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43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
and Bangalore (Karnataka, India). There is a sizeable Parsee population in Pune as well in Hyderabad. A few Parsee families also reside in Kolkata and Chennai. Although they are not, strictly speaking, a caste, since they are not Hindus, they form a well-defined community. The exact date of the Parsi migration i... | 7,000 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
a small agricultural community.
The term "Pārsi", which in the Persian language is a demonym meaning "inhabitant of Pārs" and hence "ethnic Persian", is not attested in Indian Zoroastrian texts until the 17th century. Until that time, such texts consistently use the Persian-origin terms "Zartoshti" "Zoroastrian... | 7,001 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
in the journals of many European travelers, first French and Portuguese, later English, all of whom used a Europeanized version of an apparently local language term. For example, Portuguese physician Garcia de Orta observed in 1563 that "there are merchants ... in the kingdom of Cambaia ... known as Esparcis. We... | 7,002 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
by the Indians to refer to anyone from Greater Iran, irrespective of whether they were actually ethnic Persian people. In any case, the term "Parsi" itself is "not necessarily an indication of their Iranian or 'Persian' origin, but rather as indicator – manifest as several properties – of ethnic identity". Moreo... | 7,003 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
assuming that the Parsis were the only remaining followers of the religion.
In addition to above, the Parsi identity was well truly an identity even before they moved to India:
- The earliest reference to the Parsis is found in the Assyrian inscription of Shalmaneser III (circa 854-824 BC).
- Darius the Great... | 7,004 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
Karnamak i Artakhshir i Papakan, the Indian astrologer refers to Artakhshir (Sasanian king, and the founder of the Empire) as khvatay parsikan ‘the king of the Parsis’.
- Herodotus and Xenophon, the two great historians who lived in the third and fourth centuries BC referred to Iranians as Parsis.
# Origins.
... | 7,005 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
passage to Paradise, Hammistagan (A limbo area) or Hell by a sword. A personified form of the soul that represents the person’s deeds takes the adjudged to their destination and they will abide there until the final apocalypse. After the final battle between good and evil, every soul’s walk through a river of fi... | 7,006 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
India thanks to the goodwill of a local prince. However, the Parsi community had to abide by three rules: they had to speak the local language, follow local marriage customs, and not carry any weapons. After showing the many similarities between their faith and local beliefs, the early community was granted a pl... | 7,007 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
are Indians in terms of national affiliation, language and history, but not typically Indian in terms of consanguinity or ethnicity, cultural, behavioural and religious practices.
Genealogical DNA tests to determine purity of lineage have brought mixed results. One study supports the Parsi contention that they ... | 7,008 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
Parsis are genetically closer to Gujaratis than to Iranians. Taking the 2002 study into account, the authors of the 2004 study suggested "a male-mediated migration of the ancestors of the present-day Parsi population, where they admixed with local females [...] leading ultimately to the loss of mtDNA of Iranian ... | 7,009 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
Parsi is a matter of great contention within the Zoroastrian community in India. It is generally accepted that a Parsi is a person who:
In this sense, "Parsi" is an ethno-religious designator, whose definition is of contention among its members, similar to the contention over who is a Jew in the West.
Some mem... | 7,010 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
not only stipulated that a person could not become a Parsi by converting to the Zoroastrian faith but also noted:
This definition was overturned several times. The equality principles of the Indian Constitution void the patrilineal restrictions expressed in the third clause. The second clause was contested and ... | 7,011 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
parents are Parsi.
Nonetheless, the opinion that the 1909 ruling is legally binding continues to persist, even among the better-read and moderate Parsis.
# Population.
According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. According to the National Commission for Minorities, there are a "var... | 7,012 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
migration. A slower birthrate than deathrate accounts for the rest: as of 2001, Parsis over the age of 60 make up for 31% of the community. Only 4.7% of the Parsi community are under 6 years of age, which translates to 7 births per year per 1000 individuals. Concerns have been raised in recent years over the rap... | 7,013 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
males to 933 females.
Parsis have a high literacy rate; as of 2001, the literacy rate is 97.9%, the highest of any Indian community (the national average was 64.8%). 96.1% of Parsis reside in urban areas (the national average is 27.8%).
