wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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74553 | Dermatology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dermatology | Dermatology
where telecommunication technologies are used to exchange medical information via all kinds of media (audio, visual and also data communication, but typically photos of dermatologic conditions) usually made by non-dermatologists for evaluation off-site by dermatologists).
This subspecialty deals with optio... | 6,600 |
74553 | Dermatology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dermatology | Dermatology
Dermatoepidemiology.
Dermatoepidemiology is the study of skin disease at the population level. One aspect of dermatoepidemiology is the determination of the global burden of skin diseases
From 1990 to 2013, skin disease constituted approximately 2% of total global disease disability as measured in disabil... | 6,601 |
74553 | Dermatology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dermatology | Dermatology
many dermatologists.
- Intralesional treatment – with steroid or chemotherapy.
- Laser therapy – for both the management of birth marks, skin disorders (like vitiligo), tattoo removal, and cosmetic resurfacing and rejuvenation.
- Chemical peels for the treatment of acne, melasma, and sun damage
- Photod... | 6,602 |
74553 | Dermatology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dermatology | Dermatology
This method is now widely practiced by dermatologists, plastic surgeons and gynecologists.
- Radiation therapy – although rarely practiced by dermatologists, many dermatologist continue to provide radiation therapy in their office.
- Vitiligo surgery – Including procedures like autologous melanocyte trans... | 6,603 |
74553 | Dermatology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dermatology | Dermatology
testing – 'Patch testing' for contact dermatitis.
- Systemic therapies – including antibiotics, immunomodulators, and novel injectable products.
- Topical therapies – dermatologists have the best understanding of the numerous products and compounds used topically in medicine.
Most dermatologic pharmacolo... | 6,604 |
74575 | List of cities in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Israel | List of cities in Israel
List of cities in Israel
This list includes localities that are in Israel that the Israeli Ministry of Interior has designated as a city council. Jerusalem includes occupied East Jerusalem. The list is based on the current index of the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Within Israel's... | 6,605 |
74575 | List of cities in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Israel | List of cities in Israel
Jerusalem and Tel Aviv-Yafo. In all, there are 77 Israeli localities granted "municipalities" (or "city") status by the Ministry of the Interior, including four Israeli settlements in the West Bank. Two more cities are planned: Kasif, a planned city to be built in the Negev, and Harish, origina... | 6,606 |
74575 | List of cities in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Israel | List of cities in Israel
is considered part of Israel, Tel Aviv is the country's second most populous city with 444,000 residents after Jerusalem with 901,000; if not, Tel Aviv is the most populous city before West Jerusalem with 348,000.
The following table lists all Israeli cities by name, district, population, and ... | 6,607 |
74575 | List of cities in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Israel | List of cities in Israel
twin towns and sister cities
- List of kibbutzim
- List of modern names for biblical place names
- List of moshavim shitufiim
- List of urban areas by Jewish population
- List of villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict
- Lists of cities by country
- Population displacements... | 6,608 |
74575 | List of cities in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Israel | List of cities in Israel
er cities
- List of kibbutzim
- List of modern names for biblical place names
- List of moshavim shitufiim
- List of urban areas by Jewish population
- List of villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict
- Lists of cities by country
- Population displacements in Israel after 19... | 6,609 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
Prisoner's dilemma
The prisoner's dilemma is a standard example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two completely rational individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so. It was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher while... | 6,610 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
reward than cooperating with them, all purely rational self-interested prisoners will betray the other, meaning the only possible outcome for two purely rational prisoners is for them to betray each other. The interesting part of this result is that pursuing individual reward logically leads both of ... | 6,611 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
other and worked together for the best common outcome.
