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1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France XV's minister Cardinal Fleury, a system of monetary stability was put in place, leading to a strict conversion rate between gold and silver, and set values for the coins in circulation in France. Starting in the late 1730s and early 1740s, and continuing for the next 30 years, France's popul...	6,141,700
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France and Italy, began to be introduced in parts of France. It would, however, take generations for these reforms to spread throughout all of France. Farming of recent New World crops, including maize (corn) and potatoes, continued to expand and provided an important supplement to the diet. The mo...	6,141,701
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France had known it. Capital remained difficult to raise for commercial ventures, however, and the state remained highly mercantilistic, protectionist, and interventionist in the domestic economy, often setting requirements for production quality and industrial standards, and limiting industries to ...	6,141,702
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France the regions with "pays d'état" and the parlements protested; the clergy won exemption, the "pays d'état" won reduced rates, and the parlements halted new income statements, effectively making the "vingtième" a far less efficient tax than it was designed to be. The financial needs of the Seven...	6,141,703
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France began truly to enter a state of crisis. An extended reduction in agricultural prices over the previous twelve years, with dramatic crashes in 1777 and 1786, and further complicated by climatic events such as the disastrous winters of 1785-1789 contributed to the problem. With the government d...	6,141,704
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France to increase taxes, including the "vingtième." Necker had resigned in 1781, to be replaced temporarily by Calonne and Brienne, but he was restored to power in 1788. In these last decades of the century, French industries continued to develop. Mechanization was introduced, factories were creat...	6,141,705
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France Antilles represented the major source for European sugar and coffee, and it was a huge importer of slaves through Nantes. Paris became France's center of international banking and stock trades, in these last decades (like Amsterdam and London), and the "Caisse d'Escompte" was founded in 1776....	6,141,706
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France bandits became a problem. Although nobles, bourgeois, and wealthy landholders saw their revenues affected by the depression, the hardest-hit in this period were the working class and the peasants. While their tax burden to the state had generally decreased in this period, feudal and seigneuri...	6,141,707
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France in Nantes. ### Slave trade. The slaving interest was based in Nantes, La Rochelle, Bordeaux, and Le Havre during the years 1763 to 1792. The 'négriers' were merchants who specialized in funding and directing cargoes of black captives to the Caribbean colonies, which had high death rates and...	6,141,708
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France bounty on each captive sold to the colonies, which made the business profitable and patriotic. They vigorously defended their business against the abolition movement of 1789. # 1789–1914. French economic history since its late-18th century Revolution was tied to three major events and trend...	6,141,709
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France faster. François Crouzet has succinctly summarized the ups and downs of French per capita economic growth in 1815-1913 as follows: br 1815-1840: irregular, but sometimes fast growthbr 1840-1860: fast growth; br 1860-1882: slowing down; br 1882-1896: stagnation; br 1896-1913: fast growthb...	6,141,710
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France in total output, but France only averaged 1.6%. Crouzet argues that the: ## French Revolution. "The French Revolution abolished many of the constraints on the economy that had emerged during the old regime. It abolished the guild system as a worthless remnant of feudalism." It also abolishe...	6,141,711
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France and school systems were massively disrupted. The economy did poorly in 1790-96 as industrial and agricultural output dropped, foreign trade plunged, and prices soared. The government decided not to repudiate the old debts. Instead, it issued more and more paper money (called "assignat") that...	6,141,712
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France a level of 3500%. Throughout January and February 1795, the Seine River(the main source of import and export of goods at the time) froze, making it impossible to transport anything through there, such as food, luxury goods, and materials that factories depended on in order to keep running. Ma...	6,141,713
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France The value of the assignats "had plunged from 31 percent of that of the silver currency in July 1794 to 8 percent in March 1795" The assignats were withdrawn in 1796 but the replacements also fueled inflation. The inflation was finally ended by Napoleon in 1803 with the gold franc as the new c...	6,141,714
