wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
community living here, were killed by the Germans. Life in Nazi-occupied Częstochowa is depicted in the Pulitzer Prize-winning graphic novel "Maus", by Art Spiegelman, the son of a Jewish Częstochowa resident. Before the Holocaust, Częstochowa was considered a great Jewish center in Poland. By the end of WW... | 7,800 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
creation of a separate Częstochowa Voivodeship. In the immediate post-war period, Częstochowa belonged to Kielce Voivodeship (1945–1950), and then the city was transferred to Katowice Voivodeship. In the People's Republic of Poland, Częstochowa emerged not only as an industrial, but also academic center of ... | 7,801 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
another visit to Our Lady of Częstochowa in 1983 and again in 1987, 1991, 1997 and 1999. On August 15, 1991, John Paul II was named Honorary Citizen of Częstochowa. On May 26, 2006, the city was visited by Pope Benedict XVI.
# Climate.
It can be said that the climate is humid continental (Köppen: "Dfb"), ... | 7,802 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
in June, due to the greatest length of the day. There are few windless days in Częstochowa. Lull periods on an annual scale account for an average of 9.2%. Western winds prevail here - 18% and south-west - 18.2%. At the same time, they achieve the highest speeds from these directions - 2.2 m/s. The northern... | 7,803 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
of Regional Development. In 2007, in areas surrounding the ISD Częstochowa Steelworks, the Częstochowa Industry Park was established. In 2011, three industry clusters were established - The Cluster of Polymers Manufacturing "Plastosfera", Częstochowa Communal Cluster "Aglomeracja"and the Regional Cluster of... | 7,804 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Poland, initially established in 1896. The Steelworks produces over 65% of steel sheets manufactured in Poland and has an approximate 35% share in the entire national consumption of this product.
- TRW Automotive Częstochowa - a manufacturer of car safety systems.
- CSF Poland - producer of wires, anti-vi... | 7,805 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
"Volcano" - the oldest operating factory in the city, established in 1894
- Dospel - producer of ventilation systems
- Metalplast - producer of locks and construction hardware fittings
- ViperPrint - one of the biggest printing houses in Poland
Trade and commerce
In Częstochowa, there is the Jurajska S... | 7,806 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Tourism.
Currently the city is one of the main tourist attractions of the area and is sometimes called the "little Nuremberg" because of the number of souvenir shops. It attracts millions (4.5 mln - 2005) of tourists and pilgrims every year. The Black Madonna of Częstochowa, housed at the Jasna Góra Monast... | 7,807 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Góra Monastery.
## Prominent tourist destinations.
The main representative artery in the city centre is the Najświętszej Maryi Panny Avenue (The Holy Virgin Mary Avenue). It was first built in the beginning of the 19th century, as a road linking Częstochowa with New Częstochowa, cities which were administ... | 7,808 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
of classicist, late-classicist houses, rarely eclectic. More modern buildings can also be noticed. The most interesting townhouses include:
- Franke's House – in the beginning it belonged to Adolf Franke, a Lutheran hailing from Greater Poland and also an owner of a spinning mill and textile mill. It was b... | 7,809 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
with prevailing neo-renaissance features.
- Zapalkiewicz's House is classicist townhouse, built in 1871. It was the seat of a theatre, which was functioning until 1908. Later, until 1923, there was a cinema "Paryskie" and subsequently a number of financial institution have had their branches in the buildin... | 7,810 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
including Bankers, Jackowski's Restaurant and Cafe, and Bata's Shoe Shop and between 1909 and 1930 a cinema called "Odeon".
- Polish Bank's Townhouse is an art nouveau townhouse, built in 1904. In the beginning, it was the seat of a local branch of the Russian State Bank. In 1927, the building was taken ov... | 7,811 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Doctors Association.
- Hantke's Palace is an example of Baroque Revival architecture, built to the order of an industrialist and entrepreneur Bernard Hantke, who established the ISD Częstochowa Steel Mill. The palace was built between 1900 and 1903. After WW2, the building was the seat of the Częstochowa S... | 7,812 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
district with dimensions of 100m by 66m. Since medieval times it operated as the main square of Old Częstochowa. There are still preserved old townhouses, which are listed on the historic monuments register. Between the 15th century and 1812, a town hall was located there, which was then damaged because of ... | 7,813 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
century.