An extended "iterated" version of the game also exists. In this version, the classic game is played repeatedly between the same prisoners, who continuously have the opportunity to penalize the other for previous decisions. If the number of times... | 6,612 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
be used as a model for many real world situations involving cooperative behavior. In casual usage, the label "prisoner's dilemma" may be applied to situations not strictly matching the formal criteria of the classic or iterative games: for instance, those in which two entities could gain important be... | 6,613 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
to each other, and will have no opportunity for retribution or reward outside the game. Regardless of what the other decides, each prisoner gets a higher reward by betraying the other ("defecting"). The reasoning involves an argument by dilemma: B will either cooperate or defect. If B cooperates, A s... | 6,614 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
strong Nash equilibrium in the game (i.e. the only outcome from which each player could only do worse by unilaterally changing strategy). The dilemma, then, is that mutual cooperation yields a better outcome than mutual defection but is not the rational outcome because the choice to cooperate, from a... | 6,615 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
defect, they both receive the punishment payoff "P". If Blue defects while Red cooperates, then Blue receives the temptation payoff "T", while Red receives the "sucker's" payoff, "S". Similarly, if Blue cooperates while Red defects, then Blue receives the sucker's payoff "S", while Red receives the t... | 6,616 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
game.
The "donation game" is a form of prisoner's dilemma in which cooperation corresponds to offering the other player a benefit "b" at a personal cost "c" with "b" "c". Defection means offering nothing. The payoff matrix is thus
Note that (i.e. ) which qualifies the donation game to be an iterat... | 6,617 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
is "c". If X and Y contract to exchange an apple and an orange, and each fulfills their end of the deal, then each receive a payoff of "b"-"c". If one "defects" and does not deliver as promised, the defector will receive a payoff of "b", while the cooperator will lose "c". If both defect, then neithe... | 6,618 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
and defection giving a greater reward than mutual cooperation.
The iterated prisoner's dilemma game is fundamental to some theories of human cooperation and trust. On the assumption that the game can model transactions between two people requiring trust, cooperative behaviour in populations may be m... | 6,619 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
all rounds. The only possible Nash equilibrium is to always defect. The proof is inductive: one might as well defect on the last turn, since the opponent will not have a chance to later retaliate. Therefore, both will defect on the last turn. Thus, the player might as well defect on the second-to-las... | 6,620 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
answer. The superrational strategy in the iterated prisoner's dilemma with fixed "N" is to cooperate against a superrational opponent, and in the limit of large "N", experimental results on strategies agree with the superrational version, not the game-theoretic rational one.
For cooperation to emerg... | 6,621 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
dilemma.
Interest in the iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) was kindled by Robert Axelrod in his book "The Evolution of Cooperation" (1984). In it he reports on a tournament he organized of the "N" step prisoner's dilemma (with "N" fixed) in which participants have to choose their mutual strategy aga... | 6,622 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
many players, each with different strategies, greedy strategies tended to do very poorly in the long run while more altruistic strategies did better, as judged purely by self-interest. He used this to show a possible mechanism for the evolution of altruistic behaviour from mechanisms that are initial... | 6,623 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
move. Depending on the situation, a slightly better strategy can be "tit for tat with forgiveness". When the opponent defects, on the next move, the player sometimes cooperates anyway, with a small probability (around 1–5%). This allows for occasional recovery from getting trapped in a cycle of defec... | 6,624 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
strategies were nice; therefore, a purely selfish strategy will not "cheat" on its opponent, for purely self-interested reasons first.
- Retaliating: However, Axelrod contended, the successful strategy must not be a blind optimist. It must sometimes retaliate. An example of a non-retaliating strateg... | 6,625 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
being non-envious, that is not striving to score more than the opponent.
The optimal (points-maximizing) strategy for the one-time PD game is simply defection; as explained above, this is true whatever the composition of opponents may be. However, in the iterated-PD game the optimal strategy depends... | 6,626 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
time. In a population with a certain percentage of always-defectors and the rest being tit for tat players, the optimal strategy for an individual depends on the percentage, and on the length of the game.
In the strategy called Pavlov, win-stay, lose-switch, faced with a failure to cooperate, the pl... | 6,627 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
can be derived analytically.