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France issuing assignats. With the breakup of large estates controlled by the Church and the nobility and worked by hired hands, rural France became permanently a land of small independent farms. The rural proletariat and nobility both gave way to the commercial farmer. Cobban says the revolution "b...	6,141,715
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France owner. The typical businessman owned a small store, mill or shop, with family help and a few paid employees; large-scale industry was less common than in other industrializing nations. ### 1799-1830. Napoleon after 1799 paid for his expensive wars by multiple means, starting with the moder...	6,141,716
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France at the cost of investment and growth. Production of armaments and other military supplies, fortifications, and the general channeling of the society toward the establishment and maintenance of massed armies, temporarily increased economic activity after several years of revolution. The rampan...	6,141,717
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France to a relatively peaceful period in the whole of Europe until 1914, during which important institutional reforms such as the introduction of a highly rationalized legal system could be implemented. Napoleon's impact on the French economy was of modest importance in the long run. He did sweep ...	6,141,718
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France This had the effect of encouraging innovation in Britain, where the Industrial Revolution was well underway, and diverting the need for innovation in France. What innovation took place focused on armaments for the army, and was of little value in peacetime. In France the business crisis in 18...	6,141,719
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France goods reached 120%. Agriculture had never needed protection but now demanded it from the lower prices of imported foodstuffs, such as Russian grain. French winegrowers strongly supported the tariff – their wines did not need it, but they insisted on a high tariff on the import of tea. One ag...	6,141,720
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France disillusioned the business community and readied them to support the revolution in 1830. ## Banking and finance. Perhaps the only successful and innovative economic sector was banking. Paris emerged as an international center of finance in the mid-19th century second only to London. It had ...	6,141,721
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France Mayer Rothschild arrived in Paris from Frankfurt, and set up the bank "De Rothschild Frères". This bank funded Napoleon's return from Elba and became one of the leading banks in European finance. The Rothschild banking family of France funded France's major wars and colonial expansion. The Ba...	6,141,722
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France depositors. The Péreire brothers founded the Crédit Mobilier. It became a powerful and dynamic funding agency for major projects in France, Europe and the world at large. It specialized in mining developments; it funded other banks including the Imperial Ottoman Bank and the Austrian Mortgag...	6,141,723
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France Germany, with the German army continuing its occupation until the debt was paid. The 5 billion francs amounted to a fourth of France's GNP – and one-third of Germany's and was nearly double the usual annual exports of France. Observers thought the indemnity was unpayable and was designed to w...	6,141,724
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France a forward market, and it pioneered in creating a mutual guarantee fund so that failures of major brokers would not escalate into a devastating financial crisis. Speculators in the 1880s who disliked the control of the Bourse used a less regulated alternative the Coulisse. However, it collapse...	6,141,725
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France On the onset of the nineteenth century, GDP per capita in France was lower than in Great Britain and the Netherlands. This was probably due to higher transaction costs, which were mainly caused by inefficient property rights and a transportation system geared more to military needs than to ec...	6,141,726
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France on textiles, as well as some mining. The pace of industrialization was far below Britain, Germany, the United States and Japan. The persecution of the Protestant Huguenots after 1685 led to a large-scale flight of entrepreneurial and mechanical talents that proved hard to replace. Instead Fre...	6,141,727
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France who developed the transportation system, especially the railways after 1840. ## Retailing. Paris became world-famous for making consumerism a social priority and economic force, especially through its upscale arcades filled with luxury shops and its grand department stores. These were "drea...	6,141,728