- Jasna Góra Parks are two city parks (Stanisław Staszic Park and 3 May Park) located in the city centre, on the slope of Jasna Góra Hill. The parks were established in 1843. The total area of both parks is 11.8 ha. The parks are a popular leisure place and a spot for those enjoying short walks. I... | 7,814 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
created in the first half of the 19th century. The name derives from the seven houses which had been built at the beginning.
- Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Family, Częstochowa - a cathedral built in the neo-gothic style between 1901-1927. In 1925, it became a cathedral of a Roman Catholic Diocese of Częs... | 7,815 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
church. After the end of First World War, it was retained by the Catholic church as part of the Recovery of Orthodox Churches in the Second Polish Republic. In 1937, the Archdiocese of Częstochowa established a parish of St James.
- St Sigismund's Church - a gothic church built in the 15th century, making ... | 7,816 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
from Częstochowa include a connection with Warsaw (to the north-east) and Katowice (to the south) via the European route E75 (Motorway ). There are also three other national roads: to Wieluń, to Opole and to Piotrków Trybunalski. Furthermore, Częstochowa is a major railroad hub, located at the intersection ... | 7,817 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
many Polish cities as Warsaw, Cracow, Katowice, Wrocław and Szczecin, proteza koniecpolska makes some of the connections more comfortable.
The public transport is managed by the Częstochowa City Council of Roads and Transport. The public transport carriage is contracted to the City Public Transport Corpora... | 7,818 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
closest airport is the Katowice International Airport, which is located from Częstochowa, and a small Częstochowa - Rudniki airport in Kościelec, Rędziny.
# Culture.
## Museums.
In Częstochowa on top of the Jasna Góra Monastery serving the museum and exhibition functions, other similar institutions inclu... | 7,819 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
of two towns: Old Częstochowa and New Częstochowa. It has been the seat of Częstochowa Regional Museum since 1967. There is a permanent historical exhibition - 'History of the City of Częstochowa - Stage 1'. It illustrates the development of the city - from its beginnings to the 17th century. The 'Gallery o... | 7,820 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
the visitors can see documents, memorabilia, photographs and scripts of her poems. Sometimes, in the museum poetry evenings are organised.
- Gallery of 19th and 20th Century Sculpture and Painting, located on Katedralna Street inside a two-storey terrace house from the beginning of the 20th century. There ... | 7,821 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
burial ground from the early stages of the Iron Age (750–550 years BC). Tourists have been able to visit the site since 1965. Around the burial ground, there are showcases about the Lusatian culture.
- Museum of Iron Ore Mining, established in 1976 in underground corridors resembling mine corridors. The Mu... | 7,822 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Setting.
- Museum of Match Production "", located inside the building of a former match factory on Ogrodowa Street. The visitors can see the historic machine park from the late 19th century and retrace the match-making process - from barking through making 'sticks' to packing the matches. In the museum, th... | 7,823 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Stradom railway station. It was established in 2001. Two historical steam engines are under the care of the museum.
- Museum of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Częstochowa. The museum is located in the building of the Theological College of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Częstochowa on Św. Barbary Street.... | 7,824 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Paul II
- Gallery 'Konduktorownia'
## Music.
The Bronisław Huberman Philharmonic of Częstochowa is located in the city centre on Wilson Street, in the building erected between 1955 and 1965 on foundations of New Synagogue, which had been burnt down on 25 December 1939. The Philharmonic has at its disposa... | 7,825 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
has been functioning since the Philharmonic was set up. The choir was professionalized in September 2012 and it was named The Częstochowa Philharmonic Choir "Collegium Cantorum".