In the Greater Mumbai area, where the density of Parsis is highest, about ... | 7,014 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
of Central Asia is in part in northeastern Iran, where it constitutes modern Khorasan Province, part of western/northern Afghanistan, and in part in three Central-Asian republics namely Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
According to the "Qissa", the immigrants were granted permission to stay by the local... | 7,015 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
five years of the first, and this time having religious implements with them (the "alat"). In addition to these "Khorasani"s or "Kohistani"s "mountain folk", as the two initial groups are said to have been initially called, at least one other group is said to have come overland from Sari, Iran.
Although the San... | 7,016 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
intense battle ... amongst Parsis". Since dates are not specifically mentioned in Parsi texts prior to the 18th century, any date of arrival is perforce a matter of speculation. The importance of the "Qissa" lies in any case not so much in its reconstruction of events than in its depiction of the Parsis – in the... | 7,017 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
were certainly not the first Zoroastrians on the subcontinent. Sindh touching Balochistan, the easternmost periphery of the Iranian world, too had once been under coastal administration of the Sasanian Empire (226-651), which consequently maintained outposts there. Even following the loss of Sindh, the Iranians ... | 7,018 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
the Iranians, the harbours of Gujarat lay on the maritime routes that complemented the overland Silk Road and there were extensive trade relations between the two regions. The contact between Iranians and Indians was already well established even prior to the Common Era, and both the Puranas and the "Mahabharata... | 7,019 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
the Arab conquest of Iran, it is not possible to state with certainty that these migrations occurred as a result of religious persecution against Zoroastrians. If the "traditional" 8th century date (as deduced from the "Qissa") is considered valid, it must be assumed "that the migration began while Zoroastrianis... | 7,020 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
India Company, noted that the Parsis came to India seeking "liberty of conscience" but simultaneously arrived as "merchantmen bound for the shores of India, in course of trade and merchandise." The fact that Muslims charged non-Muslims higher duties when trading from Muslim-held ports may be interpreted to be a ... | 7,021 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
several centuries were "full of hardships" ("sic") before Zoroastrianism "gained a real foothold in India and secured for its adherents some means of livelihood in this new country of their adoption".
Two centuries after their landing, the Parsis began to settle in other parts of Gujarat, which led to "difficul... | 7,022 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
among the five "panthak" families.)
Inscriptions at the Kanheri Caves near Mumbai suggest that at least until the early 11th century, Middle Persian was still the literary language of the hereditary Zoroastrian priesthood. Nonetheless, aside from the "Qissa" and the Kanheri inscriptions, there is little evidenc... | 7,023 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
to the late 16th century, the Zoroastrian priests of Gujarat sent (in all) twenty-two requests for religious guidance to their co-religionists in Iran, presumably because they considered the Iranian Zoroastrians "better informed on religious matters than themselves, and must have preserved the old-time tradition... | 7,024 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
by a non-Zoroastrian is suitable for copying Avestan language texts – but they provide a discerning insight into the fears and anxieties of the early modern Zoroastrians. Thus, the question of the ink is symptomatic of the fear of assimilation and the loss of identity, a theme that dominates the questions posed ... | 7,025 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
of disintegration and absorption in the vast multitudes among whom they lived created in them a spirit of exclusiveness and a strong desire to preserve the racial characteristics and distinctive features of their community. Living in an atmosphere surcharged with the Hindu caste system, they felt that their own ... | 7,026 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
– the "(r)atheshtarih" (nobility, soldiers, and civil servants), "vastaryoshih" (farmers and herdsmen), "hutokshih" (artisans and labourers) – were folded into an all-comprehensive class today known as the "behdini" ("followers of "daena"", for which "good religion" is one translation). This change would have fa... | 7,027 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
who had little patience for the unpredictable complications of the Hindu caste system (such as when a clerk from one caste would not deal with a clerk from another).
## Age of opportunity.
Following the commercial treaty in the early 17th century between Mughal emperor Jahangir and James I of England, the East... | 7,028 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent, and in 1687 they transferred their headquarters from Surat to the fledgling settlement. The Parsis followed and soon began to occupy posts of trust in connection with government and public works.