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France the first, the Tapis Rouge, was created in 1784. They flourished in the early 19th century, with "La Belle Jardiniere" (1824), "Aux Trois Quartiers" (1829), and "Le Petit Saint Thomas" (1830). Balzac described their functioning in his novel "César Birotteau". In the 1840s, the new railroads b...	6,141,729
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France in advertising, and added a wide variety of merchandise. Sales reached five million francs in 1860. In 1869 he moved to larger premises; sales reached 72 million in 1877. The multi-department enterprise occupied fifty thousand square meters with 1788 employees. Half the employees were women; ...	6,141,730
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France both improving society and devouring it. The novel describes merchandising, management techniques, marketing, and consumerism. Other competitors moved downscale to reach much larger numbers of shoppers. The Grands Magasins Dufayel featured inexpensive prices and worked to teach workers how t...	6,141,731
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France for young women. Despite the low pay and long hours they enjoyed the exciting complex interactions with the newest and most fashionable merchandise and upscale customers. By the 21st century, the grand Paris department stores had difficulty surviving in the new economic world. In 2015, just ...	6,141,732
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France and eliminate 'the savage instincts born of isolation and misery." Consequently, France built a centralized system that radiated from Paris (plus lines that cut east to west in the south). This design was intended to achieve political and cultural goals rather than maximize efficiency. After ...	6,141,733
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France land acquisition, and construction of permanent infrastructure such as the track bed, bridges and tunnels. It also subsidized militarily necessary lines along the German border, which was considered necessary for the national defense. Private operating companies provided management, hired la...	6,141,734
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France forced even more reliance on temporary exports brought in from Britain. Financing was also a problem. The solution was a narrow base of funding through the Rothschilds and the closed circles of the Bourse in Paris, so France did not develop the same kind of national stock exchange that flouri...	6,141,735
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France and imported manufactured products. Yet the goals set by the French for their railway system were moralistic, political, and military rather than economic. As a result, the freight trains were shorter and less heavily loaded than those in such rapidly industrializing nations such as Britain, ...	6,141,736
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France France, in this conflict, was less a demonstration of French weakness than it was of German militarism and industrial strength. This contrasted with France's occupation of Germany during the Napoleonic wars. By 1914, however, German armament and general industrialization had out-distanced not...	6,141,737
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France French villages and argued that rural France went from backward and isolated to modern and possessing a sense of French nationhood during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He emphasized the roles of railroads, republican schools, and universal military conscription. He based his finding...	6,141,738
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France already existed in the provinces before 1870. French national policy was protectionist with regard to agricultural products, to protect the very large agricultural population, especially through the Méline tariff of 1892. France maintained two forms of agriculture, a modern, mechanized, capi...	6,141,739
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France in the 1920s and again in the 1960s, with poor performances in the 1910s, 1930s, and 1990s. ## World War I. The economy was critically hurt by the German seizure of major industrial areas in the northeast. While the occupied area in 1913 contained only 14% of France's industrial workers, it...	6,141,740
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France the other hand, the economy was helped by American loans which were used to purchase foods and manufactured goods that allowed a decent standard of living. The arrival of over a million American soldiers in 1918 brought heavy spending for food and construction materials. Labor shortages were ...	6,141,741
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France 1919–1929. At the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, vengeance against defeated Germany was the main French theme. France demanded full payment by Germany of the damages it imposed in the German-occupied areas. It also wanted the full cost of postwar veterans benefits. Prime Minister Clemenceau w...	6,141,742
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France Germany responded with passive resistance including printing vast amounts of marks to pay for the occupation, thereby causing runaway inflation. Inflation heavily damaged the German middle class (because their bank accounts became worthless) but it also damaged the French franc. France foment...	6,141,743