- 2. Monte Carlo simulations of populations have been made, where individuals with low scores die off, and those with high scores reproduce (a genetic algorithm for finding an optimal strategy). The mix of algorithms in the final population generally depends on the mix i... | 6,628 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
University in England introduced a new strategy at the 20th-anniversary iterated prisoner's dilemma competition, which proved to be more successful than tit for tat. This strategy relied on collusion between programs to achieve the highest number of points for a single program. The university submitt... | 6,629 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
to minimize the score of the competing program. As a result, this strategy ended up taking the top three positions in the competition, as well as a number of positions towards the bottom.
This strategy takes advantage of the fact that multiple entries were allowed in this particular competition and ... | 6,630 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
to Axelrod's seminal tournament. However, it provided a basis for analysing how to achieve cooperative strategies in multi-agent frameworks, especially in the presence of noise. In fact, long before this new-rules tournament was played, Richard Dawkins in his book "The Selfish Gene" pointed out the p... | 6,631 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
another; this only reinforces just how valuable communication can be in shifting the balance of the game.
## Stochastic iterated prisoner's dilemma.
In a stochastic iterated prisoner's dilemma game, strategies are specified by in terms of "cooperation probabilities". In an encounter between player ... | 6,632 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
that "X" will cooperate in the present encounter given that the previous encounter was characterized by (ab). For example, if the previous encounter was one in which "X" cooperated and "Y" defected, then formula_3 is the probability that "X" will cooperate in the present encounter. If each of the pro... | 6,633 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
if it was a loss (i.e. cd or dd). It has been shown that for any memory-n strategy there is a corresponding memory-1 strategy which gives the same statistical results, so that only memory-1 strategies need be considered.
If we define "P" as the above 4-element strategy vector of "X" and formula_4 as... | 6,634 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
the present encounter is "cd" given that the previous encounter was "cd" is equal to formula_5. (Note that the indices for "Q" are from "Y" 's point of view: a "cd" outcome for "X" is a "dc" outcome for "Y".) Under these definitions, the iterated prisoner's dilemma qualifies as a stochastic process a... | 6,635 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
outcome of an encounter between "X" and "Y" will be "j" given that the encounter "n" steps previous is "i". In the limit as "n" approaches infinity, "M" will converge to a matrix with fixed values, giving the long-term probabilities of an encounter producing "j" which will be independent of "i". In o... | 6,636 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
outcome probabilities for "X". Defining formula_12 and formula_13 as the short-term payoff vectors for the {cc,cd,dc,dd} outcomes (From "X" 's point of view), the equilibrium payoffs for "X" and "Y" can now be specified as formula_14 and formula_15, allowing the two strategies "P" and "Q" to be compa... | 6,637 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
term payoff vectors: formula_16 and formula_17, which do not involve the stationary vector "v". Since the determinant function formula_18 is linear in "f", it follows that formula_19 (where "U"={1,1,1,1}). Any strategies for which formula_20 is by definition a ZD strategy, and the long term payoffs o... | 6,638 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
player could defect but would thereby hurt himself by getting lower payoff. Thus, extortion solutions turn the iterated prisoner's dilemma into a sort of ultimatum game. Specifically, "X" is able to choose a strategy for which formula_22, unilaterally setting formula_23 to a specific value within a p... | 6,639 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
of particular strategies is allowed to change, with more successful strategies relatively increasing. This process may be accomplished by having less successful players imitate the more successful strategies, or by eliminating less successful players from the game, while multiplying the more successf... | 6,640 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
simulations confirm that beyond a critical population size, ZD extortion loses out in evolutionary competition against more cooperative strategies, and as a result, the average payoff in the population increases when the population is bigger. In addition, there are some cases in which extortioners ma... | 6,641 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
a broad array of generic strategies for iterated prisoner's dilemma, including win–stay, lose–switch. This was proven specifically for the by Alexander Stewart and Joshua Plotkin in 2013. Generous strategies will cooperate with other cooperative players, and in the face of defection, the generous pla... | 6,642 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
well when the population is not too small. If the population is very small, defection strategies tend to dominate.