The Philharmonic is also a co-organiser and a co-performer of operas, operettas and ballets. It is also a place where various ex... | 7,826 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Philharmonic's activity. Its educational functions are carried out through series of concerts such as "Music for children", "FEEL harmony - feel the climate!" and "Sunday Mornings with Philharmonic". In 2010, the building of The Philharmonic of Cżęstochowa was refurbished through the financial support from ... | 7,827 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
is located on Kiliński Street in the city centre. The building was erected between 1928 and 1931. Between 1979 and 1984 it was refurbished. The theatre has three halls: Big, Small, Histrion and Marek Perepeczko Foyer. The Theatre organises "Festival of Important Plays - Through Touch", "Festival of High Sch... | 7,828 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
and it takes place each year in the beginning of May. It is organised under the auspices of The Ministry of Culture and National Heritage and the Polish Episcopal Conference. The main aim of the festival is to bring various cultures closer through presenting music typical of different religions. It also see... | 7,829 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
plays, performances, concerts and exhibitions specially prepared for that night.
- Days of Cżęstochowa
- Days of European Folk Culture
- Days of Christian Culture
- Low-key Jazz
- Kalina Jędrusik Festival
- Worldwide Congress of Częstochowians
- The Częstochowa Song and Dance Ensemble operating under... | 7,830 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
are three cinemas. Two are part of chain of cinemas Cinema City Poland: Cinema City "Wolność" (Freedom), which has 1766 seats, and Cinema City Galeria Jurajska, opened in 2009. There is also an independent cinema, Ośrodek Kultury Filmowej (Centre of Cinematography), established in 1991.
# Healthcare.
- Re... | 7,831 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Pedagogiczna)
- Polonia University (previously Wyższa Szkoła Języków Obcych i Ekonomii)
- Wyższa Szkoła Hotelarstwa i Turystyki (School of Graduate Studies in Hospitality Management and Tourism)
- Wyższa Szkoła Lingwistyczna (College of Foreign Language Studies)
- Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania (College of M... | 7,832 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
in Częstochowa)
# Sports.
The most popular sports in Częstochowa are speedway, volleyball and football. The following teams represent Częstochowa on national level:
## Speedway.
- CKM Włókniarz Częstochowa – speedway team from Częstochowa, established in 1946 3rd place in season 2005, 2nd place in seaso... | 7,833 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
twice Polish Cup winner, winner of the CEV Challenge Cup 2011/2012, 16th place and relegation from PlusLiga in season 2016/2017. The club was established in 1945.
- KS Norwid Częstochowa – men's volleyball team playing in Krispol 1. Liga Siatkarzy (2nd level in the Polish volleyball league system). The clu... | 7,834 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Jerzy Brzęczek and Jakub Błaszczykowski played for Raków, as well as Jacek Krzynówek. The club was established in 1921. They finished season 2016/2017 in II liga (3rd level in the Polish football league system) on 1st place and obtained promotion to I liga (Poland) .
- Skra Częstochowa – Częstochowa's seco... | 7,835 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
- team playing in Liga Okręgowa - Częstochowa Regional Division (6th level of the Polish football league system). The club was established in 1934.
- LKS Płomień Kuźnica Marianowa - team playing in Liga Okręgowa - Częstochowa Regional Division (6th level of the Polish football league system). The club was ... | 7,836 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
team playing in I Liga Kobiet (2nd level of the Polish female football league system). The club was on 6th place in season 2014/15.
## Other teams.
- KU AZS Częstochowa – Częstochowa's basketball team, plays in Druga Liga PzKosz (4th level of the Polish basketball league system)
- Rugby Club Częstochowa ... | 7,837 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Częstochowa
- Tennis – CzKT Victoria
- Badminton – Kolejarz Częstochowa
- Chess - Hetman Częstochowa
- Weightlifting - KS Polonia Częstochowa
- Velodrome team – Lwy Częstochowa
## Sport venues.
- Arena Częstochowa - multifunctional stadium located in Zawodzie district. It is mostly used by speedway c... | 7,838 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
vollebay league matches of AZS Częstochowa, boxing fights and concerts.
- Polonia Hall - multifunctional sports hall in Tysiąclecie district. The hall was officially opened in 1985. It is administered by the City Council Centre of Sport and Leisure. The hall is mostly used by volleyball and basketball team... | 7,839 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
to 10,100.
- City Athletics Stadium - a stadium administered by the City Council Centre of Sport and Leisure. The stadium was built in 1965, but extensively modernised in 2000. The stadium has 894 seats.