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France mild: unemployment peaked under 5%, the fall in production was at most 20% below the 1929 output; there was no banking crisis. But the depression also lasted longer in France than in most other countries. Like many other countries, France had introduced the gold standard in the nineteenth ce...	6,141,744
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France due to the devaluation of its currency after leaving the gold standard. Furthermore, terminating fixed exchange rate regimes opened up opportunities for expansive monetary policy and thus influenced consumers’ expectations of future inflation, which was crucial for domestic demand. The French...	6,141,745
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France nations like Germany. ### 1936. Hardship and unemployment were high enough to lead to rioting and the rise of the socialist Popular Front, which won the 1936 elections with a coalition of Socialists and Radicals, and support from the Communists. Léon Blum became the first Socialist prime m...	6,141,746
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France generalised collective bargaining - enacted the law mandating 12 days of paid annual leave - enacted the law limiting the working week to 40 hours (outside of overtime) - raised wages (15% for the lowest-paid workers, and 7% for the relatively well-paid) - stipulated that employers would ...	6,141,747
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France programme - raised the pay, pensions, and allowances of public-sector workers - The 1920 Sales Tax, opposed by the Left as a tax on consumers, was abolished and replaced by a production tax, which was considered to be a tax on the producer instead of the consumer. Blum persuaded the worker...	6,141,748
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France speed up arms production. The cost forced the abandonment of the social reform programs of the popular front had counted heavily on. #### Legacy of Popular Front. Economic historians point to numerous bad financial and economic policies, such as delayed devaluation of the franc, which made ...	6,141,749
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France of the business community and the threat of Nazi Germany. The consensus of historians is to judge the Popular Front a failure in terms of economics, foreign policy, and long-term political stability. "Disappointment and failure," says Jackson, "was the legacy of the Popular Front." However, ...	6,141,750
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France a totalitarian government. Vichy rhetoric exalted the skilled laborer and small businessman. In practice, however, the needs of artisans for raw materials was neglected in favor of large businesses. The General Committee for the Organization of Commerce (CGOC) was a national program to moder...	6,141,751
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France and more unrealistic, passive resistance and inefficiencies multiplied, and Allied bombers hit the rail yards; however, Vichy made the first comprehensive long-range plans for the French economy. The government had never before attempted a comprehensive overview. De Gaulle's Provisional Gover...	6,141,752
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France throughout the war. They added compulsory (and volunteer) workers from occupied nations, especially in metal factories. The shortage of volunteers led the Vichy government to pass a law in September 1941 that effectively deported workers to Germany, where, they constituted 17% of the labor fo...	6,141,753
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France and undermined the Vichy government. ### Food shortages. Civilians suffered shortages of all varieties of consumer goods. The rationing system was stringent but badly mismanaged, leading to produced malnourishment, black markets, and hostility to state management of the food supply. The Ger...	6,141,754
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France by rationing, but German officials set the policies and hunger prevailed, especially affecting youth in urban areas. The queues lengthened in front of shops. Some people—including German soldiers—benefited from the black market, where food was sold without tickets at very high prices. Farmers...	6,141,755
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France more remote country villages, however, clandestine slaughtering, vegetable gardens and the availability of milk products permitted better survival. The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1300 or fewer calories a day, supplemented by home gardens and, especially, black market p...	6,141,756
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France could be made but also worker security and privileges established and protected. In the year 1946 France signed a treaty with US that waved off a large part of its debt. It was known as The Blum-Byrnes agreement (in French accord Blum-Byrnes) which was a French-American agreement, signed May ...	6,141,757