Where literacy ha... | 7,029 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
them to "represent themselves as being like the British," which they did "more diligently and effectively than perhaps any other South Asian community". While the British saw the other Indians "as passive, ignorant, irrational, outwardly submissive but inwardly guileful", the Parsis were seen to have the traits ... | 7,030 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
from persecution into India, were for many ages lost in obscurity and poverty, till at length they met a just government under which they speedily rose to be one of the most popular mercantile bodies in Asia".
One of these was an enterprising agent named Rustom Maneck. In 1702, Maneck, who had probably already ... | 7,031 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
hands. As James Forbes, the Collector of Broach (now Bharuch), would note in his "Oriental Memoirs" (1770): "many of the principal merchants and owners of ships at Bombay and Surat are Parsees." "Active, robust, prudent and persevering, they now form a very valuable part of the Company's subjects on the western ... | 7,032 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
(Sorabji, Modi, Cama, Wadia, Jeejeebhoy, Readymoney, Dadyseth, Petit, Patel, Mehta, Allbless, Tata, etc.), many of which would be noted for their participation in the public life of the city, and for their various educational, industrial, and charitable enterprises.").
Through his largesse, Maneck helped establ... | 7,033 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
of Parsi families from Surat migrated to the new city. While in 1700 "fewer than a handful of individuals appear as merchants in any records; by mid-century, Parsis engaged in commerce constituted one of important commercial groups in Bombay". Maneck's generosity is incidentally also the first documented instanc... | 7,034 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
nor suffer a beggar in all their tribe".
In 1728 Rustom's eldest son Naoroz (later Naorojee) founded the "Bombay Parsi Panchayat" (in the sense of an instrument for self-governance and not in the sense of the trust it is today) to assist newly arriving Parsis in religious, social, legal and financial matters. U... | 7,035 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
was under attack for impropriety and nepotism. In 1855 the "Bombay Times" noted that the Panchayat was utterly without the moral or legal authority to enforce its statutes (the "Bundobusts" or codes of conduct) and the council soon ceased to be considered representative of the community. In the wake of a July 18... | 7,036 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
about the same time as the role of the Panchayat was declining, a number of other institutions arose that would replace the Panchayat's role in contributing to the sense of social cohesiveness that the community desperately sought. By the mid-19th century, the Parsis were keenly aware that their numbers were dec... | 7,037 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
schools for boys and girls) and the education movement quickened. The number of Parsi schools multiplied, but other schools and colleges were also freely attended. Accompanied by better education and social cohesiveness, the community's sense of distinctiveness grew, and in 1854 Dinshaw Maneckji Petit founded th... | 7,038 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
in 1882.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Parsis had emerged as "the foremost people in India in matters educational, industrial, and social. They came in the vanguard of progress, amassed vast fortunes, and munificently gave away large sums in charity". By the close of the 19th century, the total number of ... | 7,039 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
and 18th centuries such as language (a Parsi variant of Gujarati), arts, crafts, and sartorial habits developed into Parsi theatre, literature, newspapers, magazines, and schools. The Parsis now ran community medical centres, ambulance corps, Scouting troops, clubs, and Masonic Lodges. They had their own charita... | 7,040 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
to occupy a seat in the British Parliament would note: "Whether I am a Hindu, a Mohammedan, a Parsi, a Christian, or of any other creed, I am above all an Indian. Our country is India; our nationality is Indian".
# Religious practices.
The main components of Zoroastrianism as practiced by the Parsi community a... | 7,041 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
In order to adhere to purity it is the duty of Parsis to continue to preserve purity within their body as God created them. A Zoroastrian priest spends his entire life dedicated to following a holy life.
## Navjote.
Zoroastrians are not initiated by infant baptism. A child is initiated into the faith when he o... | 7,042 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
cleansing prayer; the child changes into white pajama pants, a shawl, and a small cap. Following introductory prayers, the child is given the sacred items that are associated with Zoroastrianism: a sacred shirt and cord, sudre, and kusti. The child then faces the main priest and fire is brought in to represent G... | 7,043 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
of child marriage was not part of the religious doctrine. Consequently, when social reform started happening in India, the Parsi community discontinued the practice. There are, however, rising problems over the availability of brides. More and more women in the Parsi community are becoming well educated and are ... | 7,044 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
travel to the wedding in florally decorated cars. The priests from both families facilitate the wedding. The couple begins by facing one another with a sheet to block their view of one another. Wool is passed over the two seven times to bind them together. The two are then supposed to throw rice to their partner... | 7,045 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
the faith of the deceased. Fire is brought to the room and prayers are begun. The body is washed and inserted clean within a sudre and kusti. The ceremony then begins, and a circle is drawn around the body into which only the bearers may enter. As they proceed to the cemetery they walk in pairs and are connected... | 7,046 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
person.