- Rosa Private Golf Club - located in Konopiska, from Częstochowa
- Three indoor swimming pools and o... | 7,840 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
include: Błeszno, Częstochówka-Parkitka, Dźbów, Gnaszyn-Kawodrza, Grabówka, Kiedrzyn, Lisiniec, Mirów, Ostatni Grosz, Podjasnogórska, Północ, Raków, Stare Miasto, Stradom, Śródmieście, Trzech Wieszczów, Tysiąclecie, Wrzosowiak, Wyczerpy-Aniołów, and Zawodzie-Dąbie.
# Politics.
## Local government.
The cu... | 7,841 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Saczek (Razem) 0.43%.
In the Częstochowa City Council Elections 2018 the results were as follows. Seats in the city council: Left Democratic Alliance (32.80%) 12, Law and Justice (26.04%) 10, Civic Coalition (15.98%) 5, Together for Częstochowa (Independents) (8.77%) 1. After elections in Częstochowa was f... | 7,842 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
and Region") – it has been published since 1947
- Weeklies
- "Gazeta Częstochowska" (Częstochowa's newspaper) – since 1956
- "Częstochowski Tygodnik Regionalny - 7 dni" (Częstochowa's Regional Weekly - 7 days) – since 2004
- "Niedziela" (Sunday) – nationwide Catholic weekly newspaper that has been publi... | 7,843 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Częstochowa
- Radio Jura – local radio station
- Polskie Radio Katowice
- Radio Złote Przeboje
- RMF Classic
- RMF Maxxx
- TV Orion
# Religion and places of worship.
In addition to the Roman Catholic Church and Polish Orthodox Church, various denominations are present in Częstochowa, including Evang... | 7,844 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
International relations.
## Twin towns — sister cities.
Częstochowa is twinned with:
# Notable people.
- Julia Banaś (b. 1997), Polish model
- Jakub Błaszczykowski (b. 1985), Polish footballer
- Jerzy Duda-Gracz (1941–2004), Polish painter
- Władysław Biegański (1857-1917), Polish medical doctor, phi... | 7,845 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Pinchas Menachem Justman (1848–1920), Jewish Hasidic Rabbi
- Marion Kozak (b.1934), Polish-born British activist, mother of British politicians David Miliband and Ed Miliband
- Jerzy Kulej (1940–2012), Polish boxer and politician
- Agnes Milowka (1981–2011), Australian technical diver, underwater photogr... | 7,846 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
(1940–2012), Polish boxer and politician
- Agnes Milowka (1981–2011), Australian technical diver, underwater photographer, author, maritime archaeologist and cave explorer
- Ingrid Pitt (1937–2010), Polish-British actress, author, and writer
- Halina Poświatowska (1935–1967), Polish poet and writer
- He... | 7,847 |
74620 | Château de Malmaison | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Château%20de%20Malmaison | Château de Malmaison
Château de Malmaison
Château de Malmaison () is a French château near the western bank of the Seine about west of the centre of Paris in Rueil-Malmaison.
Formerly the residence of Empress Joséphine de Beauharnais, along with the Tuileries it was the headquarters of the French government from 1800... | 7,848 |
74620 | Château de Malmaison | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Château%20de%20Malmaison | Château de Malmaison
France, at that time away fighting the Egyptian Campaign. Malmaison was a run-down estate, seven miles (12 km) west of central Paris that encompassed nearly of woods and meadows.
Upon his return, Bonaparte expressed fury at Joséphine for purchasing such an expensive house with the money she had ex... | 7,849 |
74620 | Château de Malmaison | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Château%20de%20Malmaison | Château de Malmaison
a model of good cultivation". She located rare and exotic plants and animals to enhance the gardens. Joséphine wrote: "I wish that Malmaison may soon become the source of riches for all [of France]"...
In 1800, Joséphine built a heated orangery large enough for 300 pineapple plants. Five years lat... | 7,850 |
74620 | Château de Malmaison | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Château%20de%20Malmaison | Château de Malmaison
today. She created an extensive collection of roses, gathering plants from her native Martinique and from other places around the world. She grew some 250 varieties of roses. From the foreword to "Jardin de la Malmaison" (1803):
Birds and animals of all sorts began to enrich her garden, where they... | 7,851 |
74620 | Château de Malmaison | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Château%20de%20Malmaison | Château de Malmaison
and remained there until her death in 1814. Napoléon returned and took residence in the house after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo (1815), before his exile to the island of Saint Helena.