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France edges: people in France and elsewhere were asking whether France alone, without becoming even more an integral part of a pan-European economy, would have sufficient market presence to maintain its position, and that worker security and those privileges, in an increasingly "Globalized" and "tr...	6,141,758
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France 1,200,000 buildings were destroyed or damaged. In 1945, the provisional government of the French Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle and made up of communists, socialists and gaullists, nationalized key economic sectors (energy, air transport, savings banks, assurances) and big companies (e.g...	6,141,759
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France broader aims: housing construction, urban development, scientific research, manufacturing industries. The debts left over from the First World War, whose payment had been suspended since 1931, was renegotiated in the Blum-Byrnes agreement of 1946. The U.S. forgave all $2.8 billion in debt, a...	6,141,760
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France money, but were strategically important. Likewise the aeronautics and armaments industries were nationalized. During the war, the Vichy government froze wages, froze prices, controlled external trade and supervise distribution of raw materials to the manufacturing sector. The French economy a...	6,141,761
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France planning, which was a key feature of the postwar industries. ## Monnet Plan. To aid the rebuilding of the French economy, the value of stolen resources were recovered from defeated Germany under the Monnet Plan. As part of this policy, German factories were disassembled and moved to France,...	6,141,762
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France the European Coal and Steel Community, precursor to the European Union, which played a significant role in Europe and France's economy in the later post-war period. ## Economic recovery. Although the economic situation in France was very grim in 1945, resources did exist and the economy reg...	6,141,763
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France varied from firm to firm. Some had been destroyed or damaged, nationalized or requisitioned, but the majority carried on, sometimes working harder and more efficiently than before the war. Industries were reorganized on a basis that ranged from consensual (electricity) to conflictual (machine...	6,141,764
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France Monnet Plan provided a coherent framework for economic policy, and it was strongly supported by the Marshall Plan. It was inspired by moderate, Keynesian free-trade ideas rather than state control. Although relaunched in an original way, the French economy was about as productive as comparabl...	6,141,765
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France of American industry. France sent 500 missions with 4700 businessmen and experts to tour American factories, farms, stores and offices. They were especially impressed with the prosperity of American workers, and how they could purchase an inexpensive new automobile for nine months work, compa...	6,141,766
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France a booming period (5% per year in average) dubbed by Jean Fourastié "Trente Glorieuses", title of a book published in 1979. The economic growth is mainly due to productivity gains and to an increase in the number of working hours. Indeed, the working population was growing very slowly, the "ba...	6,141,767
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France an economic lag, French historian Jacques Marseille noted that if the economy had constantly grown at the same rate as that of the « Belle Époque », the wealth would have been the same at the beginning of the 1970s as that actually reached after the Trente glorieuses. #### Rural living. wit...	6,141,768
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France and upgraded by Frenchmen who wanted a rural retreat away from the frenzy of their primary work in the cities. For many it was in nostalgia for family memories of rural living that drew the city dwellers back to the countryside. By 1978, France was the world leader in per capita ownership of ...	6,141,769
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France which was one of the leading factors for the social upheaval of that year. The "Trente glorieuses" era is usually considered to end with the 1973 oil crisis, which increased costs in energy and thus on production. Economic instability marked the Giscard d'Estaing government and the early yea...	6,141,770
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France economy. However, after 2005 the world economy stagnated and the 2008 global crisis and its effects in both the Eurozone and France itself dogged the conservative government of Nicolas Sarkozy, who lost reelection in 2012 against Socialist Francois Hollande. In spite of this, France's recent...	6,141,771
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France crisis of 2008 and aftermath. France, like a number of countries, was affected by the 2008 financial crisis. However, during the worst part of the crisis, between 2008-2010, France fared better than other industrialized countries. For example, the Euro zone’s overall GDP decreased by 4 perce...	6,141,772
