Principle of TCSPC FLIM (Becker&Hickl GmbH) | 6,140,488 |
1642843 | Continuous production | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous%20production | Continuous production
Continuous production
Continuous production is a flow production method used to manufacture, produce, or process materials without interruption. Continuous production is called a continuous process or a continuous flow process because the materials, either dry bulk or fluids that are being processed are continuously in motion, undergoing chemical reactions or subject to mechanical or heat treatment. Continuous processing is contrasted with batch production.
Continuous usually means operating 24 hours per day, seven days per week with infrequent maintenance shutdowns, such as semi-annual or annual. Some chemical plants can operate for more than one or two years without a shutdown. Blast furnaces | 6,140,489 |
1642843 | Continuous production | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous%20production | Continuous production
can run four to ten years without stopping.
# Common processess.
Some common continuous processes are the following:
- Oil refining
- Chemicals
- Synthetic fibers
- Fertilizers
- Pulp and paper
- Blast furnace (iron)
- Metal smelting
- Power stations
- Natural gas processing
- Sanitary waste water treatment
- Continuous casting of steel
- Rotary kilns for calcining lime or cement
- Float glass
Production workers in continuous production commonly work in rotating shifts.
Processes are operated continuously for practical as well as economic reasons. Most of these industries are very capital intensive and the management is therefore very concerned about lost operating time.
Shutting | 6,140,490 |
1642843 | Continuous production | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous%20production | Continuous production
down and starting up many continuous processes typically results in off quality product that must be reprocessed or disposed of. Many tanks, vessels and pipes cannot be left full of materials because of unwanted chemical reactions, settling of suspended materials or crystallization or hardening of materials. Also, cycling temperatures and pressures from starting up and shutting down certain processes (line kilns, boilers, blast furnaces, pressure vessels, etc.) may cause metal fatigue or other wear from pressure or thermal cycling.
In the more complex operations there are sequential shut down and start up procedures that must be carefully followed in order to protect personnel and equipment. | 6,140,491 |
1642843 | Continuous production | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous%20production | Continuous production
Typically a start up or shut down will take several hours.
Continuous processes use process control to automate and control operational variables such as flow rates, tank levels, pressures, temperatures and machine speeds.
# Semi-continuous processes.
Many processes such as assembly lines and light manufacturing that can be easily shut down and restarted are today considered semi-continuous.
These can be operated for one or two shifts if necessary.
# History.
The oldest continuous flow processes is the blast furnace for producing pig iron. The blast furnace is intermittently charged with ore, fuel and flux and intermittently tapped for molten pig iron and slag; however, the chemical reaction | 6,140,492 |
1642843 | Continuous production | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous%20production | Continuous production
of reducing the iron and silicon and later oxidizing the silicon is continuous.
Semi-continuous processes, such as machine manufacturing of cigarettes, were called "continuous" when they appeared.
Many truly continuous processes of today were originally batch operations.
The Cromford mill of 1771, designed by Richard Arkwright, was the first factory to use a continuous process from raw material to finished product in a series of operations.
The Fourdrinier paper machine, patented in 1799, was one of the earliest of the Industrial Revolution era continuous manufacturing processes. It produced a continuous web of paper that was formed, pressed, dried and reeled up in a roll. Previously paper | 6,140,493 |
1642843 | Continuous production | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous%20production | Continuous production
had been made in individual sheets. The paper machine influenced other continuous processes such as the continuous rolling of iron and later steel.
Another early continuous processes was Oliver Evans'es flour mill (ca. 1785), which was fully automated.
Early chemical production and oil refining was done in batches until process control was sufficiently developed to allow remote control and automation for continuous processing. Processes began to operate continuously during the 19th century. By the early 20th century continuous processes were common.
# Shut-downs.
In addition to performing maintenance, shut downs are also when process modifications are performed. These include installing | 6,140,494 |
1642843 | Continuous production | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous%20production | Continuous production
new equipment in the main process flow or tying-in or making provisions to tie-in sub-processes or equipment that can be installed while the process is operating.
Shut-downs of complicated processes may take weeks or months of planning. Typically a series of meetings takes place for co-ordination and planning. These typically involve the various departments such as maintenance, power, engineering, safety and operating units.
All work is done according to a carefully sequenced schedule that incorporates the various trades involved, such as pipe-fitters, millwrights, electricians, mechanics, laborers, etc., and the necessary equipment (cranes, mobile equipment, air compressors, welding machines, | 6,140,495 |
1642843 | Continuous production | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous%20production | Continuous production
scaffolding, etc.) and all supplies (spare parts, steel, pipe, wiring, nuts and bolts) and provisions for power in case power will also be off as part of the outage. Often one or more outside contractors perform some of the work, especially if new equipment is installed.
## Safety.
Safety meetings are typically held before and during shutdowns. Other safety measures include providing adequate ventilation to hot areas or areas where oxygen may become depleted or toxic gases may be present and checking vessels and other enclosed areas for adequate levels of oxygen and ensure absence of toxic or explosive gases. Any machines that are going to be worked on must be electrically disconnected, usually | 6,140,496 |
1642843 | Continuous production | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous%20production | Continuous production
through the motor starter, so that it cannot operate. It is common practice to put a padlock on the motor starter, which can only be unlocked by the person or persons who is or are endangered by performing the work. Other disconnect means include removing couplings between the motor and the equipment or by using mechanical means to keep the equipment from moving. Valves on pipes connected to vessels that workers will enter are chained and locked closed, unless some other means is taken to insure that nothing will come through the pipes.
# Continuous processor (equipment).
Continuous Production can be supplemented using a Continuous Processor. Continuous Processors are designed to mix viscous | 6,140,497 |
1642843 | Continuous production | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous%20production | Continuous production
products on a continuous basis by utilizing a combination of mixing and conveying action. The Paddles within the mixing chamber (barrel) are mounted on two co-rotating shafts that are responsible for mixing the material. The barrels and paddles are contoured in such a way that the paddles create a self-wiping action between themselves minimizing buildup of product except for the normal operating clearances of the moving parts. Barrels may also be heated or cooled to optimize the mixing cycle. Unlike an extruder, the Continuous Processor void volume mixing area is consistent the entire length of the barrel ensuring better mixing and little to no pressure build up. The Continuous Processor works | 6,140,498 |
1642843 | Continuous production | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous%20production | Continuous production
by metering powders, granules, liquids, etc. into the mixing chamber of the machine. Several variables allow the Continuous Processor to be versatile for a wide variety of mixing operations:
- 1. Barrel Temperature
- 2. Agitator speed
- 3. Fed rate, accuracy of feed
- 4. Retention time (function of feed rate and volume of product within mixing chamber)
Continuous Processors are used in the following processes:
- Compounding
- Mixing
- Kneading
- Shearing
- Crystallizing
- Encapsulating
- Packing
The Continuous Processor has an unlimited material mixing capabilities but, it has proven its ability to mix:
- Plastics
- Adhesives
- Pigments
- Composites
- Candy
- Gum
- Paste
- | 6,140,499 |
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