## Continuous iterated prisoner's dilemma.
Most work on the iterated prisoner's dilemma has focused on the discrete case, in which players either cooperate or defect, because this mode... | 6,643 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
continuous prisoner's dilemma, if a population starts off in a non-cooperative equilibrium, players who are only marginally more cooperative than non-cooperators get little benefit from assorting with one another. By contrast, in a discrete prisoner's dilemma, tit for tat cooperators get a big payoff... | 6,644 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
tit for tat seems robust in theoretical models.
## Emergence of stable strategies.
Players cannot seem to coordinate mutual cooperation, thus often get locked into the inferior yet stable strategy of defection. In this way, iterated rounds facilitate the evolution of stable strategies. Iterated rou... | 6,645 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
when one individual cheats in retaliation but the other interprets it as cheating. As a result of this, the second individual now cheats and then it starts a see-saw pattern of cheating in a chain reaction.
# Real-life examples.
The prisoner setting may seem contrived, but there are in fact many ex... | 6,646 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
of prisoner's dilemma. This wide applicability of the PD gives the game its substantial importance.
## Environmental studies.
In environmental studies, the PD is evident in crises such as global climate-change. It is argued all countries will benefit from a stable climate, but any single country is... | 6,647 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
the extent and pace at which pollution can change climate is not known. The dilemma faced by government is therefore different from the prisoner's dilemma in that the payoffs of cooperation are unknown. This difference suggests that states will cooperate much less than in a real iterated prisoner's d... | 6,648 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
firms is substantial.
## Animals.
Cooperative behavior of many animals can be understood as an example of the prisoner's dilemma. Often animals engage in long term partnerships, which can be more specifically modeled as iterated prisoner's dilemma. For example, guppies inspect predators cooperative... | 6,649 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
You save my life on my poor night. But then I get the added benefit of not having to pay the slight cost of feeding you on my good night."
- C/D: "Sucker's Payoff: I pay the cost of saving your life on my good night. But on my bad night you don't feed me and I run a real risk of starving to death."
... | 6,650 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
easy to see that not defecting both today and in the future is by far the best outcome. The case where one abstains today but relapses in the future is the worst outcome – in some sense the discipline and self-sacrifice involved in abstaining today have been "wasted" because the future relapse means ... | 6,651 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
be familiar to anyone who has struggled with an addiction. The problem here is that (as in other PDs) there is an obvious benefit to defecting "today", but tomorrow one will face the same PD, and the same obvious benefit will be present then, ultimately leading to an endless string of defections.
Jo... | 6,652 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
how much money to spend on advertising. The effectiveness of Firm A's advertising was partially determined by the advertising conducted by Firm B. Likewise, the profit derived from advertising for Firm B is affected by the advertising conducted by Firm A. If both Firm A and Firm B chose to advertise ... | 6,653 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
As the best strategy is dependent on what the other firm chooses there is no dominant strategy, which makes it slightly different from a prisoner's dilemma. The outcome is similar, though, in that both firms would be better off were they to advertise less than in the equilibrium. Sometimes cooperativ... | 6,654 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
a (multi-player) prisoner's dilemma. 'Cooperating' typically means keeping prices at a pre-agreed minimum level. 'Defecting' means selling under this minimum level, instantly taking business (and profits) from other cartel members. Anti-trust authorities want potential cartel members to mutually defe... | 6,655 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
reduced by the legal and/or medical dangers of having taken the drug. If both athletes take the drug, however, the benefits cancel out and only the dangers remain, putting them both in a worse position than if neither had used doping.
## International politics.
In international political theory, th... | 6,656 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
and the Warsaw Pact both had the choice to arm or disarm. From each side's point of view, disarming whilst their opponent continued to arm would have led to military inferiority and possible annihilation. Conversely, arming whilst their opponent disarmed would have led to superiority. If both sides c... | 6,657 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
into military research and armament in a war of attrition for the next thirty years until the Soviet Union could not withstand the economic cost. The same logic could be applied in any similar scenario, be it economic or technological competition between sovereign states.