## Temples.
Zoroastrian festivals were originally held outside in the open air; temples were not common until later. Most of the temples were built by wealthy Parsis who needed centers that housed purity. As stated before, fire is considered to represent the presence of Ahura Mazda, and there are two d... | 7,047 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
Mihr, and the preparation process is not as intense. There are about 160 of these located throughout India.
# Factions within the community.
## Calendrical differences.
"This section contains information specific to the Parsi calendar. For information on the calendar used by the Zoroastrians for religious pur... | 7,048 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
it was no longer accordant with the seasons.
Sometime between 1125 and 1250 ("cf." ), the Parsis inserted an embolismic month to level out the accumulating fractional days. However, the Parsis were the only Zoroastrians to do so (and did it only once), with the result that, from then on, the calendar in use by ... | 7,049 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
the calendar in use in the ancient homeland must be correct. Moreover, they denigrated the "Shahenshahi" calendar as being "royalist".
In 1906 attempts to bring the two factions together resulted in the introduction of a third calendar based on an 11th-century Seljuk model: the "Fasili", or "Fasli", calendar ha... | 7,050 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
of the Parsi version of the "Shahenshahi" calendar although the "Kadmi" calendar does have its adherents among the Parsi communities of Surat and Bharuch. The "Fasli" calendar does not have a significant following among Parsis, but, by virtue of being compatible with the "Bastani" calendar (an Iranian developmen... | 7,051 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
matters, in the late 18th century (or early 19th century) a highly influential head-priest and staunch proponent of the "Kadmi" calendar, Phiroze Kaus Dastur of the Dadyseth Atash-Behram in Bombay, became convinced that the pronunciation of prayers as recited by visitors from Iran was correct, while the pronunci... | 7,052 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
Iranian pronunciation as adopted by the "Kadmi"s is actually more recent than the pronunciation used by the non-"Kadmi" Parsis.
The calendar disputes were not always purely academic, either. In the 1780s, emotions over the controversy ran so high that violence occasionally erupted. In 1783 a "Shahenshahi" resid... | 7,053 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
of ecstasy', or 'science of bliss') is a school of Parsi-Zoroastrian philosophy based on a mystic and esoteric, rather than literal, interpretation of religious texts. According to adherents of the sect, they are followers of the Zoroastrian faith as preserved by a clan of 2000 individuals called the "Saheb-e-Di... | 7,054 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
of Kshnoom are divided with respect to which calendar they observe. There are also other minor differences in their recitation of the liturgy, such as repetition of some sections of the longer prayers. Nonetheless, the Kshnoom are extremely conservative in their ideology and prefer isolation even with respect to... | 7,055 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
Issues relating to the deceased.
It has been traditional, in Mumbai and Karachi at least, for dead Parsis to be taken to the Towers of Silence where the corpses are quickly eaten by the city's vultures. The reason given for this practice is that earth, fire, and water are considered sacred elements which should... | 7,056 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
led to the Indian vulture crisis, which led to the ban of the drug diclofenac. As a result, the bodies of the deceased are taking much longer to decompose. Solar panels have been installed in the Towers of Silence to speed up the decomposition process, but this has been only partially successful especially durin... | 7,057 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
Hill. In Karachi, the Tower of Silence is located in Parsi Colony, near the Chanesar Goth and Mehmoodabad localities.
# Archaeogenetics.
The genetic studies of Parsis of Pakistan show sharp contrast between genetic data obtained from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA), different from most p... | 7,058 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
from South Asian haplogroups, which is just 7% in Iranians. Parsis have a high frequency of haplogroup M (55%), similar to Indians, which is just 1.7% in combined Iranian sample. The studies suggest sharp contrast between the maternal and paternal component of Parsis. Due to high diversity in Y-DNA and mtDNA lin... | 7,059 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
the Parsis are genetically closer to Iranian and Caucasus populations than to their South Asian neighbours. They also share the highest number of haplotypes with present-day Iranians; the admixture of the Parsis with Indian populations was estimated have occurred approximately 1,200 years ago. It is also found t... | 7,060 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
of India, all the more remarkable considering their small numbers. As the maxim "Parsi, thy name is charity" alludes to, their most prominent contribution is their philanthropy.