In 1842 Malmaison was purchased by Maria Christina, widow of King Ferdinand VII of Spain; she lived there... | 7,852 |
74620 | Château de Malmaison | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Château%20de%20Malmaison | Château de Malmaison
rchased by Maria Christina, widow of King Ferdinand VII of Spain; she lived there with her second husband Agustín Fernando Muñoz, 1st Duke of Riánsares. In 1861 Maria Christina sold the property to Napoleon III.
Malmaison was fully restored by the famous French architect Pierre Humbert in the earl... | 7,853 |
74621 | John Sladek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Sladek | John Sladek
John Sladek
John Thomas Sladek (December 15, 1937 – March 10, 2000) was an American science fiction author, known for his satirical and surreal novels.
# Life and work.
Born in Waverly, Iowa in 1937, Sladek was in England in the 1960s for the New Wave movement and published his first story in the magazin... | 7,854 |
74621 | John Sladek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Sladek | John Sladek
the author a chance to satirize big business, big religion, superpatriotism, and men's magazines, among other things. "Roderick" and "Roderick at Random" offer the traditional satirical approach of looking at the world through the eyes of an innocent, in this case a robot. Sladek revisited robots from a dar... | 7,855 |
74621 | John Sladek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Sladek | John Sladek
and Cordwainer Smith. These were collected in "The Steam-Driven Boy and other Strangers" (1973). Under the pseudonym of "James Vogh", Sladek wrote "Arachne Rising", which purports to be a nonfiction account of a thirteenth sign of the zodiac suppressed by the scientific establishment, in an attempt to demon... | 7,856 |
74621 | John Sladek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Sladek | John Sladek
as an anagram of "hi ludi, F. Baconis nati, tuiti orbi", Latin for "these plays, F. Bacon's offspring, are preserved for the world", "proving" that Francis Bacon wrote the play. Sladek noted that "honorificabilitudinitatibus" was also an anagram for "I, B. Ionsonii, uurit [writ] a lift'd batch", thus "provi... | 7,857 |
74621 | John Sladek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Sladek | John Sladek
subjected the occult and pseudoscience to merciless scrutiny in "The New Apocrypha". The book critically examined the claims of dowsing, homeopathy, parapsychology, perpetual motion and Ufology.
# Bibliography.
## Science fiction novels.
- "The Reproductive System" Gollancz 1968, Equinox/Avon SF Rediscov... | 7,858 |
74621 | John Sladek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Sladek | John Sladek
Fiction Association Best Novel award in 1984;
- "Love Among the Xoids" Chris Drumm (chapbook) 1984;
- "Bugs" Macmillan UK 1989, Paladin 1991
- "Blood and Gingerbread" Cheap Street (chapbook) 1990;
- "Wholly Smokes" Wildside 2003.
## Science fiction collections.
- "The Steam-Driven Boy and other Strang... | 7,859 |
74621 | John Sladek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Sladek | John Sladek
at Random" Gollancz SF Masterworks #45 2001, Overlook Press 2004
- "The Reproductive System" / "The Müller-Fokker Effect" / "Tik-Tok" Gollancz 2013
## Mystery novels and stories.
- "The Castle and the Key" (as by Cassandra Knye) Paperback Library 1967
- "By an Unknown Hand", the first story featuring th... | 7,860 |
74621 | John Sladek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Sladek | John Sladek
programmes for a London play, 1974 (now included in "Maps");
- "Invisible Green" Gollancz 1977, the second Phin novel. Both Phin novels are locked room mysteries.
## Nonfiction.
- "The New Apocrypha: A Guide to Strange Science and Occult Beliefs" Stein and Day 1973, Panther 1978
- "Arachne Rising: The S... | 7,861 |
74621 | John Sladek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Sladek | John Sladek
in and Day 1973, Panther 1978
- "Arachne Rising: The Search for the Thirteenth Sign of the Zodiac" (1977) (as James Vogh)
- "The Cosmic Factor" (1978) (as James Vogh)
- "Judgement of Jupiter" (1980) (as Richard A. Tilms)
- "The Book of Clues" (1984)
## With Thomas M. Disch.
- "The House that Fear Buil... | 7,862 |
74633 | Vladimir Steklov (mathematician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir%20Steklov%20(mathematician) | Vladimir Steklov (mathematician)
Vladimir Steklov (mathematician)
Vladimir Andreevich Steklov (; 9 January 1864 – 30 May 1926) was a Prominent Russian and Soviet mathematician, mechanician and physicist.