## Multiplayer dilemmas.
M... | 6,658 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
can relate to is washing the dishes in a shared house. By not washing dishes an individual can gain by saving his time, but if that behavior is adopted by every resident the collective cost is no clean plates for anyone.
The commons are not always exploited: William Poundstone, in a book about the p... | 6,659 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
of Alfred Nobel, hypothesized that the tragedy of the commons is oversimplified, with the negative outcome influenced by outside influences. Without complicating pressures, groups communicate and manage the commons among themselves for their mutual benefit, enforcing social norms to preserve the reso... | 6,660 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
always gives a game-theoretically preferable outcome.
## "Friend or Foe?".
"Friend or Foe?" is a game show that aired from 2002 to 2005 on the Game Show Network in the US. It is an example of the prisoner's dilemma game tested on real people, but in an artificial setting. On the game show, three pa... | 6,661 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
different from the standard one given above, as the rewards for the "both defect" and the "cooperate while the opponent defects" cases are identical. This makes the "both defect" case a weak equilibrium, compared with being a strict equilibrium in the standard prisoner's dilemma. If a contestant know... | 6,662 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
Pad" and "Take It All". Game data from the "Golden Balls" series has been analyzed by a team of economists, who found that cooperation was "surprisingly high" for amounts of money that would seem consequential in the real world, but were comparatively low in the context of the game.
## Iterated snow... | 6,663 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
The snowdrift game imagines two drivers who are stuck on opposite sides of a snowdrift, each of whom is given the option of shoveling snow to clear a path, or remaining in their car. A player's highest payoff comes from leaving the opponent to clear all the snow by themselves, but the opponent is sti... | 6,664 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
packages have been created to run prisoner's dilemma simulations and tournaments, some of which have available source code.
- The source code for the second tournament run by Robert Axelrod (written by Axelrod and many contributors in Fortran) is available online
- Prison, a library written in Java... | 6,665 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
universe" and the ultimate antagonist is a character called the All-Defector. Rajaniemi is particularly interesting as an artist treating this subject in that he is a Cambridge-trained mathematician and holds a PhD in mathematical physics – the interchangeability of matter and information is a major ... | 6,666 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
Society and the Prisoner's Dilemma" by Trenton Lee Stewart, the main characters start by playing a version of the game and escaping from the "prison" altogether. Later they become actual prisoners and escape once again.
# See also.
- Abilene paradox
- Centipede game
- Christmas truce
- Folk theo... | 6,667 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
Press, NY, pp. 24–61.
- Axelrod, R. (1984). "The Evolution of Cooperation".
- Bicchieri, Cristina (1993). Rationality and Coordination. Cambridge University Press.
- Dresher, M. (1961). "The Mathematics of Games of Strategy: Theory and Applications" Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
- Greif, A... | 6,668 |
43717 | Prisoner's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner's%20dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
ert M. Chammah (1965). "Prisoner's Dilemma". University of Michigan Press.
# External links.
- Prisoner's Dilemma ("Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy")
- The Bowerbird's Dilemma The Prisoner's Dilemma in ornithology – mathematical cartoon by Larry Gonick.
- The Prisoner's Dilemma The Prisoner's... | 6,669 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
Yelena Davydova
Yelena Viktorovna Davydova (; born 7 August 1961) is a Russian-Canadian gymnastics coach and judge who competed for the former Soviet Union. She was the women's artistic individual all-around champion at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and owns Gemini Gymnastics, a high performance ... | 6,670 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
Canada as Head Floor Judge at the 2016 Rio Olympics. Davydova was known for her cutting-edge difficulty, innovation and charming performances.
In October 2016, she was elected a member of the International Gymnastics Federation's Women Technical Committee.
# Childhood training.
Davydova was born in V... | 6,671 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
as she was very small, and considered at the time to have the wrong physique for the sport."They would call me Kolobok after the little fairytale pancake". Rather than giving up however, she secretly watched the lessons through windows and tried to imitate in the schoolyard what she had observed."My Mom... | 6,672 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
did not like this initiative by his new training staff and reprimanded the Korshunovs; however he allowed Davydova to stay in the school. It soon became apparent that she was a talented gymnast and Gennadiy took over her coaching himself. By 1972 Davydova was the best in her age group at the school.