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France of the indicators of economic activity in France do not show a clear recovery, or rather do not show an increased growth during this time. # See also. - French peasants # Further reading. ## Medieval. - Beech, George T. "Rural Society in Medieval France" (1964) - Bloch, Marc. "Feudal so...	6,141,773
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France (1993) online edition - Farmer, Sharon A.. "Surviving poverty in medieval Paris: gender, ideology, and the daily lives of the poor" (Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, 2002) . - Kibler, William W. et al. "Medieval France: An Encyclopedia" (1995) excerpt and text search - Nicholas, D....	6,141,774
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France (2017): 437-438. ## Early Modern. - Braudel, Fernand. "Civilization and capitalism, 15th-18th century (Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme)" (Berkeley : University of California Press, 1992) (v. 1), (v. 2), (v. 3). - Braudel, Fernand. "The wheels of commerce" (1985) - Doyle, ...	6,141,775
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France (Cambridge University Press, 1996) . - Hoffman, Philip T. "Growth in a traditional society: the French countryside, 1450-1815" (Princeton University Press, 1996) . - Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. "The peasants of Languedoc (Paysans de Languedoc)" (University of Illinois Press, 1974) . - Riley,...	6,141,776
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France through the nineteenth centuries" (2001) pp 59–99. - White, Eugene Nelson. "Was there a solution to the Ancien Régime’s financial dilemma," "Journal of Economic History" (1989) 49#3 pp 545–568. in JSTOR ## French Revolution and Napoleon. - Bordo, Michael D., and Eugene N. White, "A Tale of...	6,141,777
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France France, 1730-1914" (London: Macmillan, 1981) , ; revised edition of "The economic modernisation of France, 1730-1880" (1975) - Rudé, George E. "Prices, Wages and Popular Movements in Paris during the French Revolution," "Economic History Review" (1954) 6#3 pp. 246–267 in JSTOR - Sargent, Th...	6,141,778
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France Debt Policy in France, 1746-1793," "Journal of Economic History" (1992) 52#1 pp 1–39. in JSTOR - White, Eugene N. "Free Banking during the French Revolution," "Explorations in Economic History" (1990) 27#2 pp 251–76. - White, Eugene Nelson. "The French Revolution and the Politics of Governm...	6,141,779
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France the War: Different Stances, Different Outcomes?," "Journal of Economic Issues" 35#3 (2001) pp 713+ online - Bouvier, Jean. "The Banque de France and the State from 1850 to the Present Day." in Fausto Vicarelli, et al. eds., "Central banks' independence in historical perspective" (Walter de G...	6,141,780
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France Growth: A Radical Revision," "Social Science History" (1983) 7#1 pp. 3–30 in JSTOR - Caron, Francois. "An Economic History of Modern France" (1979), since 1815 excerpt and text search; full text online - Cassis, Youssef. "Big Business: The European Experience in the Twentieth Century" (1999...	6,141,781
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France of France and Germany: 1815-1914" (1921) online, a famous classic, filled with details. - Cough, S.P. "France: A History of National Economics" (1970) - Dunham, Arthur Louis. "The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815–1848" (1955) 532pp; online - Fohlen, Claude. "France, 1920-1970," in C. ...	6,141,782
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France Agriculture and Nationalist Economic Policy" (Columbia University Press, 1944) online - Lebovics, Herman. "Bringing the Empire back home: France in the global age" (Duke University Press, 2004) . - Hancké, Bob. "Large firms and institutional change: industrial renewal and economic restructu...	6,141,783
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century" (1981). - Landes, David S. "French Entrepreneurship and Industrial Growth in the Nineteenth Century,""Journal of Economic History" (1949) 9#1 pp. 45–61 in JSTOR - Lauber, Volkmar. "The political economy of France: from Pompidou to Mitterrand...	6,141,784
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France 231-381, covers capital investment, labor, and entrepreneurship. - Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. "The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780-1870" (1973) pp 71–141 covers France 1815 to 1870. - Mathias, Peter, and M. M. Postan, eds. "Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Vol. 7:...	6,141,785
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France and Sabine Freitag, eds. "Handbook on the history of European banks" (Edward Elgar Publishing, 1994) pp: 185-296. online - Price, Roger. "An economic history of modern France, 1730-1914" (London: Macmillan, 1981) , ; revised edition of "The economic modernisation of France, 1730-1880" (1975)...	6,141,786
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France in the Industrial Revolution : a comparison of England and France" (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991) - Vail, Mark I. "Recasting Welfare Capitalism: Economic Adjustment in Contemporary France and Germany" (2010) ## Historiography. - Cameron, Rondo, and Charles E. Freedeman. "French ec...	6,141,787