# Biography.
Steklov was born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. In 1887, he graduated from the Kharkov University, wher... | 7,863 |
74633 | Vladimir Steklov (mathematician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir%20Steklov%20(mathematician) | Vladimir Steklov (mathematician)
Mathematics. Upon his death the institute was named after him. The Mathematics Department split from the Institute in 1934. It is now known as Steklov Institute of Mathematics.
Steklov's primary scientific contribution was in the area of orthogonal functional sets. He introduced a clas... | 7,864 |
74633 | Vladimir Steklov (mathematician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir%20Steklov%20(mathematician) | Vladimir Steklov (mathematician)
losed orthogonal sets, developed the asymptotic Liouville–Steklov method for orthogonal polynomials, proved theorems on generalized Fourier series, and developed an approximation technique later named Steklov function. He also worked on hydrodynamics and the theory of elasticity.
Stekl... | 7,865 |
74623 | Castellón de la Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellón%20de%20la%20Plana | Castellón de la Plana
Castellón de la Plana
Castellón de la Plana (), Castelló de la Plana (official) (), or simply Castelló, is the capital city of the province of Castellón, in the Valencian Country, Spain, in the east of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Costa del Azahar by the Mediterranean Sea. The mountain range kno... | 7,866 |
74623 | Castellón de la Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellón%20de%20la%20Plana | Castellón de la Plana
town from the mountain to the plain on September 8, 1251, and tradition claims that the move was completed by the third Sunday of Lent, 1252. During the Middle Ages, the city was protected by moats, walls and towers, and a church was built, later becoming a cathedral. In the 16th century the town ... | 7,867 |
74623 | Castellón de la Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellón%20de%20la%20Plana | Castellón de la Plana
Wars (1833–63). In 1833 Castelló became the capital of the newly constituted province. In the second half of the 19th century, the city again began to expand, marked by the arrival of the railway, the enlargement of the port and the construction of representative buildings (Provincial Hospital, Ca... | 7,868 |
74623 | Castellón de la Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellón%20de%20la%20Plana | Castellón de la Plana
in the 13th century and reconstructed one century later after destruction by fire. The present building is another reconstruction after the demolition ordered by the council during the Spanish civil war (1936).
- The "Ajuntament" (City Hall), erected at the beginning of the 18th century. It featu... | 7,869 |
74623 | Castellón de la Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellón%20de%20la%20Plana | Castellón de la Plana
University for cultural events and temporary exhibitions.
- On the northeast edge of the town, at the end of a broad avenue decorated with orange trees, stands the Basílica of Santa Maria del "Lledó" (European Hackberry or "Celtis australis"), a basilica devoted to an image of the Virgin Mary fou... | 7,870 |
74623 | Castellón de la Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellón%20de%20la%20Plana | Castellón de la Plana
and many international bands and groups participate.
The city is notorious for its music festivals, among which we find: early in February the Tanned Tin music festival for alternative music and experimental music, in July the Festival Internacional de Benicàssim (also known as FIB, which transla... | 7,871 |
74623 | Castellón de la Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellón%20de%20la%20Plana | Castellón de la Plana
a long rivalry with CD Castellón for geographical reasons, since both are from the province of Castellón, however CD Castellón haven't played in La Liga since the 1970's. CD Castellón and Villareal also rival Valencia. However, the town's team of CD Castellón have had financial problems and unstab... | 7,872 |
74623 | Castellón de la Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellón%20de%20la%20Plana | Castellón de la Plana
approximately 15,000 students enrolled who share a single campus.
# Twin towns.
- Châtellerault, France
- Târgoviște, Romania
- Ube, Japan
- Lleida, Spain
# Notable people.
- Sergio Aragonés (born 1937), comics cartoonist.