Although their people's name Parsi comes from the Persian-language word for a Persian person, in Sanskrit the term means "one who give... | 7,061 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
Parsis. Parsis prominent in the Indian independence movement include Pherozeshah Mehta, Dadabhai Naoroji, and Bhikaiji Cama.
Particularly notable Parsis in the fields of science and industry include physicist Homi J. Bhabha, Homi N. Sethna, J. R. D. Tata and Jamsetji Tata, regarded as the "Father of Indian Indu... | 7,062 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
of them related through marriage to Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. Mohammad Ali Jinnah's wife Rattanbai Petit, was born into two of the Parsi PetitTata families, and their daughter Dina Jinnah was married to Parsi industrialist Neville Wadia, the scion of the Wadia family. The husband of Indian Pr... | 7,063 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
Marshal. Admiral Jal Cursetji was the first Parsi to be appointed Chief of the Naval Staff of the Indian Navy. Air Marshal Aspy Engineer served as India's second Chief of Air Staff, post-independence, and Air Chief Marshal. Fali Homi Major served as the 18th Chief of Air Staff. Vice Admiral RF Contractor served ... | 7,064 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
company.
Particularly notable Parsis in other areas of achievement include cricketers Farokh Engineer and Polly Umrigar, rock star Freddie Mercury, composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji and conductor Zubin Mehta; cultural studies theorist Homi K. Bhabha; screenwriter and photographer Sooni Taraporevala; authors R... | 7,065 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
Ghandy is a Parsi. Dorab Patel was Pakistan's first Parsi Supreme Court Justice. Fali S Nariman is a constitutional expert and noted jurist. Rattana Pestonji was a Parsi living in Thailand who helped develop Thai cinema. Firdaus Kharas is a Parsi humanitarian and activist who has helped pioneer the use of animat... | 7,066 |
43712 | Parsis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsis | Parsis
eme Court Justice. Fali S Nariman is a constitutional expert and noted jurist. Rattana Pestonji was a Parsi living in Thailand who helped develop Thai cinema. Firdaus Kharas is a Parsi humanitarian and activist who has helped pioneer the use of animation in social entrepreneurship. Another famous Parsi is the In... | 7,067 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
Reus
Reus () is the capital of Baix Camp, in the province of Tarragona, in Catalonia, Spain. The area has always been an important producer of wines and spirits, and gained continental importance at the time of the Phylloxera plague. Nowadays it is known for its commercial activity, for being a centre for rock-cl... | 7,068 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
(or "reddis"), that would approximately mean "place in the way" / "place in the roads", or said alternatively, an inhabited place in a cross-road.
And the namesake from The German Footballer Marco Reus
# History.
## Foundation and early history.
Around 1150 Robert d'Aguiló repopulated the region of Reus, after... | 7,069 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
third of Reus parish. At this time the city was known as Redis or Reddis. The castellan Bernat de Bell-lloc gave the title of town to Reus on 3 August 1183, giving the ownership of houses and gardens, establishing a census to pay for farmland and reserving justice, but recognizing its vassalage towards the archbis... | 7,070 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
on Mondays. The dynasty of Bell-lloc castellans became extinct in 1327 and then Bernard de Cabrera became the new castellan, but in 1335 the castellan was sold to Pere Mulet, who lost it on 1345. Pere Mulet heirs sold their rights to Bernat d'Olzinelles in 1349. The camerlengo Pere Roger de Belfort disputed domain... | 7,071 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
peace.
Pere Roger de Belfort gave the roses of his coat to coat of arms of the town and later he became Pope Gregory XI, keeping it as a camerlengo of Reus, so the coat of arms was crowned with adorned with papal tiara and keys of St. Peter.