# ... | 6,673 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
try as a senior. She also won the gold on bars and a silver on floor. In the Sovetskii Sport magazine Ally Svirsky wrote "Davydova's exercise included a complex salto between the bars". She added " Davydova's routines were adorned with many original parts. For example, she took her hands off in a handst... | 6,674 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
competition was won by Nadia Comăneci, whose gymnastics Yelena Davydova greatly admired. At the USSR Cup Davydova tied for 6th place AA – and won bronze on vault, only 0.025 behind world vault championOlga Korbut — but only the top 5 and one gymnast in 9th place were chosen for the Soviet Olympic team. ... | 6,675 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
sport, was the senior coach for the team, and was determined to uphold the classical gymnastics tradition against the new athletic school of gymnastics as represented by Comaneci, Davydova and others. Two days before the Games began The Training Council ( the governing body of Soviet Gymnastics) critici... | 6,676 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
a clean sweep winning 3 gold (beam, vault, bars) and a bronze on floor. In October, she was made a member of the USSR gymnastics display team, which visited the UK. She subsequently performed her beam routine on the "Blue Peter" show, an educational/entertainment show for children and teenagers and, was... | 6,677 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
of Olympians such as Comaneci, Ungureanu, Kim, and Grozdova in the Chunichi Cup, Davydova was described as the "most exciting performer and certainly the most happy bubbly personality". One Japanese sports commentator wrote the prediction that "It was young Yelena Davydova who deserved special attention... | 6,678 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
Mites" featured in that issue. She was also a member of the USSR Display Team, along woth Kim, Korbut, Grosdova, Filatova and Gorbik that performed in Great Britain. The Daily Mirror programme wrote about Davydova "She is the only girl in the team who has perfected the somersault onto the beam to commen... | 6,679 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
mean she would never be a gymnast again. Elena took plenty of rest and homeopathic treatments. Her resilience and spirit won through. "When I was injured my coach believed in me and didn't give up on me. In my mind I knew I could still be on the team. I kept going."
She did well at school, was an avid ... | 6,680 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
her father, and Gennady. "I like to read and listen to music, but mostly I enjoy a few quiet hours by the water. I love to go fishing. I spend a lot of time fishing with my father or my coach, either on a lake in a boat, or on the banks of the Neva." She enjoyed cooking and baking. As with many gymnasts... | 6,681 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
won the AA title at the prestigious Chunichi Cup in Japan defeating Maxi Gnauck. Her win by 0.55 points remains the joint 3rd highest margin of victory in the competition's 34-year history. She also won gold on the bars and vault at the Tokyo Cup. As a result, she was chosen to be a member of the USSR t... | 6,682 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
Sappien memorial tournament in Finland. Yelena Davydova was unable to attend the 1979 World Championships in Fort Worth, U.S., however, because of a case of flu. At the World University Games in Mexico she won team gold, 3rd AA, and a silver medal on floor and bronze on vault in event finals.
In 1979 O... | 6,683 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
caused a stir at the Moscow News Tournament when she got into Olga Korbut's footsteps in horse-vaulting: she did a full twist in pre-flight, and in the second flight phase, with a handspring body extended, another twist of 360 degrees around the body length axis. Lets just recall that Olga Korbut did th... | 6,684 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
unveiling her unique vault full twist on, front somi off and scoring a 10 – and finished 3rd AA.
The Soviet Olympic gymnastics team was to be chosen after the USSR Cup competition in Moscow on 19–22 June. For gymnasts of this generation it was a make-or-break contest. The judges and Soviet officials wa... | 6,685 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
time only a top 3 place would give her a spot on the team. Davydova won it comfortably and scored a 10 on floor. She finished 0.5 ahead of her nearest rival, Natalia Shaposhnikova, 0.8 ahead of Zakharova, nearly a full 1.0 ahead of Filatova and a galactic 3.375 ahead of Mukhina.