- Joan Barreda Bort (born 1983), Rally raid motorcyclist.
- Robert... | 7,873 |
74623 | Castellón de la Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellón%20de%20la%20Plana | Castellón de la Plana
and painter artist.
- Miguel Angel Silvestre, (born 1982), actor.
- Xavi Valero (born 1973), professional football goalkeeping coach.
# Climate.
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "BSk" (Tropical and Subtropical Steppe Climate).
# Transport.
The small Castellón Air... | 7,874 |
74623 | Castellón de la Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellón%20de%20la%20Plana | Castellón de la Plana
185 km (115 mi) further down the coast.
The city is served by the Castellón de la Plana railway station. The Euromed railway line links Alicante to Barcelona.
Nowadays, this city has a new public transport called TRAM de Castellón which is a trolleybus. There is just a line Línea 1 (TRAM de Cast... | 7,875 |
74623 | Castellón de la Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellón%20de%20la%20Plana | Castellón de la Plana
coast.
The city is served by the Castellón de la Plana railway station. The Euromed railway line links Alicante to Barcelona.
Nowadays, this city has a new public transport called TRAM de Castellón which is a trolleybus. There is just a line Línea 1 (TRAM de Castellón), but authorities are plann... | 7,876 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
Probus (emperor)
Probus (; ; c. 19 August 232 – September/October 282), was Roman Emperor from 276 to 282.
Probus was an active and successful general as well as a conscientious administrator, and in his reign of six years he secured prosperity for the inner provinces while withstanding repeated inun... | 7,877 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
his arms to victory over the Rhine professed himself dependent on the sanction of the Senate.
Upon defeating the Germans Probus re-erected the ancient fortifications of emperor Hadrian between the Rhine and Danube rivers, protecting the Agri Decumates, and exacted from the vanquished a tribute of manp... | 7,878 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
day Sremska Mitrovica), Pannonia Inferior, the son of Dalmatius. According to the Alexandrian Chronicle, he was born sometime in the year 232.
# Military career.
Probus entered the army around 250 upon reaching adulthood. He rose rapidly through the ranks, repeatedly earning high military decorations... | 7,879 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
while Gaul was overrun by the Franks, Rhaetia by the Alemans, Thrace and the Mediterranean by the Goths, and the east by Shapur I. Probus became amongst the highest placed lieutenants of Aurelian, reconquering Egypt from Zenobia in 273 A.D. Emperor Tacitus, upon his accession in 275, appointed Probus s... | 7,880 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
himself emperor, and took control of Tacitus' army in Asia Minor, but was killed by his own soldiers after an indecisive campaign against Probus in the mountains of Cilicia. In contrast to Florianus, who ignored the wishes of the senate, Probus referred his claim to Rome in a respectful dispatch. The s... | 7,881 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
the Rhine into Roman territory. Meanwhile, his generals defeated the Franks and these operations were directed to clearing Gaul of Germanic invaders (Franks and Burgundians), allowing Probus to adopt the titles of "Gothicus Maximus" and "Germanicus Maximus". Reportedly, 400,000 barbarians were killed d... | 7,882 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
in the territory of Swabia. More significantly, Probus, by forcing from the vanquished tribes a tribute of manpower, established the precedent of settling barbarians within the empire as auxiliaries on a large scale. The provinces were depopulated by war, disease and the chaotic administration, heavy t... | 7,883 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
to be idle, and to employ them in time of peace on useful works, such as the planting of vineyards in Gaul, Pannonia and other districts, in order to restart the economy in these devastated lands.
In 279–280, Probus was, according to Zosimus, in Raetia, Illyricum and Lycia, where he fought the Vandals... | 7,884 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
that they were not just local problems (an inscription with the name of Probus erased has been found as far as Spain). In 281, the emperor was in Rome, where he celebrated his well-deserved triumph.