## Catalan Revolt war and the Archduke Charles.
At the beginning of th... | 7,072 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
the direction of Joan Nebot, revolted in favor of the Archduke Charles. On 3 July 1706 the Archduke Charles came to the town. In 1707 fell shortly to the Bourbons, but in 1709 Reus surrendered to the Spanish and French Bourbons. In 1710 Reus returned again to the field of Archduke Charles. On 5 June 1712 the wife ... | 7,073 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
In this last contribution was the first center, the others were London and Paris. From this time it’s the popular sentence "Reus, Paris and London”, because Reus was one of the centers of the liquor marquet. The construction of a canal between Reus and Salou, proposed by Pere Sunyer was granted in 1805, but it was... | 7,074 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
and in 1893 was celebrated the Assembly of the Unió Catalana. In 1886 Pau Font de Rubinat founded the Catalan newspaper "Lo Somatent". In 1895 the phylloxera killed big areas of vineyards in the region of Reus and many of this areas were changed to hazelnuts.
In 1931 Reus voted for the republic. In 1936 Francisco... | 7,075 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
Maria Roig. After him, Josep Abelló Padró was the mayor until 1999, replaced by Lluís Miquel Pérez Segura, who occupied the position until 2011, when the current mayor, Carles Pellicer i Punyed, started.
# Demography.
Reus was for long the second city of Catalonia with a population of 14,440 in 1787 and 27,257 i... | 7,076 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
increase. About 6% are Muslim and 8% from other religions.
According to the 2006 official Spanish census (source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística), Reus is the 9th most populous city in Catalonia and the 59th in Spain.
# Climate.
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csa
" (Mediterra... | 7,077 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
by a hand craft gunpowder line. This line ends in a square shape in front of the city hall, with more bangers and 9 more "masclets". Also, on September 25, the "Mare de Déu de la Misericòrdia" is held.
Other noteworthy festivities are the Carnival and the "Anada a l'Antiga" towards Salou. Most of the neighborhood... | 7,078 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
from around the world working in Alternative Photographic Processes (such as Platinum Printing, Gum Dichromate, Etc.). At each Biennal they award the Medalla Gaudi award to a select few artists and purchase their work for the Institut Municipal d’Accio Cultural's permanent collection.
# Main sights.
## Catalan M... | 7,079 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
i Montaner (1901)
- Casa Gasull, Lluís Domènech i Montaner (1910–1912)
- Institut Pere Mata, Lluís Domènech i Montaner (1899–1919)
- Casa Pinyol, Pere Caselles i Tarrats (1910)
- Escoles Prat de la Riba, Pere Caselles i Tarrats (1911)
- Escorxador, Pere Caselles i Tarrats (1899)
- Estació Enològica, Pere Cas... | 7,080 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
city has a roller hockey team Reus Deportiu, one of the most important in Spain, and dispute the main league OK Liga.
The association football team is CF Reus Deportiu .
# Tourism.
In recent years, tourism in Reus has expanded as more and more people come to the Costa Daurada region for their summer holidays or... | 7,081 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
hotels, hostels, and major chained hotels owned by NH Hoteles and Hotusa Group.
Recently Reus Airport has started to receive low cost flights from Ryanair that fly to Reus from many different European locations and North Africa. The airport also receives major charter flights from the United Kingdom. Barcelona Ai... | 7,082 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
with a heraldic rose the new flag was white with a heraldic rose in the center. Minor changes to the rose in the flag were made after 1943.
Currently the rose has a new version, taken from the city emblem. The emblem itself has official status. This presumably also applies to the flag, but this has not been confi... | 7,083 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
Gaudí (1852-1926), architect
- Ceferí Olivé (1907–1995), painter
- François Tosquelles (1912–1994), psychiatrist
- Alejandro Cao de Benós (born 1974), President of the Korean Friendship Association
- Isaac Cuenca (born 1991), football player
- Sergi Roberto (born 1992), football player
# Twin cities.
Reus i... | 7,084 |
74590 | Reus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reus | Reus
orn 1992), football player
# Twin cities.
Reus is twinned with:
- Bahía Blanca, Argentina, since 1994
- Hadžići, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 1995
- Astorga, Spain, since 1998
- Amgala, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, since 2000
- Boyeros, Cuba, since 2000
- Gandia, Spain, since 2008
# References.
- T... | 7,085 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcz (; ; ) is a city in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers. With a city population of 350,178 (December 2018), and an urban agglomeration with more than 470,000 inhabitants, Bydgoszcz is the eighth-largest city in Poland. It has been the seat of Bydgoszcz County and the co-capita... | 7,086 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
Technology and Life Sciences and a conservatory, as well as the Medical College of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. It also hosts the Pomeranian Philharmonic concert hall, the Opera Nova opera house, and Bydgoszcz Airport. Due to its location between the Vistula and Oder rivers, and the water course o... | 7,087 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
most recognized timber-framed landmarks in Poland.