Just before the Olympic... | 6,686 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
basis of what they had seen they advised viewers to watch out for Yelena Davydova, and that if she performed as well as in training, then she would take gold for her daring routines.
Missing from the 1980 Olympics was the 1978 World Champion, Elena Mukhina, who had been paralyzed after an accident whil... | 6,687 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
into 2 groups – those who were on the Olympic squad and those that weren't. Mukhina had not competed for the first 6 months of 1980 until she finished 14th AA at the USSR Cup. Mukhina was in the 2nd group training in Minsk when the accident happened.
In the team competition – whose scores counted towar... | 6,688 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
through to the All-Around final and only 2 to an event final. Davydova qualified for two event finals – beam and vault – but it is believed would have qualified for bars and floor event finals also, had she competed last for her team instead of 4th on the list.
Nadia Comăneci scored a 10 on beam in com... | 6,689 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
came into her own, outscoring all her teammates and meriting a 10 on floor. Barbara Slater, who had been a British gymnast in Montreal and was a TV commentator in 1980, described Davydova's floor exercise as the "performance of the Olympics." Nik Stuart, 9 times British AA champion and the first British... | 6,690 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
dance movements." Glenn Sundby, editor of "International Gymnast" magazine, commented that "Davydova would have won anywhere on this earth with that floor routine." This routine is also praised in Michael Murphy's 1992 book "The Future of The Body". This was only the second time a perfect score of 10 ha... | 6,691 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
the fall. Comaneci scored 39.2.
# All-Around Olympic Champion.
Thursday 24 July began the All-Around final. Davydova began in 5th place. In first place was Gnauck, GDR, then Shaposhnikova USSR, 3rd Eberle Romania, 4th Comaneci Romania. Davydova began on beam, Gnauck on bars, Comaneci on floor – a disa... | 6,692 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
compete. With 2 down and 2 to go the places were now: Gnauck 1st, Davydova 2nd, Shaposhnikova and Comaneci joint 3rd. Nadia Comăneci then scored a 10 on bars, the only gymnast to receive a perfect score that night. (It was her first perfect score on bars in a major competition since the 1976 Olympics). ... | 6,693 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
this vault at 1979 European Championships in Denmark and 79 World Championships in United States. Barry Lorge, Washington Post, 25 July 1980, p. 9, "Gnauck, first of the contenders up in the fourth and final rotation. Her first vault looked good but was too safe : 9.7. She knew she had to do better but ... | 6,694 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
compete. Only a great exercise would be good enough. But bars had a casualty list of high-profile gymnasts – and had cost many of them a medal. A mistake by Davydova would result in gold for either Gnauck or Comaneci. Davydova's exercise included a Tkatchev (which no other female gymnast could do at the... | 6,695 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
routine, boldly and confidently".
The FIG website describes this exercise as "Fantastic".
United States Olympic book 1980, United States Olympic Committee, p. 141,"She approached the apparatus with the aplomb and poise of a gymnast several years her senior. Every move Davydova made on the uneven paral... | 6,696 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
exercises performed at the 1980 Olympics only 1 scored as high as Comaneci needed. After one of her back flips Comaneci had to flail her arms for balance. She broke the connection between her aerial walkover to aerial cartwheel with a pause. Her knee bent slightly under 360-degree rotation. She landed s... | 6,697 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
10 from the Bulgarian judge, 9.9 from the Czech judge, 9.8 from both the Soviet and Polish judges. With the top and bottom marks being discarded, and the remaining two being added together and then divided by two, this gave Nadia Comăneci a score of 9.85. This gave her a shared silver with Maxi Gnauck. ... | 6,698 |
74552 | Yelena Davydova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena%20Davydova | Yelena Davydova
Simionescu had been a friend of her since Comaneci's childhood and had given her ballet training. She had traveled with the Romanian team numerous times and socialized with them. She would intervene again in beam event final to restrict the score of Shaposhnikova which would give Comaneci beam gold. Nad... | 6,699 |
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