Probus was eager to start his eastern campaign, delayed by the revolts in the west. He left Rome in 282... | 7,885 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
soldiers assassinated him at Sirmium (September/October 282). According to other sources, however, Probus was killed by disgruntled soldiers, who rebelled against his orders to be employed for civic purposes, like draining marshes. Allegedly, the soldiers were provoked when they overheard him lamenting... | 7,886 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
confirmation of his title, the latter's successor Diocletian (Imp. 284-305) took active measures to undermine its authority, and established the autocratic nature and divine derivation of the Imperial power. Never again, after Diocletian's reforms, would the Roman senate play an active role in the mana... | 7,887 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
of Probus
- Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284
- Zosimus, Historia Nova
## Secondary sources.
- Mc Mahon, Robin, "Probus (276–282 A.D.) and Rival Claimants (Proculus, Bonosus, and Saturninus) of the 280s", "DIR"
- Dennis, Anthony J., "... | 7,888 |
74635 | Probus (emperor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus%20(emperor) | Probus (emperor)
, Compendium of History extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284
- Zosimus, Historia Nova
## Secondary sources.
- Mc Mahon, Robin, "Probus (276–282 A.D.) and Rival Claimants (Proculus, Bonosus, and Saturninus) of the 280s", "DIR"
- Dennis, Anthony J., "Antoniniani of the Roman Emp... | 7,889 |
74634 | Aileron | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aileron | Aileron
Aileron
An aileron (French for "little wing" or "fin") is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. Ailerons are used in pairs to control the aircraft in roll (or movement around the aircraft's longitudinal axis), which normally results in ... | 7,890 |
74634 | Aileron | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aileron | Aileron
in 1906 the United States granted an expansive patent to the Wright Brothers of Dayton, Ohio, for the invention of a system of aerodynamic control that manipulated an airplane's control surfaces. Considerable litigation ensued within the United States over the legal issues of lateral roll control, until the Fir... | 7,891 |
74634 | Aileron | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aileron | Aileron
it appears in print about 1908. Prior to that, ailerons were often referred to as rudders, their older technical sibling, with no distinction between their orientations and functions, or more descriptively as "horizontal rudders" (in French, "gouvernails horizontaux"). Among the earliest printed aeronautical us... | 7,892 |
74634 | Aileron | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aileron | Aileron
its function, i.e., lateral or roll control, the flight control device was invented and described by the British scientist and metaphysicist Matthew Piers Watt Boulton in his 1864 paper "On Aërial Locomotion". He was the first to patent an aileron control system in 1868.
Boulton's description of his lateral fl... | 7,893 |
74634 | Aileron | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aileron | Aileron
British patent, No. 392 of 1868, issued about 35 years before ailerons were "reinvented" in France, became forgotten and lost from sight until after the flight control device was in general use. Gibbs-Smith stated on several occasions that if the Boulton patent had been revealed at the time of the Wright brothe... | 7,894 |
74634 | Aileron | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aileron | Aileron
glider in 1904, although in 1871 a French military engineer, Charles Renard, built and flew an unmanned glider incorporating ailerons on each side (which he termed ‘winglets’), activated by a Boulton-style pendulum controlled single-axis autopilot device.
The pioneering U.S. aeronautical engineer Octave Chanut... | 7,895 |
74634 | Aileron | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aileron | Aileron
which were included in his June 1905 article, and its ailerons were widely copied afterward.
The Wright brothers used wing warping instead of ailerons for roll control on their glider in 1902, and about 1904 their Flyer II was the only aircraft of its time able to do a coordinated banked turn. During the early... | 7,896 |
74634 | Aileron | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aileron | Aileron
Esnault-Pelterie's decision to switch to ailerons.
By 1911 most biplanes used ailerons rather than wing warping—by 1915 ailerons had become almost universal on monoplanes as well. The U.S. Government, frustrated by the lack of its country's aeronautical advances in the years leading up to World War I, enforced... | 7,897 |
74634 | Aileron | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aileron | Aileron
edge flaps on his second glider (1885): these were operable by the pilot as ailerons. In 1886 his third glider design used rotation of the entire wing rather than just a trailing edge portion for roll control. By his own accounts all of these changes in addition to his use of an elevator for pitch control provi... | 7,898 |
74634 | Aileron | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aileron | Aileron
earliest aileron-equipped aircraft to fly, as it was modified to have added octagonal-planform interplane ailerons in its outermost wing bays in November of that year for its concluding flight sessions at the Chateau de Bagatelle's grounds; but those roll control surfaces were not true "trailing-edge" ailerons ... | 7,899 |
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