# Etymology.
Bydgoszcz, originally Bydgoszcza (feminine), is a pronoun name the second part of which – 'goszcz' comes from 'gost-jь' possibly or 'gost-ja' an old Slavic root which refers to an urban or suburban trading settlement. There are also a number of... | 7,088 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcza "fishing village or campsite belonging to Bydgosta".
The name 'Byd-gost' contains archaic elements of the Proto-Slavonic root 'byd' which existed as a variant of the verb 'to raise' (Ancient Russian 'vъzbydati' = stimulating, Proto-Slavonic 'bъděti' / 'bъd 'ǫ' = no sleep, to watch), and the common... | 7,089 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
'Brahenberg', with 'a' pronounced in East Pomeranian Low German rather like 'å', later contracted to "Bromberg", dropping the weak 'h', with the 'n' assimilated as 'm' to the following labial sound 'b'.
# History.
During the early Slavic times a fishing settlement called "Bydgozcya" ("Bydgostia" in Latin), ... | 7,090 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
King Casimir III of Poland, granted Bydgoszcz city rights (charter) on 19 April 1346. The city increasingly saw an influx of Jews after that date. In 1555, however, due to pressure by the clergy, the Jews were expelled and came back only with the annexion to Prussia in 1772. In the 15th and 16th centuries Byd... | 7,091 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
the castle was destroyed completely and has since then remained a ruin. After the war only 94 houses were inhabited, 103 stood empty and 35 were burned down. Also the suburbs had been damaged considerably.
[[File:Bydgoszcz016.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Theatre square in Bydgoszcz|Theater Square in Brombergn (1911)]]
... | 7,092 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
the town was acquired by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] as Bromberg, and incorporated into the [[Netze District]] in [[West Prussia]]. At the time, the town was seriously depressed and semi-derelict. Under [[Frederick the Great]] the town revived, notably with construction of a canal from Bromberg to [[Nakło nad ... | 7,093 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
in 1815, the town was returned to Prussia as part of the [[Grand Duchy of Posen]] (Poznań), becoming the capital of the [[Bromberg (region)|Bromberg Region]]. In 1871 the Province of Posen, along with the rest of the Kingdom of Prussia, became part of the newly formed [[German Empire]].
In the mid-19th centu... | 7,094 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
all holding German citizenships.
After [[World War I]], despite the town's German majority, Bromberg was assigned to the recreated Polish state by the 1919 [[Versailles Treaty]]. Now officially Bydgoszcz again, the city belonged to the [[Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)|Poznań Voivodeship]]. The local populace... | 7,095 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
execution of Polish hostages in Bydgoszcz (1939).jpg|thumb|Public execution of civilians caught in a street roundup on 9 September 1939.]]
With the start of [[World War II]] on Sept. 1, 1939, Bydgoszcz was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] and annexed to the [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia]] as the [[seat (legal ... | 7,096 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
(1939)|Bloody Sunday]] massacre, occurred on 3 September 1939.
The history of [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jews]] in Bydgoszcz ended with the [[German invasion of Poland]] and the [[Holocaust]]. The city's Jewish citizens, many of whom spoke German, were sent to Nazi death camps or murdered in the town it... | 7,097 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
had survived were [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|expelled]] and the city was returned to Poland as Bydgoszcz. In the same year it was made the seat of the [[Pomeranian Voivodship]], the northern part of which was soon separated to form [[Gdańsk Voivodship]]. The remaining part of the Pomeranian... | 7,098 |
74593 | Bydgoszcz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz
in Bydgoszcz.]]
[[File:Hotel „Pod Orłem”, 1893-1896, Bydgoszcz by AW.jpg|thumb|240px|Hotel "Pod Orlem" (Eagle Hotel), Bydgoszcz.]]
# Main sights.
The oldest building in the city is the Church of St Martin and Nicolaus, commonly known as Fara Church. It is a three-aisle late Gothic church, erected between 1... | 7,099 |
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