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France (2012) 656pp excerpt and text search; 32 topical chapters by experts. - Grantham, George. "The French cliometric revolution: A survey of cliometric contributions to French economic history." "European Review of Economic History" 1.3 (1997): 353-405. - Hoffman, Philip T., and Jean-Laurent Ro...	6,141,788
1643390	Economic history of France	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic%20history%20of%20France	Economic history of France e Napoleon" (1999) pp. 336-63; a wide-ranging survey - Nye, John Vincent. "Firm size and economic backwardness: A new look at the French industrialization debate." "Journal of Economic History" 47.3 (1987): 649-669. online ## Primary sources. - Pollard, Sidney and Colin Holmes, eds. "Docum...	6,141,789
4746130	Asahigaoka Station	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asahigaoka%20Station	Asahigaoka Station Asahigaoka Station Asahigaoka Station is the name of several train stations in Japan. - Asahigaoka Station (Miyagi) - (旭ヶ丘駅) in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture - Asahigaoka Station (Miyazaki) - (旭ヶ丘駅) in Miyazaki Prefecture - Asahigaoka Station (Shimane) - (朝日ヶ丘駅) in Shimane Prefecture - Asahigaoka St...	6,141,790
4746086	Nana, Rajasthan	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana,%20Rajasthan	Nana, Rajasthan Nana, Rajasthan Virampura .pali, rajasthan Nana is a village in the Bali, tehsil of Pali District of the Rajasthan state in India. It is located three kilometres from the railway station of the same name on the Ahmedabad-Ajmer railway line. Virampura, bhagal, Chamunderi, Velar, bhimana, Amalia,serla,c...	6,141,791
4746086	Nana, Rajasthan	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana,%20Rajasthan	Nana, Rajasthan 200 km. District headquarter pali is 100 km from Nana. # History. The ancient name for Nana was Nanaka.in It is an historical village and existed as far back as the 10th century, as is known from the inscription of 960 AD in the Jain temple. At various times in its history, the area was ruled from Guj...	6,141,792
4746086	Nana, Rajasthan	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana,%20Rajasthan	Nana, Rajasthan Pratap is ruling over there (1) Shekhaji (2) chaturbhuj ji (3) Ram singhji (4) maha singhji (5) Anoop singhji (6) Sadar singhji (7) udai singhji (8) Viremde singhji (9) Busan singhji (10) Dolatsingji (11) Padam singhji (12) chiman singhji (13) Laal singhji (14) Bhabut singhji FIRSTLY marr...	6,141,793
4746086	Nana, Rajasthan	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana,%20Rajasthan	Nana, Rajasthan and secondly Karni Singh Ranawat THIRDLY married to Thakurani daughter of Thakur Sahab Anawana has no issue. This Village has temple of very famous Lord Mahavir, Nathji Maharaj, Kumbheshwar Madadev khetalaji and ramatanadi Hanumanji and also songiri hanuman ji temple, kumbh sagar where white lotus is ...	6,141,794
4746086	Nana, Rajasthan	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana,%20Rajasthan	Nana, Rajasthan gachchha (Jain saint community) was founded at Nanea by Prabhananda.Village Nana is also described in ancient Jain books. It is called as "NANA Diyana Nandiya...Jiwit Mahavir Swami Vihariya..." You can see ancient jain temple of Lord Mahavir. It is said that this temple is around 2600 years old. This id...	6,141,795
4746086	Nana, Rajasthan	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana,%20Rajasthan	Nana, Rajasthan gave her all property and a huge amount of money in the development of the temple. # Idol Discovery. This idol was found by a farmer under a Kanther tree. He entrusted the idol to the Jain Sangha. The Jain Sangha built a temple and got the idol installed there. In course of time, it was renovated seve...	6,141,796
4746086	Nana, Rajasthan	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana,%20Rajasthan	Nana, Rajasthan r idols are formally installed here under instructions and good auspices of His Holiness Acharyadevshri Labdhisurishvarji Maharaj Saheb. This temple is very delightful and beautiful. # Other Temples. In Nana City Have Two Big Temple First Is Shri Nath Ji And Second Is Nilkanth Mahadev .Nana was once h...	6,141,797
4746131	Jean-Paul 'Bluey' Maunick	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul%20'Bluey'%20Maunick	Jean-Paul 'Bluey' Maunick Jean-Paul 'Bluey' Maunick Jean-Paul Maunick (born 19 February 1957, Mauritius), better known by his stage name Bluey is a British guitarist, bandleader, composer and record producer. He has led the British acid jazz band Incognito since its formation in 1979. With Incognito, he has released f...	6,141,798
4746131	Jean-Paul 'Bluey' Maunick	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul%20'Bluey'%20Maunick	Jean-Paul 'Bluey' Maunick sts such as Paul Weller, George Benson, Maxi Priest and Terry Callier; he has also collaborated with Stevie Wonder. # Solo career. He released his solo debut album "Leap of Faith" in March 2013. Neil Kelly of "PopMatters" said of the album, "An undoubtedly listenable creation, Bluey has blen...	6,141,799

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